7629-Questions and Answers Sem I
7629-Questions and Answers Sem I
1
Dr. Rasha Thabit
Questions and Answers for Multimedia Computing
Q: What is meant by the terms Multimedia and HyperMedia? Distinguish between these
two concepts.
Multimedia ---- An Application which uses a collection of multiple media source e.g. text,
graphics, images, sound/audio, animation and/or video.
Hypermedia ---- An application which uses associative relationships among information
contained within multiple media data for the purpose of facilitating access to, and manipulation
of, the information encapsulated by the data.
Hypermedia contrasts with the broader term multimedia, which may include non-interactive linear
presentations as well as hypermedia.
Hypertext is a text which contains links to other texts. The term was invented by Ted Nelson
around 1965.
Traversal through pages of hypertext is usually non-linear (as indicated below).
Q: What is meant by the terms static (or discrete) media and dynamic (or continuous) media?
Give examples of each type of media.
Static (or discrete) media: time independent media such as normal data, text, single images, and
graphics.
Dynamic (or continuous) media: time dependent media such as video, animation and audio.
Multimedia files are very large therefore for storage, file transfer etc. file sizes need to be reduced.
Text and other files may also be encoded/compressed for email and other applications.
2
Dr. Rasha Thabit
Questions and Answers for Multimedia Computing
Multimedia is the field concerned with the computer-controlled integration of text, graphics,
drawings, still and moving images (Video), animation, audio, and any other media where every
type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and processed digitally.
A Multimedia System is a system capable of processing multimedia data and applications.
Q: What are the key distinctions between multimedia data and more conventional types of
media?
• Multimedia systems deal with the generation, manipulation, storage, presentation, and
communication of information in digital form.
• The data may be in a variety of formats: text, graphics, images, audio, and video.
• A majority of this data is large and the different media may need synchronization -the data
may have temporal relationships as an integral property.
• Some media is time independent or static or discrete media: normal data, text, single
images, graphics are examples.
• Video, animation and audio are examples of continuous media which is time dependent
media.
Q: What key issues or problems does a multimedia system have to deal with when handling
multimedia data?
3
Dr. Rasha Thabit
Questions and Answers for Multimedia Computing
Q: What are the hardware and software components that are required in multimedia
system?
Or
Q: List the components of a multimedia system.
• Capture devices: Video Camera, Video Recorder, Audio Microphone, Keyboards, mice,
graphics tablets, 3D input devices, tactile sensors, VR devices. Digitizing Hardware.
• Storage Devices: Hard disks, CD-ROMs, DVD-ROM, etc.
• Communication Networks: Local Networks, Intranets, Internet, Multimedia or other
special high speed networks.
• Computer Systems: Multimedia Desktop machines, Workstations, MPEG/VIDEO/DSP
Hardware.
• Display Devices: CD-quality speakers, HDTV, SVGA, Hi-Res monitors, Color printers
etc.
4
Dr. Rasha Thabit
Questions and Answers for Multimedia Computing
• Multimedia processing and coding. This includes multimedia content analysis, content-
based multimedia retrieval, multimedia security, audio / image / video processing,
compression, and so on.
• Multimedia system support and networking. People look at such topics as network
protocols, Internet, operating systems, servers and clients, quality of service (QoS), and
databases.
• Multimedia tools, end systems, and applications. These include hypermedia systems,
user interfaces, authoring systems, multimodal interaction, and integration, web-
everywhere devices, multimedia education, including computer supported collaborative
learning and design, and applications of virtual environments.
Q: What is the multimedia research topic that is related to the following projects?
5
Dr. Rasha Thabit
Questions and Answers for Multimedia Computing
Q: What are the main characteristics of the WWW which causes its popularity?
Q: Define the term W3C and list the three goals of WWW.
W3C: World Wide Web Consortium which maintained and developed the WWW technology.
The W3C has listed the following three goals for the WWW:
1- Universal access of web resources (by everyone everywhere),
2- Effectiveness of navigating available information,
3- Responsible of posted material.
Q: What are the main processes that multimedia system has to deal with?
1- Generation of data,
2- Manipulation of data,
3- Storage of data,
4- Presentation of data, and
5- Communication of information/data
6
Dr. Rasha Thabit
Questions and Answers for Multimedia Computing
Q: Define the hardware devices: ADC and DAC. Do you need ADC for a multimedia data
that is already generated by the computer? Why?
ADC: Analog-to-Digital converter which is a special hardware device that takes analog signals
from analog sensor (e.g. microphone) and digitally sample data.
DAC: Digital-to- Analog converter which is a special hardware device that takes digital signal,
possible after modification, and outputs an analog signal that may be played by analog output
device (e.g. loudspeaker, RGB monitor/display).
The data that are generated directly in computer are in binary format and do not require digitizing
therefore ADC is not required in this case.
Q: Explain how to input the printed text, printed image, and handwritten text to your
computer?
An image may be continuous with respect to the x- and y-coordinates, and also in amplitude
• Image sampling is the process of digitizing the coordinate values of the continuous
image.
• Image quantization is the process of digitizing the amplitude values of the continuous
image.
• When the coordinate values and the amplitude values of the image are all finite, discrete
quantities, we call the image a digital image.
