SM025

Overview
Chapter 06 - 10
SM025
2021/2022
 CHAPTER 06:

DATA DESCRIPTION
 𝑼𝒏𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝑫𝒂𝒕𝒂 𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝑫𝒂𝒕𝒂

σ𝑥 σ 𝑓𝑥
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝑥ҧ = 𝑥ҧ =
𝑛 σ𝑓

The most frequently occurring value in 𝑑1

𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝐿𝐵 + 𝐶
the data set. 𝑑1 + 𝑑2

n is odd
𝑡ℎ
𝑛+1 𝑛
𝑀edian = 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐹𝑘−1
2 2
𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿𝑘 + 𝐶
𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝑓𝑘
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 2 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 𝑼𝒏𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝑫𝒂𝒕𝒂 𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝑫𝒂𝒕𝒂

𝒌 𝒏+𝟏
𝒕𝒉
𝑘
𝑸𝒌 =
𝟒
𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒌 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑
4 𝑛 − 𝐹𝑘−1
𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿𝑘 + 𝐶
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝑸𝟑 − 𝑸𝟏
𝑓𝑘

1
𝑥 + 𝑥𝑠+1 𝑠∈𝑍 𝑘
𝑃𝑘 = ൞2 𝑠
𝑥𝑠 𝑠∉𝑍 100 𝑛 − 𝐹𝑘−1
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿𝑘 + 𝐶
𝑛𝑘
𝑓𝑘
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠 = 100
𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 > 𝑠
σ 𝑓𝑥 2
σ𝑥 2 σ 𝑓𝑥 2
−
𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 σ 𝑥2 − 𝑠2 = 𝑛
𝑠2 = 𝑛
𝑛−1
𝑛−1

𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

 BOXPLOT

To construct Boxplot
• Find 𝑸𝟏 , 𝑸𝟐 , 𝑸𝟑 and Interquartile range, 𝑰𝑸𝑹 = 𝑸𝟑 − 𝑸𝟏
• Find lower fence and upper fence
𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝑸𝟏 − 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑰𝑸𝑹
𝑼𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝑸𝟑 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑰𝑸𝑹

• Determine minimum and maximum value within two fences

• Construct the boxplot and identify the outliers
 PEARSON’S SKEWNESS

3 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 − 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 3 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 − 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛

𝑆𝑘 =
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑘 =
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝑵𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒚 𝒔𝒌𝒆𝒘𝒆𝒅 𝑺𝒚𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑹𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒚 𝒔𝒌𝒆𝒘𝒆𝒅

𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 < 𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 < 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 = 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 > 𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 > 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒆
𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒓
𝑺𝒌 < 𝟎 𝑺𝒌 = 𝟎 𝑺𝒌 > 𝟎
 CHAPTER 07:

PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION

 PERMUTATION (TYPES)
𝑻𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒏𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝒏
𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝑳𝒊𝒔𝒕 𝑷𝒓 𝒏! 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒏!
𝑴𝒂𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝟏 ! 𝒓𝟐 ! … 𝒓𝒏 !

ABC ACB
𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 The arrangement BAC BCA 𝟑 3!
𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 of ABC 𝑷𝟑 = 𝟔 3! = 6 3x2x1=6 =6
CAB CBA 1! 1! 1!

AB BA
The arrangement
𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠
of any two letters AC CA 𝟑
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟔 3 x 2 =6
𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
from ABC BC CB

𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 AAB
𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 The arrangement ABA 3!
𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 of AAB =3
BAA 2! 1!

𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 AA 1A1B 𝟐! = 𝟐
The arrangement
𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠
of any two letters AB 2A0B
𝟐!
=𝟏 The total arrangement= 3
𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 BA 𝟐!
from AAB
 PERMUTATION(TECHNIQUES)
𝑭𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝑻𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝑵𝒐𝒕 𝒕𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒚 𝑨𝒍𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒚

Find the Find the Find the

Find the Find the
arrangement of arrangement of 3 arrangement of 3
arrangement Find the arrangement arrangement of
ABCDEF. ABC Male and 2 Male and 3
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒s of ABCD. The of ABCDEF. ABC must ABCDEF. ABC must
must be Female sit Female sit
first letter be together. not be together.
seperated. alternately in a alternately in a
starts with D.
row. row.

