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    Jan S Day2

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    Hassan Saad
    The document contains information about classical probability including: 1. Definitions of basic probability terms like experiment, trial, outcome, random experiment, and sample space. 2. Examples calculating probabilities of outcomes from experiments like tossing coins, dice, including finding probabilities of sums, differences between numbers. 3. Information on mutually exclusive events and examples of probabilities involving multiple trials or multiple dice.

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    Jan S Day2

    Uploaded by

    Hassan Saad
    18 views21 pages
    The document contains information about classical probability including: 1. Definitions of basic probability terms like experiment, trial, outcome, random experiment, and sample space. 2. Examples calculating probabilities of outcomes from experiments like tossing coins, dice, including finding probabilities of sums, differences between numbers. 3. Information on mutually exclusive events and examples of probabilities involving multiple trials or multiple dice.

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    The document contains information about classical probability including: 1. Definitions of basic probability terms like experiment, trial, outcome, random experiment, and sample space. 2. Examples calculating probabilities of outcomes from experiments like tossing coins, dice, including finding probabilities of sums, differences between numbers. 3. Information on mutually exclusive events and examples of probabilities involving multiple trials or multiple dice.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views21 pages

    Jan S Day2

    Uploaded by

    Hassan Saad
    The document contains information about classical probability including: 1. Definitions of basic probability terms like experiment, trial, outcome, random experiment, and sample space. 2. Examples calculating probabilities of outcomes from experiments like tossing coins, dice, including finding probabilities of sums, differences between numbers. 3. Information on mutually exclusive events and examples of probabilities involving multiple trials or multiple dice.

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    of 21

    Saturday, February 11, 2023 9:57 AM

    C.I 15­ 25­ 35­ 45­ 55­65


    F 8 24 30 26 12

    Mean = 41 Median =41 Mode = 41

    M.D = 9.24 S.D ≅ 11.358

    C.I 12­ 16­ 20­ 24­ 28­ 32­36


    F 13 26 32 38 16 7

    Mean ≅23.077 Median ≅ 23.25 Mode ≅ 24.8

    M.D ≅ 4.376 S.D ≅5.269


    ‫اﻹﻧﺣدار ‪Regression‬‬

    ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025‬‬


    ‫‪y‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠوم ﻣﻌﻠوم ﻣﻌﻠوم ﻣﻌﻠوم ﻣﻌﻠوم ﻣﻌﻠوم ﻣﻌﻠوم‬ ‫?‬
    Regression equation of straight line
    The regression equation of the straight line can be written as
    Y = ax + b

    ∑ ∑ ∑
    = ∑ (∑ )
    =∑ ∑

    Ex. 1
    Find the egression equation of the straight line for the following data

    x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    y 94 95 96 101 98 103 104 106
    Estimate the value of y at x =10

    ∑ ∑ ∑
    = ∑ (∑ )
    =∑ ∑
    Ex. 2
    Find the egression equation of the straight line for the following data
    x 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
    y 15 13 11 9 9 7 5

    Estimate the value of y at x =16


    Solution y = ax + b

    ∑ ∑ ∑
    = ∑ (∑ )
    =∑ ∑

    x y xy X2
    2 15 30 4
    4 13 52 16
    6 11 66 36
    8 9 72 64
    10 9 90 100
    12 7 84 144
    14 5 70 196
    56 69 464 560

    Correlation ‫اﻻرﺗﺑﺎط‬
    Correlation ‫اﻻرﺗﺑﺎط‬

    Person’s correlation coefficient


    We can evaluate Person’s correlation coefficient from the following relation

    ∑ ∑ ∑
    =
    ∑ (∑ ) ∑ (∑ )

    Remark: a in the regression equation and person's correlation coefficient have


    the same sign for the same data

    Example 3
    Evaluate Person’s correlation coefficient for the following table

    x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    y 94 95 96 101 98 103 104 106

    ∑ ∑ ∑
    =
    ∑ (∑ ) ∑ (∑ )
    Example 4
    Evaluate Person’s correlation coefficient for the following table
    x 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
    y 15 13 11 9 9 7 5

    ∑ ∑ ∑
    =
    ∑ (∑ ) ∑ (∑ )

    x y xy X2 Y2
    2 15 30 4 225
    4 13 52 16 169
    6 11 66 36 121
    8 9 72 64 81
    10 9 90 100 81
    12 7 84 144 49
    14 5 70 196 25
    56 69 464 560 751

