1.

Introduction: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
▪ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
▪ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models Self study
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

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 Quiz: Circuit Switching

Consider a circuit-switched network with N=100 users where each

user is independently active with probability p=0.2 and when active,
sends data at a rate of R=1Mbps. How much capacity must the
network be provisioned with to guarantee service to all users?

A. 100 Mbps

B. 20 Mbps

C. 200 Mbps

D. 50 Mbps

E. 500 Mbps

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Quiz: Statistical Multiplexing

Consider a packet-switched network with N=100 users where each

user is independently active with probability p=0.2 and when active,
sends data at a rate of R=1Mbps. What is the expected aggregate
traffic sent by all the users?

A. 100 Mbps

B. 20 Mbps

C. 200 Mbps

D. 50 Mbps

E. 500 Mbps

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Quiz: Delays

Consider a network connecting hosts A and B through two routers

R1 and R2 like this: A-------R1----------R2---------B. Does whether a
packet sent by A destined to B experiences queuing at R1 depend
on the length of the link R1-R2?
Answer: B
A. Yes, it does Queuing happens because R1 cannot transmit
packets on the R1-R2 link fast enough, i.e., the
transmission rate of the R1-R2 link is low. The length
B. No, it doesn’t
of the R1-R2 link does not typically impact this.

A R1 R2 B

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Three (networking) design steps
❖ Break down the problem into tasks

❖ Organize these tasks

❖ Decide who does what

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 Tasks in Networking
❖ What does it take to send packets across?

❖ Prepare data (Application)

❖ Ensure that packets get to the dst process (Transport)
❖ Deliver packets across global network (Network)
❖ Delivery packets within local network to next hop
(Datalink)
❖ Bits / Packets on wire (Physical)

This is decomposition…
Now, how do we organize these tasks?
Let us have an example
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 Inspiration…

Dear John,

Your days are numbered.

--Grace

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The Path of the Letter
“Peers” on each side understand the same things
No one else needs to (abstraction)
Lowest level has most packaging

CEO Semantic Content CEO

Letter
Identity
EA Envelope EA

Location FedEx
FedEx
Fedex Envelope (FE)

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The Path Through FedEx
Higher “Stack”
at Ends
Partial “Stack”
Truck During Transit Truck
FE FE FE
Sorting Sorting Sorting
Office Office Office
Crate Crate New
Crate
Crate
Airport Airport Airport
Deepest Packaging (Envelope+FE+Crate)
at the Lowest Level of Transport 9
In the context of the Internet
Applications
…built on…
Reliable (or unreliable) transport
…built on…
Best-effort global packet delivery
…built on…
Best-effort local packet delivery
…built on…
Physical transfer of bits

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Internet protocol stack
❖ application: supporting network applications
▪ FTP, SMTP, HTTP, Skype, ..
❖ transport: process-process data transfer
▪ TCP, UDP
❖ network: routing of datagrams from source to
destination
▪ IP, routing protocols
❖ link: data transfer between neighboring network
elements
▪ Ethernet, 802.11(WiFi), PPP
❖ physical: bits “on the wire”

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Three Observations

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An Example: No Layering

Application ssh HTTP Skype

Transmission Ether- Fiber Wireless

Media net optic

❖ No layering: each new application has to be re-

implemented for every network technology !

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An Example: Benefit of Layering
❖ Introducing an intermediate layer provides a common
abstraction for various network technologies

Application ssh HTTP Skype

Transport
& Network

Transmission
Media
Ethernet Fiber Wireless
optic
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Is Layering Harmful?
❖ Layer N may duplicate lower-level functionality
▪ E.g., error recovery to retransmit lost data
❖ Information hiding may hurt performance
▪ E.g., packet loss due to corruption vs. congestion
❖ Headers start to get large
▪ E.g., typically, TCP + IP + Ethernet headers add up to 54 bytes
❖ Layer violations when the gains too great to resist
▪ E.g., Network Address Translation (NAT – to be covered in Network Layer)
❖ Layer violations when network doesn’t trust ends
▪ E.g., Firewalls (Security)

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Distributing Layers Across Network

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What Gets Implemented on Host?
❖ Hosts have applications that generate data/messages that are
eventually put out on wire

❖ At receiver host bits arrive on wire, must make it up to

application

❖ Therefore, all layers must exist at host!

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What Gets Implemented on Router?

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Internet Layered Architecture
host host

HTTP message
HTTP HTTP

TCP segment
TCP TCP

router router

IP packet IP packet IP packet

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet Ethernet SONET SONET Ethernet Ethernet

interface interface interface interface interface interface

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Logical Communication
❖ Layers interacts with peer’s corresponding layer

Application Application
Transport Transport
Network Network Network
Datalink Datalink Datalink
Physical Physical Physical

Host A Router Host B

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Physical Communication
❖ Communication goes down to physical network
❖ Then from network peer to peer
❖ Then up to relevant layer

Application Application
Transport Transport
Network Network Network
Datalink Datalink Datalink
Physical Physical Physical

Host A Router Host B

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Encapsulation source
message M application
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical

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 Quiz: Layering

What are two benefits of using a layered network model ? (Choose two)

A. It makes it easy to introduce new protocols

B. It speeds up packet delivery

C. It allows us to have many different packet headers

D. It prevents technology in one layer from affecting other layers

E. It creates many acronyms

F. It reminds me of cake

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1. Introduction: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
▪ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
▪ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
Self study
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

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