ABC __D__E__F__ 𝑀1 __𝑀2 __𝑀3

__ __ __ Total arrangement
𝑀1 __𝑀2 __𝑀3 __

3! – The arrangement 3! 3!
D __ __ __ when ABC 2
together 𝑃2 𝐹1 __𝐹2 __𝐹3 __
4
𝑇𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠 4! 𝑃3

2 2𝑥3! 𝑥 3𝑃3
3! 𝑥 𝑃2 = 12
1 𝑥 3! = 6 3! 𝑥 4! = 144 6! − 144 = 576 3! 𝑥 4𝑃3 = 144 = 72
CHAPTER 08:

PROBABILITY
 PROBABILITY
1. Formulae

𝒏(𝑨) 𝑫𝒆 𝑴𝒐𝒓𝒈𝒂𝒏 𝑹𝒖𝒍𝒆

1. 𝑷 𝑨 =
𝒏(𝑺)

1. 𝑷 𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩′ = 𝑷 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 ′
2. 𝑷 𝑨′ = 𝟏 − 𝑷 𝑨

3. 𝑷 𝑨∪𝑩 =𝑷 𝑨 +𝑷 𝑩 −𝑷 𝑨∩𝑩 2. 𝑷 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑩′ = 𝑷 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ′

4. 𝑷 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩′ = 𝑷 𝑨 − 𝑷 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚

5. 𝑷 𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩 = 𝑷 𝑩 − 𝑷 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐵

𝑷 𝑨∩𝑩
𝑷 𝑨|𝑩 =
𝑷 𝑩

𝑴𝒖𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔

𝑃 𝐴∩𝐵 =0 𝑷 𝑨∩𝑩 = 𝑷 𝑨 .𝑷 𝑩
𝑷 𝑨∪𝑩 = 𝑷 𝑨 +𝑷 𝑩
 PROBABILITY
2. Venn Diagram

A B

𝑨 ∩ 𝑩′ 𝑨∩𝑩 𝑩 ∩ 𝑨′

𝑨∪𝑩 ′
 PROBABILITY
3. Contingency table

𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍

𝑫 𝑛 𝐴∩𝐷 𝑛 𝐵∩𝐷 𝑛 𝐶∩𝐷 𝑛(𝐷)

𝑬 𝑛 𝐴∩𝐸 𝑛 𝐵∩𝐸 𝑛 𝐶∩𝐸 𝑛(𝐸)

𝑭 𝑛 𝐴∩𝐹 𝑛 𝐵∩𝐹 𝑛 𝐶∩𝐹 𝑛(𝐹)

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑛(𝐴) 𝑛(𝐵) 𝑛(𝐶) 𝑛(𝑆)

 PROBABILITY
4. Tree Diagram

𝑃 𝐵|𝐴 𝑩 𝑃 𝐴∩𝐵

𝑨
𝑃 𝐴
𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′
𝑃 𝐵′|𝐴 𝑩′

𝑃 𝐵|𝐴′ 𝑩 𝑃 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵
𝑃 𝐴′
𝑨′
𝑃 𝐵′|𝐴′ 𝑩′ 𝑃 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
 CHAPTER 09:

RANDOM VARIABLES
 Random Variable

Discrete Random Variable Continuous Random Variable

∞
෍𝑷 𝑿 = 𝒙 = 𝟏 න 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏
−∞

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 + 𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝐹 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−∞
𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝐹 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝐹(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
f 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥
𝐹(𝑥)

𝟎 , 𝒙<𝟏 0 , 𝒙<0
𝟏 𝟏 2
, 𝟏≤𝒙<𝟐 𝒙 , 𝟎≤𝒙<𝟒 𝒙
𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟐 , 0≤𝒙<4
𝟏 𝟏 𝑭 𝒙 = 24
, 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝟑. 𝟓 , 𝟐≤𝒙<𝟑 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒙2
𝟏𝟐 𝟑 − 𝒙+𝟏 , 𝟒≤𝒙<𝟔 − +𝒙−2 , 4≤𝒙<6
𝑷(𝑿 = 𝒙) = 𝟏
F 𝒙 =
𝟓
, 𝟑≤𝒙<𝟒 𝟔 12
, 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔
𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟎 , 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆 1 , 𝒙≥6
𝟎 , 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝟐
, 𝟒≤𝒙<𝟓
𝟑
𝟑
, 𝟓≤𝒙<𝟔
𝟒
𝟏 , 𝒙≥𝟔
 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠

