Solutions Manual

for
Precalculus
An Investigation of Functions
David Lippman, Melonie Rasmussen
2nd Edition

Solutions created at The Evergreen State College and

Shoreline Community College
Last edited 9/26/17

1.1 Solutions to Exercises

1. (a) 𝑓(40) = 13, because the input 40 (in thousands of people) gives the output 13 (in tons of
garbage)
(b) 𝑓(5) = 2, means that 5000 people produce 2 tons of garbage per week.
3. (a) In 1995 (5 years after 1990) there were 30 ducks in the lake.
(b) In 2000 (10 years after 1990) there were 40 ducks in the lake.

5. Graphs (a) (b) (d) and (e) represent y as a function of x because for every value of x there is
only one value for y. Graphs (c) and (f) are not functions because they contain points that have
more than one output for a given input, or values for x that have 2 or more values for y.

7. Tables (a) and (b) represent y as a function of x because for every value of x there is only one
value for y. Table (c) is not a function because for the input x=10, there are two different outputs
for y.

9. Tables (a) (b) and (d) represent y as a function of x because for every value of x there is only
one value for y. Table (c) is not a function because for the input x=3, there are two different
outputs for y.

11. Table (b) represents y as a function of x and is one-to-one because there is a unique output for
every input, and a unique input for every output. Table (a) is not one-to-one because two
different inputs give the same output, and table (c) is not a function because there are two
different outputs for the same input x=8.

13. Graphs (b) (c) (e) and (f) are one-to-one functions because there is a unique input for every
output. Graph (a) is not a function, and graph (d) is not one-to-one because it contains points
which have the same output for two different inputs.

15. (a) 𝑓(1) = 1 (b) 𝑓(3) = 1

17. (a) 𝑔(2) = 4 (b) 𝑔(−3) = 2

19. (a) 𝑓(3) = 53 (b) 𝑓(2) = 1

21. 𝑓(−2) = 4 − 2(−2) = 4 + 4 = 8, 𝑓(−1) = 6, 𝑓(0) = 4, 𝑓(1) = 4 − 2(1) = 4 − 2 =

2, 𝑓(2) = 0
Last edited 9/26/17

23. 𝑓(−2) = 8(−2)2 − 7(−2) + 3 = 8(4) + 14 + 3 = 32 + 14 + 3 = 49, 𝑓(−1) =

18, 𝑓(0) = 3, 𝑓(1) = 8(1)2 − 7 (1) + 3 = 8 − 7 + 3 = 4, 𝑓(2) = 21

25. 𝑓(−2) = −(−2)3 + 2(−2) = −(−8) − 4 = 8 − 4 = 4, 𝑓(−1) = −(−1)3 + 2(−1) =

−(−1) − 2 = −1, 𝑓(0) = 0, 𝑓(1) = −(1)3 + 2(1) = 1, 𝑓(2) = −4

27. 𝑓(−2) = 3 + √(−2) + 3 = 3 + √1 = 3 + 1 = 4, 𝑓(−1) = √2 + 3 ≈ 4.41 , 𝑓(0) = √3 +

3 ≈ 4.73, 𝑓(1) = 3 + √(1) + 3 = 3 + √4 = 3 + 2 = 5, 𝑓(2) = √5 + 3 ≈ 5.23

29. 𝑓(−2) = ((−2) − 2)((−2) + 3) = (−4)(1) = −4, 𝑓(−1) = −6, 𝑓(0) = −6, 𝑓(1) =
((1) − 2)((1) + 3) = (−1)(4) = −4, 𝑓(2) = 0

(−2)−3 −5
31. 𝑓(−2) = (−2)+1 = −1 = 5, 𝑓(−1) = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑, 𝑓(0) = −3, 𝑓(1) = −1, 𝑓(2) = −1/3

1 1 1
33. 𝑓(−2) = 2−2 = 22 = 4 , 𝑓(−1) = 2 , 𝑓(0) = 1, 𝑓(1) = 2, 𝑓(2) = 4

35. Using 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 4: 𝑓(−1) = (−1)2 + 8(−1) − 4 = 1 − 8 − 4 = −11; 𝑓(1) =

12 + 8(1) − 4 = 1 + 8 − 4 = 5.

(a) 𝑓(−1) + 𝑓(1) = −11 + 5 = −6 (b) 𝑓(−1) − 𝑓(1) = −11 − 5 = −16

37. Using 𝑓(𝑡) = 3𝑡 + 5:

(a) 𝑓(0) = 3(0) + 5 = 5 (b) 3𝑡 + 5 = 0

5
𝑡 = −3

39. (a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 (iii. Linear) (b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 (viii. Cubic)

3 1
(c) 𝑦 = √𝑥 (i. Cube Root) (d) 𝑦 = 𝑥 (ii. Reciprocal)
(e) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (vi. Quadratic) (f) 𝑦 = √𝑥 (iv. Square Root)
1
(g) 𝑦 = |𝑥| (v. Absolute Value) (h) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (vii. Reciprocal Squared)

41. (a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (iv.) (b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 (ii.)

1
(c) 𝑦 = √𝑥 (v.) (d) 𝑦 = 𝑥 (i.)
(e) 𝑦 = |𝑥| (vi.) (f) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 (iii.)
Last edited 9/26/17

43. (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 9)2 = (6)2 or (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 9)2 = 36

45. (a)
Graph (a)
At the beginning, as age increases,
height increases. At some point,
height stops increasing (as a
person stops growing) and height
height

stays the same as age increases.

Then, when a person has aged,
their height decreases slightly.

age

(b)

Graph (b)
As time elapses, the height of a
person’s head while jumping on a
height of head

pogo stick as observed from a

fixed point will go up and down in
a periodic manner.

time

(c)

Graph (c)
The graph does not pass through
the origin because you cannot mail
postage

a letter with zero postage or a letter

with zero weight. The graph begins
at the minimum postage and
weight, and as the weight increases,
the postage increases.
weight of letter

47. (a) 𝑡 (b) 𝑥 = 𝑎 (c) 𝑓(𝑏) = 0 so 𝑧 = 0. Then 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑓(0) = 𝑟.

(d) 𝐿 = (𝑐, 𝑡), 𝐾 = (𝑎, 𝑝)

1.2 Solutions to Exercises

1. The domain is [−5, 3); the range is [0, 2]

Last edited 9/26/17

3. The domain is 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 8; the range is 6 ≤ 𝑦 < 8

5. The domain is 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4; the range is 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ −3

7. Since the function is not defined when there is a negative number under the square root, 𝑥
cannot be less than 2 (it can be equal to 2, because √0 is defined). So the domain is 𝑥 ≥ 2.
Because the inputs are limited to all numbers greater than 2, the number under the square root
will always be positive, so the outputs will be limited to positive numbers. So the range is
𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0.

9. Since the function is not defined when there is a negative number under the square root, 𝑥
cannot be greater than 3 (it can be equal to 3, because √0 is defined). So the domain is 𝑥 ≤ 3.
Because the inputs are limited to all numbers less than 3, the number under the square root will
always be positive, and there is no way for 3 minus a positive number to equal more than three,
so the outputs can be any number less than 3. So the range is 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 3.

11. Since the function is not defined when there is division by zero, 𝑥 cannot equal 6. So the
domain is all real numbers except 6, or {𝑥|𝑥 ∊ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ 6}. The outputs are not limited, so the
range is all real numbers, or {𝑦 ∊ ℝ}.

13. Since the function is not defined when there is division by zero, 𝑥 cannot equal −1/2. So the
domain is all real numbers except −1/2 , or {𝑥|𝑥 ∊ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ −1/2}. The outputs are not limited,
so the range is all real numbers, or {𝑦 ∊ ℝ}.

15. Since the function is not defined when there is a negative number under the square root, 𝑥
cannot be less than −4 (it can be equal to −4, because √0 is defined). Since the function is also
not defined when there is division by zero, 𝑥 also cannot equal 4. So the domain is all real
numbers less than −4 excluding 4, or {𝑥|𝑥 ≥ −4, 𝑥 ≠ 4}. There are no limitations for the
outputs, so the range is all real numbers, or {𝑦 ∊ ℝ}.

17. It is easier to see where this function is undefined after factoring the denominator. This gives
𝑥 −3
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥+11)(𝑥−2). It then becomes clear that the denominator is undefined when 𝑥 = −11 and
when 𝑥 = 2 because they cause division by zero. Therefore, the domain is {𝑥|𝑥 ∊ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠
−11, 𝑥 ≠ 2}. There are no restrictions on the outputs, so the range is all real numbers, or {𝑦 ∊
ℝ}.

19. 𝑓(−1) = −4; 𝑓(0) = 6; 𝑓(2) = 20; 𝑓(4) = 24

21. 𝑓(−1) = −1; 𝑓(0) = −2; 𝑓(2) = 7; 𝑓(4) = 5

23. 𝑓(−1) = −5; 𝑓(0) = 3; 𝑓(2) = 3; 𝑓(4) = 16

2 𝑖𝑓 −6 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ −1
3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥≤0
25. 𝑓(𝑥) = {−2 𝑖𝑓 −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 2 27. 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥>0
−4 𝑖𝑓 2<𝑥≤4
Last edited 9/26/17

1
𝑖𝑓 𝑥<0
29.. 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥
√𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥≥0

31. 33. 35.

1.3 Solutions to Exercises

249−243 6
1. (a) = 1 = 6 million dollars per year
2002−2001
249−243 6
(b) = 3 = 2 million dollars per year
2004−2001

3. The inputs 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 4 produce the points on the graph: (4,4) and (1,5). The average rate
5−4 1 1
of change between these two points is 1−4 = −3 = − 3.

5. The inputs 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 5 when put into the function 𝑓(𝑥) produce the points (1,1) and
25−1 24
(5,25). The average rate of change between these two points is = = 6.
5−1 4

7. The inputs 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 3 when put into the function 𝑔(𝑥) produce the points (-3, -82)
80−(−82) 162
and (3,80). The average rate of change between these two points is = = 27.
3−(−3) 6

9. The inputs 𝑡 = −1 and 𝑡 = 3 when put into the function 𝑘(𝑡) produce the points (-1,2) and
54.148−2 52.148
(3,54.148̅). The average rate of change between these two points is 3−(−1) = 4 ≈ 13.

11. The inputs 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 when put into the function 𝑓(𝑥) produce the points (1,-3) and
(𝑏, 4𝑏 2 − 7). 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑓(1) = 4(1)2 − 7 = −3, 𝑓(𝑏) = 4(𝑏)2 − 7. The average rate of
Last edited 9/26/17

(4𝑏 2 −7)−(−3) 4𝑏 2 −7+3 4𝑏 2 −4 4(𝑏 2 −1) 4(𝑏+1)(𝑏−1)

change between these two points is = = = = =
𝑏−1 𝑏−1 𝑏−1 𝑏−1 (𝑏−1)

4(𝑏 + 1).

13. The inputs 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 2 + ℎ when put into the function ℎ(𝑥) produce the points (2,10)
and (2 + ℎ, 3ℎ + 10). 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: ℎ(2) = 3(2) + 4 = 10, ℎ(2 + ℎ) = 3(2 + ℎ) + 4 = 6 +
(3ℎ+10)−10 3ℎ
3ℎ + 4 = 3ℎ + 10. The average rate of change between these two points is = =
(2+ℎ)−2 ℎ

3.

1
15. The inputs 𝑡 = 9 and 𝑡 = 9 + ℎ when put into the function 𝑎(𝑡) produce the points (9, 13)
1 1 1 1 1
and (9 + ℎ, ℎ+13). 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑎(9) = 9+4 = 13 , 𝑎(9 + ℎ) = (9+ℎ)+4 = ℎ+13. The average
1 1 1 1
− − 1 1 1 1
rate of change between these two points is ℎ+13 13
(9+ℎ)−9
= ℎ+13ℎ 13
= (ℎ+13 − 13) (ℎ) = ℎ(ℎ+13) −
ℎ ℎ
1 1 1 +1 1 +1
= ℎ2 +13ℎ − 13ℎ (13
ℎ ) (𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟) = ℎ2 +13ℎ − (ℎ13
2 +13ℎ) =
13ℎ +1
13
ℎ ℎ
1− −1 ℎ 1 ℎ ℎ ℎ
13 13
= = 13 (ℎ2 +13ℎ) = 13(ℎ2 +13ℎ) = 13ℎ(ℎ+13) = 13(ℎ+13).
ℎ2 +13ℎ ℎ2 +13ℎ

17. The inputs 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 1 + ℎ when put into the function 𝑗(𝑥) produce the points (1,3) and
3(1+ℎ)3 −3
(1 + ℎ, 3(1 + ℎ)3 ). The average rate of change between these two points is =
(1+ℎ)−1

3(1+ℎ)3 −3 3(ℎ3 +3ℎ2 +3ℎ+1)−3 3ℎ3 +9ℎ2 +9ℎ+3−3 3ℎ3 +9ℎ2 +9ℎ
= = = = 3ℎ2 + 9ℎ + 9 = 3(ℎ2 + 3ℎ +
ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ

3).

19. The inputs 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑥 = 𝑥 + ℎ when put into the function 𝑓(𝑥) produce the points
(𝑥, 2𝑥 2 + 1) and (𝑥 + ℎ, 2(𝑥 + ℎ)2 + 1). The average rate of change between these two points is
(2(𝑥+ℎ)2 +1)−(2𝑥 2 +1) (2(𝑥+ℎ)2 +1)−(2𝑥 2 +1) 2(𝑥+ℎ)2 +1 −2𝑥 2 −1 2(𝑥+ℎ)2 −2𝑥2
(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑥
= = = =
ℎ ℎ ℎ

2(𝑥 2 +2ℎ𝑥+ℎ2 )−2𝑥 2 2𝑥 2 +4ℎ𝑥+2ℎ2 −2𝑥 2 4ℎ𝑥+2ℎ2

= = = 4𝑥 + 2ℎ = 2(2𝑥 + ℎ).
ℎ ℎ ℎ

21. The function is increasing (has a positive slope) on the interval (−1.5,2), and decreasing (has
a negative slope) on the intervals (−∞, −1.5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2, ∞).
Last edited 9/26/17

23. The function is increasing (has a positive slope) on the intervals (−∞, 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3.25,4) and
decreasing (has a negative slope) on the intervals (1,2.75) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (4, ∞).

25. The function is increasing because as 𝑥 increases, 𝑓(𝑥) also increases, and it is concave up
because the rate at which 𝑓(𝑥) is changing is also increasing.

27. The function is decreasing because as 𝑥 increases, ℎ(𝑥) decreases. It is concave down
because the rate of change is becoming more negative and thus it is decreasing.

29. The function is decreasing because as 𝑥 increases, 𝑓(𝑥) decreases. It is concave up because
the rate at which 𝑓(𝑥) is changing is increasing (becoming less negative).

31. The function is increasing because as 𝑥 increases, ℎ(𝑥) also increases (becomes less
negative). It is concave down because the rate at which ℎ(𝑥) is changing is decreasing (adding
larger and larger negative numbers).

33. The function is concave up on the interval (−∞, 1), and concave down on the interval
(1, ∞). This means that 𝑥 = 1 is a point of inflection (where the graph changes concavity).

35. The function is concave down on all intervals except where there is an asymptote at 𝑥 ≈ 3.

37. From the graph, we can see that the function is decreasing on the interval (−∞, 3), and
increasing on the interval (3, ∞). This means that the function has a local minimum at 𝑥 = 3. We
can estimate that the function is concave down on the interval (0,2), and concave up on the
intervals (2, ∞)and (−∞, 0). This means there are inflection points at 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 0.
Last edited 9/26/17

39. From the graph, we can see that the function is decreasing on the interval (−3, −2), and
increasing on the interval (−2, ∞). This means that the function has a local minimum at 𝑥 =
−2. The function is always concave up on its domain, (-3,∞). This means there are no points of
inflection.

41. From the graph, we can see that the function is decreasing on the intervals
(−∞, −3.15) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−0.38, 2.04), and increasing on the intervals
(−3.15, −0.38) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2.04, ∞) . This means that the function has local minimums at 𝑥 =
−3.15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2.04 and a local maximum at 𝑥 = −0.38. We can estimate that the function is
concave down on the interval (−2,1), and concave up on the intervals (−∞, −2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1, ∞).
This means there are inflection points at 𝑥 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1.

1.4 Solutions to Exercises

1. 𝑓(𝑔(0)) = 4(7) + 8 = 26, 𝑔(𝑓(0)) = 7 − (8)2 = −57

3. 𝑓(𝑔(0)) = √(12) + 4 = 4, 𝑔(𝑓(0)) = 12 − (2)3 = 4

Last edited 9/26/17

5. 𝑓(𝑔(8)) = 4 7. 𝑔(𝑓(5)) = 9

9. 𝑓(𝑓(4)) = 4 11. 𝑔(𝑔(2)) = 7

13. 𝑓(𝑔(3)) = 0 15. 𝑔(𝑓(1)) = 4

17. 𝑓(𝑓(5)) = 3 19. 𝑔(𝑔(2)) = 2

1 𝑥 7
21. 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 7 = 7 , 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 1 + 6 = 7𝑥 − 36
( +6)−6 ( )
𝑥 𝑥−6

23. 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = (√𝑥 + 2)2 + 1 = 𝑥 + 3, 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = √(𝑥 2 + 1) + 2 = √(𝑥 2 + 3)

25. 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = |5𝑥 + 1|, 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 5|𝑥| + 1

4
27. 𝑓(𝑔(ℎ(𝑥))) = ((√𝑥) − 6) + 6

29. b

3 3(10+20𝑡)
31. (a) 𝑟(𝑉(𝑡)) = √ 4𝜋

(b) To find the radius after 20 seconds, we evaluate the composition from part (a) at 𝑡 = 20.
3 3(10+20⋅20)
𝑟(𝑉(𝑡)) = √ ≈ 4.609 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠.
4𝜋

1 2 1
33. 𝑚(𝑝(𝑥)) = ( ) − 4 = 𝑥 − 4. This function is undefined when the denominator is zero, or
√ 𝑥

when 𝑥 = 0. The inside function 𝑝(𝑥) is defined for 𝑥 > 0. The domain of the composition is
the most restrictive combination of the two: {𝑥|𝑥 > 0}.
1
35. The domain of the inside function, 𝑔(𝑥), is 𝑥 ≠ 1. The composition is 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 2 .
+3
𝑥−1

1 1 1 1 𝑥−1
Simplifying that, 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 2 = 2 3(𝑥−1) = 2 3𝑥−3 = 3𝑥−1 = 3𝑥−1. This function is
+3 + +
𝑥−1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1

1
undefined when the denominator is zero, giving domain 𝑥 ≠ . Combining the two restrictions
3
Last edited 9/26/17

1
gives the domain of the composition: {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ 1, 𝑥 ≠ 3}.
1 1
In interval notation, (−∞, 3) ∪ (3 , 1) ∪ (1, ∞).

37. The inside function 𝑓(𝑥) requires 𝑥 − 2 ≥ 0, giving domain 𝑥 ≥ 2. The composition is
2 2 2
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 2 = 𝑥−2−3 = 𝑥−5, which has the restriction 𝑥 ≠ 5. The domain of the
(√𝑥−2) −3

composition is the combination of these, so values larger than or equal to 2, not including 5:
{𝑥|2 ≤ 𝑥 < 5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 5}, or [2,5) ∪ (5, ∞).
3
39. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 41. 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5
𝑥

43. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 2

45. (a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, so 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑎(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑏, which simplifies to a2 x + 2b. 𝑎 and 𝑏

are constants, so 𝑎2 and 2𝑏 are also constants, so the equation still has the form of a linear
function.
(b) If we let 𝑔(𝑥) be a linear function, it has the form 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏. This means that
𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑎(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑏. This simplifies to 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏. We want 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) to
equal 6𝑥 − 8, so we can set the two equations equal to each other: 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 = 6𝑥 − 8.
Looking at the right side of this equation, we see that the thing in front of the x has to equal 6.
Looking at the left side of the equation, this means that 𝑎2 = 6. Using the same logic, 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 =
−8. We can solve for , 𝑎 = √6. We can substitute this value for 𝑎 into the second equation to
8
solve for 𝑏: (√6)𝑏 + 𝑏 = −8  𝑏(√6 + 1) = −8  𝑏 = − . So, since 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏,
√6+1
8
𝑔(𝑥) = √6𝑥 − . Evaluating 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) for this function gives us 6x-8, so that confirms the
√6+1

answer.

𝑠
47. (a) A function that converts seconds 𝑠 into minutes 𝑚 is 𝑚 = 𝑓(𝑠) = 60 . 𝐶(𝑓(𝑠)) =
𝑠
70( )2
60
𝑠 2
; this function calculates the speed of the car in mph after s seconds.
10+( )
60

(b) A function that converts hours ℎ into minutes 𝑚 is 𝑚 = 𝑔(ℎ) = 60ℎ. 𝐶(𝑔(ℎ)) =
 Last edited 9/26/17

70(60ℎ)2
; this function calculates the speed of the car in mph after h hours.
10+(60ℎ)2
5280
(c) A function that converts mph 𝑠 into ft/sec 𝑧 is 𝑧 = 𝑣(𝑠) = (3600) 𝑠 which can be reduced to
22 22 70𝑚2
𝑣(𝑠) = (15) 𝑠. 𝑣(𝐶(𝑚)) = (15) (10+𝑚2 ) ; this function converts the speed of the car in mph to

ft/sec.