    Spearman’s ( Rank) correlation coefficient


    We can evaluate spearman's correlation coefficient from the following relation :

    ∑
    =1− ( )

    Where D : is the difference between the ranks


    Rank : is the average of orders

    Example 5
    Evaluate the rank correlation coefficient for the following table
    Stat. B C F D B- F D C A
    O. M A A A C F C F B D

    Solution
    ∑
    =1− ( )

    Example 6
    Evaluate the rank correlation coefficient. For the following table
    x B C A F B+ A C D A
    y C D B D C A F F B

    Solution

    ∑
    =1− ( )
    x.
    Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    Grade F D C C B B+ A A A
    Rank 1 2 5 6

    y.
    Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    Grade F F D D C C B B A
    Rank
    Revision on sets and relations

    1­ Intersection and, : The common elements


    2­ Union or : All elements without repetition.
    The first only or the second only or both

    3 ­ Difference the first but not the common elements with the second
    Complementary AC not or ‫ﻣ‬

    5- Subset And Belongs to

    a) Belongs to : it is a relation between element and a set


    b) Subset : it is a relation between two sets

    Probability
    Basic definitions:
    1) Experiment: The term experiment refers to the process of obtaining an
    observed result of some phenomenon.
    2) Trail: the performance of an experiment is called a trial.
    3) Outcome: the observed result on a trial of the experiment.
    4) Random Experiment: it is an Experiment but
    i ­ All possible outcomes can be completely defined in advance.
    ii- Can be repeated , theoretically, any number of times under identical
    conditions but we can not predict which of these outcomes will exactly occur
    when the experiment is carried out.

    For example, if a coin is tossed, there are two possible outcomes of the
    experiment:
    Heads (denoted by H) and
    Tails (denoted by T)
    On any performance of this experiment one does not know what the
    outcome will be. The coin can be tossed as many times as desired.
    5- Sample space (S)
    It is the set of all possible outcomes of the experiment
    Then A and B are Mutually Exclusive Events
    Classical probability

    ( )
    P (A) = ( )
    , 0 ≤ P (A) ≤ 1

    Example 1
    In an experiment of tossing a single fair die.
    Find the probability of:
    a­ The appearance of the number 6.
    b­ The appearance of an even number.
    c- The appearance of a prime number.
    Example 2
    A coin is tossed twice. Find is the probability of:
    1­ the appearance of one head
    2­ the appearance of one head at least
    3­ the appearance of one head at most
    Example 3

    A die is tossed two times. Find the probability of:


    a­ The appearance of the number 2 in the first toss.
    b­ The appearance of the number 3 in the first toss and 5 in the second.
    c­ The appearance of the number 4 in any toss.
    d­ The appearance of two numbers, whose sum is 6.
    e­ The appearance of two numbers, whose deference is 4 at least
    =1
    Example 4
    Three students are in a swimming race. If the first and the second have the same
    probability of winning and each is twice as likely to win as the third. What is the
    probability that the second wins?

    Example 5

    A die is designed such that, when it tossed, the probability of appearance


    of the numbers 1,2,3,4,5 are equal and the probability of appearance of 6
    equal three times the probability of appearance of one. Calculate the
    probability of :
    a­ The appearance of an odd number
    b­ The appearance of a prime number
    c­ The appearance of an even number

    Example 6
    Two dice are tossed if the first is fair and the second is designed
    such that, when it tossed, the probability of appearance of the
    numbers 1,2,3,4,5 are equal and the probability of appearance of 6
    equal three times the probability of appearance of one. Calculate the
    probability of
    a­ The appearance of the number 2 in the first die
    b­ The appearance of the number 3 in the first die and 5 in the
    second.
    c­ The appearance of the number 4 in any die.
    d­ The appearance of the two number, whose sum is 6.
    e­ The appearance of the two number, whose deference is 4 at least

    Example 7
    Two dice are tossed if the first is fair and the second is designed such that, when it
    tossed, the probability of appearance of an even number is double the probability of
    appearance of an odd number. Calculate the probability of
    a­ The appearance of the number 2 in the first die
    b­ The appearance of the number 3 in the first die and 5 in the second.
    c­ The appearance of the number 4 in any die.
    d­ The appearance of the two number, whose sum is 6.
    e­ The appearance of the two number, whose deference is 4 at least

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