2

You have a total of 4 late days for projects only.

→ E.g., one project 4 days late, or four projects each 1 day late.

→ Late days rounded up to nearest integer. E.g., a submission

that is 4 hours late will count as 1 day late.

→ If you hand in a homework late (or have used up your

extension days for projects), you will lose 25% per day.
After 4 days, the grade will be 0%.

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 3

TA office hours have been added to the website.

We will have both in-person and remote (Zoom)

options.

For in-person office hours, we are currently

booking space.

Will be finalized by the end of this week.

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 4

User only needs to specify the answer that they

want, not how to compute it.

The DBMS is responsible for efficient evaluation

of the query.
→ High-end systems have a sophisticated query optimizer
that can rewrite queries and search for optimal execution
strategies.

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 5

IBM's first query language was called "SQUARE".

Originally developed in 1974 as "SEQUEL" for
IBM System R prototype DBMS.
→ Structured English Query Language
→ Adopted by Oracle in the 1970s.

IBM releases commercial SQL-based DBMSs:

→ System/38 (1979), SQL/DS (1981), and DB2 (1983).

ANSI Standard in 1986. ISO in 1987

→ Structured Query Language
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 6

Current standard is SQL:2016

→ SQL:2016 → JSON, Polymorphic tables
→ SQL:2011 → Temporal DBs, Pipelined DML
→ SQL:2008 → Truncation, Fancy Sorting
→ SQL:2003 → XML, Windows, Sequences, Auto-Gen IDs.
→ SQL:1999 → Regex, Triggers, OO

The minimum language syntax a system needs to

say that it supports SQL is SQL-92.

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 7

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

Data Definition Language (DDL)
Data Control Language (DCL)

Also includes:
→ View definition
→ Integrity & Referential Constraints
→ Transactions

Important: SQL is based on bags (duplicates) not

sets (no duplicates).
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 8

Aggregations + Group By
String / Date / Time Operations
Output Control + Redirection
Nested Queries
Common Table Expressions
Window Functions

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 9

student(sid,name,login,gpa) enrolled(sid,cid,grade)
sid name login age gpa sid cid grade
53666 Kanye kanye@cs 44 4.0 53666 15-445 C
53688 Bieber jbieber@cs 27 3.9 53688 15-721 A
53655 Tupac shakur@cs 25 3.5 53688 15-826 B
53655 15-445 B
course(cid,name) 53666 15-721 C
cid name
15-445 Database Systems
15-721 Advanced Database Systems
15-826 Data Mining
15-823 Advanced Topics in Databases

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 10

As we saw last class, the basic syntax for a query is:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table
WHERE predicate1, predicate2, ...

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 11

Get the names and GPAs of all students who are older
than 25 years old.

SELECT name, gpa

FROM student
WHERE age > 25

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 11

Get the names and GPAs of all students who are older
than 25 years old.

SELECT name, gpa Πname,gpa (Projection)

FROM student
WHERE age > 25

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 11

Get the names and GPAs of all students who are older
than 25 years old.

SELECT name, gpa Πname,gpa (Projection)

FROM student
WHERE age > 25 σage>25 (Selection)

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 12

Recall the relational algebra join operator (⋈)

from last class.

Which students got an A in 15-721?

SELECT s.name
FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.grade = ‘A’ AND e.cid = ‘15-721’
AND e.sid = s.sid

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 13

Functions that return a single value from a bag of

tuples:
→ AVG(col)→ Return the average col value.
→ MIN(col)→ Return minimum col value.
→ MAX(col)→ Return maximum col value.
→ SUM(col)→ Return sum of values in col.
→ COUNT(col)→ Return # of values for col.

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 14

Aggregate functions can (almost) only be used in

the SELECT output list.

Get # of students with a “@cs” login:

SELECT COUNT(login) AS cnt

FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'

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 14

Aggregate functions can (almost) only be used in

the SELECT output list.

Get # of students with a “@cs” login:

SELECT COUNT(login) AS cnt

FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'

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 14

Aggregate functions can (almost) only be used in

the SELECT output list.

Get # of students with a “@cs” login:

SELECT COUNT(login) AS cnt

FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'
SELECT COUNT(*) AS cnt
FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'

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 14

Aggregate functions can (almost) only be used in

the SELECT output list.

Get # of students with a “@cs” login:

SELECT COUNT(login) AS cnt

FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'
SELECT COUNT(*) AS cnt
FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'
SELECT COUNT(1) AS cnt
FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'
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Get the number of students and their average GPA that

have a “@cs” login.