7
Dr. Rasha Thabit
Questions and Answers for Multimedia Computing
Q: An image of size (640×480) pixels, how many KB are required to store this image in two
cases:
1- Binary image
2- Grayscale image
Sol:
1- For binary image each pixel contains 1 bit (either 0 or 1),
No. of bits in image = 640*480*1 bit = 307200 bits
No. of Bytes = 307200/8=38400 Bytes
No. of KB = 38400/1024 = 37.5 KB
2- For grayscale image each pixel contains 8 bits (1 byte)
No. of Bytes in image = 307200 Bytes
No. of KB = 307200/1024 = 300 KB
Q: Define dithering process and explain the reason behind obtaining a somewhat grainy
color.
Dithering is the attempt by a computer program to approximate a color from a mixture of other
colors when the required color is not available.
The result may appear somewhat grainy since it's composed of different pixel intensities rather
than a single intensity over the colored space.
Q: Suppose we have available a 600 dot-per-inch (dpi) laser printer, explain how we can
print 600 × 600 image using this printer?
Such a device can usually only print a dot or not print it. However, a 600 × 600 image will be
printed in a 1-inch space and will thus not be very pleasing. Therefore, dithering is used.
For printing all a 1-bit printer, dithering is used to calculate larger patterns of dots, such that values
from 0 to 255 correspond to pleasing patterns that correctly represent darker and brighter pixel
values. The main strategy is to replace a pixel value by a larger pattern, such as 2 × 2 or 4 × 4.
Q: Suppose we have a grayscale image and we want to print it, apply the dithering process
to convert the following pixel values to larger patterns of dots: 10, 30, 50
Use the following dithering matrix:
8
Dr. Rasha Thabit
Questions and Answers for Multimedia Computing
Sol:
Step 1: re-map pixel values from 0 – 255 to a new range 0 – 16 by dividing the value by
(256/17) (and rounding down).
Re-map Pixel 1=10 / (256/17) = 0.66 round down 0
Re-map Pixel 2=30 / (256/17) = 1.99 round down 1
Re-map Pixel 3=50 / (256/17) = 3.32 round down 3
Step 2: Replace each pixel by a 4 × 4 dots (binary pixels).
Compare “Re-map Pixel 1” with the given dithering matrix
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Compare “Re-map Pixel 2” with the given dithering matrix
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Compare “Re-map Pixel 3” with the given dithering matrix
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
9
Dr. Rasha Thabit
Questions and Answers for Multimedia Computing
Q:
Q:
10
Dr. Rasha Thabit
Questions and Answers for Multimedia Computing
Q: What is a color look-up table and how is it used to represent color? Give an advantage
and a disadvantage of this representation with respect to true color (24-bit) color. How do
you convert from 24-bit color to an 8-bit color look up table representation?
LUT needs to be built when converting 24-bit color images to 8-bit: grouping similar colors
(each group assigned a color entry)
Q: GIF and JPEG are two commonly used image representations. Do they usually use
lossless or lossy compression? State the major compression algorithm (if lossless) or the
lossy steps of the algorithm (if lossy) for each representation.
Q: What is the YIQ color model? How is compression achieved with YIQ in Analog NTSC
Video and Digital MPEG Video?
NTSC (Analog) Compression Scheme:
• I is red-orange axis, Q is roughly orthogonal to I.
• Eye is most sensitive to Y, next to I, next to Q.
• Analog Video Compression Scheme:
4 MHz is allocated to Y,
1.5 MHz to I,
0.6 MHz to Q.
11
Dr. Rasha Thabit
Questions and Answers for Multimedia Computing
Q:
Sol:
Q: Give three color models other than RGB/CMYK and explain the benefits of using the
model by showing a practical application for each model.
12
Dr. Rasha Thabit
Questions and Answers for Multimedia Computing
Q: What is the purpose of performing image addition? The result of adding two 8-bit images
can range from 0 to 510, what are the methods that can be used to make the result in the
acceptable range?
Sol:
1) Image addition is used for the averaging of images to reduce noise.
2) To make the result in the acceptable range,
a) One possibility is to divide the result by 2, obtaining a resulting image that is scaled to the
0 to 255 range. A similar approach is applied in image averaging, in which the N images
added together produce a total, which is then divided by N to rescale the data.
b) Another possibility is to find the largest and smallest actual values in the sum image and
then dynamically rescale the result to this maximum and minimum, so that each pixel is
assigned a new value.
Q: What is the purpose of performing image subtraction? The result of subtracting two 8-
bit images can range from -255 to 255, what are the methods that can be used to make the
result in the acceptable range?
1) Image subtraction is used to level images by removing background. There are several
applications of subtraction, such as that employed in unsharp masking where the smoothed
image is subtracted, pixel by pixel, from the original.
2) To make the result in the acceptable range,
a) The data can be rescaled to fit into a single byte, replacing the original image, by dividing
by 2 and adding 128,
b) Another possibility is to find the largest and smallest actual values in the subtract image
and then dynamically rescale the result to this maximum and minimum, so that each pixel
is assigned a new value.
13
Dr. Rasha Thabit
Questions and Answers for Multimedia Computing
Sol:
156 157 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 173
3 2 1 2 3 2 2 5 1 1 1 1 1
Total no. of pixels = 3+2+1+2+3+2+2+5+1+1+1+1+1= 25
Q: What is the indication of the Peaks and Valleys in image histogram? What is the rationale
behind performing histogram equalization?
Sol:
• Peaks in the histogram correspond to the more common brightness values, which may
correspond to particular structures that are present. Valleys indicate brightness values that
are less common in the image.
• The rationale behind histogram equalization is to spread out the displayed brightness levels
in the peak areas, compressing them in the valleys so that the same number of pixels in the
display show each of the possible brightness levels.
14
Dr. Rasha Thabit