𝑓(𝑥) / 𝑃 𝑋 = 𝑥 𝐹(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐹(𝑥)

𝑃 2<𝑋<4 𝑃 𝑋=3 𝑭 𝟑 −𝑭 𝟐

𝑃 2≤𝑋<4 𝑃 𝑋 =2 +𝑃 𝑋 =3 𝑭 𝟑 −𝑭 𝟏
𝟒
න 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 𝐹 4 − 𝐹(2)
𝟐
𝑃 2<𝑋≤4 𝑃 𝑋 =3 +𝑃 𝑋 =4 𝑭 𝟒 −𝑭 𝟐

𝑃 2≤𝑋≤4 𝑃 𝑋 =2 +𝑃 𝑋 =3 +𝑃 𝑋 =4 𝑭 𝟒 −𝑭 𝟏

𝑃 𝑋>2 1−𝑃 𝑋 = 0 − 𝑃 𝑋 = 1 −𝑃 𝑋 = 2 𝟏−𝑭 𝟐

∞
න 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 1 − 𝐹(2)
𝟐
𝑃 𝑋≥2 1−𝑃 𝑋 = 0 − 𝑃 𝑋 = 1 𝟏−𝑭 𝟏

𝑃 𝑋<2 𝑃 𝑋 =0 +𝑃 𝑋 =1 𝑭 𝟏
𝟐
න 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 𝐹(2)
−∞
𝑃 𝑋≤2 𝑃 𝑋 =0 +𝑃 𝑋 =1 +𝑃 𝑋 =2 𝑭 𝟐

𝑃 𝑋=2 𝑃 𝑋=2 𝑭 𝟐 −𝑭 𝟏 𝟎 0
 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠

𝑓(𝑥) / 𝑃 𝑋 = 𝑥 𝐹(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐹(𝑥)

𝒎
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑷 𝑿 ≤ 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑭 𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟓 න 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑭 𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟓
−∞
∞
𝐸(𝑥) 𝐸 𝑥 = ෍ 𝑥𝑃 𝑋 = 𝑥 𝐸 𝑥 = න 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−∞

∞
2
2 𝐸 𝑥 2 = ෍ 𝑥 2𝑃 𝑋 = 𝑥 𝐸 𝑥 = න 𝑥 2 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐸(𝑥 ) −∞

𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑥) 𝑉𝑎𝑟 𝑥 = 𝐸 𝑥 2 − 𝐸 𝑥 2

1. 𝐸 𝑎 = 𝑎
2. 𝐸 𝑎𝑋 = 𝑎𝐸 𝑋
3. 𝐸 𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏 = 𝑎𝐸 𝑋 + 𝑏
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
1. 𝑉𝑎𝑟 𝑎 = 0
2. 𝑉𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑋 = 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎𝑟 𝑋
3. 𝑉𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏 = 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋)
 CHAPTER 10:

SPECIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

 SPECIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

Discrete 𝒏𝒑 > 𝟓 Continous

𝒏𝒒 > 𝟓

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒚
Poisson Bionomial 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 Normal 𝒛=
𝑿−𝝁 Standard Normal
𝝈
Distribution Distribution Distribution Distribution
𝑿~𝑷𝒐 𝝀 𝑿~𝑩(𝒏, 𝒑) 𝝁 = 𝒏𝒑 𝑿~𝑵 𝝁, 𝝈𝟐 𝒁~𝑵 𝟎, 𝟏
𝝈𝟐 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒

𝒆−𝝀 𝝀𝒙
𝑷 𝑿=𝒙 = 𝑷 𝑿 = 𝒙 = 𝑛𝐶𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥
𝒙!

