Q.1) what is sensor and actuator?

1. Both the sensors and actuators can be classified as transducers.

2. Transducer converts the signal in one form into a signal in another form.
Example:
1. Microphone: Converts sound to electrical signa
2. Speaker: Converts electrical signal to sound
Definition of Sensor
➢ Sensor as this name suggests senses some physical quantity, which
changes with the characteristic of the environment, in which it is
operating.
➢ The characteristic of any device or material to detect the presence of a
particular physical quantity
➢ The output of sensor is signal, which is converted to human readable
form
➢ Example: Temperature, light, gas, pressure, and sound
Actuators
➢ An actuator is a device that converts energy into motion.
➢ It does this by taking an electrical signal and combining it with an energy
source.
➢ In an IoT system, the actuator can act on data collected by sensors to
create an outcome
➢ The actuators can be classified into different types,
➢ such as:
1. electric linear
2. electric rotary
3. fluid power linear
4. fluid power rotary
Q.2) what is industry 4.0?
1. industry 4.0 is the Fourth Industrial Revolution is the trend towards
automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies.
2. and processes which include IoT, industrial internet of things, cloud
computing and artificial intelligence.
3. Industrial Revolution 4.0 is based on Big Data and Artificial Intelligence.
4. Industry 4.0 technology helps you manage and optimize all aspects of
your manufacturing processes and supply chain.
5. Extensive use of cloud computing and artificial intelligence.
6. During the revolution sensors become cheaper , reduced in size and
more powerful
7. Computers have become more sophisticated
Q.3) What is IOT?
➢ The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—
“things”—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other
technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with
other devices and systems over the internet.
Features of IOT
1. Connectivity
2. Analyzing
3. Artificial Intelligence
4. Sensing
5. Active Engagement
Q.4) Describe static and Dynamic characteristics of sensors?
Sensor Characteristics
1. Static characteristics
➢ After steady state condition, how the output of a sensor change in
response to an input change
2. Dynamic characteristics
➢ The properties of the system's transient response to an input
Static characteristics:
1.Accuracy:
1. Represents the correctness of the output compared to a superior system
2. The different between the standard and the measured value
2.Range:
1. Gives the highest and the lowest value of the physical quantity within
which the sensor can actually sense Beyond this value there is no
sensing or no kind of response
3.Resolution:
1. Provides the smallest change in the input that a sensor is capable of
sensing
2. Resolution is an important specification towards selection of sensors.
3. Higher the resolution better the precision
4.Errors:
1. The difference between the standard value and the value produced by
sensor
5.Sensitivity:
1. Sensitivity indicates ratio of incremental change in the response of the
system with respect to incremental change in input parameter.
6.Linearity:
2. The deviation of sensor value curve from a particular straight line

Dynamic Characteristics:
➢ Dynamic characteristics is about if the inputs are changed
➢ How well a sensor responds to changes in its input
1.Zero order system:
1. Output shows a response to the input signal with no delay
2. Does not include energy-storing elements
3. Example: Potentiometer measures linear and rotary displacements
2. First order system:
1. When the output approaches its final value gradually
2. Consists of an energy storage and dissipation element
3.Second order system:
1. Second order systems will have Complex output response
2. The output response of sensor oscillates before steady state

Q.5) write a note on communication protocols used in IOT?