1.5 Solutions to Exercises

1. Horizontal shift 49 units to the right 3. Horizontal shift 3 units to the left

5. Vertical shift 5 units up 7. Vertical shift 2 units down

9. Horizontal shift 2 units to the right and vertical shift 3 units up

1
11. 𝑓(𝑥) = √(𝑥 + 2) + 1 13. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥−3) − 4

15. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 − 1), ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 1

17. 19.
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑤(𝑥)

𝑔(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥)

21. 𝑓(𝑡) = (𝑡 + 1)2 − 3 as a transformation of 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡 2

𝑓(𝑡) = (𝑡 + 1)2 − 3 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡 2

Last edited 9/26/17

23. 𝑘(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)3 − 1 as a transformation of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 𝑘(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)3 − 1

25. 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 3| − 2 27. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 3 − 1

29. 𝑓(𝑥) = −√𝑥
31.
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 + 1

33. (a) 𝑓(𝑥) = −6−𝑥 (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = −6𝑥+2 − 3

Last edited 9/26/17

35. 𝑓(𝑥) = −(𝑥 + 1)2 + 2 37. 𝑓(𝑥) = √−𝑥 + 1

39. (a) even (b) neither (c) odd
41. the function will be reflected over the x-axis
43. the function will be vertically stretched by a factor of 4
1
45. the function will be horizontally compressed by a factor of 5

47. the function will be horizontally stretched by a factor of 3

49. the function will be reflected about the y-axis and vertically stretched by a factor of 3
1
51. 𝑓(𝑥) = |−4𝑥| 53. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3(𝑥+2)2 − 3

55. 𝑓(𝑥) = (2[𝑥 − 5])2 + 1 = (2𝑥 − 10)2 + 1

57. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 will be shifted to the left 1 unit, vertically stretched by a factor of 4, and shifted
down 5 units.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

𝒇(𝒙) = 4(𝑥 + 1)2 − 5

59. ℎ(𝑥) = |𝑥| will be shifted right 4 units vertically stretched by a factor of 2, reflected
about the x-axis, and shifted up 3 units.
ℎ(𝑥) = |𝑥|

ℎ(𝑥) = −2|𝑥 − 4| + 3
Last edited 9/26/17

1
61. 𝑚(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 will be vertically compressed by a factor of .
2
3
𝑚(𝑥) = 𝑥

1
𝑚(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
2

63. 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 will be stretched horizontally by a factor of 3, and shifted down 3 units.

𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3

1
𝑝(𝑥) = ( 𝑥)3 − 3
3

65. 𝑎(𝑥) = √𝑥 will be shifted left 4 units and then reflected about the y-axis.
𝑎(𝑥) = √−𝑥 + 4
𝑎(𝑥) = √𝑥

67. the function is decreasing on the interval 𝑥 < −1 and increasing on the interval 𝑥 > −1
Last edited 9/26/17

69. the function is decreasing on the interval 𝑥 ≤ 4

71. the function is concave up on the interval 𝑥 < −1 and concave down on the interval 𝑥 >
−1
73. the function is always concave up.
75. 𝑓(−𝑥) 77. 3𝑓(𝑥)
1
79. 2𝑓(−𝑥) 81. 2𝑓 (2 𝑥)

83. 2𝑓(𝑥) − 2 85. −𝑓(𝑥) + 2

1
87. 𝑓(𝑥) = −(𝑥 + 2)2 + 3 89. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 (𝑥 + 1)3 + 2
1
91. 𝑓(𝑥) = √2(𝑥 + 2) + 1 93. 𝑓(𝑥) = − (𝑥−2)2 + 3
3
95. 𝑓(𝑥) = −|𝑥 + 1| + 3 97. 𝑓(𝑥) = − √𝑥 − 2 + 1
(𝑥 + 3)2 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ −2
99. 𝑓(𝑥) = { 1
− 2 |𝑥 − 2| + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > −2
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < −2
2
101. 𝑓(𝑥) = {−2(𝑥 + 1) + 4 𝑖𝑓 − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
3
√𝑥 − 2 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 1
103. (a) With the input in factored form, we first apply the horizontal compression by a factor
of ½, followed by a shift to the right by three units. After applying the horizontal
1
compression, the domain becomes 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3. Then we apply the shift, to get a domain of
1
{𝑥|3 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6}.

(b) Since these are horizontal transformations, the range is unchanged.

(c) These are vertical transformations, so the domain is unchanged.
(d) We first apply the vertical stretch by a factor of 2, followed by a downward shift of
three units. After the vertical stretch, the range becomes −6 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 10. Next, we apply
the shift to get the final domain {𝑦|−9 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 7}.
(e) The simplest solution uses a positive value of B. The new domain is an interval of
length one. Before, it was an interval of length 5, so there has been a horizontal
compression by a factor of 1/5. Therefore, B = 5. If we apply this horizontal compression
1 6
to the original domain, we get 5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5. To transform this interval into one that starts at
4 39 39
8, we must add 7 5 = . This is our rightward shift, so 𝑐 = .
5 5
Last edited 9/26/17

(f) The simplest solution uses a positive value of A. The new range is an interval of length
one. The original range was an interval of length 8, so there has been a vertical
1
compression by a factor of 1/8. Thus, we have 𝐴 = 8. If we apply this vertical
3 5
compression to the original range we get = 8 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 8. Now, in order to get an interval that
3
begins at 0, we must add 3/8. This is a vertical shift upward, and we have 𝐷 = 8.

1.6 Solutions to Exercises

1. The definition of the inverse function is the function that reverses the input and output. So if
the output is 7 when the input is 6, the inverse function 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) gives an output of 6 when the
input is 7. So, 𝑓 −1 (7) = 6.

3. The definition of the inverse function is the function which reverse the input and output of the
original function. So if the inverse function 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) gives an output of −8 when the input is −4,
the original function will do the opposite, giving an output of −4 when the input is −8. So
𝑓(−8) = −4.
−1 1 1
5. 𝑓(5) = 2, so (𝑓(5)) = (2)−1 = 21 = 2.

7. (a) 𝑓(0) = 3

(b) Solving 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 asks the question: for what input is the output 0? The answer is 𝑥 =
2. So, 𝑓(2) = 0.
(c) This asks the same question as in part (b). When is the output 0? The answer is
𝑓 −1 (0) = 2.
(d) The statement from part (c) 𝑓 −1 (0) = 2 can be interpreted as “in the original
function 𝑓(𝑥), when the input is 2, the output is 0” because the inverse function reverses
the original function. So, the statement 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 0 can be interpreted as “in the original
function 𝑓(𝑥), when the input is 0, what is the output?” the answer is 3. So, 𝑓 −1 (3) = 0.

9. (a) 𝑓(1) = 0 (b) 𝑓(7) = 3

(c) 𝑓 −1 (0) = 1 (d) 𝑓 −1 (3) = 7

𝑥 1 4 7 12 16
Last edited 9/26/17

𝑓 −1 (𝑥) 3 6 9 13 14
11.

13. The inverse function takes the output from your original function and gives you back the
input, or undoes what the function did. So if 𝑓(𝑥) adds 3 to 𝑥, to undo that, you would subtract
3 from 𝑥. So, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3.

15. In this case, the function is its own inverse, in other words, putting an output back into the
function gives back the original input. So, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥.

17. The inverse function takes the output from your original function and gives you back the
input, or undoes what the function did. So if 𝑓(𝑥) multiplies 11 by 𝑥 and then adds 7, to undo
𝑥−7
that, you would subtract 7 from 𝑥, and then divide by 11. So, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = .
11

19. This function is one-to-one and non-decreasing on the interval 𝑥 > −7. The inverse function,
restricted to that domain, is 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 − 7.

21. This function is one-to-one and non-decreasing on the interval 𝑥 > 0. The inverse function,
restricted to that domain, is 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 + 5.

3
3
23. (a) 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = (( √𝑥 + 5)) − 5, which just simplifies to 𝑥.
3
(b) 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = ( √(𝑥 3 − 5) + 5), which just simplifies to 𝑥.
(c) This tells us that 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are inverses, or, they undo each other.
Last edited 9/26/17

2.1 Solutions to Exercises

1. 𝑃(𝑡) = 1700𝑡 + 45,000 3. 𝐷(𝑡) = 2𝑡 + 10

5. Timmy will have the amount 𝐴(𝑛) given by the linear equation 𝐴(𝑛) = 40 − 2𝑛.

7. From the equation, we see that the slope is 4, which is positive, so the function is increasing.

9. From the equation, we see that the slope is −2, which is negative, so the function is
decreasing.

11. From the equation, we see that the slope is −2, which is negative, so the function is
decreasing.

1
13. From the equation, we see that the slope is 2, which is positive, so the function is increasing.

1
15. From the equation, we see that the slope is − 3, which is negative, so the function is

decreasing.

10−4 6 2−4 −2 1
17. 𝑚 = = = 3. 19. 𝑚 = = =−
4−2 2 5−(−1) 6 3

3−11 −8 4 2
21. 𝑚 = −4−6 = −10 = 5 23. 𝑚 = 3

1.4−0.9 0.5 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 .005 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠

25. 𝑚 = = 10 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 =
12−2 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒

275,900−287,500 −11,600 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 − 400 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒

27. 𝑚 = = = . The negative rate means that the
1989−1960 29 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

population is declining by approximately 400 people per year.

29. The rate is equal to the slope, which is 0.1. The initial value is the y-intercept, which is 24.
This means that the phone company charges 0.1 dollars per minute, or 10 cents a minute, plus an
additional fixed 24 dollars per month.

31. Terry starts skiing at 3000 feet, and skis downhill at a constant rate of 70 feet per second.
Last edited 9/26/17

33. From this information we can extract two ordered pairs, (−5, −4) and (5,2). The slope
2−(−4) 6 3 3
between these two points is 𝑚 = 5−(−5) = 10 = 5 . This gives us the formula 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 𝑥 + 𝑏. To

find the y-intercept 𝑏, we can substitute one of our ordered pairs into the equation for
3
𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑥. For example: 2 = 5 (5) + 𝑏. Solving for 𝑏 gives us 𝑏 = −1. So, the final equation is
3
𝑓(𝑥) = 5 𝑥 − 1.

10−4 6
35. The slope between these two points is 𝑚 = = 2 = 3 . This gives us the formula 𝑓(𝑥) =
4−2

3𝑥 + 𝑏. To find the y-intercept 𝑏, we can substitute one of our ordered pairs into the equation for
𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑥. For example: 4 = 3(2) + 𝑏. Solving for 𝑏 gives us 𝑏 = −2. So, the final equation is
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2.

2−4 −2 1
37. The slope between these two points is 𝑚 = 5−(−1) = = − 3. This gives us the formula
6
1
𝑓(𝑥) = − 3 𝑥 + 𝑏. To find the y-intercept 𝑏, we can substitute one of our ordered pairs into the
1 11
equation for 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑥. For example: 2 = − 3 (5) + 𝑏. Solving for 𝑏 gives us 𝑏 = . So, the
3
1 11
final equation is 𝑓(𝑥) = − 3 𝑥 + .
3

−3−0 −3 3
39. The slope between these two points is 𝑚 = 0−(−2) = = − 2. We are given the y-intercept
2
3
𝑏 = −3. So, the final equation is 𝑓(𝑥) = − 2 𝑥 − 3.

2
41. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 𝑥 + 1 43. 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 + 3

45. From this information we can extract two ordered pairs, (1000,30) and (3000,22). The
22−30 −8 1
slope between these two points is 𝑚 = 3000−1000 = 2000 = − 250 . This gives us the formula
1
𝑓(𝑥) = − 250 𝑥 + 𝑏. To find the y-intercept 𝑏, we can substitute one of our ordered pairs into the
1
equation for 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑥. For example: 30 = − 250 (1000) + 𝑏. Solving for 𝑏 gives us 𝑏 = 34.
1
So, the final equation is 𝑓(𝑥) = − 250 𝑥 + 34.
Last edited 9/26/17

47. (a) Linear, because 𝑥 is changing at a constant rate, and 𝑔(𝑥) is also changing at a constant
rate. The output is changing by -15, and the input is changing by 5. So, the rate of change is
15
− = −3. The y-intercept is given from the table as the ordered pair (0,5), so 𝑏 = 5. So, the
5

final equation is 𝑔(𝑥) = −3𝑥 + 5.

(b) Not linear, because ℎ(𝑥) is not increasing a constant rate.

(c) Linear, because 𝑥 is changing at a constant rate, and 𝑓(𝑥) is also changing at a
constant rate. The output is changing by 25, and the input is changing by 5. So, the rate of
25
change is = 5. The y-intercept is given from the table as the ordered pair (0,-5), so 𝑏 =
5

−5. So, the final equation is 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 5.

(d) Not linear, because 𝑘(𝑥) is not increasing a constant rate.

49. (a) From this information we can extract two points, (32,0) and (212,100) using F as the
100−0 100 10 5
input and C as the output. The slope between these two points is 𝑚 = 212−32 = 180 = 18 = 9.
5
This gives us the formula 𝐶(𝐹) = 9 𝐹 + 𝑏. To find the y-intercept 𝑏, we can substitute one of our
5 160
ordered pairs into the equation. For example: 0 = 9 (32) + 𝑏. Solving for 𝑏 gives us 𝑏 = − .
9
5 160
So, the final equation is 𝐶 = 9 𝐹 − .
9

(b) This can be done by solving the equation we found in part (a) for F instead of C. So,
9 160
𝐹 = 5 (𝐶 + ).
9

(c) To find −23 C in Fahrenheit, we plug it into this equation for C and solve for F,
giving us 𝐹 = −9.3 degrees F

2.2 Solutions to Exercises

1. E 3. D 5. B
Last edited 9/26/17

1 3
7. 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝑥 − 2 9. 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝑥 + 7
2 2

1
11. 𝑓(𝑥) = − 3 𝑥 − 4 13. 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 − 1

1
15. ℎ(𝑥) = 3 𝑥 + 2 17. 𝑘(𝑡) = 3 + 2𝑡
Last edited 9/26/17

19. 𝑥=3 21. 𝑟(𝑥) = 4

3
23. (a) Incorporating each transformation gives the function 𝑔(𝑥) = 4 (𝑥 + 2) − 4, which can
3 5
be simplified as 𝑔(𝑥) = 4 𝑥 − 2.
3
(b) From the point-slope form of the equation, we see that the slope is 4
5
(c) From the point-slope form of the equation, we see that the vertical intercept is (0, − 2)

25. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 27. 𝑥 = −3

29. Horizontal intercept (when 𝑓(𝑥) = 0) = −2, vertical intercept (when 𝑥 = 0) = 2.
5
31. Horizontal intercept (when 𝑓(𝑥) = 0) = 3, vertical intercept (when 𝑥 = 0) = −5.

33. Horizontal intercept (when 𝑓(𝑥) = 0) = −10, vertical intercept (when 𝑥 = 0) = 4

35. Slope of line 1 = −10, Slope of line 2 = −10. They have the same slope, so they are
parallel.
1
37. Slope of line 1 = − , Slope of line 2 = 1. They are neither perpendicular or parallel.
2
2 3
39. Slope of line 1 = − 3 , Slope of line 2 = 2 . The product of the two slopes is −1, so they are

perpendicular.
41. A line parallel to the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = −5𝑥 − 3 will have the same slope as 𝑓(𝑥); its slope
is −5. Then the equation has the form 𝑦 = −5𝑥 + 𝑏. Plugging in the given point (2, −12),
Last edited 9/26/17

we get −12 = (−5)(2) + 𝑏. Solving this equation, we get 𝑏 = −2, so the desired
equation is 𝑦 = −5𝑥 − 2.
1
43. A line perpendicular to ℎ(𝑡) has a slope which is the opposite reciprocal of −2, which is .
2
1
So it’s equation has the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑥 + 𝑏. Plugging in the given point (-4,1) allows us
1
to solve for 𝑏, which equals 3. So, the final equation is 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 1.

45. At the point where the two lines intersect, they will have the same 𝑦 value, so we can set
𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) equal to each other. So, −2𝑥 − 1 = −𝑥. Solving for 𝑥 gives 𝑥 = −1. To
find the 𝑦 value, we plug this value for 𝑥 back into either equation, which gives 𝑦 = 1.
So, the point that the two lines intersect is
(−1,1). 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔.
47. At the point where the two lines intersect, they will have the same 𝑦 value, so we can set
4 274 9 73
𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) equal to each other. So, − 5 𝑥 + = 4 𝑥 + 10. Solving for 𝑥 gives 𝑥 =
25

1.2. To find the

𝑦 value, we plug this value for 𝑥 back into either equation, which gives 𝑦 = 10. So, the
point that the two lines intersect is (−1.2,10).
49. Plan A can be modeled by the linear equation 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛 𝐴

𝐴(𝑚) = 30 + .18𝑚, and Plan B can be

represented by the fixed equation 𝐵(𝑚) = 50.
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛 𝐵
As the graph shows, the cost of renting a car is
cheaper with Plan A, until a certain point. This
is the point of intersection, which can be
found algebraically or graphically. This point
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
is (111.11, 50) meaning that at around 111 miles,
it is cheaper to go with Plan B.
Last edited 9/26/17

2𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 − 3 ≤ 𝑥 < −1
51. 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 − 1 𝑖𝑓 − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
−2 𝑖𝑓 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 5
53. (a)

To find the point of intersection algebraically, we set the two lines equal to each other and solve
1 2
for 𝑥. So, 2 − 2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑐𝑥. This gives us 𝑥 = 2𝑐+1. Plugging this back into either equation
4𝑐+1 2 4𝑐+1
gives the 𝑦 value 𝑦 = 2𝑐+1. So the point of intersection is (2𝑐+1 , 2𝑐+1)
2 2
(b) The 𝑥-coordinate has the form 𝑥 = 2𝑐+1, so we use 𝑥 = 10 to solve for 𝑐. So, 10 = 2𝑐+1.
2
This gives us 𝑐 = − 5.
4𝑐+1
(c) For the point to lie on the 𝑥-axis, 𝑦 = 0. The 𝑦-coordinate has the form 2𝑐+1, so we use 𝑦 =
4𝑐+1 1
0 to solve for 𝑐. So, 0 = 2𝑐+1. This gives us 𝑐 = − 4.

2.3 Solutions to Exercises

1. (a) 696 (b) 4 years
(c) 696/4 = 174 students/year (d) 1001 – 4(174) = 305
(e) 𝑃(𝑡 ) = 174𝑡 + 305 (f) 𝑃(11) = 174(11) + 305 = 2219 people

3. (a) From this information we can make two ordered pairs (410, 71.50) and
118−71.50
(720,118). The slope between these two points is = 0.15. So, the equation of the
720−410
Last edited 9/26/17

line has the form 𝑓 (𝑥) = 0.15𝑥 + 𝑏. To find 𝑏, we can substitute either of the two points
in for 𝑥 and 𝑓 (𝑥) and solve for 𝑏. For this equation, 𝑏 = 10. So, the final equation is
𝑓 (𝑥) = 0.15𝑥 + 10.
(b) The slope (0.15) is the price per minute of 15 cents, and the y-intercept (10) is
the flat monthly fee of ten dollars.
(c) 𝑓 (687) = 0.15(687) + 10 = 113.05.

5. (a) From this information we can make two ordered pairs (1991, 4360) and
5880−4360
(1999,5880). The slope between these two points is = 190. The slope
1999−1991

represents population growth of moose per year. If we want the equation to represent
population growth in years after 1990, we have to figure out the moose population in
1990, which will be the y-intercept. We can subtract 190 from the population in 1991 to
get the population in 1990, So 𝑏 = 4170. So, the final equation is 𝑓 (𝑡 ) = 190𝑡 + 4170.
(b) 2003 is 13 years after 1990, so we will evaluate 𝑓 (13) = 6640.

7. (a) From this information we have an ordered pair (16,2010) and the slope of −2.1.
The slope is negative because the helium is being depleted. The slope represents the
amount of helium being depleted each year. We want the equation to represent helium
reserves in terms of the number of years since 2010, so the y-intercept will be helium
amount in 2010, which is given to be 16. So, the final equation is 𝑅 (𝑡 ) = −2.1𝑡 + 16.
(b) 2015 is 5 years after 2010, so we will evaluate 𝑅(5) = 5.5.
(c) We want to know the value of 𝑡 when 𝑅(𝑡 ) = 0. So, we replace 𝑅(𝑡) with 0
and solve for 𝑡. 0 = −2.1𝑡 + 16, 𝑠𝑜 𝑡 = 7.6 years.

9. The two cell phone plans can be modeled by two linear equations: the first plan by 𝑦 =
0.26𝑥, the second plan by 𝑦 = 19.95 + 0.11𝑥. When the two equations are equal to each
other, the cost for that amount of minutes will be the same for both plans. To find that
point, we can set the equations equal to each other and solve for 𝑥. So, 0.26𝑥 = 19.95 +
Last edited 9/26/17

0.11𝑥. This gives us 𝑥 = 133. So, if you use less than 133 minutes, the first plan is
cheaper, if you use more than 133 minutes, the second plan is cheaper.

11. The two pay options can be modeled by two linear equations: the first by 𝑓(𝑠) =
17,000 + 0.12𝑠, the second by 𝑔(𝑠) = 20,000 + 0.05𝑠. When the two equations are
equal to each other, the income for that amount of sales will be the same for both options.
To find that point, we can set the equations equal to each other and solve for 𝑥. So,
17,000 + 0.12𝑠 = 20,000 + 0.05𝑠. This gives us 𝑠 = 42,857. So, if you sell less than
$42,857 of jewelry, option A produces a larger income, if you sell more than $42,857 of
jewelry, option B produces a larger income.

13. It is useful to draw a picture for this problem (see below). The area of a triangle is
1
found by 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ. We know that the
2

base(𝑏) = 9, but we don’t know the height(ℎ). 7

𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥
6
We do know, however, that the height of the
triangle will be the 𝑥 value at the point where
𝒉
the two lines intersect. The equation for the
𝒃
7
line perpendicular to 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥, 6
𝑓(𝑥) = 9 − 𝑥
6 7

because its slope will be the opposite reciprocal

and it has a y-intercept at (0,0). To find the
point where the two lines intersect, we can set them equal to each other and solve for
𝑥. This gives us 𝑥 = 4.44, which is the height of the triangle. So, the Area =
1
(9)(4.44) = 19.98.
2
Last edited 9/26/17

15. The equation of the line parallel to f  x   1  2 x which passes through (2, 7) has
equation y  y1  m  x  x1  with m  2 , x1  2 , and y1  7 :
y  7  2 x  2   y  g  x   2 x  3 .

y 9
  3, g  3     3,9 

g  x   2x  3
 3, f  3     3,7 

 0,3  f  x   1 2x x 3

 0,1  y 1

8
The area of the rectangle drawn around the

parallelogram is  9  1    3  0   24 square units.

3

3
The area of the upper triangle is
1 1
 9  3  3  0   63  9 square units. 6
2 2
Last edited 9/26/17

The area of the lower triangle is

1 1
 7  1  3  0   63  9 square units. 6
2 2

Therefore, the area of the region shaded in blue in the original figure -- the area of the
parallelogram bounded by the y-axis, the line x  3 , the line f  x   1  2 x , and the line
parallel to f  x  passing through (2, 7) which has equation g  x   2 x  3 -- is the area of
the rectangle minus the area of the two triangles. So, the area of the parallelogram is
24  9  9  6 square units.