SELECT AVG(gpa), COUNT(sid)

FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'

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 15

Get the number of students and their average GPA that

have a “@cs” login.

AVG(gpa) COUNT(sid)
SELECT AVG(gpa), COUNT(sid) 3.8 3
FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'

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 16

COUNT, SUM, AVG support DISTINCT

Get the number of unique students that have an “@cs”

login.

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT login)

FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'

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COUNT, SUM, AVG support DISTINCT

Get the number of unique students that have an “@cs”

login.
COUNT(DISTINCT login)
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT login) 3
FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'

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Output of other columns outside of an aggregate is

undefined.

Get the average GPA of students enrolled in each course.

SELECT AVG(s.gpa), e.cid

FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid

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 17

Output of other columns outside of an aggregate is

undefined.

Get the average GPA of students enrolled in each course.

AVG(s.gpa) e.cid
SELECT AVG(s.gpa), e.cid 3.86 ???
FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid

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Project tuples into subsets and SELECT AVG(s.gpa), e.cid

FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
calculate aggregates against WHERE e.sid = s.sid
each subset. GROUP BY e.cid

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 18

Project tuples into subsets and SELECT AVG(s.gpa), e.cid

FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
calculate aggregates against WHERE e.sid = s.sid
each subset. GROUP BY e.cid

e.sid s.sid s.gpa e.cid

53435 53435 2.25 15-721
53439 53439 2.70 15-721
56023 56023 2.75 15-826
59439 59439 3.90 15-826
53961 53961 3.50 15-826
58345 58345 1.89 15-445

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Project tuples into subsets and SELECT AVG(s.gpa), e.cid

FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
calculate aggregates against WHERE e.sid = s.sid
each subset. GROUP BY e.cid

e.sid s.sid s.gpa e.cid

53435 53435 2.25 15-721
53439 53439 2.70 15-721
56023 56023 2.75 15-826
59439 59439 3.90 15-826
53961 53961 3.50 15-826
58345 58345 1.89 15-445

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Project tuples into subsets and SELECT AVG(s.gpa), e.cid

FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
calculate aggregates against WHERE e.sid = s.sid
each subset. GROUP BY e.cid

e.sid s.sid s.gpa e.cid

53435 53435 2.25 15-721 AVG(s.gpa) e.cid
53439 53439 2.70 15-721 2.46 15-721
56023 56023 2.75 15-826 3.39 15-826
59439 59439 3.90 15-826 1.89 15-445
53961 53961 3.50 15-826
58345 58345 1.89 15-445

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Project tuples into subsets and SELECT AVG(s.gpa), e.cid

FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
calculate aggregates against WHERE e.sid = s.sid
each subset. GROUP BY e.cid

e.sid s.sid s.gpa e.cid

53435 53435 2.25 15-721 AVG(s.gpa) e.cid
53439 53439 2.70 15-721 2.46 15-721
56023 56023 2.75 15-826 3.39 15-826
59439 59439 3.90 15-826 1.89 15-445
53961 53961 3.50 15-826
58345 58345 1.89 15-445

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 19

Non-aggregated values in SELECT output clause

must appear in GROUP BY clause.

SELECT AVG(s.gpa), e.cid, s.name

FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid
GROUP BY e.cid

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Non-aggregated values in SELECT output clause

must appear in GROUP BY clause.

SELECT AVG(s.gpa), e.cid, s.name

FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid
GROUP BY e.cid

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Non-aggregated values in SELECT output clause

must appear in GROUP BY clause.

X
SELECT AVG(s.gpa), e.cid, s.name
FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid
GROUP BY e.cid

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Non-aggregated values in SELECT output clause

must appear in GROUP BY clause.

X
SELECT AVG(s.gpa), e.cid, s.name
FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid
GROUP BY e.cid,
e.cid s.name

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Filters results based on aggregation computation.

Like a WHERE clause for a GROUP BY
SELECT AVG(s.gpa) AS avg_gpa, e.cid
FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid
AND avg_gpa > 3.9
GROUP BY e.cid

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 20

Filters results based on aggregation computation.

Like a WHERE clause for a GROUP BY
SELECT AVG(s.gpa) AS avg_gpa, e.cid
FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid
AND avg_gpa > 3.9
GROUP BY e.cid

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 20

Filters results based on aggregation computation.