𝑬 𝒙 =𝝀 𝑬 𝒙 = 𝒏𝒑

𝑽𝒂𝒓 𝒙 = 𝝀 𝑽𝒂𝒓 𝒙 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒

 STATISTICAL TABLE (BINOMIAL & POISSON)

𝑿~𝑩 𝒏, 𝒑 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔
𝑿~𝑷𝒐 𝝀

𝑃 𝑎<𝑋<𝑏 𝑃 𝑋 ≥𝑎+1 −𝑃 𝑋 ≥𝑏 𝑃 2<𝑋<4 𝑃 𝑋 ≥3 −𝑃 𝑋 ≥4

𝑃 𝑎≤𝑋<𝑏 𝑃 𝑋 ≥𝑎 −𝑃 𝑋 ≥𝑏 𝑃 2≤𝑋<4 𝑃 𝑋 ≥2 −𝑃 𝑋 ≥4

𝑃 𝑎<𝑋≤𝑏 𝑃 𝑋 ≥𝑎+1 −𝑃 𝑋 ≥𝑏+1 𝑃 2<𝑋≤4 𝑃 𝑋 ≥3 −𝑃 𝑋 ≥5

𝑃 𝑎≤𝑋≤𝑏 𝑃 𝑋 ≥𝑎 −𝑃 𝑋 ≥𝑏+1 𝑃 2≤𝑋≤4 𝑃 𝑋 ≥2 −𝑃 𝑋 ≥5

𝑃 𝑋>𝑎 𝑃 𝑋 ≥𝑎+1 𝑃 𝑋>2 𝑃 𝑋≥3

𝑃 𝑋≥𝑎 𝑃 𝑋≥𝑎 𝑃 𝑋≥2 𝑃 𝑋≥2

𝑃 𝑋<𝑎 1−𝑃 𝑋 ≥𝑎 𝑃 𝑋<2 1−𝑃 𝑋 ≥2

𝑃 𝑋≤𝑎 1−𝑃 𝑋 ≥𝑎+1 𝑃 𝑋≤2 1−𝑃 𝑋 ≥3

𝑃 𝑋=𝑎 𝑃 𝑋 ≥𝑎 −𝑃 𝑋 ≥𝑎+1 𝑃 𝑋=2 𝑃 𝑋 ≥2 −𝑃 𝑋 ≥3

 STATISTICAL TABLE (NORMAL)
𝑷 𝒂 < 𝒁 < 𝒃 =𝑷 𝒂 ≤ 𝒁 < 𝒃 =𝑷 𝒂 < 𝒁 ≤ 𝒃 =𝑷 𝒂 ≤ 𝒁 ≤ 𝒃

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑃 𝑍≥𝑎 =𝑃 𝑍≥𝑎 𝑃 𝑍≥1 𝑃 𝑍≥1

𝑃 𝑍 ≥ −𝑎 =𝟏−𝑃 𝑍 ≥𝑎 𝑃 𝑍 ≥ −1 𝟏−𝑃 𝑍 ≥1

𝑃 𝑍≤𝑎 =𝟏−𝑃 𝑍 ≥𝑎 𝑃 𝑍≤1 𝟏−𝑃 𝑍 ≥1

𝑃 𝑍 ≤ −𝑎 =𝑃 𝑍≥𝑎 𝑃 𝑍 ≤ −1 𝑃 𝑍≥1

𝑷 𝒂≤𝑿≤𝒃 =𝑃 𝑍 ≥𝑎 −𝑃 𝑍 ≥𝑏 𝑷 𝟏≤𝑿≤𝟐 𝑃 𝑍 ≥1 −𝑃 𝑍 ≥2

1−𝑃 𝑍 ≥2
𝑷 −𝒂 ≤ 𝑿 ≤ 𝒃 =1−𝑃 𝑍 ≥𝑏 −𝑃 𝑍 ≥𝑎 𝑷 −𝟏 ≤ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟐
−𝑃 𝑍 ≥1

𝑷 −𝒂 ≤ 𝑿 ≤ −𝒃 =𝑃 𝑍 ≥𝑏 −𝑃 𝑍 ≥𝑎 𝑷 −𝟐 ≤ 𝑿 ≤ −𝟏 𝑃 𝑍 ≥1 −𝑃 𝑍 ≥2
 CONTINUITY CORECTION

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠
(𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑃 𝑎<𝑋<𝑏 𝑃 𝑎 + 0.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 𝑏 − 0.5 𝑃 2<𝑋<4 𝑃 2.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 3.5

𝑃 𝑎≤𝑋<𝑏 𝑃 𝑎 − 0.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 𝑏 − 0.5 𝑃 2≤𝑋<4 𝑃 1.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 3.5