Answer: 6

Note: there are other ways to solve this problem, such as using the formula for the area of
a rectangle: A = bh. Imagining turning the parallelogram so that the segment along the y-
axis is the base. The solution would start the same way as the solution above to show
that b = 2. Looking at the figure this way, the height to the top is 3, so we see that we get
the same answer as above: A = bh = 2 ∙ 3 = 6.

1
17. The area of the triangle is 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ. From the
2

figure on the right we can see that the height is 𝑏, and (𝟎, 𝒃)

the value of the 𝑥-intercept of the line 𝑓 (𝑥). The 𝑥-

intercept is found by replacing 𝑓(𝑥) with 0 and solving 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏

𝑏
for 𝑥. This gives 𝑥 = − . So, the area in terms of 𝑚
𝑚
1 𝑏 𝒃
and 𝑏 is 𝐴 = ( ) (− ) (𝑏) which can be simplified to (−
𝒎
, 𝟎)
2 𝑚
𝑏2
𝐴=− .
2𝑚
Last edited 9/26/17

71,400−25,200
19. (a) Mississippi home values increased at a rate of = 924 dollars/year,
2000−1950
272,700−74,400
and the Hawaii home values increased at a rate of = 3,966 dollars/year.
2000−1950

So, Hawaii’s home values increased faster.

(b) 80,640
(c) We can model these two equations in the following way: 𝑀(𝑥) = 71,400 +
924𝑥 and
𝐻 (𝑥) = 272,700 + 3,966𝑥, where 𝑥 is the number of years after 2000. To find
when house values are the same in both states, we can set the equations equal to
each other and solve for 𝑥. This gives 𝑥 = −66.17, which would mean 66 years
before 2000, so 1934.

𝑭
21. We can think of these points on the (𝟐𝟓, 𝟒𝟓)

coordinate plane as shown in the figure to

9
the right. Pam will be closest to Paris 5
𝑔(𝑥) = − 𝑥 +
50 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
5
9 3
when there is the shortest distance
(𝟕, 𝟏𝟑)
between her and Paris, which is when the
dotted line is perpendicular to her path.
We can find the equations of both lines, if 𝑹 𝑷 (𝟑𝟎, 𝟎)
30
we make her starting place R(0,0) and her
9
ending place F(25,45). The equation for her path is 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥, and the equation for the
5
5
dotted line is perpendicular to her path, so it has a slope of − , and we know the point
9
50
(30,0) lies on this line, so we can find the y-intercept to be (0, ). The equation for the
3
5 50
dotted line is 𝑔(𝑥) = − 𝑥 + . Knowing these equations helps us to find the point
9 3

where they intersect, by setting them equal to each other and solving for 𝑥. This point is
(7.09, 12.76), which on the graph is rounded to (7,13). So, when she is at this point she is
Last edited 9/26/17

closest to Paris, and we can calculate this distance using the distance formula with points
(7,13) and (30,0), which comes out to approximately 26.4 miles.

2.4 Solutions to Exercises

1.

60

50
Second Quiz

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
First Quiz

3.

30
25
20
y = 1.9713x - 3.5191
15
Y

10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20
X
R² = 0.9358

Regression line equation: 𝑓(𝑥) = 1.971𝑥 − 3.519.

Correlation coefficient: R=0.966954.

Last edited 9/26/17

5.

25

20

y = -0.9015x + 26.04
15
Y

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
X
R² = 0.9373

Regression line equation: 𝑓(𝑥) = −0.901𝑥 + 26.04.

Correlation coefficient, R=-0.967988

7. With the equation of a line 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 we are given 𝑎 = −1.341 and 𝑏 = 32.234, let our
regression line be, 𝑦 = −1.341𝑥 + 32.234. Since our correlation coefficient is close to negative
one (r = −0.896) we know that the regression line will be a relatively good fit for the data and
thus will give us a good prediction. Since 𝑥 is the number of hours someone watches TV and y is
the amount of sit-ups someone can do we can plug in 11 for x in our equation to get the
predicted amount of sit-ups that person can do. That is,
17483
𝑦 = −1.341(11) + 32.234 = ≈ 17.483.
1000

A person who watches 11 hours of TV a day can do a predicted 17.5 sit-ups.

9. Noticing that r is positive and close to one, we look for a scatter plot that is increasing and that
has plotted points that are close to the line of regression. D. r = 0.95
Last edited 9/26/17

11. Noticing that r is positive but that r is not close to one, we look for a scatter plot that is
increasing and has points that are further away from the regression line. A. r = 0.26

13.
40
Percent Graduates

30

20
y = 0.4761x - 926.62
10

0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
R² = 0.988

From graphing the data it is apparent that the trend appears linear. Finding the equation for the
regression line with a computer we can calculate what year (if the trend continues) the
percentage will exceed 35%. That is 𝑦 = 0.476𝑥 − 926.6, with 𝑥 equal to the year and 𝑦 equal
to percentage of persons 25 years or older who are college graduates. We can plug in 𝑦 = 35, so
35 = 0.476𝑥 − 926.6; adding 926.6 to each side, 961.6 = 0.476𝑥. Then by dividing both sides
by 0.476 we arrive at 𝑥 = 2020.17 ≈ 2020. And so we can conclude that if the trend continues
we will arrive at 35% of college graduates being persons over 25 years of age in the year 2020.

2.5 Solutions to Exercises

1
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 |𝑥 + 2| + 1 3. 𝑓(𝑥) = −3.5|𝑥 − 3| + 3

5. 7.
Last edited 9/26/17

9.

11. The only two numbers whose absolute value is 11 are -11 and 11, so:
5𝑥 − 2 = 11 or 5𝑥 − 2 = −11
5𝑥 = 13 or 5𝑥 = −9
13 9
𝑥= or 𝑥 = − 5
5

13. 2|4 − 𝑥| = 7
7
|4 − 𝑥| =
2
7 7
4 − 𝑥 = 2 or 4 − 𝑥 = − 2
1 15
−𝑥 = − 2 or −𝑥 = − 2
1 15
𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 2

15. 3|𝑥 + 1| − 4 = −2
2
|𝑥 + 1| =
3
2 2
𝑥+1= or 𝑥 + 1 = −
3 3
1 5
𝑥 = −3 or 𝑥 = − 3

17. Horizontal intercepts occur when 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, giving the equation:

2|𝑥 + 1| − 10 = 0
Last edited 9/26/17

Then: |𝑥 + 1| = 5
𝑥 + 1 = 5 or 𝑥 + 1 = −5
𝑥=4 or 𝑥 = −6 so the horizontal intercepts are (4, 0) and (-6, 0).
Vertical intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0: 𝑓(0) = 2|0 + 1| − 10 = 2(1) − 10 = −8. So the
vertical intercept is (0, 8).

19. Horizontal intercepts occur when 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, giving the equation:

−3|𝑥 − 2| − 1 = 0
1
Then: |𝑥 − 2| = − . The absolute value of a quantity cannot give a negative value, so this
3

equation has no solutions; there are no horizontal intercepts.

Vertical intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0: 𝑓(0) = −3|0 − 2| − 1 = −3(2) − 1 = −7. So the
vertical intercept is (0, -7).

21. First, we solve the equation |𝑥 + 5| = 6:

𝑥 + 5 = 6 or 𝑥 + 5 = −6
𝑥=1 or 𝑥 = −11
From here, either use test points in the regions 𝑥 < −11, −11 < 𝑥 < 1, and 𝑥 > 1 to determine
which of these regions are solutions, or consider the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 + 5|. Using the prior
method, let’s test the points with x-coordinates -12, 0, and 2 (though you could use different
numbers, as long as there’s one from each of the three regions above):
|−12 + 5| = |−7| = 7, which is greater than 6, and thus not a solution to the original
inequality |𝑥 + 5| < 6.
|0 + 5| = |5| = 5, which is less than 6, and thus a solution to |𝑥 + 5| < 6.
|2 + 5| = |7| = 7, which is greater than 6, and thus not a solution to |𝑥 + 5| < 6.
Since 0 is the only one that gave a solution to the inequality, the region it represents, −11 < 𝑥 <
1, is the solution set.

23. First, we solve the equation |𝑥 − 2| = 3:

𝑥 − 2 = 3 or 𝑥 − 2 = −3
𝑥=5 or 𝑥 = −1
Last edited 9/26/17

From here, either use test points in the regions 𝑥 < −1, −1 < 𝑥 < 5, and 𝑥 > 5 to determine
which of these regions are solutions, or consider the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 2|. Using the prior
method, let’s test the points with x-coordinates -2, 0, and 6:
|−2 − 2| = |−4| = 4, which is greater than 3, and thus a solution to |𝑥 − 2| ≥ 3.
|0 − 2| = |−2| = 2, which is less than 3, and thus not a solution to |𝑥 − 2| ≥ 3.
|6 − 2| = |4| = 4, which is greater than 3, and thus a solution to |𝑥 − 2| ≥ 3.
Since −2 and 6 gave solutions to the inequality, the regions it represents give us the full solution
set: 𝑥 ≤ −1 or 𝑥 ≥ 5.

25. First, we solve the equation |3𝑥 + 9| = 4:

3𝑥 + 9 = 4 or 3𝑥 + 9 = −4
5 13
𝑥 = −3 or 𝑥 = − 3
13 13 5 5
From here, either use test points in the regions 𝑥 < − 3 , − < 𝑥 < − 3, and 𝑥 > − 3 to
3

determine which of these regions are solutions, or consider the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = |3𝑥 + 9|. Using
the prior method, let’s test the points with x-coordinates -5, -2, and 0:
|3(−5) + 9| = |−6| = 6, which is greater than 4, and thus not a solution to |3𝑥 + 9| < 4.
|3(−2) + 9| = |3| = 3, which is less than 4, and thus a solution to |3𝑥 + 9| < 4.
|3(0) + 9| = |9| = 9, which is greater than 4, and thus not a solution to |3𝑥 + 9| < 4.
13
Since −2 is the only one that gave a solution to the inequality, the region it represents, − <
3
5
𝑥 < − 3, is the solution set.
Last edited 3/16/15

3.1 Solutions to Exercises

1. (a) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) will approach +∞ as 𝑥𝑥 approaches ∞.

(b) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) will still approach +∞ as 𝑥𝑥 approaches -∞, because any negative integer 𝑥𝑥 will
become positive if it is raised to an even exponent, in this case, 𝑥𝑥 4

3. (a) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) will approach +∞ as 𝑥𝑥 approaches ∞.

(b) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) will approach -∞ as 𝑥𝑥 approaches -∞, because 𝑥𝑥 is raised to an odd power, in this
case, 𝑥𝑥 3 .

5. (a) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) will approach -∞ as 𝑥𝑥 approaches ∞, because every number is multiplied by −1.
(b) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) will approach -∞ as 𝑥𝑥 approaches -∞, since any negative number raised to an even
power (in this case 2) is positive, but when it’s multiplied by −1, it becomes negative.

7. (a) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) will approach -∞ as 𝑥𝑥 approaches ∞, because any positive number raised to any
power will remain positive, but when it’s multiplied by −1, it becomes negative.
(b) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) will approach ∞ as 𝑥𝑥 approaches -∞, because any negative number raised to an odd
power will remain negative, but when it’s multiplied by −1, it becomes positive.

9. (a) The degree is 7.

(b) The leading coefficient is 4.

11. (a) The degree is 2.

(b) The leading coefficient is -1.

13. (a) The degree is 4.

(b) The leading coefficient is -2.

15. (a) (2𝑥𝑥 + 3)(𝑥𝑥 − 4)(3𝑥𝑥 + 1) = (2𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 − 12)(3𝑥𝑥 + 1) = 6𝑥𝑥 3 − 13𝑥𝑥 2 − 41𝑥𝑥 − 12
(b) The leading coefficient is 6.
(c) The degree is 3.

17. (a) The leading coefficient is negative, so as 𝑥𝑥 → +∞ the function will approach −∞.
(b) The leading coefficient is negative, and the polynomial has even degree so as 𝑥𝑥 → −∞
the function will approach −∞.

19. (a) The leading coefficient is positive, so as 𝑥𝑥 → +∞, the function will approach +∞.
(b) The leading coefficient is positive, and the polynomial has even degree so as 𝑥𝑥 → −∞,
the function will approach +∞.

21. (a) Every polynomial of degree 𝑛𝑛 has a maximum of 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥-intercepts. In this case 𝑛𝑛 = 5 so
we get a maximum of five 𝑥𝑥-intercepts.
(b) The number of turning points of a polynomial of degree 𝑛𝑛 is 𝑛𝑛 − 1. In this case 𝑛𝑛 = 5 so
we get four turning points.
Last edited 3/16/15

23. Knowing that an 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ degree polynomial can have a maximum of 𝑛𝑛 − 1 turning points we get
that this function with two turning points could have a minimum possible degree of three.

25. Knowing that an 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ degree polynomial can have a maximum of 𝑛𝑛 − 1 turning points we get
that this function with four turning points could have a minimum possible degree of five.

27. Knowing that an 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ degree polynomial can have a maximum of 𝑛𝑛 − 1 turning points we get
that this function with two turning points could have a minimum possible degree of three.

29. Knowing that an 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ degree polynomial can have a maximum of 𝑛𝑛 − 1 turning points we get
that this function with four turning points could have a minimum possible degree of five.

31. (a) To get our vertical intercept of our function we plug in zero for 𝑡𝑡 we get 𝑓𝑓(0) = 2((0) −
1)((0) + 2)((0) − 3) = 12. Therefore our vertical intercept is (0,12)
(b) To get our horizontal intercepts when our function is a series of products we look for
when we can any of the products equal to zero. For 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) we get 𝑡𝑡 = −2, 1, 3. Therefore our
horizontal intercepts are (−2,0), (1,0) and (3,0).

33. (a) To get our vertical intercept of our function we plug in zero for 𝑛𝑛 we get 𝑔𝑔(0) =
−2((3(0) − 1)(2(0) + 1) = 2. Therefore our vertical intercept is (0,2)
(b) To get our horizontal intercepts when our function is a series of products we look for
1 −1
when we can any of the products equal to zero. For 𝑔𝑔(𝑛𝑛) we get 𝑛𝑛 = 3 , 2
. Therefore our
1 −1
horizontal intercepts are (3 , 0) and ( 2 , 0).

3.2 Solutions to Exercises

1. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 1 3. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −2𝑥𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑥 − 1

1 7
5. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 2

10 1
7. Vertex: �− 4
, − 2� x-intercepts: (−3,0)(−2,0) y-intercept: (0,12)

10 29
9. Vertex: � 4 , − 2 � x-intercepts: (5,0)(−1,0) y-intercept: (0,4)

3
11. Vertex: �4 , 1.25� x-intercepts: ±√5 y-intercept: (0, −1)

13. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 − 6)2 − 4 15. ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 2(𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 − 18

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17. We have a known 𝑎𝑎, ℎ, and 𝑘𝑘. We are trying to find 𝑏𝑏 and 𝑐𝑐, to put the equation into
quadratic form. Since we have the vertex, (2, −7) and 𝑎𝑎 = −8, we can put the equation into
vertex form, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −8(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 − 7 and then change that into quadratic form. To do this, we
start by foiling (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 and algebraically continuing until we have the form 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 +
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐. We get 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −8𝑥𝑥 2 + 32𝑥𝑥 − 39, so b = 32 and c = -39.

2 4
19. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = − 3 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3 𝑥𝑥 + 2

3 21
21. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 5 𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 + 6

𝑏𝑏
23. − 2𝑎𝑎 is the x-coordinate of the vertex, and we are given the x-coordinate of the vertex to be 4,
𝑏𝑏
we can set − 2𝑎𝑎 equal to 4, and solve for b, which gives 𝑏𝑏 = −8𝑎𝑎. The 𝑏𝑏 in the vertex formula is

the same as the 𝑏𝑏 in the general form of a quadratic equation 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐, so we can
substitute −8𝑎𝑎 for 𝑏𝑏 and −4 for 𝑐𝑐 (the y-intercept) into the quadratic equation: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 −
8𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 4. Plugging in the x and y coordinates from the y intercept gives 0 = 16𝑎𝑎 − 32𝑎𝑎 −
−1 1 1
4, and solving for 𝑎𝑎 gives 𝑎𝑎 = 4
. After plugging 𝑎𝑎 back in we get 𝑦𝑦 = − 4 𝑥𝑥 2 − 8 �− 4� 𝑥𝑥 −
1
4 which simplifies to 𝑦𝑦 = − 4 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 4.

𝑏𝑏
25. − 2𝑎𝑎 is the x-coordinate of the vertex, and we are given the x-coordinate of the vertex to be -
𝑏𝑏
3, we can set − 2𝑎𝑎 equal to -3, and solve for b, which gives 𝑏𝑏 = 6𝑎𝑎. So our equation is 𝑦𝑦 =

𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑐𝑐. Plugging in the vertex coordinates for 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 allow us to solve for 𝑐𝑐, which
gives 𝑐𝑐 = 2 + 9𝑎𝑎. Plugging 𝑐𝑐 back into 𝑦𝑦 gives 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 2 + 9𝑎𝑎. To solve for 𝑎𝑎 we
1
plug in values from the other point, −2 = 9𝑎𝑎 + 18𝑎𝑎 + 2 + 9𝑎𝑎 which gives 𝑎𝑎 = − 9. We have 𝑏𝑏

and 𝑐𝑐 in terms of 𝑎𝑎, so we can find them easily now that we know the value of 𝑎𝑎. So, the final
1 2
equation is 𝑦𝑦 = − 9 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3 𝑥𝑥 + 1.

27. For this problem, part (a) asks for the height when 𝑡𝑡 = 0, so solving for ℎ(0) will give us our
launching height. In part (𝑏𝑏), we are trying to find the peak of the trajectory, which is the same
as the vertex, so solving for 𝑘𝑘 will give us the maximum height. In part (c), we are asked to solve
Last edited 3/16/15

for 𝑡𝑡 when ℎ(𝑡𝑡) = 0. We can do this by using the quadratic formula to solve for 𝑡𝑡.
(a) 234 m
(b) 2909.56 m
(c) 47.735 sec

29. See the explanation for problem 27 for hints on how to do this problem.
(a) 3 ft
(b) 111 ft
(c) 72.48 ft

Problem 31
31. The volume of the box can be expressed as 𝑉𝑉 = 6 ∗ 𝑥𝑥 ∗
𝑥𝑥 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉 = 6𝑥𝑥 2 . So if we want the volume to be 1000, we end 𝑥𝑥

up with the expression 6𝑥𝑥 2 − 1000 = 0. Solving this 6 6

5
equation for 𝑥𝑥 using the quadratic formula we get = ±10�3 . 𝑥𝑥
6 6
Because we cannot have negative length, we are left with 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

5
6 𝑥𝑥 6
10�3 ≈ 12.90. So the length of the side of our box is 12 +
6 6
12.90 = 24.90. So, our piece of cardboard is 24.90 ∗
24.90 = 620. 𝑥𝑥

33. Picking 𝑥𝑥 to be our vertical side, we are left with Problem 33

500 − 3𝑥𝑥
500 − 3𝑥𝑥 for the remaining two sides. Because there are 2

two of them, we divide that by two, so that each side is

500−3𝑥𝑥 3𝑥𝑥
2
= 250 − 2
. So, the area can be expressed as =
3 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
250𝑥𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑥 2 . When this function has a maximum, the

area of the enclosure will be maximized. This a concave

down parabola and thus has a maximum point at its
3
𝑏𝑏 250 − 𝑥𝑥
vertex. The x-coordinate of the vertex is – 2𝑎𝑎, which we 2

−250 1
can calculate to be 𝑥𝑥 = 3 = 83 3. This is the
−2� �
2

dimension of the enclosure 𝑥𝑥. To find the long dimension, we can plug this value for 𝑥𝑥 into our
Last edited 3/16/15

3 1
expression 250 − 2 𝑥𝑥 which = 125. So, the dimensions are 83 3 ft for three vertical sides and

125 ft for the two long sides.

35. Let x represent the length in cm of the piece of wire that is bent into the shape of a circle.
Then the length of wire left to be bent into the shape of a square is 56 – x cm. The length x of
wire will wrap around the circle, forming the circumference, so 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 where 𝑟𝑟 is the radius of
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 2
the circle. Thus 𝑟𝑟 = 2𝜋𝜋, and the area of the circle is 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 = 𝜋𝜋 �2𝜋𝜋� = 4𝜋𝜋. Since the
56−𝑥𝑥
remaining length of 56 – x is bent into a square, then each of the four sides will have length 4
.
56−𝑥𝑥 2 (56−𝑥𝑥)2
Thus, the area of the square is 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = � 4
� = 16
. The total area for both figures is 𝐴𝐴 =
𝑥𝑥 2 (56−𝑥𝑥)2 1 1
+ = �4𝜋𝜋 + 16� 𝑥𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑥 + 196. The graph of this equation is a parabola that opens
4𝜋𝜋 16

upward. The minimum value of A will occur at the vertex. Using the vertex formula,

−7 7 8𝜋𝜋 56𝜋𝜋
𝑥𝑥 = − 1 1 = 1 1 ∙ = ≈ 24.6344 cm. Thus, the circumference of the circle
2�4𝜋𝜋+16� + 8𝜋𝜋 4+𝜋𝜋
2𝜋𝜋 8

56𝜋𝜋
when the total area A is minimum is cm, or approximately 24.6344 cm.
4+𝜋𝜋

37. Let x represent the price, in dollars, of each ticket. Let y represent the number of spectators
∆𝑦𝑦 26,000−31,000
attending each game. The slope of a line relating these quantities is ∆𝑥𝑥 = 11−9
= −2500

people per dollar. The equation of the line can be expressed in point-slope form as 𝑦𝑦 −
26,000 = −2500(𝑥𝑥 − 11) ⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = −2500𝑥𝑥 + 53,500. The revenue R, in dollars, for each game

is the product (ticket price)(the number of spectators in attendance). We have 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑥𝑥(−2500𝑥𝑥 +

53,500) = −2500𝑥𝑥 2 + 53,500𝑥𝑥. The graph of this equation is a parabola that opens
53,500
downward. Its maximum value occurs at the vertex. Using the vertex formula, 𝑥𝑥 = − 2(−2500) =

10.7. Therefore, a ticket price of $10.70 would maximize revenue.

39. (a) To get the equation of the mountain side, we know that for every twenty feet in the 𝑥𝑥
2𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 1
direction we get a rise of two feet. Then our rise over run (slope) will be 20 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 10. Because our

graph of the mountain side starts at (0,0) we know our vertical intercept is zero. Then to get the
Last edited 3/16/15

equation for the height of the balloon 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) above the mountain side 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥) we get 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) −
−1 1 −1 449
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥) = 1250 𝑥𝑥 2 + 45𝑥𝑥 − 10 𝑥𝑥 = 1250 𝑥𝑥 2 + 10
𝑥𝑥. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥)is a concave down parabola and
−𝑏𝑏 −449
therefore has a maximum value at its vertex at 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑎
= 2 =28062.5. Then plugging this
10�− �
1250

−1
value into 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥) we get 𝑓𝑓(28062.5) − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(28062.5) = 1250 (28062.5)2 +
449
(28062.5) = 632809.375 ft.
10
−1
(b) Given 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 1250 𝑥𝑥 2 + 45𝑥𝑥 is the balloon’s height above ground level then there is a
−𝑏𝑏 45
maximum point at the vertex of the parabola with an 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑎
=− −2 = 28125. Plugging this
1250

value back into 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)we get 632812.5 feet as our maximum height above ground level.
−1
(c) To find where the balloon lands we solve for the zeros of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥) = 1250 𝑥𝑥 2 +
449 −1 449 −1 −449
10
𝑥𝑥. Then we get 1250 𝑥𝑥 2 + 10
𝑥𝑥 = 0 therefore 1250 𝑥𝑥 = 10
therefore 𝑥𝑥 = 56125 feet.