The communication protocols:
1. IEEE 802.15.4
2. ZigBee,
3. 6LoWPAN,
4. Wireless HART,
5. Bluetooth,
6. NFC, and RFID.
1.IEEE 802.15.4:
➢ IEEE 802.15. 4 is a wireless networking standard developed for low-
power, low-data-rate applications in Personal Area Networks (PANs)
➢ IEEE 802.15.4 standard is typically meant for use in communication
where there is low power, low cost, low speed requirements.
➢ The communication between devices which are separated by typically
less than 75 meters, 10 to 75 meters.
FEATURES OF IEEE 802.15.4:
➢ This standard utilizes DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum) coding
scheme to transmit information.
➢ The preferable nature of transmission is line of sight (LOS). The standard
range of transmission-10 to 75m
➢ The transmission of data uses CSMA-CA (carrier sense multiple access
with collision avoidance) scheme.
 ➢ reducing consumption of power.
➢ Star network topology and peer-to-peer network topology is included.
Advantages of IEEE 802.15.4:
IEEE 802.15.4 has the following advantages:
• cheap cost
• long battery life,
• Quick installation
• simple
Disadvantages of IEEE 802.15.4:
IEEE 802.15.4’s drawbacks include:
• IEEE 802.15.4 causes interference and multipath fading.
• doesn’t employ a frequency-hopping approach.
• unbounded latency
Applications of IEEE 802.15.4:
IEEE 802.15.4 Applications:
• Wireless sensor networks in the industry
• Building and home automation
• Remote controllers and interacting toys
• Automotive networks
2.ZigBee:
➢ ZigBee protocol which is primarily based on 802.15.4. The ZigBee
protocol provides a framework for medium range communication to
offer IoT connectivity,
➢ it defines the physical layer, and MAC layer characteristics enabling
interoperability between multiple devices at low data rates.
➢ ZigBee operates in three frequencies:
1. 868 megahertz,
 2. 902 to 928 megahertz
3. 2.4 gigahertz.
Features of Zigbee
➢ The lower frequency bands use BPSK.
➢ The data transfer takes place in 128 bytes packet size,
➢ The maximum allowed payload is 104 bytes.
➢ Standard range of transmission - upto 70m.
➢ Provides low power consumption and better efficiency
➢ Networking topologies include star, peer-to-peer, or cluster-tree (hybrid),
mesh being the popular.
Advantages of Zigbee:
1. Designed for low power consumption.
2. Provides network security
3. Use in smart home
4. Easy implementation
5. Low cost
6. Mesh networking
7. Reliability
Disadvantages of Zigbee :
1. Limited range
2. Limited data rate
3. Interoperability
4. Security
3.6LoWPAN
➢ 6LoWPAN is an IPv6 protocol, and It’s extended from is IPv6 over Low
Power Personal Area Network.
➢ this protocol works on Wireless Personal Area Network i.e., WPAN.
➢ 6LoWPAN allows communication using the IPv6 protocol.
➢ IPv6 is Internet Protocol Version 6 is a network layer protocol that allows
communication to take place over the network.
➢ It is faster and more reliable and provides a large number of addresses.
Features of 6LoWPAN:
1. It is used with IEEE 802.15,.4 in the 2.4 GHz band.
2. Outdoor range: ~200 m (maximum)
3. Data rate: 200kbps (maximum)
4. Maximum number of nodes: ~100

Advantages of 6LoWPAN:
1. 6LoWPAN is a mesh network that is robust, scalable
2. It delivers low-cost and secure communication in IoT devices.
3. It uses IPv6 protocol and so it can be directly routed to cloud platforms.
4. It offers one-to-many and many-to-one routing.
Disadvantages of 6LoWPAN:
1. It is comparatively less secure than Zigbee.
2. It has lesser immunity to interference than that Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
3. Without the mesh topology, it supports a short range.
Applications of 6LoWPAN:
1. It is a wireless sensor network.
2. It is used in home-automation,
3. It is used in smart agricultural techniques, and industrial monitoring
4. Wireless HART:
➢ the wireless HART protocols, are used particularly for industrial
applications.
➢ The full form of HART is Highway Addressable Remote Transducer and is
based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
➢ Wireless HART is a wireless mesh network communications protocol for
process automation applications
Features of Wireless HART
➢ Exploits IEEE 802.15.4 accustomed DSSS coding scheme.
➢ A WirelessHART node follows channel hopping every time it sends a
packet.
➢ Transmission Power is around 10dBm (adjustable in discrete steps).
➢ Maximum payload allowed is 127 bytes.
➢ It employs TDMA (time division multiple access)
➢ TDMA technology is used to provide collision free and deterministic
communications.
➢ Slot sizes and the super frame length are fixed.
5.Bluetooth
➢ Bluetooth is universal for short-range wireless voice and data
communication.
➢ It is a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) technology and is used for
exchanging data over smaller distances.
➢ Bluetooth ranges up to 10 meters.
➢ It provides data rates up to 1 Mbps or 3 Mbps depending upon the
version.
➢ Bluetooth simply follows the principle of transmitting and receiving data
using radio waves.
Advantage:
• It is a low-cost and easy-to-use device.
• It can also penetrate through walls.
• It is used for voice and data transfer.

