9

Advanced Statistics
Quarter 2 – Module 13:
KURTOSIS
Advanced Statistics – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 13: Kurtosis
First Edition, 2020

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 9

Advanced Statistics
Quarter 2 – Module 13:
KURTOSIS
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Advanced Statistics – Grade 9 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Kurtosis.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Advanced Statistics Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Kurtosis.

Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this
learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to
successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and
time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
 What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master about kurtosis. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.

The module is all about kurtosis.

After going through this module, you are expected to solve problems
involving kurtosis.

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer from the given choices by
writing the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. If the degree of the peakedness of the normal curve is more than 3, what type of
kurtosis is being described?
A. Leptokutic C. Platykurtic
B. Mesokurtic D. All of the above
2. Which of the following describes the degree of peakedness of the normal curve?
A. Skewness C. Kurtosis
B. Normal Peakedness D. Relative Kurtosis
3. What type of kurtosis is the normal distribution curve?
A. Leptokurtic C. Platykurtic
B. Mesokurtic D. None of the above
4. What is the kurtosis value of the normal curve?
A. k =3 C. k < 3
B. k > 3 D. k ≥ 3
5. Which of the following describes a platykurtic?
A. Distribution that is moderate in breadth and curves with a medium
peaked height.
B. More values in the distribution tails and more values close to the mean.
C. Fewer values in the tails and fewer values close to the mean.
D. All of the above.
Lesson
Kurtosis
01
In the past chapter, you learned the concepts of skewness.
In this lesson, you will learn about kurtosis. Among the topics to be
discussed in the lesson include the coefficient of kurtosis and its types.

What’s In

Let’s revisit what you have learned from the previous module.

Group of data can be described using two important properties – the

measures of central location and the measures of variability.
Symmetric distribution curve – in this distribution, the mean is equal to
median and is equal to the mode. Positively skewed distribution curve (skewed to
the right) – in this type of distribution, the median is less than the mode but
greater than the mean. A distribution is positively skewed if the scores fall toward
the lower side of the scale and there are very few higher scores. Positively skewed
data is also referred to as skewed to the right because that is the direction of the
'long tail end' of the chart. Negatively-skewed distribution curve (skewed to the left)
– in this type of distribution, the median is greater than the mean but less than the
mode. A distribution is negatively skewed if the scores fall toward the higher side of
the scale and there are very few low scores. 
When there are no really extreme values in particular direction so that
low and high values balance each other, then sk=0, therefore the
distribution is symmetric.

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in
guiding the learners.
 What’s New

Activity 1. HILL CLIMB RACING

Directions: Win the race in the hills by answering the questions in each station.
The stations are marked with numbers. You can only proceed to the
next station if you successfully answer the preceding questions.

What property is used to describe the shape of relative frequency

distribution – the degree of peakedness of the curves?

What type of kurtosis is described when the distribution is

moderate in breadth and curves with a medium peaked height?

What is the allowed range of the kurtosis value of platykurtic?

 “Life is not a race, but a journey to be savored each step of the way.”
-Author Unknown

What is It

Kurtosis
Kurtosis is a statistical measure that defines how heavily the tails of a
distribution differ from the tails of a normal distribution. In other words,
kurtosis identifies whether the tails of a given distribution contain extreme
values.

Along with skewness, kurtosis is an important descriptive statistic of

data distribution. However, the two concepts must not be confused with
each other. Skewness essentially measures the symmetry of the distribution,
while kurtosis determines the heaviness of the distribution tails.
In finance, kurtosis is used as a measure of financial risk. A large
kurtosis is associated with a high level of risk for an investment because it
indicates that there are high probabilities of extremely large and extremely
small returns. On the other hand, a small kurtosis signals a moderate level
of risk because the probabilities of extreme returns are relatively low.

Types of Kurtosis
The types of kurtosis are determined by the excess kurtosis of a
particular distribution. The excess kurtosis can take positive or negative
values, as well as values close to zero.
 
1. Mesokurtic (k =3)
 This means that if the data follows a normal distribution, it follows a
mesokurtic distribution. In here, distribution is moderate in breadth and
curves with a medium peaked height. This is actually the graph of the normal
curve.

2. Leptokurtic (k > 3)
The leptokurtic distribution shows heavy tails on either side, indicating
large outliers. In finance, a leptokurtic distribution shows that the investment
returns may be prone to extreme values on either side. Therefore, an
investment whose returns follow a leptokurtic distribution is considered to be
risky.

3. Platykurtic (k < 3)
The kurtosis reveals a distribution with flat tails. The flat tails indicate the
small outliers in a distribution. In the finance context, the platykurtic
distribution of the investment returns is desirable for investors because there is
a small probability that the investment would experience extreme returns.