(d) To find when the balloon is 50ft off the ground we set 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 50 and solve for 𝑥𝑥. We
−1 449 −1 449
can write this in the expression 1250 𝑥𝑥 2 + 10
𝑥𝑥 = 50 or 1250 𝑥𝑥 2 + 10
𝑥𝑥 − 50 = 0. Then using the

quadratic equation we get 𝑥𝑥 = 1.11 and 56248.9ft. Although it would appear that we have two
values for when the balloon is 50 ft high looking at pt (c) we can see that the balloon will have
already landed before it reaches 56248.9ft so our only valid result is at 1.11ft.

3.3 Solutions to Exercises

1 - 5 To find the C intercept, evaluate 𝑐𝑐(𝑡𝑡). To find the t-intercept, solve 𝐶𝐶(𝑡𝑡) = 0.

1. (a) C intercept at (0, 48)

(b) 𝑡𝑡 intercepts at (4,0), (-1,0), (6,0)

3. (a) C intercept at (0,0)

(b) 𝑡𝑡 intercepts at (2,0), (-1,0), (0,0)
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5. 𝐶𝐶(𝑡𝑡) = 2𝑡𝑡 4 − 8𝑡𝑡 3 + 6𝑡𝑡 2 = 2𝑡𝑡 2 (𝑡𝑡 2 − 4𝑡𝑡 + 3) = 2𝑡𝑡 2 (𝑡𝑡 − 1)(𝑡𝑡 − 3).
(a) C intercept at (0,0)
(b) 𝑡𝑡 intercepts at (0,0), (3,0) (1,0)

7. Zeros: 𝑥𝑥 ≈ −1.65, 𝑥𝑥 ≈ 3.64, 𝑥𝑥 ≈ 5.

9. (a) as 𝑡𝑡 → ∞, ℎ(𝑡𝑡) → ∞.
(b) as 𝑡𝑡 → −∞, ℎ(𝑡𝑡) → −∞

For part a of problem 9, we see that as soon as t becomes greater than 5, the function h(t) =
3(t − 5)3 (t − 3)3 (t − 2) will increase positively as it approaches infinity, because as soon as t is
greater than 5, the numbers within each parentheses will always be positive. In b, notice as t
approaches -∞, any negative number cubed will stay negative. If you multiply first three terms:
[3 ∗ (t − 5)3 ∗ (t − 3)3 ], as t approaches -∞, it will always create a positive number. When you
then multiply that by the final number: (𝑡𝑡 − 2), you will be multiplying a negative: (𝑡𝑡 − 2), by a
positive: [3 ∗ (t − 5)3 ∗ (t − 3)3 ], which will be a negative number.

11. (a) as 𝑡𝑡 → ∞, 𝑝𝑝(𝑡𝑡) → −∞

(b) as 𝑡𝑡 → −∞, 𝑝𝑝(𝑡𝑡) → −∞
For part a of this problem as t approaches positive infinity, you will always have two parts of the
equation 𝑝𝑝(𝑡𝑡) = −2𝑡𝑡(𝑡𝑡 − 1)(3 − 𝑡𝑡)2 , that are positive, once t is greater than 1: [(𝑡𝑡 − 1) ∗
(3 − 𝑡𝑡)2 ], when multiplied together they stay positive. They are then multiplied by a number
that will always be negative: -2t. A negative multiplied by a positive is always negative, so p(t)
approaches -∞. For part b of this problem, as t approaches negative infinity, you will always
have two parts of the equation that are always positive: [−2𝑡𝑡 ∗ (3 − 𝑡𝑡)2 ], when multiplied
together stay positive. They are then multiplied by a number that will always be negative: (t-1).
A negative multiplied by a positive is always negative, so p(t) approaches -∞.

13. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 + 3)2 (𝑥𝑥 − 2) 15. ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥𝑥 + 3)2
Last edited 3/16/15

17. 𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥) = −2𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 3)

19. (𝑥𝑥 − 3)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 > 0 when 𝑥𝑥 > 3

To solve the inequality (𝑥𝑥 − 3)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 > 0, you first want to solve for 𝑥𝑥, when the function
would be equal to zero. In this case, once you’ve solved for x, you know that when 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0,
𝑥𝑥 = 3, and 𝑥𝑥 = 2. You want to test numbers greater than, less than, and in-between these points,
to see if these intervals are positive or negative. If an interval is positive it is part of your
solution, and if it’s negative it’s not part of your solution. You test the intervals by plugging any
number greater than 3, less than 2, or in between 2 and 3 into your inequality. For this problem,
(𝑥𝑥 − 3)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 > 0 is only positive when 𝑥𝑥 is greater than 3. So your solution is: (𝑥𝑥 −
3)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 > 0 , when 𝑥𝑥 > 3.
21. (𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 3) < 0 when -2 < x < 1, and when 𝑥𝑥 > 3
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To solve the inequality(𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 3) < 0 , you first want to solve for 𝑥𝑥, when the
function would be equal to zero. In this case, once you’ve solved for 𝑥𝑥, you know that when
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0, 𝑥𝑥 = 1, 𝑥𝑥 = −2, and 𝑥𝑥 = 3. You want to test numbers greater than, less than, and in-
between these points, to see if these intervals are positive or negative. If an interval is positive it
is part of your solution, and if it’s negative it’s not part of your solution. You test the intervals
by plugging any number greater than 3, less than -2, or in between -2 and 1, and in between 1
and 3 into your inequality. For this problem, (𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 3) < 0 is positive when 𝑥𝑥 is
greater than 3, and when it’s in between −2 and 1. So your solution is: (𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 −
3) < 0 when −2 < 𝑥𝑥 < 1, and when 𝑥𝑥 > 3.
23. The domain is the values of x for which the expression under the radical is nonnegative:
−42 + 19𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 ≥ 0
−(2𝑥𝑥 2 − 19𝑥𝑥 + 42) ≥ 0
−(2𝑥𝑥 − 7)(𝑥𝑥 − 6) ≥ 0
Recall that this graph is a parabola which opens down, so the nonnegative portion is the interval
7
between (and including) the x-intercepts: 2 < 𝑥𝑥 < 6.

25. The domain is the values of x for which the expression under the radical is nonnegative:
4 − 5𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 2 ≥ 0
(𝑥𝑥 − 4)(𝑥𝑥 − 1) ≥ 0
Recall that this graph is a parabola which opens up, so the nonnegative portions are the intervals
outside of (and including) the x-intercepts: 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1 and 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 4.
27. The domain is the values of x for which the expression under the radical is nonnegative,
and since (𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 is always nonnegative, we need only consider where 𝑥𝑥 − 3 > 0, so the
domain is 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 3.
29. The domain can be any numbers for which the denominator of 𝑝𝑝(𝑡𝑡) is nonzero, because
you can’t have a zero in the denominator of a fraction. So find what values of t make 𝑡𝑡 2 + 2𝑡𝑡 −
8 = 0, and those values are not in the domain of 𝑝𝑝(𝑡𝑡). 𝑡𝑡 2 + 2𝑡𝑡 − 8 = (𝑡𝑡 + 4)(𝑡𝑡 − 2), so the
domain is ℝ where 𝑥𝑥 ≠ −4 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 2.
2
31. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = − 3 (𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 3)

For problem 31, you can use the 𝑥𝑥 intercepts you’re given to get to the point 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 3), because you know that if you solved for each of the 𝑥𝑥 values you
Last edited 3/16/15

would end up with the horizontal intercepts given to you in the problem. Since your equation is
of degree three, you don’t need to raise any of your 𝑥𝑥 values to a power, because if you foiled
(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 3) there will be an 𝑥𝑥 3 , which is degree three. To solve for 𝑎𝑎, (your stretch
2
factor, in this case − 3 ) , you can plug the point your given, (in this case it’s the 𝑦𝑦 intercept

(0, −4)) into your equation: −4 = (0 + 2)(0 − 1)(0 − 3), to solve for 𝑎𝑎.
1
33. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 3 (𝑥𝑥 − 3)2 (𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥𝑥 + 3)

For problem 33, you can use the 𝑥𝑥 intercepts you’re given to get to the point 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 3)2 (𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥𝑥 + 3), because you know that if you solved for each of the x values you
would end up with the horizontal intercepts given to you in the problem. The problem tells you
at what intercepts has what roots of multiplicity to give a degree of 5, which is why (𝑥𝑥 −
1
2) and (𝑥𝑥 − 1) are squared. To solve for 𝑎𝑎, (your stretch factor, in this case, 3 ), you can plug

the point your given, (in this case it’s the 𝑦𝑦 intercept (0,9)) into your equation: 9 = (0 − 3)2 (0 −
1)2 (0 + 3), to solve for 𝑎𝑎.
35. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −15(𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥𝑥 − 3)3
For problem 35, you can use the 𝑥𝑥 intercepts you’re given to get to the point 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥𝑥 − 3)3 , because you know that if you solved for each of the 𝑥𝑥 values you would end
up with the horizontal intercepts given to you in the problem. The problem tells you at what
intercepts has what roots of multiplicity to give a degree of 5, which is why (𝑥𝑥 − 1) is squared,
and (𝑥𝑥 − 3) is cubed. To solve for 𝑎𝑎, (your stretch factor, in this case, −15), you can plug the
point your given, (in this case it’s (2,15)) into your equation: 15 = (2 − 1)2 (2 − 3)3 , to solve
for 𝑎𝑎.
37. The x-intercepts of the graph are (-2, 0), (1, 0), and (3, 0). Then 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) must include the
factors (𝑥𝑥 + 2), (𝑥𝑥 − 1), and (𝑥𝑥 − 3) to ensure that these points are on the graph of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), and
there cannot be any other factors since the graph has no other x-intercepts. The graph passes
through these three x-intercepts without any flattening behavior, so they are single zeros. Filling
in what we know so far about the function: 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 3). To find the value
of a, we can use the y-intercept, (0, 3):
3 = 𝑎𝑎(0 + 2)(0 − 1)(0 − 3)
3 = 6𝑎𝑎
Last edited 3/16/15

1
𝑎𝑎 =
2
1
Then we conclude that 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2 (𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 3).

39. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −(𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥𝑥 − 2)

1
41. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = − 24 (𝑥𝑥 + 3)(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 4)
1
43. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 24 (𝑥𝑥 + 4)(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 3)2
3
45. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 32 (𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥𝑥 − 3)2
1
47. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 6 (𝑥𝑥 + 3)(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)3
1
49. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = − 16 (𝑥𝑥 + 3)(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥𝑥 − 4)

51. See the diagram below. The area of the rectangle is 𝐴𝐴 = 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥, and 𝑦𝑦 = 5 − 𝑥𝑥 2 , so 𝐴𝐴 =
2𝑥𝑥(5 − 𝑥𝑥 2 ) = 10𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 3 . Using technology, evaluate the 5
3
maximum of 10𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 . The 𝑦𝑦-value will be maximum area,
𝑦𝑦
and the 𝑥𝑥-value will be half of base length. Dividing the 𝑦𝑦-
−𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
value by the 𝑥𝑥-value gives us the height of the rectangle. The
2𝑥𝑥
maximum is at 𝑥𝑥 = 1.29, 𝑦𝑦 = 8.61. So, Base = 2.58,
Height = 6.67. 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 51

Section 3.4 Solutions

1. b 3. a
3
5. Vertical asymptote: 𝑥𝑥 = −4, Horizontal asymptote: 𝑦𝑦 = 2, Vertical intercept: (0, − 4),
3
Horizontal intercept: (2 , 0). For problem 5, the vertical asymptote is 𝑥𝑥 = −4 because that gives

a 0 in the denominator, which makes the function undefined. The horizontal asymptote is 𝑦𝑦 = 2,
because since the degrees are equal in the numerator, and denominator, the ratio of the leading
3 3
coefficients the answer. The vertical intercept is (0, − 4) because 𝑓𝑓(0) = − 4 , and the
3 3
horizontal intercept is (2 , 0), because when the function 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) = 0, 𝑥𝑥 = 2.
Last edited 3/16/15

7. Vertical asymptote: 𝑥𝑥 = 2, Horizontal asymptote: 𝑦𝑦 = 0, Vertical intercept: (0, 1),

Horizontal intercept: none. For this problem, the vertical asymptote is 𝑥𝑥 = 2 because 𝑥𝑥 = 2,
gives a 0 in the denominator, which is undefined. The horizontal asymptote is 𝑦𝑦 = 0, because
there is only an 𝑥𝑥 in the denominator, so as → ∞, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0. The vertical intercept is (0, 1)
because 𝑓𝑓(0) = 1, and there is no horizontal intercept because when 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0, there is no
solution for 𝑥𝑥.

4
9. Vertical asymptotes: = −4 , 3, Horizontal asymptote: 𝑦𝑦 = 1, Vertical intercept:
5 1
(0, 16), Horizontal intercepts: �− 3 , 0� , (5, 0). There are two vertical asymptotes because the

denominator is equal to 0 for two different values of 𝑥𝑥. The horizontal asymptote is 𝑦𝑦 = 1,
because when the degrees in the numerator and denominator are equal, the ratio of their
5 5
coefficients is 1. The vertical intercept is 16, because 𝑓𝑓(0) = 16
, and the horizontal intercepts
1 1
are − 3, 5 because when 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0, 𝑥𝑥 can equal both − 3, and 5.

11. Vertical asymptote: there is no vertical asymptote, Horizontal asymptote: 𝑦𝑦 = 1, Vertical

intercept: (0, 3), Horizontal intercept: (−3, 0). Since 𝑥𝑥 = 1 gives a 0 in both the numerator and
the denominator, it does not give a vertical asymptote for problem 11. The horizontal asymptote
is 𝑦𝑦 = 1, because since the degrees are equal in the numerator, and denominator, the leading
coefficient is the answer. The vertical intercept is (0, 3) because 𝑓𝑓(0) = 3, and the horizontal
intercept is (-3, 0), because when the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0, 𝑥𝑥 = −3.

13. Vertical asymptote: 𝑥𝑥 = 3, Horizontal asymptote: There is no horizontal asymptote, Vertical

1 1
intercept: (0, 4 ), Horizontal intercepts: (−1, 0), ( 2 , 0). For problem 13, the vertical asymptote is

𝑥𝑥 = 3 because that gives a 0 in the denominator, which makes the function undefined. Since the
degree in the numerator than the degree in the denominator there is no horizontal asymptote,
1 1
because as 𝑥𝑥 → ∞, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) → ∞. The vertical intercept is (0, 4 ), because 𝑓𝑓(0) = 4 , and the
1 1
horizontal intercepts are (−1, 0), ( 2 , 0), because when the function f=0, x=-1 or 2.

15. Vertical asymptotes: x = 0, and x = 4, Horizontal asymptote: y = 0, Vertical intercept: none,

2
Horizontal intercepts: (−2, 0), (3 , 0). For problem 15, the vertical asymptotes are at 𝑥𝑥 =
Last edited 3/16/15

0 and 𝑥𝑥 = 4, because that is where the denominator becomes zero and the function becomes
undefined. The horizontal asymptote is 0 because the highest degree in the denominator is
bigger than the highest degree in the numerator. The vertical intercept is undefined because
2
𝑓𝑓(0) = −4/0, which is undefined, and the horizontal intercepts are (−2, 0), (3 , 0), because

when 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0, 𝑥𝑥 = −2, 2/3.

15
17. Vertical asymptotes: 𝑥𝑥 = −2, 4, Horizontal asymptote: 𝑦𝑦 = 1, Vertical intercept: (0, − 16) ,

Horizontal intercepts, (1, 0), (-3, 0), and (5, 0). The numerator and denominator are already
given in factored form, making it easier to find the vertical asymptotes and horizontal intercepts.
Computing 𝑤𝑤(0) gives the vertical intercept. For the horizontal asymptote, observe that if the
numerator and denominator were each multiplied out, they’d both have a leading term of 𝑥𝑥 3 , so
they each have the same degree and the leading coefficient 1, giving the horizontal asymptote
𝑦𝑦 = 1.

19. (𝑥𝑥 + 1) gives us a zero at 𝑥𝑥 = −1, (𝑥𝑥 − 2) gives us a zero at 𝑥𝑥 = 2. (𝑥𝑥 − 5) and (𝑥𝑥 + 5)
give us vertical asymptotes at 5 and −5 respectively, because these values give us undefined
2
terms. Using this we then plug 𝑥𝑥 = 0 into our equation which gives us − 25 however, we need
50(𝑥𝑥−2)(𝑥𝑥+1)
this to equal 4, so multiplying by 50 does the trick. 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥−5)(𝑥𝑥+5)

21. Refer to problem 19. To get 7, we look at the long run behavior of 𝑦𝑦 as 𝑥𝑥 → ∞. If we expand
the numerator and denominator of our function we get that they both have degree 2. Then we get
a horizontal asymptote at 1, so multiplying our function by 7 gives us a horizontal asymptote at
7(𝑥𝑥−4)(𝑥𝑥+6)
7. 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥+4)(𝑥𝑥+5)

23. See problem 21 and/or problem 19. To get a double zero at 𝑥𝑥 = 2, we need the numerator to
be able to be broken down into two factors both of which are zero at 𝑥𝑥 = 2. So, (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 appears
in the numerator.

25. . This graph has vertical asymptotes at 𝑥𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥𝑥 = 4, which gives us our denominator.
The function’s only zero is at 𝑥𝑥 = 3, so we get an (𝑥𝑥 − 3) term in our numerator. Evaluating our
Last edited 3/16/15

(𝑥𝑥−3) 1
function so far, 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥−4)(𝑥𝑥+3), at zero we get 4 , but the graph has 𝑦𝑦 = 1 at 𝑥𝑥 = 0, so multiplying
4(𝑥𝑥−3)
the function by 4 gives us our desired result, 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥−4)(𝑥𝑥+3)

9(𝑥𝑥−2)
27. 𝑦𝑦 = − (𝑥𝑥−3)(𝑥𝑥+3) see problem 25.

(𝑥𝑥−2)(𝑥𝑥+3)
29. 𝑦𝑦 = This function has zeros at −3 and 2, so this gives us a numerator of (𝑥𝑥 +
3(𝑥𝑥−1)

3)(𝑥𝑥 − 2). We have a vertical asymptote at 𝑥𝑥 = 1 so we get a (𝑥𝑥 − 1) term in the denominator.
Then evaluating our function so far at zero, we get 6, so including a 3 in our denominator gives
us our desired result of having 𝑦𝑦(0) = 2.

3(𝑥𝑥−1)2
31. 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥−2)(𝑥𝑥+3) This function has a zero at 𝑥𝑥 = 1 and vertical asymptotes at 𝑥𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥𝑥 =
(𝑥𝑥−1)
−3. However, we need to have an increasing function in the region −3 < 𝑥𝑥 < 1 and (𝑥𝑥−2)(𝑥𝑥+3) is

decreasing in this region. If we square our numerator we get this outcome without changing any
of our zeros or vertical asymptotes. Then we multiply our new function by 3 to get our correct 𝑦𝑦-
intercept.

2𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥−3)
33. 𝑦𝑦 = − (𝑥𝑥−4)(𝑥𝑥+3) see problem 31

(𝑥𝑥−1)3
35. 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥+1)(𝑥𝑥−2)2 Knowing that we have vertical asymptotes at 𝑥𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥𝑥 = 2, we get that

we need an (𝑥𝑥 + 1) factor and a (𝑥𝑥 − 2) factor in our denominator. Knowing that we have a zero
at 𝑥𝑥 = 1, we know our denominator is made up of (𝑥𝑥 − 1) terms. To get the function that we
want, we know we need a horizontal asymptote at 2 so our degree of our numerator and
denominator must match. Experimenting with different powers we get (𝑥𝑥 − 1)3 and (𝑥𝑥 +
1)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 .

–(𝑥𝑥−4)3 (𝑥𝑥−4)
37. 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥−4)(𝑥𝑥+1) + 1. To get a “hole” or a non-value at 𝑥𝑥 = 4, having a (𝑥𝑥−4) term will cancel

everywhere with the exception of 𝑥𝑥 = 4 where the function will be undefined. Then, knowing
that there is a vertical asymptote at 𝑥𝑥 = −1 we have a (𝑥𝑥 + 1) term in the denominator.
Multiplying by (−3) and then adding 1 gives our desired shifts.
Last edited 3/16/15

39. (a) To get the percentage of water (non-acid) in the beaker we take (𝑛𝑛 + 16) our total
amount of water and divide by our total amount of solution (𝑛𝑛 + 20). Then to get the percent of
(𝑛𝑛+16)
acid, we subtract the percent of water from 1, or 1 − (𝑛𝑛+20).
(10+16)
(b) Using our equation from part (a), we get 1 − (10+20) = 13.33%
𝑛𝑛+16 (𝑛𝑛+16)
(c) To get 4%, we use our equation from part (a) to solve: 4 = 1 − 𝑛𝑛+20 → −3 = (𝑛𝑛+20) →

−3𝑛𝑛 − 60 = 𝑛𝑛 + 16 → 𝑛𝑛 = 19𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.
𝑛𝑛+16
(d) As 𝑛𝑛 → ∞, 𝑛𝑛+20 → 1, because the denominator and numerator have the same degree. So,
𝑛𝑛+16
as → ∞, 1 − 𝑛𝑛+20 → 0. This means that our acid becomes insignificant compared to the water.

