RS 299a: Statistics in Research

JOSEPH G. TABAN
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

• Apply basic statistical concepts and principles in the collection of
data.
• Distinguish the different sampling methods
• Choose appropriate method in sampling
• Prepare a survey plan and formulate a questionnaire
 LESSONS OUTLINE:

• Methods of Data Collection

• Sampling Procedures and Techniques
 METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
• There are varied methods of collecting data
• Consider the following factors in collecting data

1. the type of data needed: availability

2. length of time: the completion of the study is urgent

3. financial aspect: resources capability

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
QUESTION:
• It is unbiased.
• It must be clear and simply stated
• It must be precise
 RESTATE THE FOLLOWING
QUESTIONS:
1. Do you favor the enrolment procedure this semester which has
many steps to follow?

2. What is your academic performance last semester?

3. Do you think male and female are equal?

 TYPES OF QUESTIONS

1. Recall type
2. Dichotomous type
3. Guided-response type
4. Multiple-response type
5. Free-response type
EXAMPLES:

Recall type
Please write the information needed:
Name: ____________________
Sex: ____________________
Age: ____________________
Civil Status ____________________
Dichotomous Type
Do you have an internet connection at home?
______yes ______no
Statistics is an interesting course.
______agree ______disagree
Guided Response Type
Have you been late in going to school? If your answer is Yes, answer the next
question. If your answer is No, proceed to question 4.

Example
The items below measures your attitudes towards Physics. Read each item
carefully and place a check mark on the column that best describes how you feel
using the scale below:
Statement 5 4 3 2 1
Item 1
Item 2
Multiple-response type
The respondents are allowed to choose more than
one response.

Example
What electronic gadget/s do you have? Please check mark
before the gadget.
______ cellphone
______ laptop
______ desktop
______ digital video cam
Free response type

The respondents are allowed to

answer a question in any way he wants.
He is not guided in giving his/her reply.
TYPES OF DATA ACCORDING
TO SOURCE

1. Primary Data
- are collected from the original source
of data, which is first-hand in nature.
2. Secondary Data
- are collected from published or
unpublished sources
IMPORTANT POINTS TO CONSIDER WHEN
COLLECTING DATA
• If measurements of some characteristics are needed, better
results will be achieved if the researcher does the measuring
instead of asking the respondents for the value.
• The method of data collection used may delay the process.
• Avoid a method that would produce low response rates.
• Ensure the sample size is large enough for the required
purpose.
 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

1. Interview Method
2. Questionnaire Method
3. Registration Method
4. Observation Method
5. Experimentation Method
 1. INTERVIEW METHOD

• This is a method of gathering information where there is an oral

communication between the researcher and the respondents.
• It may be direct or indirect
• This method will give us precise and consistent information
because clarifications can be made.
• This method may be time consuming, expensive and has limited
field coverage.
 2. QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD

• This is a method where written answers are given

to set of prepared items or questions called
questionnaire.
• This method requires less time and is inexpensive
• There is a probability of low response rate or
non-response.
 3. REGISTRATION METHOD

• Consists purely of perusal of existing records of an agency

or person
• Data are readily available.
• The advantage of this method is that information is kept
systematized and made available to all because of the
requirement of the law.
Examples are the records of births, deaths, motor
vehicles, marriages and licenses.
 4. OBSERVATION METHOD

• This is a method used which observes the

behaviour of individuals or organizations in
the study.
• In certain situations, the person collecting
the data may act as a participant observer to
get a first hand experience of the event
he/she is studying.
 5. EXPERIMENTATION METHOD

• This method is used when the objective of the study is to

determine the cause and effect of certain phenomena or event.
• It involves setting up an experiment by employing the three basic
principles of experimental design, namely randomization,
replication and error control in order to obtain relevant and
objective information from the experiment.
• Requires the use of devices and equipment
• Scientific researches usually use the experiment method.
SAMPLING
OBJECTIVES

✓Determine the sample size from a given

population using the Slovin’s Formula
✓Perform sampling from any target population
✓Differentiate probability sampling from non-
probability sampling
✓Identify the appropriate sampling method in
research
 SAMPLING

SAMPLING is the process of

selecting units, like people, organizations,
or objects from a population of interest
in order to study and fairly generalize the
results back to the population from
which the sample was chosen.
 SAMPLE SIZE