To determine the degree of peakedness of a curve, the following formula is

used:

k=
∑ f ( x −x)4
nσ4
where f =¿ frequency of each class
x=¿ classmark or midpoint
x=¿ mean
n = total frequencies
σ =¿ population standard deviation
Steps in solving the Kurtosis value:
1. Compute the class midpoint by averaging the upper and lower limit of each
class.
2. Compute the mean ( x ) of the data. (The process was already discussed in
Module 5)
3. Compute the population standard deviation (σ ¿ of the distribution. (The
process was already discussed in Module 6)
4. Subtract each class midpoint from the mean. ( x−x ¿
5. Obtain ¿.
6. Multiply your answer in step 5 to each frequency. f ¿
7. Summate the results in step 6. ∑ f ¿ ¿
8. Substitute the values to the formula.
9. Interpret the results.
Sample Problem:
The data below presents the tabulated height of 50 male students of
Tuguegarao City Science High School. Compute the Kurtosis and interpret.
Scores Frequency ( f )
61-63 2
64-66 5
67-69 12
70-72 15
73-75 8
76-78 5
79-81 3

Solution:
Scores f x fx x−x (x−x )
2 2
f (x−x)
4
(x−x ) f (x−x)
4

61-63 2 62 124 -8.94 79.9236 159.847 6387.78 12775.6

64-66 5 65 325 -5.94 35.2836 176.418 1244.93 6224.66
67-69 12 68 816 -2.94 8.6436 10.723 74.7118 896.542
70-72 15 71 1065 0.06 0.0036 0.054 0.00001 0.00019
73-75 8 74 592 3.06 9.3636 74.9088 87.677 701.416
76-78 5 77 385 6.06 36.7236 183.618 1348.62 6743.11
79-81 3 80 240 9.06 82.0836 246.251 6737.72 20213.2
TOTAL 50 3,547 944.82 47554.5

x=
∑ fx = 3547 =70.94
n 50

√ √
∑ f ( x−x ) = 944.82 =4.39113
2
σ=
n 50
∑ f (x−x ) =47554.5
4

Therefore, the kurtosis value is: k =

∑ f ( x −x)
4
=
47554.5
=2.56.
4 4
nσ 50( 4.39113)
Hence, the data distribution is platykurtic since 2.56 is less than 3.

What’s More
Activity 2: Min-Min’s Food
Directions: Help Min-Min to select the correct food that she needs to eat in order
for her to grow healthily by solving the problem below. Match the
correct kurtosis value of the amount of food (g) taken by Min-min.
Kurtosis Value Min-Min Amount (g) f

A . k=1.70 45 – 49 2
50 – 54 3
55 – 59 4
B . k=0 60 - 64 1

C . k =3.12

What I Have Learned

What I Can Do

Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer in each item.

1. What is the kurtosis value of leptokurtic distribution?
A. k =3 B. k > 3 C. k < 3 D. k ≠ 3
2. Which of the following describes a mesokurtic?
A. This means that if the data follows a normal distribution, it follows a
mesokurtic distribution.
B. In here, distribution is moderate in breadth and curves with a medium
peaked height.
C. This is actually the graph of the normal curve.
D. All of the above
3. If the degree of the peakedness of the normal curve is equal to 3, what type of
kurtosis is being described?
A. Mesokurtic C. Leptokurtic
B. Platykurtic D. None of the above
4. Which of the following is TRUE about kurtosis?
I. Kurtosis is a statistical measure that defines how heavily the tails of a
distribution differ from the tails of a normal distribution.
II. Kurtosis identifies whether the tails of a given distribution contain
extreme values.
III. It essentially measures the symmetry of the distribution.
IV. It determines the heaviness of the distribution tails.
A. I, II, and III C. I, II, and IV
B. I and III D. I, II, III, IV
5. “The flat tails indicate the small outliers in a distribution in platykurtic”. Which
of the following describes the statement?
A. Always true. C. Sometimes true.
B. Always false. D. Partially false.

Additional Activities

Directions: Construct a creative acronym for the word KURTOSIS emphasizing its
function and importance in Statistics. Your output will be assessed by
the following criteria
Creativity and Originality – 10 points
Thought – 10 points

Answer Key

What I Know
1. A 4. A
2. C 5. C
3. B
What’s New
1. KURTOSIS 3. K<3
2. MESOKURTIC
What’s More
A
What I Have Learned
1. KURTOSIS 4. LEPTOKURTIC
2. TAILS 5. PLATYKURTIC
3. MESOKURTIC
Assessment
1. B 4. C
2. D 5. A
3. A

References
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