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏
41. (a) We are given the form 𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐+𝑑𝑑
for the equation, so we need to find values for

𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐, and 𝑑𝑑. Notice that there is more than one correct solution, since multiplying the
numerator and denominator by the same value gives an equivalent function (for example,
3
multiplying by, say, 3, does not change the value of an expression). This means we are free to

choose a value for one of the unknown numbers, but once that’s chosen, the values of the other
three must follow from the given information. For this solution, let’s start by choosing 𝑐𝑐 = 1.

We are told that when Oscar is “far down the hallway”, the meter reads 0.2. The word “far”
implies that this is the long-run behavior, so the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦𝑦 = 0.2. For the given
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
form of 𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥), the horizontal asymptote has the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐 , so 𝑐𝑐 = 0.2. Since we previously

decided to let 𝑐𝑐 = 1, we now know 𝑎𝑎 = 0.2. Other language in the problem implies that 𝑚𝑚(6) =
2.3 and 𝑚𝑚(8) = 4.4 (assuming 𝑥𝑥 = 0 at the entrance to the room). We can plug in these values
0.2∗6+𝑏𝑏 0.2∗8+𝑏𝑏
for 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥) to get the equations: 2.3 = 6+𝑑𝑑
and 4.4 = 8+𝑑𝑑
. Simplify these equations

by multiplying both sides of each by the respective denominators. Solve the resulting system of
equations (perhaps using substitution), which gives 𝑏𝑏 = −10.4 and 𝑑𝑑 = −10, so the equation is
0.2𝑥𝑥−10.4
𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥−10
. (As previously stated, answers may vary, so long as the equations are
𝑥𝑥−52
equivalent. For example, a second possible solution is 𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥) = 5𝑥𝑥−50. To show this is
5
equivalent, multiply the previous answer by 5.)
Last edited 3/16/15

(b) The given values 10 and 100 are meter readings, so substitute them for 𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥) and solve for 𝑥𝑥.
When 𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥) = 10:
0.2𝑥𝑥 − 10.4
10 =
𝑥𝑥 − 10
10𝑥𝑥 − 100 = 0.2𝑥𝑥 − 10.4
9.8𝑥𝑥 = 89.6
𝑥𝑥 ≈ 9.143
The algebra is similar when 𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥) = 100, yielding 𝑥𝑥 ≈ 9.916.

(c) The meter reading increases as Oscar gets closer to the magnet. The graph of the function for
(a) has a vertical asymptote at 𝑥𝑥 = 10, for which the graph shoots up when approaching from the
left, so the magnet is 10 feet into the room. This is consistent with our answers for (b), in which
𝑥𝑥 gets closer to 10 as the meter reading increases.

𝑘𝑘
43. (a) To solve for 𝑘𝑘, we plug 𝑐𝑐 = 1 and 𝑑𝑑 = 20 into our equation 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑑𝑑2 and we get 𝑘𝑘 =

400.
(b) To get from 15 miles/hour to feet/sec we use the following calculation:
1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 5280𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 1 1ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
(15) � �� � �ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜� �60𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚� �60sec� = 22 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠. The distance of Olav from point 𝑎𝑎 is (33 −
1 1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

22𝑡𝑡). Then, our total distance to the stoplight is 𝑑𝑑 = �102 + (33 − 22𝑡𝑡)2 which simplifies to
400
𝑑𝑑 = √1189 − 1452𝑡𝑡 + 484𝑡𝑡 2 . So, our function is 𝐶𝐶(𝑡𝑡) = 1189−1452𝑡𝑡+4842.

(c) The light will shine on Olav the brightest when he has travelled 33 feet. To solve for
what time this will happen, we solve the equation 22𝑡𝑡 = 33 for 𝑡𝑡. So, the light will be the
brightest at 1.5 seconds.
400
(d) 2 = 1189−1452𝑡𝑡+484𝑡𝑡 2 to solve for 𝑡𝑡 we get 200 = 1189 − 1452𝑡𝑡 + 484𝑡𝑡 2 or 0 =
23 43
989 − 1452𝑡𝑡 + 484𝑡𝑡 2 . Using the quadratic formula, we get 𝑡𝑡 = 22 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 22
.

3.5 Solutions to Exercises

1. Domain: 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 4. By determining the vertex of this transformed function as (4,0), we know x
has to be 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 4 for f(x) to be a one-to-one non-decreasing function. To find the inverse:
Last edited 3/16/15

𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 − 4)2

±�𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 4

−4 ± �𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥

Since we restricted the domain of the function to 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 4, the range of the inverse function should
be the same, telling us to use the positive case. So 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑦𝑦) = −4 + �𝑦𝑦.

3. Domain: 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 0, because this parabola opens down with a vertex of (0, 12). To find the
inverse:
𝑦𝑦 = 12 − 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑥𝑥 2 = 12 − 𝑦𝑦

𝑥𝑥 = ±� 12 − 𝑦𝑦
Since we restricted the domain of the function to 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 0, the range of the inverse function should
be the same, telling us to use the negative case. So 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑦𝑦) = −�12 − 𝑦𝑦.

5. Domain: all real numbers, because this function is always one-to-one and increasing. To find
the inverse:
𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 3 + 1
𝑦𝑦 − 1 = 3𝑥𝑥 3
𝑦𝑦 − 1
= 𝑥𝑥 3
3
3 𝑦𝑦−1
. 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑦𝑦) = � 3

3
7. 𝑦𝑦 = 9 + √4𝑥𝑥 − 4 9. 𝑦𝑦 = 9 + 2 √𝑥𝑥
3
𝑦𝑦 − 9 = √4𝑥𝑥 − 4 𝑦𝑦 − 9 = 2 √𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦−9 3
(𝑦𝑦 − 9)2 = 4𝑥𝑥 − 4 = √𝑥𝑥
2

𝑦𝑦−9 3
(𝑦𝑦 − 9)2 = 4𝑥𝑥 − 4 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑦𝑦) = � �
2

(𝑦𝑦 − 9)2 + 4 = 4𝑥𝑥

(𝑦𝑦−9)2
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑦𝑦) = +1
4
Last edited 3/16/15

2 𝑥𝑥+3
11. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥+8 13. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥+7

𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥 + 8) = 2 𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥 + 7) = 𝑥𝑥 + 3
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 8𝑦𝑦 = 2 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 7𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 3
2−8𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 = 3 − 7𝑦𝑦

𝑥𝑥(𝑦𝑦 − 1) = 3 − 7𝑦𝑦
3−7𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑦𝑦−1

5𝑦𝑦−4
15. Using the same algebraic methods as Problem 13, we get 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑦𝑦) = 4𝑦𝑦+3.

17. 𝑣𝑣 ≈ 65.57 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ. This problem is asking for the speed (𝑣𝑣) given the length (𝑙𝑙) so you can
plug in 215 for L and solve.

19. 𝑣𝑣 ≈ 34.07 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ. Refer to problem 17 (with 𝑟𝑟 for radius instead of 𝑙𝑙 for length)

21. Impose a coordinate system with the origin at the bottom of the ditch. Then the parabola
will be in the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 , and the points on either side at the top of the ditch are (-10, 10) and
(10, 10). Plugging either into the general form and solving for 𝑎𝑎 gives 𝑎𝑎 = 0.1. To find the 𝑥𝑥-
coordinates where the water meets the edges of the ditch, plug 5 into 𝑦𝑦 = 0.1𝑥𝑥 2 for 𝑦𝑦. Solving
for 𝑥𝑥 gives approximately 7.07. Note that this is just half of the width of the surface of the water,
so the entire width is about 14.14 feet.
23. (a) ℎ = −2𝑥𝑥 2 + 124𝑥𝑥 Since the slope of the cliff is −4, the equation of the cliff is 𝑦𝑦 =
−4𝑥𝑥. Then the equations relating the height h of the rocket above the sloping ground is the
height of the ground subtracted from the height of the rocket.
(b) The maximum height of the rocket over the ground is at the vertex of the parabola. To
𝑏𝑏
find the vertex you first want to solve for the 𝑥𝑥 coordinate of the vertex: �− 2𝑎𝑎�. So ℎ =
124
−2𝑥𝑥 2 + 124𝑥𝑥, then 𝑎𝑎 = −2, 𝑏𝑏 = 124, so �− 2(−2)� = 𝑥𝑥 = 31. To find the vertex you can then

plug in your x coordinate of the vertex into your function: ℎ = −2(31)2 + 124(31) =1922 feet.
So the rocket’s maximum height above the ground is 1922 feet.
Last edited 3/16/15

(c) To find a function for 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔𝑔(ℎ), solve ℎ = −2𝑥𝑥 2 + 124𝑥𝑥 for 𝑥𝑥:
ℎ = −2𝑥𝑥 2 + 124𝑥𝑥
2𝑥𝑥 2 − 124𝑥𝑥 + ℎ = 0
124±√15,376−8ℎ
𝑥𝑥 = by the quadratic formula
4

62−√3,844−2ℎ
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔𝑔(ℎ) = by reducing and taking the negative root in the numerator to give the
2

lower of the two possible 𝑥𝑥-coordinates, since the rocket is going up on the left half of the
parabola.
(d) The function given in (c) does not work when the function is going down. We would
have had to choose the positive root in the numerator to give the right half of the parabola.
Last edited 3/16/15

4.1 Solutions to Exercises

1. Linear, because the average rate of change between any pair of points is constant.

3. Exponential, because the difference of consecutive inputs is constant and the ratio of
consecutive outputs is constant.

5. Neither, because the average rate of change is not constant nor is the difference of consecutive
inputs constant while the ratio of consecutive outputs is constant.

7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 11,000(1.085)𝑥 You want to use your exponential formula f(x)= 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 You know the
initial value a is 11,000. Since 𝑏, your growth factor, is 𝑏 = 1 ± 𝑟, where 𝑟 is the percent
(written as a decimal) of growth/decay, 𝑏 = 1.085. This gives you every component of your
exponential function to plug in.

9. 𝑓(𝑥) = 23,900(1.09)𝑥 𝑓(8) = 47,622. You know the fox population is 23,900, in 2010, so
that’s your initial value. Since 𝑏, your growth factor is 𝑏 = 1 ± 𝑟, where 𝑟 is the percent
(written as a decimal) of growth/decay, 𝑏 = 1.09. This gives you every component of your
exponential function and produces the function𝑓(𝑥) = 23,900(1.09)𝑥 . You’re trying to
evaluate the fox population in 2018, which is 8 years after 2010, the time of your initial value.
So if you evaluate your function when 𝑥 = 8, because 2018 − 2010 = 8, you can estimate the
population in 2018.

11. 𝑓(𝑥) = 32,500(. 95) 𝑥 𝑓(12) = $17,561.70. You know the value of the car when
purchased is 32,500, so that’s your initial value. Since your growth factor is 𝑏 = 1 ± 𝑟, where 𝑟
is the percent (written as a decimal) of growth/decay, 𝑏 = .95 This gives you every component
of your exponential function produces the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 32,500(. 95) 𝑥 . You’re trying to
evaluate the value of the car 12 years after it’s purchased. So if you evaluate your function when
𝑥 = 12, you can estimate the value of the car after 12 years.
Last edited 3/16/15

13. We want a function in the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 . Note that 𝑓(0) = 𝑎𝑏 0 = 𝑎; since (0, 6) is a
given point, 𝑓(0) = 6, so we conclude 𝑎 = 6. We can plug the other point (3, 750), into 𝑓(𝑥) =
6𝑏 𝑥 to solve for b: 750 = 6(𝑏)3. Solving gives 𝑏 = 5, so 𝑓(𝑥) = 6(5)𝑥 .

15. We want a function in the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 . Note that 𝑓(0) = 𝑎𝑏 0 = 𝑎; since (0, 2000) is
a given point, 𝑓(0) = 2000, so we conclude 𝑎 = 2000. We can plug the other point (2, 20) into
𝑓(𝑥) = 2000𝑏 𝑥 , giving 20 = 2000(𝑏)2 . Solving for b, we get 𝑏 = 0.1, so 𝑓(𝑥) = 2000(. 1)𝑥 .

17. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3(2)𝑥 For this problem, you are not given an initial value, so using the coordinate
3
points your given, (−1, ) , (3, 24) you can solve for 𝑏 and then 𝑎. You know for the first
2
3 3 𝑎 3𝑏
coordinate point, (2) = 𝑎(𝑏)−1 . You can now solve for a in terms of 𝑏: (2) = 𝑏 → ( 2 ) = 𝑎 .
3𝑏
Once you know this, you can substitute ( 2 ) = 𝑎 , into your general equation, with your other
3𝑏
coordinate point, to solve for b: 24 = ( 2 ) (𝑏)3 → 48 = 3𝑏 4 → 16 = 𝑏 4 → 𝑏 = 2. So you

have now solved for 𝑏. Once you have done that you can solve for a, by using what you
calculated for 𝑏, and one of the coordinate points your given: 24 = 𝑎(2)3 → 24 = 8𝑎 → 𝑎 =
3. So now that you’ve solved for a and b, you can come up with your general equation: 𝑓(𝑥) =
3(2)𝑥 .

19. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2.93(. 699)𝑥 For this problem, you are not given an initial value, so using the
coordinate points you’re given, (−2,6), (3, 1) you can solve for 𝑏 and then 𝑎. You know for the
1
first coordinate point, 1 = 𝑎(𝑏)3 . You can now solve for a in terms of 𝑏: = 𝑎 . Once you
𝑏3
1
know this, you can substitute𝑏3 = 𝑎 , into your general equation, with your other coordinate
1 1
point, to solve for 𝑏: 6 = 𝑏3 (𝑏)−2 → 6𝑏 5 = 1 → 𝑏 5 = 6 → 𝑏 = .699. So you have now

solved for 𝑏. Once you have done that you can solve for 𝑎, by using what you calculated for 𝑏,
and one of the coordinate points you’re given: 6 = 𝑎(. 699)−2 → 6=2.047𝑎 → 𝑎 = 2.93. So
now that you’ve solved for 𝑎 and 𝑏, you can come up with your general equation: 𝑓(𝑥) =
2.93(. 699) 𝑥
Last edited 3/16/15

1
21. 𝑓(𝑥) = (2)𝑥 For this problem, you are not given an initial value, so using the coordinate
8

points you’re given, (3,1), (5, 4) you can solve for 𝑏 and then 𝑎. You know for the first
coordinate point, 1 = 𝑎(𝑏)3 . You can now solve for a in terms of 𝑏: 1/𝑏 3 = 𝑎 . Once you
1
know this, you can substitute𝑏3 = 𝑎 , into your general equation, with your other coordinate
1
point, to solve for 𝑏: 4 = 𝑏3 (𝑏)5 → 4 = 𝑏 2 → 𝑏 = 2 . So you have now solved for 𝑏. Once

you have done that you can solve for a, by using what you calculated for 𝑏, and one of the
coordinate points your given: 1 = 𝑎(2)3 → 1 = 8𝑎 → 𝑎 = 1/8. So now that you’ve solved
1
for 𝑎 and 𝑏, you can come up with your general equation: 𝑓(𝑥) = 8 (2)𝑥

23. 33.58 milligrams. To solve this problem, you want to use the exponential growth/decay
formula , 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑏)𝑥 , to solve for b, your growth factor. Your starting amount is a, so a=100
mg. You are given a coordinate, (35,50), which you can plug into the formula to solve for b,
your effective growth rate giving you your exponential formula 𝑓(𝑥) = 100(0.98031)𝑥 Then
you can plug in your 𝑥 = 54, to solve for your substance.

25. $1,555,368.09 Annual growth rate: 1.39% To solve this problem, you want to use the
exponential growth/decay formula f(x)=𝑎𝑏 𝑥 First create an equation using the initial conditions,
the price of the house in 1985, to solve for a. You can then use the coordinate point you’re given
to solve for b. Once you’ve found a, and b, you can use your equation
f(x)=110,000(1.0139)𝑥 to predict the value for the given year.

27. $4,813.55 To solve this problem, you want to use the exponential growth/decay formula
f(x)=𝑎𝑏 𝑥 First create an equation using the initial conditions, the value of the car in 2003, to
solve for a. You can then use the coordinate point you’re given to solve for b. Once you’ve
found a, and b, you can use your equation f(x)=38,000(.81333)𝑥 to predict the value for the
given year.

29. Annually: $7353.84 Quarterly: $47469.63 Monthly: $7496.71 Continuously: $7,501.44.

𝑟
Using the compound interest formula A(t)=𝑎(1 + 𝐾)𝐾𝑡 you can plug in your starting amount,
Last edited 3/16/15

$4000 to solve for each of the three conditions, annually—𝑘 = 1, quarterly—𝑘 = 4, and
monthly—𝑘 = 12. You then need to plug your starting amount, $4000 into the continuous
growth equation f(x)=𝑎𝑒 𝑟𝑥 to solve for continuous compounding.

𝑟
31. APY= .03034 ≈ 3.03% You want to use the APY formula 𝑓(𝑥) = (1 + 𝐾)𝐾 -1 you are given

a rate of 3% to find your r and since you are compounding quarterly K=4

33. 𝑡 = 7.4 years To find out when the population of bacteria will exceed 7569 you can plug
that number into the given equation as P(t) and solve for t. To solve for t, first isolate the
exponential expression by dividing both sides of the equation by 1600, then take the ln of both
sides of the equation, utilizing the exponent property for logs to pull the variable out of the
exponent, then use algebra to solve for t.

35. (a) 𝑤(𝑡) = 1.1130(1.0464)𝑡 For this problem, you are not given an initial value, since
1960 corresponds to 0, 1968 would correspond to 8 and so on, giving you the
points (8,1.60) (16,2.30) you can use these points to solve for 𝑏 and then 𝑎. You know for the
1.60
first coordinate point, 1.60 = 𝑎𝑏 8 . You can now solve for a in terms of 𝑏: = 𝑎 . Once you
𝑏8
1.60
know this, you can substitute = 𝑎 , into your general equation, with your other coordinate
𝑏8
1.60 2.30
point, to solve for b: 2.30 = (𝑏)16 → 1.60𝑏 8 = 2.30 → 𝑏 8 = → 𝑏 = 1.0464. So
𝑏8 1.60

you have now solved for b. Once you have done that you can solve for 𝑎, by using what you
calculated for 𝑏, and one of the coordinate points you’re given: 2.30 = 𝑎(1.0464)16 →
2.30 = 2.0664𝑎 → 𝑎 = 1.1130. So now that you’ve solved for 𝑎 and 𝑏, you can come up
with your general equation: 𝑤(𝑡) = 1.1130(1.0464)𝑡
(b) $1.11 using the equation you found in part a you can find w(0)
(c) The actual minimum wage is less than the model predicted, using the equation you found
in part a you can find w(36) which would correspond to the year 1996

37. (a) 512 dimes the first square would have 1 dime which is 20 the second would have 2
dimes which is 21 and so on, so the tenth square would have 29 or 512 dimes
Last edited 3/16/15

(b) 2𝑛−1 if n is the number of the square you are on the first square would have 1 dime
which is 21−1 the second would have 2 dimes which is 22−1 the fifteenth square would have
16384 dimes which is 215−1
(c) 263 , 264−1
(d) 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 mm
(e) There are 1 million millimeters in a kilometer, so the stack of dimes is about
9,223,372,036,855 km high, or about 9,223,372 million km. This is approximately 61,489 times
greater than the distance of the earth to the sun.

4.2 Solutions to Exercises

1. b 3. a 5. e

7. The value of b affects the steepness of the slope, and graph D has the highest positive slope it
has the largest value for b.

9. The value of a is your initial value, when your 𝑥 = 0. Graph C has the largest value for a.

11. The function changes 𝑥 to – 𝑥, which 13. The function will shift the function
will reflect the graph across the y-axis. three units up.
Last edited 3/16/15

15. The function will shift the function two units to the right.

17. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 4 19. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4(𝑥+2) 21. 𝑓(𝑥) = −4𝑥

23. as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → −∞. When 𝑥 is approaching +∞, 𝑓(𝑥) becomes negative because 4𝑥
is multiplied by a negative number.
as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓(𝑥) = −1. As 𝑥 approaches−∞, 𝑓(𝑥) approaches 1, because −5(4−𝑥 ) will
approach 0, which means 𝑓(𝑥) approaches -1 as it’s shifted down one.
1 𝑥
25. as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → −2 As 𝑥 approaches +∞, 𝑓(𝑥) approaches -2, because 3 (2) will

approach 0, which means 𝑓(𝑥) approaches -2 as it’s shifted down 2.

1 −𝑥
as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → +∞ because (2) = (2)𝑥 so 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞.

27. as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → 2 As 𝑥 approaches +∞, 𝑓(𝑥) approaches 2, because 3(4)−𝑥 will

approach 0, which means 𝑓(𝑥) approaches 2 as it’s shifted up 2.
1 𝑥
as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞ because (4)−𝑥 = (4) so 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞.

29. 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥+2 + 1 flipped about the x-axis, horizontal shift 2 units to the left, vertical
shift 1 unit up
31. 𝑓(𝑥) = −2−𝑥 + 2 flipped about the x-axis, flipped about the y-axis, vertical shift 2 units up
33. 𝑓(𝑥) = −2(3)𝑥 + 7 The form of an exponential function is 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐. This equation
has a horizontal asymptote at 𝑥 = 7 so we know 𝑐 = 7, you can also now solve for 𝑎 and 𝑏
by choosing two other points on the graph, in this case (0,5) an (1,1), you can then plug
(0,5) into your general equation and solve for 𝑎 algebraically, and then use your second
point to solve for 𝑏.
Last edited 3/16/15

1 𝑥
35. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 (2) − 4 The form of an exponential function is 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐. This equation has

a horizontal asymptote at 𝑥 = −4 so we know 𝑐 = −4, you can also now solve for 𝑎 and 𝑏
by choosing two other points on the graph, in this case (0,-2) an (-1,0), you can then plug
(0,-2) into your general equation and solve for 𝑎 algebraically, and then use your second
point to solve for 𝑏.