Disadvantages:
• It can be hacked and hence, less secure.
• It has a slow data transfer rate: of 3 Mbps.
• It has a small range: 10 meters.
• Bluetooth communication does not support routing.
Applications:
• It can be used in laptops, and in wireless PCs, printers.
• It can be used in wireless headsets, wireless PANs, and LANs.
• It can connect a digital camera wirelessly to a mobile phone.
• It can transfer data in terms of videos, songs, photographs, or files from
one cell phone to another cell phone or computer.
6.NFC
➢ NFC stands for Near Field Communication.
➢ It enables short range communication between compatible devices.
➢ At least one transmitting device and another receiving device is needed
to transmit the signal.
NFC devices can be classified into 2 types:
1. Passive NFC devices
• an passive device can only transmit data, but cannot read from the
NFC devices.
 2. Active NFC devices
• An active type of device can both read and transmit data a passive
device can only transmit data, but cannot read from the NFC
devices.
Features of NFC
➢ NFC operates at 13.56 MHz frequency
➢ The communication range of NFC devices is less then 10 centimetres.
➢ Data rate supported are 106, 212 or 424 Kbps
➢ Two communication modes are supported between two devices:
Active or Active Passive mode.
Application
➢ Banking and payments using NFC enabled smartphones,
➢ transaction cards. Tracking goods
➢ Data Communication between smart phones.
➢ Security and authentication using NFC enabled ID cards.

Q.6) What is 6LoWPAN? Explain in detail

6LoWPAN
➢ 6LoWPAN is an IPv6 protocol, and It’s extended from is IPv6 over Low
Power Personal Area Network.
➢ this protocol works on Wireless Personal Area Network i.e., WPAN.
➢ 6LoWPAN allows communication using the IPv6 protocol.
➢ IPv6 is Internet Protocol Version 6 is a network layer protocol that allows
communication to take place over the network.
➢ It is faster and more reliable and provides a large number of addresses.
Features of 6LoWPAN:
1. It is used with IEEE 802.15,.4 in the 2.4 GHz band.
2. Outdoor range: ~200 m (maximum)
3. Data rate: 200kbps (maximum)
4. Maximum number of nodes: ~100
Advantages of 6LoWPAN:
1. 6LoWPAN is a mesh network that is robust, scalable
2. It delivers low-cost and secure communication in IoT devices.
3. It uses IPv6 protocol and so it can be directly routed to cloud
platforms.
4. It offers one-to-many and many-to-one routing.
Disadvantages of 6LoWPAN:
1. It is comparatively less secure than Zigbee.
2. It has lesser immunity to interference than that Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
3. Without the mesh topology, it supports a short range.
Applications of 6LoWPAN:
1. It is a wireless sensor network.
2. It is used in home-automation,
3. It is used in smart agricultural techniques, and industrial
monitoring.
 ASSIGNMENT NO.2
Q.1) Explain sustainability in industry 4.0
Sustainability: means to continue at a “fixed rate"
▸A Sustainable Industry provides:
1. Energy efficiency
➢ Energy efficiency is very important because there is a global concern
about saving energy and energy efficiency is definitely very important
to reduce carbon footprint on the environment.
2.Conservation of resource:
➢ also very important is to ensure that the amount of resources that are
used are all conserved
3.Low-waste production:
➢ the amount of waste that is produced should be reduced significantly
Example: Sustainable Manufacturing Industries

Q.2) Short Note on Economic Crisis/Recession and Depression.

the consideration of economic crisis recession and depression.
economic activity recession that means slowdown of the economy
Depression is the extremity of recession.
1. unemployment increase,
2. reduction in available credit,
3. huge number of bankruptcies and there is volatility in currency value
Q.3) What are Cyber Physical Systems
1. The term Cyber Physical System or CPS is defined as the addition of
computational and physical procedures on the technology of Internet of
Things.
2. This prototype helps in ensuring the connectivity of devices and
elements with the Internet based protocols which includes the Internet
of Services.
3. Cyber-Physical Systems or 'smart' systems are co-engineered interacting
networks of physical and computational components
Features of Cyber-Physical Systems:
1. Reactive Computation:
➢ with environment in an ongoing manner
2. Concurrency:
➢ Multiple processes running concurrently
3. Real-Time Computation:
➢ Time sensitive operations such as coordination, resource-allocation
4. Safety-Critical Applications:
➢ Precise modelling and validation prior to development

Key Features of CPS (Cyber-Physical Systems)

• Sensing and Actuation

• Networked
• Real-time processing
• Safety and Security

Applications of CPS (Cyber-Physical Systems):

1. Healthcare:
➢ Highly accurate medical devices and systems
2. Transportation:
1. Infrastructure-based transportation CPS
2. Vehicle-Infrastructure-coordinated transportation CPS
3. Vehicle-based transportation CPS
3.Smart Grid:
1. Smart meters
2. Data aggregation units (DAU)
4. Industry:
1. Smart control
2. Flexibility of development of systems

Q.4) Write down differences between Embedded Systems and Cyber Physical
System

Difference between Cyber-Physical System (CPS) and Embedded System

Cyber-Physical System Embedded System

CPS systems integration of physics An Embedded system is a software-

with cyber-Components networked hardware combination that is built
which is interconnected. into a device.