Like a WHERE clause for a GROUP BY
SELECT AVG(s.gpa) AS avg_gpa, e.cid
FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid
AND avg_gpa > 3.9
GROUP BY e.cid

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 20

Filters results based on aggregation computation.

Like a WHERE clause for a GROUP BY
SELECT AVG(s.gpa) AS avg_gpa, e.cid
FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid
GROUP
AND BY
avg_gpa
e.cid> 3.9
GROUP BY
HAVING avg_gpa
e.cid > 3.9;

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 20

Filters results based on aggregation computation.

Like a WHERE clause for a GROUP BY
SELECT AVG(s.gpa) AS avg_gpa, e.cid
FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid
GROUP
AND BY
avg_gpa
e.cid> 3.9
GROUP BY
HAVING avg_gpa
e.cid > 3.9;

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 20

Filters results based on aggregation computation.

Like a WHERE clause for a GROUP BY
SELECT AVG(s.gpa) AS avg_gpa, e.cid
FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid
GROUP
AND BY
avg_gpa
e.cid> 3.9
GROUP BY
HAVING avg_gpa
AVG(s.gpa)
e.cid > 3.9;
> 3.9;

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 20

Filters results based on aggregation computation.

Like a WHERE clause for a GROUP BY
SELECT AVG(s.gpa) AS avg_gpa, e.cid
FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid
GROUP
AND BY
avg_gpa
e.cid> 3.9
GROUP BY
HAVING avg_gpa
AVG(s.gpa)
e.cid > 3.9;
> 3.9;

AVG(s.gpa) e.cid
3.75 15-415 avg_gpa e.cid
3.950000 15-721 3.950000 15-721
3.900000 15-826
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String Case String Quotes

SQL-92 Sensitive Single Only
Postgres Sensitive Single Only
MySQL Insensitive Single/Double
SQLite Sensitive Single/Double
DB2 Sensitive Single Only
Oracle Sensitive Single Only

WHERE UPPER(name) = UPPER('KaNyE')

WHERE name = "KaNyE"
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LIKE is used for string matching.

String-matching operators SELECT * FROM enrolled AS e
→ '%' Matches any substring (including WHERE e.cid LIKE '15-%'
empty strings).
→ '_' Match any one character SELECT * FROM student AS s
WHERE s.login LIKE '%@c_'

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SQL-92 defines string functions.

→ Many DBMSs also have their own unique functions
Can be used in either output and predicates:

SELECT SUBSTRING(name,1,5) AS abbrv_name

FROM student WHERE sid = 53688

SELECT * FROM student AS s

WHERE UPPER(s.name) LIKE 'KAN%'

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SQL standard says to use || operator to

concatenate two or more strings together.

SELECT name FROM student

WHERE login = LOWER(name) || '@cs'
SELECT name FROM student
WHERE login = LOWER(name) + '@cs'
SELECT name FROM student
WHERE login = CONCAT(LOWER(name), '@cs')

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Operations to manipulate and modify DATE/TIME

attributes.
Can be used in both output and predicates.
Support/syntax varies wildly…

Demo: Get the # of days since the beginning of

the year.

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 26

Store query results in another table:

→ Table must not already be defined.
→ Table will have the same # of columns with the same
types as the input.

SELECT DISTINCT cid INTO CourseIds

FROM enrolled;

CREATE TABLE CourseIds (

SELECT DISTINCT cid FROM enrolled);

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Insert tuples from query into another table:

→ Inner SELECT must generate the same columns as the
target table.
→ DBMSs have different options/syntax on what to do with
integrity violations (e.g., invalid duplicates).

INSERT INTO CourseIds

(SELECT DISTINCT cid FROM enrolled);

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ORDER BY <column*> [ASC|DESC]

→ Order the output tuples by the values in one or more of
their columns.
SELECT sid, grade FROM enrolled
WHERE cid = '15-721'
ORDER BY grade

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ORDER BY <column*> [ASC|DESC]

→ Order the output tuples by the values in one or more of
their columns.
sid grade
SELECT sid, grade FROM enrolled 53123 A
WHERE cid = '15-721' 53334 A
ORDER BY grade 53650 B
53666 D

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ORDER BY <column*> [ASC|DESC]

→ Order the output tuples by the values in one or more of
their columns.
SELECT sid, grade FROM enrolled
WHERE cidsid,
SELECT = '15-721'
grade FROM enrolled
ORDER BY cid
WHERE grade= '15-721'
ORDER BY 1

