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Vector Algebra Class 12

Vectors have both magnitude and direction. A vector is represented by its initial and terminal points, with an arrow indicating direction. There are several types of vectors including zero, unit, coinitial, collinear, and equal vectors. Vectors are added geometrically using the triangle law or parallelogram law. Vector addition is commutative. Vectors can also be multiplied through scalar or vector multiplication, with scalar multiplication changing only the magnitude and vector multiplication resulting in a perpendicular vector.

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Abhayraj Singh
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3K views10 pages

Vector Algebra Class 12

Vectors have both magnitude and direction. A vector is represented by its initial and terminal points, with an arrow indicating direction. There are several types of vectors including zero, unit, coinitial, collinear, and equal vectors. Vectors are added geometrically using the triangle law or parallelogram law. Vector addition is commutative. Vectors can also be multiplied through scalar or vector multiplication, with scalar multiplication changing only the magnitude and vector multiplication resulting in a perpendicular vector.

Uploaded by

Abhayraj Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Vectors

Vectors:
A is a quantity that has both a magnitude (or size) and a
direction,
The point A from where the vector starts is called its initial
point,
The point B where it ends is called its terminal point,
Represented by |AB| or a, The arrow indicates the
direction of the vector.
Position Vector:- A vector that symbolises either the
position or the location of any given point with respect to
any arbitrary reference point like the origin.
Types:
Zero Vector: A vector with zero magnitude but the certain
direction is known as a null vector.
Unit Vector: A vector whose magnitude is unity (1 unit) is
called a unit vector[â]
Coinitial Vectors: Two or more vectors having the same
initial point are called coinitial vectors.
Collinear Vectors: Two or more vectors parallel to the same
line, irrespective of their magnitudes and directions.
Equal Vectors: Two vectors having the same magnitude and
direction regardless of the positions of their initial points.
Negative Vector: Vector whose magnitude is the same as that
of a given vector but direction is opposite.
Addition of vectors:
Vectors are added geometrically and not algebraically.
Vectors whose resultant have to be calculated behave
independently.
Vector Addition is nothing but finding the resultant of a
number of vectors acting on a body.
Vector Addition is commutative. This means that the
resultant vector is independent of the order of vectors.
Triangle Law
Draw a line AB representing vector a with A as the tail and B as the
head. Draw another line BC representing vector b with B as the tail
and C as the head. Now join the line AC with A as the tail and C as
the head. The line AC represents the resultant sum of the vectors a
and b
The line AC represents the resultant sum of the vectors a and b.
a+b
The magnitude of vectors a and b is: √(a² + b² + 2ab Cos θ)
a = magnitude of vector a; b = magnitude of vector b;
θ = angle between vector a and b
Parallelogram Law
According to this law,
if two vectors, P and Q, are represented
by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram pointing outwards, as
shown in the figure below, then the diagonal drawn through the
intersection of the two vectors represent the resultant.
Magnitude of the resultant is given by:
√(a² + b² + 2ab Cos θ)
Multiplication of Vectors

1. SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
2. VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
Scalar multiplication
When a vector is multiplied by a scalar quantity, then the
magnitude of the vector changes in accordance with the
magnitude of the scalar but the direction of the vector
remains unchanged.
Suppose we have a vector a, then if this vector is multiplied
by a scalar quantity k then we get a new vector with
magnitude as |ka| and the direction remains same as the
vector a if k is positive and if k is negative then the direction
of k becomes just opposite of the direction of vector a .
Vector Multiplication
The Vector product of two vectors, a and b, is denoted by a × b. Its
resultant vector is perpendicular to a and b. Vector products are also
called Cross Product.
A × B =|A| |B| sin θn̂ ,
A and B are the vectors,
|A| and |B| are the magnitudes of vectors,
θ is the angle between vectors, and
n̂ is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane

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