The CPS system is to monitor and

An Embedded system is only
controls physical processes in a
designed for a specific purpose.
seamless manner.

CPS is designed to be adaptable and

Embedded systems are typically
flexible, with the ability to adjust to
designed for a specific purpose and
changes in the physical
are less flexible.
environment.
Cyber-Physical System Embedded System

Embedded systems are used in

Cyber-physical systems are used in
various devices such as washing
complex systems.
machines, and medical equipment.

Developing embedded systems are

To develop cyber-physical systems
typically low-level languages such as
typically high-level language.
C and assembly language.

CPS devices are designed to interact

It’s not a general-purpose computer
with physical processes and control
system.
them.

Hardware components use such as In this system, the main components

Sensors, actuators, control systems, use like Microcontrollers, sensors,
communication networks, and communication modules, memory,
computing devices. and power sources.

CPS systems use more power Embedded systems are less power-
compared then Embedded systems. consuming.

CPS is typically more expensive to

Embedded systems are generally less
develop and maintain due to the
expensive than CPS.
complexity of the system.

Examples- Smart homes, industrial Examples -Home appliances,

control systems, and wearable consumer electronics, medical
devices. devices, and automotive systems.
Q.5) Describe CPS Architecture For Industry 4.0 in detail
Connectivity, conversion, cyber, cognition, and configuration, these are the 5C
architectural aspects.

1.Connectivity:
➢ Smart connections to ensure accurate data is obtained from the lloT
devices
➢ Connect the components and machine
2.conversion:
➢ Conversion of machine data to meaningful information
➢ Receive data from physical asset and convert them to the intended type
➢ Machines become self-aware
3.cyber:
➢ Central information hub
➢ Gathers system information from fleet of machines
➢ Utilize clustering for data mining
➢ Machines achieve self-comparison ability
4.cognition:
➢ Proper presentation of information to users for generating
➢ thorough knowledge of the system. Collaborative diagnostics
5.configuration:
Supervisory control to determine actions to be taken by the
machines:
1. Self-configuration
2. Self-adjustment
3. Self-optimization
Machines become self-adaptive.
Challenges for CPS Development
1. Safety, security and robustness
2. Hybrid control systems
3. Computational and real-time embedded system abstractions
4. Sensor and mobile networks
5. Architecture and modelling Verification, validation and certification
6. Education and training
 ASSIGNMENT NO.3
Q.1) What are next generation Sensors
1. smart sensors
2. intelligent sensors
1.Smart sensors:
1. Integration of sensors and actuators with a processor and a
communication module.
2. Functionalities - Self calibration, Communication, Computation, Multi-
sensing, Cost improvement
Limitations of Smart Sensors -
➢ Pre-defined embedded functions, customization not possible
➢ Narrow application spectrum
➢ Sensor data aggregation not possible
➢ External processor for sensor calibration
➢ Basic communication protocols
for overcoming all of these different limitations of smart sensors, next
generation intelligent sensors have been proposed.
2.Intelligent sensors:
1. Capable of processing sensed data and performing pre-defined functions
by processing data
2. Capable of customizing embedded algorithms on the fly
3. Capable of managing and controlling external sensors/devices
4. Comprises of a sensor, a microcontroller, a memory unit comprising of
flash, RAM and ROM, and a platform for running sensor applications
Advantages of Intelligent Sensors –
1. Reduce data communication.
2. Reduced power consumption
3. Continuous monitoring of the sensors
4. Shorter software development time
5. Improved compatibility of sensors
Applications:
1. Automatic assembly in factories
2. Advanced driving assistance systems
3. Fault detection using machine intelligence
4. Chemical composition analysis
5. Resource lifecycle management
Design Challenges
Hardware Issues -
1. Limited power
2. High response time
3. Synchronization
4. Limited bandwidth
5. Security issues
Software Issues -
1. Software partitioning with applications processor
Q.2) Explain Collaboration productivity in Industry 4.0
Collaboration Productivity
There are four key parts, which enable collaboration productivity:
1. IT Proliferation
2. Single Source of Truth
3. Industrialization
4. Coordination
1. IT Proliferation:
1. It shows the huge impact of computers on economic growth and their
impact on increased capital stock's shares.
2. Industries are required to consider and promote global information
technology and computing power.
3. Storage capacity and high speed computing are increasing day by day.
2. Single Source of Truth
1. It is a kind of practice of formatting information models to store every
data element exactly once.
2. SSOT must employ the right software for decision making
3. SSOT is needed to be realized across the whole product lifecycle, so that
even a single change in product associated information is visible.
3. Industrialization
1. It is the bridge between the virtual world and the physical environment.
2. Physical environment is linked with the virtual world using CPS, which fix
computers and sensors into an application platform.
3. For dynamic objectives in technology and industrial area, it adapts the
system behaviour like smart factories.
4. Coordination:
➢ Stronger coordination between multiple industry agents is required in
Industry 4.0 for enabling collaboration productivity.
➢ It can be initiated in two steps:
1. First, establish a network which communicates with overall target
2. Second, provide authority to decision-makers in a decentralized
system.
 ➢ This network is maintained by encouraging the exchange of the
employees or by using smart devices