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ORDER BY <column*> [ASC|DESC]

→ Order the output tuples by the values in one or more of
their columns.
SELECT sid, grade FROM enrolled
WHERE cidsid,
SELECT = '15-721'
grade FROM enrolled
ORDER BY cid
WHERE grade= '15-721'
ORDER BY 1

SELECT sid FROM enrolled

WHERE cid = '15-721'
ORDER BY grade DESC, sid ASC
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ORDER BY <column*> [ASC|DESC]

→ Order the output tuples by the values in one or more of
their columns.
SELECT sid, grade FROM enrolled
WHERE cidsid,
SELECT = '15-721'
grade FROM enrolled
ORDER BY cid
WHERE grade= '15-721'
ORDER BY 1
sid
SELECT sid FROM enrolled 53666
WHERE cid = '15-721' 53650
ORDER BY grade DESC, sid ASC 53123
53334
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ORDER BY <column*> [ASC|DESC]

→ Order the output tuples by the values in one or more of
their columns.
SELECT sid, grade FROM enrolled
WHERE cidsid,
SELECT = '15-721'
grade FROM enrolled
ORDER BY cid
WHERE grade= '15-721'
ORDER BY 1

SELECT sid FROM enrolled

SELECT
WHERE cidsid FROM enrolled
= '15-721'
WHERE
ORDER BY cid
grade= '15-721'
DESC, sid ASC
ORDER BY grade DESC, 1 ASC
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LIMIT <count> [offset]

→ Limit the # of tuples returned in output.
→ Can set an offset to return a “range”

SELECT sid, name FROM student

WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'
LIMIT 10

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 29

LIMIT <count> [offset]

→ Limit the # of tuples returned in output.
→ Can set an offset to return a “range”

SELECT sid, name FROM student

WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'
LIMIT 10

SELECT sid, name FROM student

WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'
LIMIT 20 OFFSET 10

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 30

Queries containing other queries.

They are often difficult to optimize.

Inner queries can appear (almost) anywhere in

query.

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 30

Queries containing other queries.

They are often difficult to optimize.

Inner queries can appear (almost) anywhere in

query.

SELECT name FROM student WHERE

sid IN (SELECT sid FROM enrolled)

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 30

Queries containing other queries.

They are often difficult to optimize.

Inner queries can appear (almost) anywhere in

query.

SELECT name FROM student WHERE

sid IN (SELECT sid FROM enrolled)

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 30

Queries containing other queries.

They are often difficult to optimize.

Inner queries can appear (almost) anywhere in

query.

SELECT name FROM student WHERE

sid IN (SELECT sid FROM enrolled)

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 31

Get the names of students in '15-445'

SELECT name FROM student
WHERE ...

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 31

Get the names of students in '15-445'

SELECT name FROM student
WHERE ...
SELECT sid FROM enrolled
WHERE cid = '15-445'

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 31

Get the names of students in '15-445'

SELECT name FROM student
WHERE ...
sid IN (
SELECT sid FROM enrolled
WHERE cid = '15-445'
)

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 31

Get the names of students in '15-445'

SELECT name FROM student
WHERE ...
sid IN (
SELECT sid FROM enrolled
WHERE cid = '15-445'
)

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 32

ALL→ Must satisfy expression for all rows in the

sub-query.

ANY→ Must satisfy expression for at least one row

in the sub-query.

IN→ Equivalent to '=ANY()' .

EXISTS→ At least one row is returned.

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 33

Get the names of students in ‘15-445’

SELECT name FROM student
WHERE sid = ANY(
SELECT sid FROM enrolled
WHERE cid = '15-445'
)

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 34

Find student record with the highest id that is enrolled

in at least one course.

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 34

Find student record with the highest id that is enrolled

in at least one course.

SELECT MAX(e.sid), s.name

FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid;

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 34

Find student record with the highest id that is enrolled

in at least one course.

SELECT MAX(e.sid), s.name

FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid;

This won't work in SQL-92. It runs in SQLite, but

not Postgres or MySQL (v8 with strict mode).

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 35

Find student record with the highest id that is enrolled

in at least one course.

SELECT sid, name FROM student

WHERE ...

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 35

Find student record with the highest id that is enrolled

in at least one course.

SELECT sid, name FROM student

WHERE ...

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 35

Find student record with the highest id that is enrolled

in at least one course.