4.3 Solutions to Exercises

1. 4𝑚 = 𝑞 use the inverse property of logs log 𝑏 𝑐=a is equivalent to 𝑏 𝑎 =c

3. 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏 use the inverse property of logs log 𝑏 𝑐=a is equivalent to 𝑏 𝑎 =c

5. 10𝑡 = 𝑣 use the inverse property of logs log 𝑏 𝑐=a is equivalent to 𝑏 𝑎 =c

7. 𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑤 use the inverse property of logs log 𝑏 𝑐=a is equivalent to 𝑏 𝑎 =c

9. log 4 𝑦 = 𝑥 use the inverse property of logs 𝑏 𝑎 =c is equivalent to log 𝑏 𝑐=a

11. log 𝑐 𝑘 = 𝑑 use the inverse property of logs 𝑏 𝑎 =c is equivalent to log 𝑏 𝑐=a

13. log 𝑏 = 𝑎 use the inverse property of logs 𝑏 𝑎 =c is equivalent to log 𝑏 𝑐=a

15. ln ℎ = 𝑘 use the inverse property of logs 𝑏 𝑎 =c is equivalent to log 𝑏 𝑐=a

17. 𝑥 = 9 solve using the inverse properties of logs to rewrite the logarithmic expression as the
exponential expression 32 = 𝑥 then solve for x

1
19. 𝑥 = 8 solve using the inverse properties of logs to rewrite the logarithmic expression as the

exponential expression 2−3 = 𝑥 then solve for x

21. 𝑥 = 1000 solve using the inverse properties of logs to rewrite the logarithmic expression as
the exponential expression 103 = 𝑥 then solve for x
Last edited 3/16/15

23. 𝑥 = 𝑒 2 solve using the inverse properties of logs to rewrite the logarithmic expression as the
exponential expression 𝑒 2 = 𝑥

25. 2 solve using the inverse properties of logs to rewrite the logarithmic expression as the
exponential expression 5𝑥 = 25 then solve for x

27. −3 solve using the inverse properties of logs to rewrite the logarithmic expression as the
1
exponential expression 3𝑥 = 27 then solve for x

1
29. solve using the inverse properties of logs to rewrite the logarithmic expression as the
2

exponential expression 6𝑥 = √6 then solve for x

31. 4 solve using the inverse properties of logs to rewrite the logarithmic expression as the
exponential expression 10𝑥 = 10,000 then solve for x

33. −3 solve using the inverse properties of logs to rewrite the logarithmic expression as the
exponential expression 10𝑥 = 0.001 then solve for x

35. −2 solve using the inverse properties of logs to rewrite the logarithmic expression as the
exponential expression 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 −2 then solve for x

37. 𝑥 = −1.398 use calculator

39. 𝑥 = 2.708 use calculator

41. 𝑥 ≈ 1.639 Take the log or ln of both sides of the equation, utilizing the exponent property
for logs to pull the variable out of the exponent, then use algebra to solve for x.

43. 𝑥 ≈ −1.392 Take the log or ln of both sides of the equation, utilizing the exponent property
for logs to pull the variable out of the exponent, then use algebra to solve for x.

45. 𝑥 ≈ 0.567 Take the log or ln of both sides of the equation, utilizing the exponent property
for logs to pull the variable out of the exponent, then use algebra to solve for x.
Last edited 3/16/15

47. 𝑥 ≈ 2.078 Take the log or ln of both sides of the equation, utilizing the exponent property
for logs to pull the variable out of the exponent, then use algebra to solve for x.

49. 𝑥 ≈ 54.449 First isolate the exponential expression by dividing both sides of the equation
by 1000 to get it into 𝑏 𝑎 =c form, then take the log or ln of both sides of the equation, utilizing
the exponent property for logs to pull the variable out of the exponent, then use algebra to solve
for x.

51. 𝑥 ≈ 8.314 First isolate the exponential expression by dividing both sides of the equation by
3 to get it into 𝑏 𝑎 =c form, then take the log or ln of both sides of the equation, utilizing the
exponent property for logs to pull the variable out of the exponent, then use algebra to solve for
x.

53. 𝑥 ≈ 13.412 First isolate the exponential expression by dividing both sides of the equation
by 50 to get it into 𝑏 𝑎 =c form, then take the log or ln of both sides of the equation, utilizing the
exponent property for logs to pull the variable out of the exponent, then use algebra to solve for
x.

55. 𝑥 ≈ .678 First isolate the exponential expression by subtracting 10 from both sides of the
equation and then dividing both sides by -8 to get it into 𝑏 𝑎 =c form, then take the log or ln of
both sides of the equation, utilizing the exponent property for logs to pull the variable out of the
exponent, then use algebra to solve for x.

57. 𝑓(𝑡) = 300𝑒 −.094𝑡 You want to change from the form𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎(1 + 𝑟)𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑒 𝑘𝑡 .
From your initial conditions, you can solve for 𝑘 by recognizing that, by using algebra, (1 +
𝑟) = 𝑒 𝑘 . In this case 𝑒 𝑘 = 0.91 Then take the log or ln of both sides of the equation, utilizing
the exponent property for logs to pull the variable out of the exponent, and then use algebra to
solve for k. You then have all the pieces to plug into your continuous growth equation.

59. 𝑓(𝑡) = 10𝑒 .0392𝑡 You want to change from the form 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎(1 + 𝑟)𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑒 𝑘𝑡 .
From your initial conditions, you can solve for 𝑘 by recognizing that, by using algebra, (1 +
𝑟) = 𝑒 𝑘 . In this case 𝑒 𝑘 = 1.04 Then take the log or ln of both sides of the equation, utilizing
Last edited 3/16/15

the exponent property for logs to pull the variable out of the exponent, and then use algebra to
solve for x. You then have all the pieces to plug into your continuous growth equation.

61. 𝑓(𝑡) = 150(1.062)𝑡 You want to change from the form 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎(1 + 𝑟)𝑡 .
You can recognize that, by using algebra, (1 + 𝑟) = 𝑒 𝑘 . You can then solve for 𝑏, because you
are given 𝑘, and you know that 𝑏 = (1 + 𝑟). Once you’ve calculated 𝑏 = 1.06184, you have
solved for all your variables, and can now put your equation into annual growth form.

63. 𝑓(𝑡) = 50(. 988)𝑡 You want to change from the form 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎(1 + 𝑟)𝑡 .
You can recognize that, by using algebra, (1 + 𝑟) = 𝑒 𝑘 . You can then solve for 𝑏, because you
are given 𝑘, and you know that 𝑏 = (1 + 𝑟). Once you’ve calculated 𝑏 = .988072, you have
solved for all your variables, and can now put your equation into annual growth form.

65. 4.78404 years You want to use your exponential growth formula 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑡 and solve for t,
time. You are given your initial value a= 39.8 million and we know that 𝑏 = (1 + 𝑟) you can
solve for b using your rate, r=2.6% so b=1.026. You want to solve for t when f(t)=45 million so
your formula is 45=39.8(1.026)𝑡 . To solve for t, first isolate the exponential expression by
dividing both sides of the equation by 39.8, then take the log or ln of both sides of the equation,
utilizing the exponent property for logs to pull the variable out of the exponent, then use algebra
to solve for t.

67. 74.2313 years You want to use your exponential growth formula 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑡 and first solve for
b. You are given your initial value a=563,374 and you know that after 10 years the population
grew to 608, 660 so you can write your equation 608,660=563,374(𝑏)10 and solve for b getting
1.00776. Now you want to find t when f(t)=1,000,000 so you can set up the equation
1,000,000=563,364(1.00776)𝑡 . To solve for t, first isolate the exponential expression by
dividing both sides of the equation by 563,364, then take the log or ln of both sides of the
equation, utilizing the exponent property for logs to pull the variable out of the exponent, then
use algebra to solve for t.

69. 34.0074 hrs You want to use your exponential decay formula 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑡 and first solve for b.
You are given your initial value a=100mg and you know that after 4 hours the substance decayed
Last edited 3/16/15

to 80mg so you can write your equation 80=100(𝑏)4 and solve for b getting .945742. Now you
want to find t when f(t)=15 so you can set up the equation 15=100(.945742)𝑡 . To solve for t,
first isolate the exponential expression by dividing both sides of the equation by 100, then take
the log or ln of both sides of the equation, utilizing the exponent property for logs to pull the
variable out of the exponent, then use algebra to solve for t.

𝑟
71. 13.5324 months You want to use your compound interest formula A(t)= 𝑎(1 + 𝑘)𝑘𝑡 to solve

for t when f(t)=1500. You are given your initial value a=1000, a rate of r=.03, and it compounds
.03
monthly so k=12. You can then write your equation as 1500=1000(1 + 12 )12𝑡 and solve for t.

To solve for t, first isolate the exponential expression by dividing both sides of the equation by
1000, then take the log or ln of both sides of the equation, utilizing the exponent property for
logs to pull the variable out of the exponent, then use algebra to solve for t.

4.4 Solutions to Exercises

1. log 3 4 simplify using difference of logs property

1
3. log 3 7 the -1 can be pulled inside the log by the exponential property to raise 7 to the − 1

5. log 3 5 simplify using sum of logs property

1 1
7. log 7 2 the 3 can be pulled inside the log by the exponential property to raise 8 to the 3

9. log(6𝑥 9 ) simplify using sum of logs property

11. ln(2𝑥 7 ) simplify using difference of logs property

13. log(𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1)3 ) 𝑥 can be raised to the 2nd power, and (𝑥 + 1) can be raised to the 3rd power
via the exponential property, these two arguments can be multiplied in a single log via the sum of
logs property
Last edited 3/16/15

𝑥𝑧 3 1
15. log ( ) y can be raised to the -2 power, and z to the 3rd power via the exponential
√𝑦

property, then these three arguments can be multiplied in a single log via the sum of logs
property

17. 15 log(𝑥) + 13 log(𝑦) − 19 log(𝑧) expand the logarithm by adding log(𝑥15 ) and
log(𝑦 13 ) (sum property) and subtracting log(𝑧19 ) (difference property) then pull the exponent of
each logarithm in front of the logs (exponential property)

19. 4 ln(𝑏) − 2 ln(𝑎) − 5 ln(𝑐) expand the logarithm by adding ln(𝑏 −4 ) and ln(𝑐 5 ) (sum
property) and subtracting that from ln(𝑎−2 ) (difference property) then pull the exponent of each
logarithm in front of the logs (exponential property)

3 −4
3
21. log(𝑥) − 2 log(𝑦) expand the logarithm by adding log (𝑥 2 ) and log (𝑦 2 ) (sum property)
2

then pull the exponent of each logarithm in front of the logs (exponential property)

1
1 1
23. ln(𝑦) + (2 ln(𝑦) − 2 ln(1 − 𝑦)) expand the logarithm by subtracting ln (𝑦 2 ) and ln ((1 −
1
𝑦)2 ) (difference property) and adding ln(𝑦)(sum property) then pull the exponent of each

logarithm in front of the logs (exponential property)

2 5
25. 2log(𝑥)+3log(𝑦)+3 log(𝑥)+3 log(𝑦) expand the logarithm by adding log(𝑥 2 ) , log(𝑦 3 ) ,
2 5
log (𝑥 3 ) and log (𝑦 3 ) then pull the exponent of each logarithm in from of the logs (exponential

property)

27. 𝑥 ≈ −.7167Take the log or ln of both sides of the equation, utilizing the exponent property
for logs to pull the variable out of the exponent, remembering to keep parenthesis on (4x-7) and
(9x-6), and then use algebra to solve for x.

29. 𝑥 ≈ −6.395 divide both sides by 17 and (1.16)𝑥 using properties of exponents, then take
the log or ln of both sides of the equation, utilizing the exponent property for logs to pull the
variable out of the exponent and then use algebra to solve for x
Last edited 3/16/15

31. 𝑡 ≈ 17.329 divide both sides by 10 and 𝑒 (.12𝑡) using properties of exponents, then ln both
sides of the equation, utilizing the exponent property for logs to pull the variable out of the
exponent, remembering that ln(e)=1, and then use algebra to solve for t

2
33. 𝑥 = 7 rewrite as an exponential expression using the inverse property of logs and a base of 2

and then use algebra to solve for x

1
35. 𝑥 = 3𝑒 ≈ 0.1226 subtract 3 from both sides of the equation and then divide both sides by 2,

then rewrite as an exponential expression using the inverse property of logs and a base of e and
then use algebra to solve for x

3
37. 𝑥 = √100 ≈ 4.642 rewrite as an exponential expression using the inverse property of logs
and a base of 10 and then use algebra to solve for x

39. 𝑥 ≈ 30.158 combine the expression into a single logarithmic expression using the sum of
logs property, then rewrite as an exponential expression using the inverse property of logs and a
base of 10 and then use algebra to solve for x

26
41. 𝑥 = − ≈ −2.8889 combine the expression into a single logarithmic expression using the
9

difference of logs property, then rewrite as an exponential expression using the inverse property
of logs and a base of 10 and then use algebra to solve for x

43. 𝑥 ≈ −.872983 combine the expression into a single logarithmic expression using the
difference of logs property, then rewrite as an exponential expression using the inverse property
of logs and a base of 6 and then use algebra to solve for x

12
45. 𝑥 = combine the expression into a single logarithmic expression using the difference of
11

logs property and the sum of logs property, then rewrite as an exponential expression using the
inverse property of logs and a base of 10 and then use algebra to solve for x
Last edited 3/16/15

47. 𝑥 = 10 combine the expression into a single logarithmic expression using the difference of
logs property and the sum of logs property, then rewrite as an exponential expression using the
inverse property of logs and a base of 10 and then use algebra to solve for x

4.5 Solutions to Exercises

1. Domain: 𝑥 > 5, vertical asymptote: 𝑥 = 5.

3. Domain: 𝑥 < 3, vertical asymptote: 𝑥 = 3.

1 1
5. Domain: 𝑥 > − 3, vertical asymptote: 𝑥 = − 3.

7. Domain: 𝑥 < 0, vertical asymptote: 𝑥 = 0.

9. 11.
log(𝑥)

ln(𝑥)

13. 15.
Last edited 3/16/15

17. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3.3219 log(1 − 𝑥) Use the formula 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑘 and assume the function
has a base of 10, first apply horizontal and vertical transformations if there are any, in this case a
flip about the y-axis and a shift right 1, then to find the coefficient in front of the log plug in a
given point (-1,1) in this case, and solve for a algebraically

19. 𝑓(𝑥) = −6.2877 log(𝑥 + 4) Use the formula 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑘 and assume the function
has a base of 10, first apply horizontal and vertical transformations if there are any, in this case a
shift left 4, then to find the coefficient in front of the log plug in a given point (-1,-3) in this case,
and solve for a algebraically

21. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4.9829 log(𝑥 + 2) Use the formula 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑘 and assume the function
has a base of 10, first apply horizontal and vertical transformations if there are any, in this case a
shift left 2, then to find the coefficient in front of the log plug in a given point (2,3) in this case,
and solve for a algebraically

23. 𝑓(𝑥) = −3.3219 log(5 − 𝑥)Use the formula 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑘 and assume the function
has a base of 10, first apply horizontal and vertical transformations if there are any, in this case a
flip about the y-axis and a shift right 5, then to find the coefficient in front of the log plug in a
given point (0,-2) in this case, and solve for a algebraically

4.6 Solutions to Exercises

1. Letting t represent the number of minutes since the injection, we can model the number of
milligrams remaining, 𝑚(𝑡), as 𝑚(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑏 𝑡 . Knowing that the initial number of milligrams is
13 tells us that 𝑎 = 13, so 𝑚(𝑡) = 13𝑏 𝑡 . Substituting the values in the second sentence of the
problem gives us an equation we can solve for b:
4.75 = 13𝑏12
4.75
= 𝑏12
13
1
4.75 12
𝑏=( ) ≈ 0.9195
13
Last edited 3/16/15

Then 𝑚(𝑡) = 13(0.9257)𝑡 . We now use this model to find out the time at which 2 milligrams
remain:
2 = 13(0.9195)𝑡
2
= (0.9195)𝑡
13
2
log ( ) = log((0.9195)𝑡 )
13
2
log ( ) = 𝑡 log(0.9195)
13
2
log( )
𝑡= 13
≈ 22.3 minutes
log(0.9195)

3. Using the form ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑏 𝑡 , to find the number of milligrams after 𝑡 years, where 𝑎 is the
initial amount of Radium-226 in milligrams, we first find 𝑏 using the half-life of 1590 years:
0.5𝑎 = 𝑎𝑏1590
0.5 = 𝑏1590
1
𝑏 = (0.5)1590
𝑏 ≈ 0.999564
We know also from the problem that 𝑎 = 200. (We could have used this value when solving for
the half-life, but it wasn’t necessary.) Then ℎ(𝑡) = 200(0.999564)𝑡 . To finish the problem, we
compute the number of milligrams after 1000 years:
ℎ(1000) = 200(0.999564)1000
≈ 129.3
About 129.3 of Radium-226 milligrams remain after 1000 years.

5. Using the form ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑏 𝑡 , where 𝑎 is the initial amount in milligrams and 𝑡 is time in hours,
we first find 𝑏 using the half-life of 10.4 hours:
0.5𝑎 = 𝑎𝑏10.4
0.5 = 𝑏10.4
1
𝑏 = (0.5)10.4
𝑏 ≈ 0.935524
Last edited 3/16/15

Then ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑎 ∙ 0.935528𝑡 . To find the original amount of the sample described:
2 = 𝑎 ∙ 0.93552424
2 = 𝑎 ∙ 0.201983
𝑎 ≈ 9.901810
(These numbers were obtained using longer decimals on the calculator instead of the rounded
versions shown here.) In another 3 days, a total of 96 hours have elapsed:
ℎ(96) = 9.901810(0.93552496 )
ℎ(96) ≈ 0.016481
At this point, about 0.01648 mg of Erbium-165 remains.

7. 75.49 min. You are trying to solve for your half life. You first need to solve for your rate of
1
decay, 𝑘, by using the information your given, and plugging it into your general equation, 2 𝑎 =

𝑎𝑒 𝑟𝑡 . By then taking the natural log of both sides you can solve for 𝑘, and with that given
information solve for your half life.

9. 422.169 years ago. You are trying to solve for your time 𝑡 when there is 60% of carbon
present in living trees in your artifact. You first need to solve for your rate of decay, 𝑘, by using
1
the information your given, and plugging it into your general equation, 2 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑟𝑡 . By then

taking the natural log of both sides you can solve for 𝑘, and with that given information solve for
time.

11. (a) 23,700 bacteria.

(b) 14,962 bacteria. You want to use a formula for doubling time for this problem. You
need to first solve for 𝑟, your continuous growth rate. Using the information you are given you
can plug in your values from the original equation 𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑒 𝑟𝑡 , then take the natural log of both
sides to solve for 𝑟. Once you’ve solved for 𝑟 you can use the equation to solve for amount of
bacteria after your two given times.

13. (a) 611 bacteria. (b) 26.02 min. (c) 10,406 bacteria. (d) 107.057 min.
Last edited 3/16/15

To solve part (a) of this problem, you need to first make two equations with the 2 points your
given to solve for 𝑘 algebraically by manipulating the functions so 𝑘 is the only variable. Once
you’ve solved for 𝑘, you can solve part (a), and then solve for the doubling time by using the
general equation 𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑒 𝑟𝑡 , and plugging in the information you’re given, and solve part (b).
You can then plug in given values to solve for (a), (b), (c), and (d).

15. Doubling time 𝑡 ≈ 23.19 years. We can use the compound interest equation from Section
𝑟 𝑘𝑡
4.1, 𝐴(𝑡) = 𝑎 (1 + 𝑘) . To find the doubling time, since 𝐴(𝑡) represents the final amount after

𝑟 𝑘𝑡
time 𝑡 with initial amount 𝑎, we can modify this equation to 2𝑎 = 𝑎 (1 + 𝑘) which, since the

𝑟 𝑘𝑡 0.03 4𝑡
𝑎’s cancel, equals 2 = (1 + 𝑘) . Plugging in the appropriate values gives 2 = (1 + ) . To
4

solve for the doubling time 𝑡, we must take the log of both sides and use properties of logs.

17. 53.258 hours. For this problem, you can use the coordinate point your given, and plug in
another value for 𝑡 to get a second plotted point. Once you’ve done that, you can use the general
formula (𝑡) = 𝑎𝑏 𝑡 , where you know your 𝑎, and can then plug in values to solve for 𝑏. Once
you’ve done that you can find the doubling period by using the equation 2𝑎 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑡 , and taking
the log of both sides.

19. (a) 134.2℉ (b) 1.879 hours, or 112.7 min.

You want to use the formula for Newton’s law of cooling, where Ts is the outside environment’s
temperature, a is a constant, and 𝑘 is the continuous rate of cooling. You can first solve for a for
evaluating 𝑇(𝑡) when 𝑡 = 0. 165 = 𝑎𝑒 0𝑘 + 75. Solving for 𝑎 gives 𝑎 = 90. Use the
temperature after half an hour to find 𝑘. (This solution is using hours as the units for 𝑡; you
could also allow the units to be minutes, which would lead to a different value of 𝑘.)
145 = 90𝑒 0.5𝑘 + 75
7
= 𝑒 0.5𝑘
9
7
ln ( ) = 0.5𝑘
9
𝑘 ≈ −0.5026
Last edited 3/16/15

5
Then 𝑇(𝑡) ≈ 90𝑒 −0.5026𝑡 + 75. Use this formula to solve (a) and (b), substituting 𝑡 = hours
6

for (a), and 𝑇(𝑡) = 110 for (b). The steps to solve for 𝑡 in (b) is similar to what we did to find 𝑘
above.

21. (a)

1000
𝑃(𝑡) =
1 + 9𝑒 −0.6𝑡

(b) 100 fish; plug in 𝑡 = 0

(c) 270 fish; plug in 𝑡 = 2
(d) 7.34 years; let 𝑃(𝑡) = 900 and solve for 𝑡.

23. 0.3162 To evaluate, you want to look at the value on the logarithmic scale, and then set that
equal to 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥). You can then rewrite that in exponential form to solve.

25. 31.623 To evaluate, you want to look at the value on the logarithmic scale, and then set that
equal to 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥). You can then rewrite that in exponential form to solve.