In doing research, if the population is too big to

handle, a substantial number of samples is acceptable.
One way of getting the number of samples or
“sample size” is by using the SLOVIN’s Formula.
where: n is the sample size
𝑁
𝑛= 2 N is the population size
1 + 𝑁𝑒
e is the margin of error
The “ margin of error” is a common summary of
sampling error which quantifies uncertainty about the
results.
 EXAMPLE:
Find the sample size if N = 10, 000 and e = 5%.
Solution:
𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
10,000
𝑛=
1 + 10,000(.05)2
10, 000
𝑛=
1 + 25
10, 000
𝑛= = 384.6 𝑜𝑟 𝟑𝟖𝟓
26
COMPUTE THE SAMPLE SIZE USING
SLOVIN’S FORMULA:
1. N = 1,000 n= 285.71 286
2. N = 800 n= 266.67 267
3. N = 4,000 n= 363.64 364
ADVANTAGES OF SAMPLING

1. Reduced Cost
2. Greater Speed
3. Reduced Effort
4. Greater Accuracy
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
 A. PROBABILITY SAMPLING

A Probability Sampling method is any method of

sampling that utilizes some form of random selection.
• Samples are chosen in such a way that each
member of the population has an equal
chance of being included in the sample.
• It is the most commonly used because the
selection of participants is determined by
chance.
 1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

- the most common type of probability sampling

- Each member of the population has an equal and
independent chance of being selected to be part of the
sample.
Methods:
1. Lottery
2. Use of Random Numbers
 2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

Systematic Sampling with a random start is a

method of selecting a sample by taking every
kth element of a series representing the
population. A complete listing is required in this
method.
- It is used when the population is very large
and of no known characteristics.
Example 1:
N = 200
n = 20
The value of kth may be obtained by dividing the total number of elements in
𝑁 200
the population by the desired sample size. Thus, kth = = = 10th
𝑛 20

Example 2: Choose samples of size 10 from N= 500, using systematic sampling

Solution:
500
𝑘= = 50
10
Let the random start at 7.
Thus, samples include the following:
7, 57, 107, 157, 207, 257, 307, 357, 407, 457
 3. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

• In this method the population is first divided into groups-

based on homogeneity in order to avoid the possibility of
drawing samples whose members come only from one
stratum.
• In stratified sampling the distribution of sampling units is
proportionate to the total number of units in each stratum.
The bigger the population, the more sample units are drawn;
the less population, the less sample units.
Example:
Suppose we do sampling from N= 10,000. Determine the sample from
each group in the population illustrated below:

Strata Distributed number of

Population
High Income Group 500
Middle Income Group 2, 500
Low Income Group 7, 000
N 10, 000
 SOLUTION:

First, identify the population and its different strata.

N = 10,000
n = 385
Distributed
Percent share of each
Strata number of No. of sample Units
stratum
Population
High Income 500ൗ
500 10,000 0.05 or 5%
.05 (385) 19.25= 19
Group
Middle Income 2500ൗ
2500 10,000 0.25 or 25%
.25 (385 96.25= 96
Group
Low Income 7000ൗ
7000 10,000 0.70 or 70% .7(385) 269.5=270
Group
Total N = 10,000 n = 385
 4. CLUSTER SAMPLING
It is sometimes referred to as an area sample because it is
frequently applied on a geographical basis. On this basis, districts or
blocks of a municipality or city are selected. These districts or
blocks constitute the clusters.
Example
To illustrate its use, for instance, you want to determine the
average daily expenses of families living in Quezon City. Assume
that there are 300 barangays in Quezon City. You can draw a
random sample of 30 barangays using simple random sampling and
then get a certain number of families from each of the 30
barangays.
 5. MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING

This technique uses several stages or

phases in getting the sample from the general
population.
Multi-stage sampling is useful in
conducting nationwide surveys or any-survey
involving a large universe.
 B. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

• In non – probability sampling, the probability of selecting

a single individual is not known. Because of this, you
must assume that potential members of the sample do
not have an equal and independent chance of being
selected.
• It can be useful for certain studies but it only provides
only a weak basis for generalization
 1. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

• This is one of the most common methods

of sampling which is primarily based on the
convenience of the researcher. It involves
using what is immediately available.
• It is also known as Incidental Sampling.
 2. QUOTA SAMPLING

• This method selects people with the characteristics the

researcher wants but does not randomly select from the
population a subset of the elements as would occur in
proportional stratified sampling.
• It is used regularly by reporters interviewing on the streets
as an attempt to balance the sample interviewed by selecting
responses from equal numbers of different responses
 3. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

• The researcher selects what he/she thinks is a

“typical” sample.
• It is a technique usually based on certain
criteria set by the researcher. This is particularly
important in the making decisions in case of
incomplete observations.
 4. SNOWBALL SAMPLING

• This method is where the researcher

contacts a small number of members of
the target population and gets them to
introduce you to others.
 ACTIVITY 3

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 COURSE MAJOR OUTPUT
PART 2

a. Define your Population

b. Indicate the sampling technique to be used
c. Present the distribution of respondents
d. Discuss the Gathering Procedure
e. Prepare your Instrument (Questionnaire)