SELECT sid, name FROM student

WHERE sid
...
SELECT MAX(sid) FROM enrolled

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 35

Find student record with the highest id that is enrolled

in at least one course.

SELECT sid, name FROM student sid name

WHERE sid
... IN ( 53688 Bieber
SELECT MAX(sid) FROM enrolled
)

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Find student record with the highest id that is enrolled

in at least one course.

SELECT sid, name FROM student

SELECT
WHERE ... IN
sid sid,
( name FROM student
WHEREMAX(sid)
SELECT sid IN (FROM enrolled
) SELECT sid FROM enrolled
ORDER BY sid DESC LIMIT 1
)

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Find student record with the highest id that is enrolled

in at least one course.

SELECT sid, name FROM student

SELECT
WHERE ... IN
sid sid,
( name FROM student
WHEREMAX(sid)
SELECT sid IN (FROM enrolled
) SELECTsid
SELECT student.sid, name
FROM enrolled
FROMBYstudent
ORDER sid DESC LIMIT 1
) JOIN (SELECT MAX(sid) AS sid
FROM enrolled) AS max_e
ON student.sid = max_e.sid;

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 36

Find all courses that have no students enrolled in it.

SELECT * FROM course

WHERE ...

sid cid grade

cid name
53666 15-445 C
15-445 Database Systems
53688 15-721 A
15-721 Advanced Database Systems
53688 15-826 B
15-826 Data Mining
53655 15-445 B
15-823 Advanced Topics in Databases
53666 15-721 C

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 36

Find all courses that have no students enrolled in it.

SELECT * FROM course

WHERE NOT
... EXISTS(

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 36

Find all courses that have no students enrolled in it.

SELECT * FROM course

WHERE NOT
... EXISTS(
SELECT * FROM enrolled
) WHERE course.cid = enrolled.cid
)

cid name
15-823 Advanced Topics in Databases

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 36

Find all courses that have no students enrolled in it.

SELECT * FROM course

WHERE NOT
... EXISTS(
SELECT * FROM enrolled
) WHERE course.cid = enrolled.cid
)

cid name
15-823 Advanced Topics in Databases

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Performs a "sliding" calculation across a set of

tuples that are related.
Like an aggregation but tuples are not grouped
into a single output tuples.

SELECT ... FUNC-NAME(...) OVER (...)

FROM tableName

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Performs a "sliding" calculation across a set of

tuples that are related.
Like an aggregation but tuples are not grouped
into a single output tuples.

SELECT ... FUNC-NAME(...) OVER (...)

FROM tableName

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Performs a "sliding" calculation across a set of

tuples that are related.
Like an aggregation but tuples are not grouped
into a single output tuples.

SELECT ... FUNC-NAME(...) OVER (...)

FROM tableName

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 38

Aggregation functions:
→ Anything that we discussed earlier
Special window functions:
→ ROW_NUMBER()→ # of the current row
→ RANK()→ Order position of the current
row.

SELECT *, ROW_NUMBER() OVER () AS row_num

FROM enrolled

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Aggregation functions: sid cid grade row_num

→ Anything that we discussed earlier 53666 15-445 C 1
53688 15-721 A 2
Special window functions: 53688 15-826 B 3
→ ROW_NUMBER()→ # of the current row 53655 15-445 B 4
→ RANK()→ Order position of the current 53666 15-721 C 5
row.

SELECT *, ROW_NUMBER() OVER () AS row_num

FROM enrolled

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 38

Aggregation functions: sid cid grade row_num

→ Anything that we discussed earlier 53666 15-445 C 1
53688 15-721 A 2
Special window functions: 53688 15-826 B 3
→ ROW_NUMBER()→ # of the current row 53655 15-445 B 4
→ RANK()→ Order position of the current 53666 15-721 C 5
row.

SELECT *, ROW_NUMBER() OVER () AS row_num

FROM enrolled

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 39

The OVER keyword specifies how to

group together tuples when
computing the window function.
Use PARTITION BY to specify group.

SELECT cid, sid,

ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY cid)
FROM enrolled
ORDER BY cid

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 39

The OVER keyword specifies how to cid sid row_number

group together tuples when 15-445 53666 1
15-445 53655 2
computing the window function. 15-721 53688 1
Use PARTITION BY to specify group. 15-721 53666 2
15-826 53688 1

SELECT cid, sid,

ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY cid)
FROM enrolled
ORDER BY cid

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 39

The OVER keyword specifies how to cid sid row_number

group together tuples when 15-445 53666 1
15-445 53655 2
computing the window function. 15-721 53688 1
Use PARTITION BY to specify group. 15-721 53666 2
15-826 53688 1

SELECT cid, sid,

ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY cid)
FROM enrolled
ORDER BY cid

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 40

You can also include an ORDER BY in the window

grouping to sort entries in each group.