27. 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 𝑗𝑒𝑡

10−10 10−9 10−8 10−7 10−6 10−5 10−4 10−3 10−2 10−1 100 101 102

29. 104.8 or about 63,095.7 times greater. You want to plug in your values into the logarithmic
form for each earthquake. Once you algebraically simplify these two equations, you want to
change them from logarithmic to exponential form. You can then take the difference to see how
many times more intense one of the earthquakes was than the other.
Last edited 3/16/15

31. 5.8167. You know the magnitude of your original earthquake, which you can set to your
equation, and then convert to exponential form. You can then multiply 750 by that exponential
value, to solve for the magnitude of the second quake.

33. (a) 1,640,671 bacteria (b) 1.4 hours

(c) no, at small time values, the quantity is close enough, that you do not need to be worried.
(d) You should not be worried, because both models are within an order of magnitude after 6
hours. Given the equation, you can plug in your time to solve for after 1 hour. You can then use
the doubling formula to solve for 𝑡, by taking the natural log of both sides.

35. (a) 𝑀(𝑝) is the top graph 𝐻(𝑝) is the bottom graph
(b) 0.977507%
(c) 𝐻(𝑡) = 32.4%, 𝑀(𝑡) = 95.2%
(d) 20 torrs: 62.8%, 40 torrs: 20.6%, 60 torrs: 7.1%
You can evaluate which graph is which by plugging in values for 𝑡 in each equation, and figuring
out which graph is which. By plugging in 100 for 𝑝, you can solve for the level of oxygen
saturation. You want to evaluate each equation at 𝑝 = 20 to compare the level of hemoglobin.
By following the definition of efficiency of oxygen, you want to evaluate both equations at 𝑝 =
20, 40, 60, and then subtract 𝐻(𝑝) from 𝑀(𝑝).

37. (a) 𝐶(𝑡) = 𝐶0 𝑒 .03466𝑡 (b) 𝑡 = 433.87 hours or 𝑡 ≈ 18 days

To find a formula, you can use the information that 𝐶(𝑡) = 2 when 𝑡 = 20, and 𝐶0 = 1. Using
this information you can take the natural log of both sides to solve for k. Once you’ve solved for
4
𝑘, you can come up with a general equation. For (b), you know 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 , where you can

substitute your known radius in for 𝑟. You can use this information to solve for 𝐶0 . Once
you’ve done this, you can set the equation 𝐶(𝑡) = 1, and take the natural log of both sides to
solve for 𝑡.

39. Since the number of termites and spiders are growing exponentially, we can model them as
𝑇(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑏 𝑡 and 𝑆(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑑 𝑡 , respectively. We know the population when you move in (when
𝑡 = 0) is 100. Then 100 = 𝑎𝑏 0 , so 𝑎 = 100. We also are given that there are 200 termites after
4 days, so 200 = 100𝑏 4  2 = 𝑏 4  𝑏 = 21⁄4 ≈ 1.1892. Then our model is 𝑇(𝑡) =
Last edited 3/16/15

1 1
100(1.1892)𝑡 . We can then use this formula to find 𝑆(3) = 𝑇(3) ≈ 84 and 𝑆(8) = 𝑇(8) ≈
2 4
3 8
100. Then 84 = 𝑐𝑑 and 100 = 𝑐𝑑 . Then:

100 𝑐𝑑8
= 𝑐𝑑3  𝑑5 ≈ 1.1905  𝑑 ≈ 1.0355
84

84 = 𝑐(1.0355)3  𝑐 ≈ 75.6535

Since 𝑐 represents the initial population of spiders, which should be a whole number, we’ll round
𝑐 to 76, so our model is 𝑆(𝑡) = 76(1.0355)𝑡 . To find when it triples, let 𝑆(𝑡) = 3 ∙ 76 = 228.
ln(3)
Then 228 = 76(1.0355)𝑡  3 = (1.0355)𝑡  𝑡 = ln(1.0355) ≈ 31.5 days.

4.7 Solutions to Exercises

1. Graph: We need to find 5 points on the graph, and then calculate the logarithm of the output
value. Arbitrarily choosing 5 input values, we get ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥, log(𝑓(𝑥)))
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) (𝒙, 𝒚)

-5 4(1.3)−5 log(1.07) = (-5, 0.029)

≈ 1.07 0.029
-3 4(1.3)−3 0.260 (-3, 0.260)
≈ 1.82
0 4(1.3)0 = 4 0.602 (0, 0.602)
3 4(1.3)3 0.943 (3, 0.943)
≈ 8.78
5 4(1.3)5 1.171 (5, 1.171)
≈ 14.85
Last edited 3/16/15

Semi-log graph of
𝑓(𝑥) = 4(1.3)𝑥

Equation: log(𝑓(𝑥)) = .4139𝑥 + .0021. This is in the form log(𝑓(𝑥)) = log(𝑎) + 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑏),
where 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎) is the vertical intercept and 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑏) is the slope. You can solve for the 𝑦-intercept
by setting 𝑥 = 0 and then find another point to calculate the slope, and then put it into the form
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏.

3. Graph: Refer to Problem (1) Semi-log graph of

𝑓(𝑥) = 10(0.2)𝑥
(𝒙, 𝒚)
(-5, 4.49)
(-3, 3.09)
(0, 1)
(3, -1.09)
(5, -2.49)

Equation: log(𝑓(𝑥)) = −.699𝑥 + 1. This is in the form log(𝑓(𝑥)) = log(𝑎) + 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑏), where
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎) is the vertical intercept and 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑏) is the slope. You can solve for the 𝑦-intercept by
setting 𝑥 = 0 and then find another point to calculate the slope, and then put it into the form
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏.

(1.648)𝑥
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = You want to look at your graph to solve for your 𝑦-intercept, and then find
𝑒

another point on the graph so you can calculate the slope, to find the linear formula. Once
you’ve found that, because this is a semi-natural log graph, you would want to rewrite it as the
natural log exponential and then simplify.
Last edited 3/16/15

7. 𝑦(𝑥) = 0.01(0.1)𝑥 You want to look at your graph to solve for your y intercept, and then
find another point on the graph so you can calculate the slope, to find the linear formula. Once
you’ve found that, because this is a semi- log graph, you would want to rewrite it as the log
exponential and then simplify.

9. 𝑦(𝑥) = 776.25(1.426)𝑥 You first want to calculate every log(y) for your y values, and then
from t here you can use technology to find a linear equation. Once you’ve found that, because
this is a semi- log graph, you would want to rewrite it as the log exponential and then simplify.

11. 𝑦(𝑥) = 724.44(. 738) 𝑥 You first want to calculate every log(y) for your y values, and then
from t here you can use technology to find a linear equation. Once you’ve found that, because
this is a semi- log graph, you would want to rewrite it as the log exponential and then simplify.

13. (a) 𝑦 = 54.954(1.054)𝑥 (b) $204.65 billion in expenditures

For part (a), You first want to calculate every log(y) for your y values, and then from t here you
can use technology to find a linear equation. Once you’ve found that, because this is a semi- log
graph, you would want to rewrite it as the log exponential and then simplify. For part (b), your
evaluating your function at 𝑡 = 25, so plug that in for your equation to solve for 𝑦.

15. Looking at a scatter plot of the data, it appears that an exponential model is better. You first
want to calculate every log(y) for your 𝑦 values, and then from t you can use technology to find a
linear equation. Once you’ve found that, because this is a semi-log graph, you want to rewrite it
as the log exponential and then simplify, which gives 𝑦(𝑥) = 7.603(1.016)𝑥 . The evaluate your
function at 𝑡 = 24, so plug that in for your equation to get 11.128 cents per kilowatt hour.
Last edited 9/26/17

Precalculus: An Investigation of Functions

Student Solutions Manual for Chapter 5

5.1 Solutions to Exercises

1. 𝐷 = √(5 − (−1))2 + (3 − (−5))2 = √(5 + 1)2 + (3 + 5)2 = √62 + 82 = √100 = 10

3. Use the general equation for a circle:

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2

We set ℎ = 8, 𝑘 = −10, and 𝑟 = 8:

(𝑥 − 8)2 + (𝑦 − (−10))2 = 82
(𝑥 − 8)2 + (𝑦 + 10)2 = 64

5. Since the circle is centered at (7, -2), we know our equation looks like this:
2
(𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦 − (−2)) = 𝑟 2
(𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 𝑟 2

What we don’t know is the value of 𝑟, which is the radius of the circle. However, since the circle
passes through the point (-10, 0), we can set 𝑥 = −10 and 𝑦 = 0:
((−10) − 7)2 + (0 + 2)2 = 𝑟 2
(−17)2 + 22 = 𝑟 2

Flipping this equation around, we get:

𝑟 2 = 289 + 4
𝑟 2 = 293

Note that we actually don’t need the value of 𝑟; we’re only interested in the value of 𝑟 2 . Our
final equation is:
(𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 293
Last edited 9/26/17

7. If the two given points are endpoints of a diameter, we can find the length of the diameter
using the distance formula:
𝑑 = √(8 − 2)2 + (10 − 6)2 = √62 + 42 = √52 = 2√13

Our radius, 𝑟, is half this, so 𝑟 = √13 and 𝑟 2 = 13. We now need the center (ℎ, 𝑘) of our circle.
8+2 10
The center must lie exactly halfway between the two given points: ℎ = = = 5 and 𝑘 =
2 2
10+6 16
= = 8. So:
2 2

(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 − 8)2 = 13

9. This is a circle with center (2, -3) and radius 3:

11. The equation of the circle is:

(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 32

The circle intersects the y-axis when 𝑥 = 0:

(0 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 32
(−2)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 9
4 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 9
(𝑦 − 3)2 = 5
𝑦 − 3 = ±√5

The y intercepts are (0, 3 + √5) and (0, 3 − √5).

Last edited 9/26/17

13. The equation of the circle is:

(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = 32 , so 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = 9.

The line intersects the circle when 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5, so substituting for 𝑦:

𝑥 2 + ((2𝑥 + 5) − 5)2 = 9
𝑥 2 + (2𝑥)2 = 9
5𝑥 2 = 9
𝑥 2 = 9⁄5

𝑥 = ±√9⁄5

Since the question asks about the intersection in the first quadrant, 𝑥 must be positive.

Substituting 𝑥 = √9⁄5 into the linear equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5, we find the intersection at

(√9⁄5 , 2√9⁄5 + 5) or approximately (1.34164, 7.68328). (We could have also substituted 𝑥 =

√9⁄5 into the original equation for the circle, but that’s more work.)

15. The equation of the circle is:

(𝑥 − (−2))2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = 32 , so (𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑦 2 = 9.

The line intersects the circle when 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5, so substituting for 𝑦:

(𝑥 + 2)2 + (2𝑥 + 5)2 = 9
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 4𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 25 = 9
5𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 20 = 0

This quadratic formula gives us 𝑥 ≈ −3.7266 and 𝑥 ≈ −1.0734. Plugging these into the linear
equation gives us the two points (-3.7266, -2.4533) and (-1.0734, 2.8533), of which only the
second is in the second quadrant. The solution is therefore (-1.0734, 2.8533).

17. Place the transmitter at the origin (0, 0). The equation for its transmission radius is then:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 532
Last edited 9/26/17

Your driving path can be represented by the linear equation through the points (0, 70) (70 miles
north of the transmitter) and (74, 0) (74 miles east):
35 35
𝑦 = − 37 (𝑥 − 74) = − 37 𝑥 + 70

The fraction is going to be cumbersome, but if we’re going to approximate it on the calculator,
we should use a number of decimal places:
𝑦 = −0.945946𝑥 + 70

Substituting 𝑦 into the equation for the circle:

𝑥 2 + (−0.945946 𝑥 + 70)2 = 2809
𝑥 2 + 0.894814𝑥 2 − 132.43244𝑥 + 4900 = 2809
1.894814𝑥 2 − 132.43244𝑥 + 2091 = 0

Applying the quadratic formula, 𝑥 ≅ 24.0977 and 𝑥 ≅ 45.7944. The points of intersection
(using the linear equation to get the y-values) are (24.0977, 47.2044) and (45.7944, 26.6810).

The distance between these two points is:

𝑑 = √(45.7944 − 24.0977)2 + (26.6810 − 47.2044)2 ≈ 29.87 miles.

19. Place the circular cross section in

the Cartesian plane with center at (0,
0); the radius of the circle is 15 feet.
This gives us the equation for the
circle:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 152
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 225

If we can determine the coordinates

of points A, B, C and D, then the
width of deck A’s “safe zone” is the
horizontal distance from point A to
point B, and the width of deck B’s
Last edited 9/26/17

“safe zone” is the horizontal distance from point C to point D.

The line connecting points A and B has the equation:

𝑦=6

Substituting 𝑦 = 6 in the equation of the circle allows us to determine the x-coordinates of points
A and B:
𝑥 2 + 62 = 225
𝑥 2 = 189
𝑥 = ±√189 , and 𝑥 ≈ ±13.75. Notice that this seems to agree with our drawing. Zone A
stretches from 𝑥 ≈ −13.75 to 𝑥 ≈ 13.75, so its width is about 27.5 feet.

To determine the width of zone B, we intersect the line 𝑦 = −8 with the equation of the circle:
𝑥 2 + (−8)2 = 225
𝑥 2 + 64 = 225
𝑥 2 = 161
𝑥 = ±√161

𝑥 ≈ ±12.69

The width of zone B is therefore approximately 25.38 feet. Notice that this is less than the width
of zone A, as we expect.
Last edited 9/26/17

21. Since Bander is at the origin (0, 0), Eaglerock must be at (1, 8) and Kingsford at (-5, 8).
Therefore, Eric’s sailboat is at (-2, 10).

(a) Heading east from Kingsford to Eaglerock, the ferry’s movement corresponds to the line 𝑦 =
8. Since it travels for 20 minutes at 12 mph, it travels 4 miles, turning south at (-1, 8). The
equation for the second line is 𝑥 = −1.

(b) The boundary of the sailboat’s radar zone can be described as (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 10)2 = 32 ;
the interior of this zone is (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 10)2 < 32 and the exterior of this zone is (𝑥 + 2)2 +
(𝑦 − 10)2 > 32 .

(c) To find when the ferry enters the radar zone, we are looking for the intersection of the line
𝑦 = 8 and the boundary of the sailboat’s radar zone. Substituting 𝑦 = 8 into the equation of the
circle, we have (𝑥 + 2)2 + (−2)2 = 9, and (𝑥 + 2)2 = 5. Therefore, 𝑥 + 2 = ±√5 and 𝑥 =
−2 ± √5. These two values are approximately 0.24 and -4.24. The ferry enters at 𝑥 = −4.24
(𝑥 = 0.24 is where it would have exited the radar zone, had it continued on toward Eaglerock).
Since it started at Kingsford, which has an x-coordinate of -5, it has traveled about 0.76 miles.
This journey – at 12 mph – requires about 0.0633 hours, or about 3.8 minutes.

(d) The ferry exits the radar zone at the intersection of the line 𝑥 = −1 with the circle.
Substituting, we have 12 + (𝑦 − 10)2 = 9, (𝑦 − 10)2 = 8, and 𝑦 − 10 = ±√8. 𝑦 = 10 + √8 ≈
12.83 is the northern boundary of the intersection; we are instead interested in the southern
boundary, which is at 𝑦 = 10 − √8 ≈ 7.17. The ferry exits the radar zone at (-1, 7.17). It has
traveled 4 miles from Kingsford to the point at which it turned, plus an additional 0.83 miles
heading south, for a total of 4.83 miles. At 12 mph, this took about 0.4025 hours, or 24.2
minutes.

(e) The ferry was inside the radar zone for all 24.2 minutes except the first 3.8 minutes (see part
(c)). Thus, it was inside the radar zone for 20.4 minutes.
Last edited 9/26/17

23. (a) The ditch is 20 feet high, and the water rises one foot (12 inches) in 6 minutes, so it will
take 120 minutes (or two hours) to fill the ditch.

(b) Place the origin of a Cartesian coordinate plane at the bottom-center of the ditch. The four
circles, from left to right, then have centers at (-40, 10), (-20, 10), (20, 10) and (40, 10)
respectively:

(𝑥 + 40)2 + (𝑦 − 10)2 = 100

(𝑥 + 20)2 + (𝑦 − 10)2 = 100

(𝑥 − 20)2 + (𝑦 − 10)2 = 100

(𝑥 − 40)2 + (𝑦 − 10)2 = 100

Solving the first equation for 𝑦, we get:

(𝑦 − 10)2 = 100 − (𝑥 + 40)2

𝑦 − 10 = ±√100 − (𝑥 + 40)2

𝑦 = 10 ± √100 − (𝑥 + 40)2

Since we are only concerned with the upper-half of this circle (actually, only the upper-right
fourth of it), we can choose:

𝑦 = 10 + √100 − (𝑥 + 40)2

A similar analysis will give us the desired parts of the other three circles. Notice that for the
second and third circles, we need to choose the – part of the ± to describe (part of) the bottom
half of the circle.

The remaining parts of the piecewise function are constant equations:

Last edited 9/26/17

20 𝑥 < −40
10 + √100 − (𝑥 + 40)2 −40 ≤ 𝑥 < −30
10 − √100 − (𝑥 + 20)2 −30 ≤ 𝑥 < −20
𝑦= 0 −20 ≤ 𝑥 < 20
2
10 − √100 − (𝑥 − 20) 20 ≤ 𝑥 < 30
10 + √100 − (𝑥 − 40)2 30 ≤ 𝑥 < 40
{ 20 𝑥 ≥ 40

(c) At 1 hour and 18 minutes (78 minutes), the ditch will have 156 inches of water, or 13 feet.
We need to find the x-coordinates that give us 𝑦 = 13. Looking at the graph, it is clear that this
occurs in the first and fourth circles. For the first circle, we return to the original equation:

(𝑥 + 40)2 + (13 − 10)2 = 100

(𝑥 + 40)2 = 91

𝑥 = −40 ± √91

We choose 𝑥 = −40 + √91 ≈ −30.46 since 𝑥 must be in the domain of the second piece of the
piecewise function, which represents the upper-right part of the first circle. For the fourth
(rightmost) circle, we have:
Last edited 9/26/17

(𝑥 − 40)2 + (13 − 10)2 = 100

(𝑥 − 40)2 = 91

𝑥 = 40 ± √91

We choose 𝑥 = 40 − √91 ≈ 30.46 to ensure that 𝑥 is in the domain of the sixth piece of the
piecewise function, which represents the upper-left part of the fourth circle.

The width of the ditch is therefore 30.46 − (−30.46) = 60.92 feet. Notice the symmetry in the
x-coordinates we found.

(d) Since our piecewise function is symmetrical across the y-axis, when the filled portion of the
ditch is 42 feet wide, we can calculate the water height 𝑦 using either 𝑥 = −21 or 𝑥 = 21. Using
𝑥 = 21, we must choose the fifth piece of the piecewise function:

𝑦 = 10 − √100 − (21 − 20)2 = 10 − √99 ≈ 0.05

The height is 0.05 feet. At 6 minutes per foot, this will happen after 0.3 minutes, or 18 seconds.

(Notice that we could have chosen 𝑥 = −21; then we would have used the third piece of the
function and calculated:

10 − √100 − (−21 + 20)2 = 10 − √99 ≈ 0.05. )

When the width of the filled portion is 50 feet, we choose either 𝑥 = −25 or 𝑥 = 25. Choosing
𝑥 = 25 requires us to use the fifth piece of the piecewise function:

10 − √100 − (25 − 20)2 = 10 − √75 ≈ 1.34

The height of the water is then 1.34 feet. At 6 minutes per foot, this will happen after 8.04
minutes.
Last edited 9/26/17

Finally, when the width of the filled portion is 73 feet, we choose 𝑥 = 36.5. This requires us to
use the sixth piece of the piecewise function:

10 + √100 − (36.5 − 40)2 = 10 + √87.75 ≈ 19.37

The height of the water is 19.37 feet after about 116.2 minutes have elapsed. At 19.37 feet, the
ditch is nearly full; the answer to part a) told us that it is completely full after 120 minutes.

5.2 Solutions to Exercises

1.

2𝜋
70°
3

30°

7𝜋
-135° 4
300°

𝜋
3. (180°)(180°) = 𝜋

5𝜋 180°
5. ( 6 ) ( ) = 150°
𝜋

7. 685° − 360° = 325°

9. −1746° + 5(360°) = 54°

26𝜋 26𝜋 18𝜋 8𝜋

11. ( 9
− 2𝜋) = ( 9
− 9
)= 9
Last edited 9/26/17

−3𝜋 −3𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋
13. ( + 2𝜋) = ( + )=
2 2 2 2

15. 𝑟 = 7 m, 𝜃 = 5 rad, 𝑠 = 𝜃𝑟 → 𝑠 = (7 m)(5) = 35 m

2𝜋 2𝜋
17. 𝑟 = 12 cm, 𝜃 = 120° = , 𝑠 = 𝜃𝑟 → 𝑠 = (12 cm)( 3 ) = 8𝜋cm
3

5 𝜋 𝜋
19. 𝑟 = 3960 miles, 𝜃 = 5 minutes = 60 ° = 2160 , 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 → 𝑠 = (3960 miles) (2160) =
11𝜋
miles
6

21. 𝑟 = 6 ft, 𝑠 = 3 ft, 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 → 𝜃 = 𝑠/𝑟

Plugging in we have 𝜃 = (3 ft)/(6 ft) = 1/2 rad.
(1/2)((180°)/(𝜋 )) = 90/𝜋° ≈ 28.6479°

𝜋
23. 𝜃 = 45° = radians, 𝑟 = 6 cm
4
1 2 1 𝜋 9𝜋
𝐴= 𝜃𝑟 ; we have 𝐴 = ( ) (6 cm)2 = cm2
2 2 4 2

𝑠
25. D = 32 in, speed = 60 mi/hr = 1 mi/min = 63360 in/min =𝑣, 𝐶 = 𝜋𝐷, 𝑣 = 𝑡 , 𝑠 = 𝜃𝑟, 𝑣 =
in
𝜃𝑟 𝑣 𝜃 63360
,𝑡 = = 𝜔. So ω = min
= 3960 rad/min. Dividing by 2𝜋 will yield 630.25 rotations per
𝑡 𝑡 16 in

minute.

𝜋 𝜋 2.094 in
27. 𝑟 = 8 in., ω = 15°/sec = 12 rad/sec, 𝑣 = 𝜔𝑟, 𝑣 = (12) (8 in) = . To find RPM we
sec

must multiply by a factor of 60 to convert seconds to minutes, and then divide by 2π to get,
RPM=2.5.