Q.3) Explain Industrial Sensing and Actuation

sensing
➢ Sensors convert the physical characteristics from their environment to
electrical signals for the system.
actuation
➢ Actuators convert the electrical signals from the system to various
physical characteristics for their environments.
Need of Sensing for Industry
1. Higher degree of automation
2. Raise Productivity
3. Improve Quality
4. Better Safety
5. Reduced Downtime
Industrial Sensing
1.Conventional Sensing
➢ Involved in feedback automation of a process in industrial control system
2. Contemporary Sensing
➢ Sensors connected to the internet.
➢ Can sense:
1. Product lifetime
2. Loop efficiency
3. Safety
4. Reliability
Q.4) Write A Note on Industrial Internet Systems
➢ industrial internet and this is this new revolution that the world is
currently going through,
➢ the industrial internet revolution, which is about integration of internet-
based technologies to the internet to the industries.
According to GE, there are three waves in industrial level
1. The First Wave or The Industrial Revolution
2. The Second Wave or The Internet Revolution
3. The Third Wave or The Industrial Internet
The Industrial Internet It has three key elements
1. Intelligent machines
2. Advanced analytics
3. People at work
1.Intelligent machines
➢ Different kinds of machines located at different locations can be
interconnected
➢ These machines can be monitored using advanced sensors and actuators
using related software
2.Advanced analytics
➢ the huge data that are generated from different kinds of machines and
sensors, these data can be analyzed with the help of advance statistical
machine learning and AI techniques
3.People at work
➢ Through web and mobile interfaces, everybody can connect with one
another regardless of their location.
➢ A doctor can interact with his patient virtually, a worker can control a
machine from anywhere etc.
Applications
1. Commercial Aviation
2. Rail Transportation
3. Power Production
4. Oil and Gas Sectors
 5. Healthcare
Industrial Internet has many benefits and promises across the globe

Q.5) Explain IIoT, Business Model and Referece Architecture.

1. A business model basically it captures the different aspects such as the
rationale behind how the organization is created, how it is going to
deliver value to the customers, capturing the value, delivering the value,
and so on.
2. business model is organizational and the financial architecture of a
business.
there are different types of IIoT business models.
1. cloud-based business model,
2. service-oriented business model
3. process-oriented business model
1.Cloud-based business model:
1. based on cloud cloud-services. So, cloud-services means, offering cloud-
based processing capabilities, storage capabilities of the data, the data
storage, the virtualization of the operating system.
2. different aspects of the cloud-based business model. like infrastructure-
as-a-service model (IaaS),
3. platform as a service: the different applications, integration of different
applications, which have been developed in different platforms
integration of it under a common platform; these are platform-as-a-
service model.
4. software-as-a-service model: offering online capable a capabilities and
customized applications to different customers
5. primarily these are the three different types of service models, cloud-
based service models
2.Service-oriented business model:
1. it is all about services
2. Service offerings such as the primary utilization, the data that is
collected, analysis of the data, aggregation of the data
3.Process-oriented business model:
1. reduced down time, increased machinery availability, these are
important considerations in the process oriented business model.
2. optimized, that means, that you increase the availability of these
machinery to different customers