𝑃 𝑎<𝑋≤𝑏 𝑃 𝑎 + 0.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 𝑏 + 0.5 𝑃 2<𝑋≤4 𝑃 2.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 4.5

𝑃 𝑎≤𝑋≤𝑏 𝑃 𝑎 − 0.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 𝑏 + 0.5 𝑃 2≤𝑋≤4 𝑃 1.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 4.5

𝑃 𝑋>𝑎 𝑃 𝑋 ≥ 𝑎 + 0.5 𝑃 𝑋>2 𝑃 𝑋 ≥ 2.5

𝑃 𝑋≥𝑎 𝑃 𝑋 ≥ 𝑎 − 0.5 𝑃 𝑋≥2 𝑃 𝑋 ≥ 1.5

𝑃 𝑋<𝑎 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 𝑎 − 0.5 𝑃 𝑋<2 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 1.5

𝑃 𝑋≤𝑎 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 𝑎 + 0.5 𝑃 𝑋≤2 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 2.5

𝑃 𝑋=𝑎 𝑃 𝑎 − 0.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 𝑎 + 0.5 𝑃 𝑋=2 𝑃 1.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 2.5

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 09
&
CHAPTER 10
 Chapter 09 Chapter 10

𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑻𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆
𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒇 𝒙 /𝑷 𝑿=𝒙 𝑭(𝒙) 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑭(𝒙) 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆

𝑃 2<𝑋<4 𝑃 𝑋=3 𝑭 𝟑 −𝑭 𝟐 𝑷 𝑿≥𝟑 −𝑷 𝑿≥𝟒 𝑷 𝟐. 𝟓 ≤ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟑. 𝟓

𝑃 2≤𝑋<4 𝑃 𝑋 =2 +𝑃 𝑋 =3 𝑭 𝟑 −𝑭 𝟏
𝟒
𝑷 𝑿≥𝟐 −𝑷 𝑿≥𝟒 𝑷 𝟏. 𝟓 ≤ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟑. 𝟓
න 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 𝑭 𝟒 − 𝑭(𝟐)
𝟐
𝑃 2<𝑋≤4 𝑃 𝑋 =3 +𝑃 𝑋 =4 𝑭 𝟒 −𝑭 𝟐 𝑷 𝑿≥𝟑 −𝑷 𝑿≥𝟓 𝑷 𝟐. 𝟓 ≤ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟒. 𝟓

𝑃 𝑋 =2 +𝑃 𝑋 =3
𝑃 2≤𝑋≤4 +𝑃 𝑋 =4
𝑭 𝟒 −𝑭 𝟏 𝑷 𝑿≥𝟐 −𝑷 𝑿≥𝟓 𝑷 𝟏. 𝟓 ≤ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟒. 𝟓

1−𝑃 𝑋 = 0 − 𝑃 𝑋 = 1
𝑃 𝑋>2 −𝑃 𝑋 =2
𝟏−𝑭 𝟐 ∞ 𝑷 𝑿≥𝟑 𝑷 𝑿 ≥ 𝟐. 𝟓
න 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟏 − 𝑭(𝟐)
𝑃 𝑋≥2 1−𝑃 𝑋 = 0 − 𝑃 𝑋 = 1 𝟏−𝑭 𝟏 𝑷 𝑿≥𝟐 𝑷 𝑿 ≥ 𝟏. 𝟓

𝑃 𝑋<2 𝑃 𝑋 =0 +𝑃 𝑋 =1 𝑭 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏−𝑷 𝑿≥𝟐 𝑷 𝑿 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟓

න 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
−∞
𝑭(𝟐)
𝑃 𝑋 =0 +𝑃 𝑋 =1
𝑃 𝑋≤2 +𝑃 𝑋 =2
𝑭 𝟐 𝟏−𝑷 𝑿≥𝟑 𝑷 𝑿 ≤ 𝟐. 𝟓

𝑃 𝑋=2 𝑃 𝑋=2 𝑭 𝟐 −𝑭 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝑷 𝑿≥𝟐 −𝑷 𝑿≥𝟑 𝑷 𝟐. 𝟓 ≤ 𝑿 ≤ 𝟑. 𝟓

THANK YOU