SELECT *,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY cid)
FROM enrolled
ORDER BY cid

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Find the student with the second highest grade for each
course.

SELECT * FROM (
SELECT *, RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY cid
ORDER BY grade ASC) AS rank
FROM enrolled) AS ranking
WHERE ranking.rank = 2

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Find the student with the second highest grade for each
course.

SELECT * FROM (
SELECT *, RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY cid
ORDER BY grade ASC) AS rank
FROM enrolled) AS ranking
WHERE ranking.rank = 2

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Find the student with the second highest grade for each
course.

SELECT * FROM (
SELECT *, RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY cid
ORDER BY grade ASC) AS rank
FROM enrolled) AS ranking
WHERE ranking.rank = 2

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Provides a way to write auxiliary statements for

use in a larger query.
→ Think of it like a temp table just for one query.
Alternative to nested queries and views.

WITH cteName AS (
SELECT 1
)
SELECT * FROM cteName

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Provides a way to write auxiliary statements for

use in a larger query.
→ Think of it like a temp table just for one query.
Alternative to nested queries and views.

WITH cteName AS (
SELECT 1
)
SELECT * FROM cteName

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You can bind output columns to names before the

AS keyword.

WITH cteName (col1, col2) AS (

SELECT 1, 2
)
SELECT col1 + col2 FROM cteName

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You can bind output columns to names before the

AS keyword.

WITH cteName (col1, col2) AS (

SELECT 1, 2
)
SELECT col1 + col2 FROM cteName

WITH cteName (colXXX, colXXX) AS (

SELECT 1, 2
)
SELECT colXXX + colXXX FROM cteName
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You can bind output columns to names before the

AS keyword.

WITH cteName (col1, col2) AS (

SELECT 1, 2
)
SELECT col1 + col2 FROM cteName

WITH cteName (colXXX, colXXX) AS (

SELECT 1, 2
)
SELECT colXXX + colXXX FROM cteName
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 44

You can bind output columns to names before the

AS keyword.

WITH cteName (col1, col2) AS (

SELECT 1, 2
)
SELECT col1 + col2 FROM cteName

WITH cteName (colXXX, colXXX) AS (

SELECT 1, 2
)
SELECT colXXX + colXXX FROM cteName
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You can bind output columns to names before the

AS keyword.

WITH cteName (col1, col2) AS (

SELECT 1, 2
)
SELECT col1 + col2 FROM cteName

WITH cteName (colXXX, colXXX) AS (

SELECT 1, 2
)
SELECT *
colXXX
FROM cteName
+ colXXX FROM cteName
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 45

Find student record with the highest id that is enrolled

in at least one course.

WITH cteSource (maxId) AS (

SELECT MAX(sid) FROM enrolled
)
SELECT name FROM student, cteSource
WHERE student.sid = cteSource.maxId

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Find student record with the highest id that is enrolled

in at least one course.

WITH cteSource (maxId) AS (

SELECT MAX(sid) FROM enrolled
)
SELECT name FROM student, cteSource
WHERE student.sid = cteSource.maxId

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Print the sequence of numbers from 1 to 10.

WITH RECURSIVE cteSource (counter) AS (
(SELECT 1)
UNION ALL
(SELECT counter + 1 FROM cteSource
WHERE counter < 10)
)
SELECT * FROM cteSource

Demo: CTEs!

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Print the sequence of numbers from 1 to 10.

WITH RECURSIVE cteSource (counter) AS (
(SELECT 1)
UNION ALL
(SELECT counter + 1 FROM cteSource
WHERE counter < 10)
)
SELECT * FROM cteSource

Demo: CTEs!

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SQL is not a dead language.

You should (almost) always strive to compute your

answer as a single SQL statement.

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Write SQL queries to perform basic data analysis.

→ Write the queries locally using SQLite.
→ Submit them to Gradescope
→ You can submit multiple times and use your best score.

Due: Sunday Sept 12th @ 11:59pm

https://15445.courses.cs.cmu.edu/fall2021/homework1

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Storage Management

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