Challenges:
1. security and data privacy
2. lack of interoperability.
3. Increased complexity.
4. Increased cost
IIoT reference architecture:
1. IIoT reference architecture is governed by the Industrial Internet
Reference Architecture (IIRA)
2. IIRA - Industrial Internet Reference Architecture is the architectural
standard, that is used for most of these IIoT applications in these
industries. So, it is a standard based architecture
3. Safety is the major concern in the IIRA infrastructure, and is to be
followed by security.
IIRA-Architecture Patterns:
Different IIoT architecture implementation patterns are as follows:
1. Three-tier architecture pattern:
we have three different layers we have the edge layer, the platform layer
and the enterprise layer.
1. edge layer: which gathers data from the edge nodes
2. Platform layer: basically, it is concerning receiving, processing, and
forwarding control commands from the enterprise layer to the
edge layer.
3. enterprise layer: concerns receiving data flows from the edge
layer and the platform layer.

2. Gateway-mediated edge connectivity and management architecture

pattern:
1. allows for localizing operations and controls
2. we have all these different sensors and actuators, these sensors
and actuators throw in lot of data.
3. And through the different gateway devices, edge devices and so on
4. the data are sent to the wide area network

3. Layered databus pattern:

1. here we have three different tiers, we have the smart machines,
then we have system of systems, and the industrial internet.
2. a system of systems is basically a complex system consisting of
different subsystems working together.
 ASSIGNMENT NO.4
Q.1) Explain benefits of sensor usage in Industry?
1. Real time monitoring:
real time monitoring of different machine parts, different
processes, manufacturing processes, everything can be done in
real-time monitoring
2. Improving visibility: improving the visibility of the machine status, in
the device status
3. Operational efficiency: operational efficiency will also be improved
with the help of different sensors.
likewise
4. increasing productivity,
5. improving quality,
6. efficient quality management,
7. improving safety,
8. minimizing downtime
Q.2) Explain Sensing for manufacturing process in IloT?

Q.3) Write down MOS gas sensors working Principle

MOS gas sensors working principle:
1. This MOS gas sensors are also called chemiresistive gas sensors.
2. Chemi-resistive means; like there is some chemical reaction that
happens with the sensor material.
3. chemi-resistive gas sensors will depend on the thermal energy
4. in particular temperature at which the sensor gives the best response
is called optimum temperature
5. the resistance value basically changes when the material is exposed to
gas depending on the rise or fall in conductivity of the sensor material
6. In n-type sensors the resistance decreases and in p-type sensors the
resistance increases with respect to the baseline resistance when that
particular material is exposed to a target gas.
Q.4) Explain Mod-Bus TCP and Time-Sensitive Networking
MOD-BUS:
Modbus TCP is a very popular industrial Ethernet protocol
Features:
1. the standard data frame is basically embedded in Modbus-TCP into
a TCP frame
2. the protocol basically defines two units in the data frame:
3. one is known as the application data unit,
4. the other one is the protocol data unit.
5. Modbus TCP is a connection-oriented protocol
6. Modbus TCP basically supports up to 10 active connections or
sockets at one time.
Time-Sensitive Networking:
TSN, which is the Time Sensitive Networking
this particular protocol is based on the Ethernet protocol
it is a time-aware protocol, time-sensitive
Features of TSN (Time Sensitive Networking):
1. It supports cyclic data transfer.
2. Provides pre-emption for packets with high priority.
3. Network topologies: ring, chain, star, and hybrid topologies.
4. Data rate is 100Mbit and 1Gbit for industrial applications.
5. TSN Support network convergence.
6. The network and operation cost is minimized due to the
convergence.
Q.5) Explain LoRa and LoRaWAN
LoRa and LoRaWAN are both commonly used for IoT devices
LoRa:
1. LoRa is a short form of long range.
2. LoRa is a long range and low power wireless communication system that
can send small amounts of data over great distances. These two features
make it an attractive solution for application in the IoT and IIoT industries.
3. This technology can be utilized by public, private or hybrid networks
4. LoRa technology provides a way to use unlicensed wireless spectrum
LoRaWAN:
1. LoRaWAN is short form of long range wide area network.
2. LoRaWAN is the software layer that determines how devices use the LoRa
hardware, such as when they transmit data and which type of format.
3. Most importantly, the LoRaWAN specification allows seamless integration
between devices from other manufactures.
4. LoRaWAN is a protocol that builds on top of LoRa and creates the
network layer.