29. 𝑑 = 120 mm for the outer edge. 𝜔 = 200 rpm; multiplying by 2π rad/rev, we get 𝜔 =
rad
400π rad/min. 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔, and 𝑟 = 60 mm, so 𝑣 = (60 mm) (400π min) = 75,398.22mm/min.

Dividing by a factor of 60 to convert minutes into seconds and then a factor of 1,000 to convert
and mm into meters, this gives 𝑣 = 1.257 m/sec.
Last edited 9/26/17

𝜃 2𝜋 𝜋
31. 𝑟 = 3960 miles. One full rotation takes 24 hours, so 𝜔 = = 24 hours = 12 rad/hour. To
𝑡
𝜋 rad
find the linear speed, 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔, so 𝑣 = (3960 miles) (12 hour) = 1036.73miles/hour .

5.3 Solutions to Exercises

1. a. Recall that the sine is negative in quadrants 3 and 4, while the cosine is negative in
quadrants 2 and 3; they are both negative only in quadrant III
b. Similarly, the sine is positive in quadrants 1 and 2, and the cosine is negative in quadrants
2 and 3, so only quadrant II satisfies both conditions.

3 3
3. Because sine is the x-coordinate divided by the radius, we have sin 𝜃= (5)/1 or just 5. If we
3 9
use the trig version of the Pythagorean theorem, sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1, with sin 𝜃 = 5, we get 25 +
25 9 16 4
cos2 𝜃 = 1, so cos2 𝜃 = 25 – 25 or cos 2 𝜃 = 25; then cos 𝜃= ± 5. Since we are in quadrant 2, we
4
know that cos 𝜃 is negative, so the result is − 5.

1 1 49 1 48
5. If cos 𝜃 = 7, then from sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1 we have sin2 𝜃 + 49 = 1, or sin2 𝜃 = 49 − 49 = 49.
√48 4√3
Then sin 𝜃 = ± ; simplifying gives ± and we know that in the 4th quadrant sin 𝜃 is
7 7
4√3
negative, so our final answer is − .
7

3 9 55 ±√55
7. If sin 𝜃 = 8 and sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1, then 64 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1, so cos 2 𝜃 = 64 and cos 𝜃 = ;
8

√55
in the second quadrant we know that the cosine is negative so the answer is − .
8

9. a. 225 is 45 more than 180, so our reference angle is 45°. 225° lies in quadrant III, where
√2
sine is negative and cosine is negative, then sin(225°) = − sin(45°) = − 2
, and cos(225°) =
Last edited 9/26/17

√2
− cos(45°) = − .
2

b. 300 is 60 less than 360 ( which is equivalent to zero degrees), so our reference angle is
60°. 300 lies in quadrant IV, where sine is negative and cosine is positive. sin(300°) =
√3 1
− sin(60°) = − ; cos(300°) = cos(60°) = 2.
2

c. 135 is 45 less than 180, so our reference angle is 45°. 135° lies in quadrant II, where sine
√2
is positive and cosine is negative. sin(135°) = sin(45°) = ; cos(135°) = − cos(45°) =
2

√2
− .
2

d. 210 is 30 more than 180, so our reference angle is 30°. 210° lies in quadrant III, where
1
sine and cosine are both negative. sin(210°) = − sin(30°) = − 2; cos(210°) = − cos(30°) =
√3
− .
2

5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
11. a. is 𝜋 + 4 so our reference is 4 . lies in quadrant III, where sine and cosine are both
4 4
5𝜋 𝜋 √2 5𝜋 𝜋 √2
negative. sin ( 4 ) = − sin ( 4 ) = − ; cos ( 4 ) = − cos ( 4 ) = − .
2 2
7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋
b. is 𝜋 + so our reference is . is in quadrant III where sine and cosine are both
6 6 6 6
7𝜋 𝜋 1 7𝜋 𝜋 √3
negative. sin ( 6 ) = − sin ( 6 ) = − 2; cos ( 6 ) = − cos ( 6 ) = − .
2
5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
c. is 2𝜋 − 3 so the reference angle is 3 , in quadrant IV where sine is negative and cosine
3
5𝜋 𝜋 √3 5𝜋 𝜋 1
is positive. sin ( 3 ) = − sin (3 ) = − ; cos ( 3 ) = cos ( 3 ) = 2.
2
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
d. is 𝜋 − 4 ; our reference is 4 , in quadrant II where sine is positive and cosine is
4
3𝜋 𝜋 √2 3𝜋 𝜋 √2
negative. sin ( 4 ) = sin ( 4 ) = ; cos ( 4 ) = − cos ( 4 ) = − .
2 2

−3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 √2
13. a. lies in quadrant 3, and its reference angle is 4 , so sin (− ) = − sin ( 4 ) = − ;
4 4 2

3𝜋 𝜋 √2
cos (− ) = − cos ( 4 ) = − .
4 2
23𝜋 12𝜋 11𝜋 11𝜋 11𝜋 𝜋
b. = + = 2𝜋 + ; we can drop the 2𝜋, and notice that = 2𝜋 − 6 so our
6 6 6 6 6
𝜋 11𝜋
reference angle is 6 , and is in quadrant 4 where sine is negative and cosine is positive. Then
6
Last edited 9/26/17

23𝜋 𝜋 1 23𝜋 𝜋 √3
sin ( ) = − sin ( 6 ) = − 2 and cos ( ) = cos ( 6 ) = .
6 6 2
−𝜋
c. For , if we draw a picture we see that the ray points straight down, so y is -1 and x is 0;
2
𝜋 𝑦 𝜋 𝑥
sin (− 2 ) = = −1; cos (− 2 ) = 1 = 0.
1

d. 5𝜋 = 4𝜋 + 𝜋 = (2 ∗ 2𝜋) + 𝜋; remember that we can drop multiples of 2𝜋 so this is the

same as just 𝜋. sin(5𝜋) = sin(𝜋) = 0; cos(5𝜋) = cos(𝜋) = −1.

𝜋
15. a. is in quadrant 1, where sine is positive; if we choose an angle with the same reference
3
𝜋
angle as 3 but in quadrant 2, where sine is also positive, then it will have the same sine value.
2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
= 𝜋 − 3 , so has the same reference angle and sine as 3 .
3 3

b. Similarly to problem a. above, 100° = 180° - 80° , so both 80° and 100° have the same
reference angle (80°) , and both are in quadrants where the sine is positive, so 100° has the same
sine as 80°.
c. 140° is 40° less than 180°, so its reference angle is 40°. It is in quadrant 2, where the sine
is positive; the sine is also positive in quadrant 1, so 40° has the same sine value and sign as
140°.
4𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
d. is 3 more than 𝜋, so its reference angle is 3 . It is in quadrant 3, where the sine is
3
𝜋
negative. Looking for an angle with the same reference angle of 3 in a different quadrant where
5𝜋 𝜋
the sine is also negative, we can choose quadrant 4 and which is 2𝜋 − 3 .
3

e. 305° is 55° less than 360°, so its reference angle is 55° . It is in quadrant 4, where the sine
is negative. An angle with the same reference angle of 55° in quadrant 3 where the sine is also
negative would be 180° + 55° = 235°.

𝜋 𝜋
17. a. has reference angle 3 and is in quadrant 1, where the cosine is positive. The cosine is
3
𝜋 6𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
also positive in quadrant 4, so we can choose 2𝜋 − 3 = −3= .
3 3

b. 80° is in quadrant 1, where the cosine is positive, and has reference angle 80° . We can
choose quadrant 4, where the cosine is also positive, and where a reference angle of 80° gives
360° - 80° = 280°.
Last edited 9/26/17

c. 140° is in quadrant 2, where the cosine is negative, and has reference angle 180° - 140° =
40°. We know that the cosine is also negative in quadrant 3, where a reference angle of 40°
gives 180° + 40° = 220°.
4𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
d. is 𝜋 + 3 , so it is in quadrant 3 with reference angle 3 . In this quadrant the cosine is
3
𝜋
negative; we know that the cosine is also negative in quadrant 2, where a reference angle of 3
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
gives 𝜋 − 3 = −3= .
3 3

e. 305° = 360° - 55°, so it is in quadrant 4 with reference angle 55°. In this quadrant the
cosine is positive, as it also is in quadrant 1, so we can just choose 55° as our result.

19. Using a calculator, cos(220°) ≈ −0.76604 and sin(220°) ≈ −0.64279. Plugging in these
𝑥 𝑦
values for cosine and sine along with 𝑟 = 15 into the formulas cos(𝜃) = 𝑟 and sin(𝜃) = 𝑟 , we
𝑥 𝑦
get the equations −0.76604 ≈ 15 and −0.64279 ≈ 15. Solving gives us the point

(−11.49067, −9.64181).

21. a. First let's find the radius of the circular track. If Marla takes 46 seconds at 3
meters/second to go around the circumference of the track, then the circumference is 46 ∙ 3 = 138
meters. From the formula for the circumference of a circle, we have 138 = 2πr, so r = 138/2π ≈
21.963 meters.
Next, let's find the angle between north (up) and her starting point; if she runs for 12
seconds, she covers 12/46 of the complete circle, which is 12/46 of 360° or about 0.261 ∙ 360° ≈
93.913° . The northernmost point is at 90° (since we measure angles from the positive x-axis) so
her starting point is at an angle of 90° + 93.913° = 183.913°. This is in quadrant 3; we can get
her x and y coordinates using the reference angle of 3.913°: 𝑥 = −𝑟cos(3.913°) and 𝑦 =
− 𝑟sin(3.913°). We get (−21.9118003151, −1.4987914972).
b. Now let's find how many degrees she covers in one second of running; this is just 1/46 of
360° or 7.826°/sec. So, in 10 seconds she covers 78.26° from her starting angle of 183.913°.
She's running clockwise, but we measure the angle counterclockwise, so we subtract to find that
after 10 seconds she is at (183.913° - 78.26°) = 105.653°. In quadrant 2, the reference angle is
180° - 105.653° = 74.347°. As before, we can find her coordinates from 𝑥 = − 𝑟cos(74.347°)
Last edited 9/26/17

and 𝑦 = 𝑟sin(74.347°). We get (−5.92585140281, 21.1484669457).

c. When Marla has been running for 901.3 seconds, she has gone around the track several
times; each circuit of 46 seconds brings her back to the same starting point, so we divide 901.3
by 46 to get 19.5935 circuits, of which we only care about the last 0.5935 circuit; 0.5935 ∙ 360° =
213.652° measured clockwise from her starting point of 183.913°, or 183.913° - 213.652° = -
29.739°. We can take this as a reference angle in quadrant 4, so her coordinates are 𝑥 =
𝑟cos(29.739°) and 𝑦 = − 𝑟sin(29.739°). We get (19.0703425544, −10.8947420281).

5.4 Solutions to Exercises

π √2
π 1 2 π 1 1 2 π sin( )
1. sec (4 ) = π = 1
= = √2; csc (4 ) = π = √2
= = √2; tan ( 4 ) = 4
π = 2
√2
=
cos( ) √2 √2 sin( ) √2 cos( )
4 2 4 2 4 2

π 1
1; cot (4 ) = π =1
tan( )
4

5π
5𝜋 1 1 2 2√3 5π 1 1 5π sin( )
3. sec ( 6 ) = 5π = √3
=− =− ; csc ( 6 ) = 5π = 1 = 2; tan ( 6 ) = 6
5π =
cos( ) − √3 3 sin( ) cos( )
6 2 6 2 6

1
2
−(√3) √3 5π 1 1
=− ; cot ( 6 ) = 5π = √3
= −√3
2 3 tan( ) −
6 3

2π √3
2π 1 1 2π 1 1 2√3 2π sin( )
5. sec ( 3 ) = 2π = −1 = −2; csc ( 3 ) = 2π = √3
= 3
; tan ( 3 ) = 3
2π = 2
−1 =
cos( ) 2
sin( ) cos( ) 2
3 3 2 3

2π 1 1 √3
−√3; cot ( 3 ) = 2π = −√3 = −
tan( ) 3
3

1 1 1 1
7. sec(135°) = = −√2
= −√2; csc(210°) = = −1 = −2; tan(60°) =
cos(135°) sin(210°)
2 2

√3
sin(60°) 2 1 1
= 1 = √3; cot(225°) = tan(225°) = 1 = 1
cos(60°)
2
Last edited 9/26/17

1
9. Because θ is in quadrant II, we know cos(θ) < 0, sec(θ) = < 0; sin(𝜃) > 0,csc(𝜃) =
cos(θ)
1 sin(θ) 1
> 0; tan(𝜃) = cos(θ) < 0, cot(𝜃) = tan(θ) < 0.
sin(θ)

3 2 √7 1 1 4√7
Then: cos(θ) = −√1 − sin2 (θ) = −√1 − (4) = − ; sec(θ) = cos(θ) = −√7
=− ;
4 4
4
3
1 1 4 sin(θ) −3√7 1 1 7 √7
csc(θ) = sin(θ) = 3 = 3; tan(θ) = cos(θ) = 4
−√7
= ; cot(θ) = tanθ = −3√7
= −3√7 = −
7 3
4 4 7

𝑦
11. In quadrant III, 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 < 0. Imaging a circle with radius r, sin(θ) = <
𝑟
1 𝑥 1 𝑥 1
0, csc(θ) = sin(θ) < 0; cos(θ) = 𝑟 < 0, 𝑠𝑒𝑐(θ) = cos(θ) < 0; tan(θ) = 𝑦 > 0, cot(θ) = tan(θ) >

0.
−2√2 1 3 3√2 1
Then: sin(θ) = −√1 − cos 2 (θ) = ; csc(θ) = sin(θ) = −2√2 = − ; sec(θ) = cos(θ) =
3 4

sin(θ) 1 1 √2
−3; tan(θ) = cos(θ) = 2√2; cot(θ) = tan(θ) = 2√2 = 4

π
13. 0 ≤ θ ≤ means θ is in the first quadrant, so 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 >. In a circle with radius r:
2
𝑦 1 𝑥 1 1
sin(θ) = > 0, csc(θ) = sin(θ) > 0; cos(θ) = 𝑟 > 0, sec(θ) = cos(θ) > 0; cot(θ) = tan(θ) > 0.
𝑟
𝑦 12
Since tan(θ) = 𝑥 = , we can use the point (5, 12), for which 𝑟 = √122 + 52 = 13.
5
𝑦 12 1 13 𝑥 5 1
Then: sin(θ) = = 13; csc(θ) = sin(θ) = 12 ; cos(θ) = 𝑟 = 13 ; sec(θ) = cos(θ) =
𝑟
13 1 5
; cot(θ) = tan(θ) = 12
5

15. a. sin(0.15) = 0.1494; cos(0.15) = 0.9888; tan(0.15) = 0.15

b. sin(4) = −0.7568; cos(4) = −0.6536; tan(4) = 1.1578
c. sin(70°) = 0.9397; cos(70°) = 0.3420; tan(70°) = 2.7475
d. sin(283°) = −0.9744; cos(283°) = 0.2250tan(283°) = −4.3315

1 sin(𝑡) 1
17. csc(𝑡) tan(𝑡) = sin(𝑡) ∙ cos(𝑡) = cos(𝑡) = sec(𝑡)
Last edited 9/26/17

1
sec(𝑡) cos(𝑡) sin(𝑡)
19. = 1 = cos(𝑡) = tan(𝑡)
csc(𝑡)
sin(𝑡)

1
sec(𝑡) − cos(𝑡) − cos(𝑡) 1−cos2(𝑡) sin2(𝑡) sin(𝑡)
cos(𝑡)
21. = = sin(𝑡) cos(𝑡) = sin(𝑡) cos(𝑡) = cos(𝑡) = tan(𝑡)
sin(𝑡) sin(𝑡)

1
1+cot(𝑡) 1+ tan(𝑡) tan(𝑡)+1 1
tan(𝑡)
23. = 1+tan(𝑡) ∙ tan(𝑡) = (1+tan(𝑡)) tan(𝑡) = tan(𝑡) = cot(𝑡)
1+tan(𝑡)

sin2 (𝑡)+cos2(𝑡) 1
25. = cos2(𝑡) = sec 2 (𝑡)
cos2 (𝑡)

sin2(𝜃) 1−cos2 (𝜃)

27. = by the Pythagorean identity sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
1+cos(𝜃) 1+cos(𝜃)
(1+cos(𝜃))(1−cos(𝜃))
= by factoring
1+cos(𝜃)

= 1 − cos(𝜃) by reducing

1
29. sec(𝑎) − cos(𝑎) = − cos(𝑎)
cos(𝑎)

1 cos2 (𝑎)
= cos(𝑎) − cos(𝑎)

sin2 (𝑎)
= cos(𝑎)
sin(𝑎)
= sin(𝑎) ∙ cos(𝑎)

= sin(𝑎) ∙ tan(𝑎)

31. Note that (with this and similar problems) there is more than one possible solution. Here’s
one:
csc2(𝑥) – sin2 (𝑥) (csc(𝑥)+ sin(𝑥))(csc(𝑥) – sin(𝑥))
= by factoring
csc(𝑥)+ sin(𝑥) csc(𝑥)+ sin(𝑥)

= csc(𝑥) − sin(𝑥) by reducing

1
= sin(𝑥) − sin(𝑥)
Last edited 9/26/17

1 sin2 (𝑥)
= sin(𝑥) − sin(𝑥)

cos2 (𝑥)
= sin(𝑥)
cos(𝑥)
= cos(𝑥) ∙ sin(𝑥)

= cos(𝑥) cot(𝑥)

csc2 (𝛼)−1 (csc(𝛼)+1)(csc(𝛼)−1)

33. =
csc2(𝛼)−csc(𝛼) csc(𝛼)∙(csc(𝛼)−1)
csc(𝛼)+1
=
csc(𝛼)
1
+1 1
sin(𝛼)
= 1 applying the identity csc(𝛼) = sin(𝛼)
sin(𝛼)

1 sin(𝛼)
= (sin(𝛼) + 1) ∙ 1
sin(𝛼) sin(𝛼)
= sin(𝛼) + 1

= 1 + sin(𝛼)

35. To get sin(𝑢) into the numerator of the left side, we’ll multiply the top and bottom by 1 −
cos(𝑐) and use the Pythagorean identity:
1+cos(𝑢) 1−cos(𝑢) 1−cos2 (𝑢)
∙ 1−cos(𝑢) = sin(𝑢)(1−cos(𝑢))
sin(𝑢)

sin2(𝑢)
= sin(𝑢)(1−cos(𝑢))
sin(𝑢)
= 1−cos(𝑢)

sin4 (𝛾)−cos4 (𝛾) (sin2 (𝛾)+cos2 (𝛾)) (sin2 (𝛾)−cos2 (𝛾))

37. = by factoring
sin(𝛾)−cos(𝛾) sin(𝛾)−cos(𝛾)

1∙(sin(𝛾)+cos(𝛾))(sin(𝛾)−cos(𝛾))
= by applying the Pythagorean identity, and factoring
sin(𝛾)−cos(𝛾)

= sin(𝛾) + cos(𝛾) by reducing

Last edited 9/26/17

5.5 Solutions to Exercises

1. hypotenuse2 = 102 + 82 = 164 => hypotenuse = √164 = 2√41

10 opposite 10 5
Therefore, sin (A) = hypotenuse = 2√41 =
√41
A
8 adjacent 8 4
cos (A) = hypotenuse = 2√41 =
√41
5
sin(𝐴) 5 opposite 10 5
tan (A) = cos(𝐴) = √41
4 = 4 or tan (A) = adjacent = =4
8
√41

1 1 √41
sec (A) = cos(𝐴) = 4 = 4
√41

1 1 √41
csc (A) = sin(𝐴) = 5 = 5
√41

1 1 4
and cot (A) = tan(𝐴) = 5 = 5.
4

7 7 7
3. B c sin (30°) = 𝑐 => c = sin (30°) = 1 = 14
7 2
7 7 7
30° tan (30°) = 𝑏 => b = tan (30°) = 1 = 7√3
b √3

or 72 + b2 = c2 = 142 => b2 = 142 – 72 = 147 => b = √147 = 7√3

𝑏 7√3 √3
sin (B) = 𝑐 = = => B = 60° or B = 90° - 30° = 60°.
14 2

10 10
5. 10 a sin (62°) = => c = sin (62°) ≈ 11.3257
𝑐
10 10
A 62° tan (62°) = => a = tan (62°) ≈ 5.3171
𝑎
c

A = 90° - 62° = 28°

a
b
7. B B = 90° - 65° = 25°
65°
𝑏
10 sin (B) = sin (25°) = 10 => b = 10 sin (25°) ≈ 4.2262
𝑎
cos(B) = cos (25°) = 10 => a = 10 cos (25°) ≈ 9.0631
Last edited 9/26/17

9. Let x (feet) be the height that the ladder reaches up.

𝑥
33 ft Since sin (80°) = 33
x
So the ladder reaches up to x = 33 sin (80°) ≈ 32.4987 ft of the building.
80°

11.

𝑦
Let y (miles) be the height of the building. Since tan (9°) = 1 = y, the height of the building is y

= tan (9°) mi ≈ 836.26984 ft.

13.

Let z1 (feet) and z2 (feet) be the heights of the upper and lower parts of the radio tower. We have
𝑧
1
tan (36°) = 400 => z1 = 400 tan (36°) ft
𝑧
2
tan (23°) = 400 => z2 = 400 tan (23°) ft

So the height of the tower is z1 + z2 = 400 tan (36°) + 400 tan (23°) ≈ 460.4069 ft.

15.
Last edited 9/26/17

Let x (feet) be the distance from the person to the monument, a (feet) and b (feet) be the heights
of the upper and lower parts of the building. We have
𝑎
tan (15°) = 𝑥 => a = x tan (15°)
𝑏
and tan (2°) = 𝑥 => b = x tan (2°)

Since 200 = a + b = x tan (15°) + x tan (2°) = x [tan (15°) + tan (2°)]
200
Thus the distance from the person to the monument is x = tan (15°) + tan (2°) ≈ 660.3494 ft.

17.

height from the base to the top of the building

Since tan (40°) = , the height from the base to the top of the
300

building is 300 tan (40°) ft.

height from the base to the top of the antenna
Since tan (43°) = , the height from the base to the top of the
300

antenna is 300 tan (43°) ft.

Therefore, the height of the antenna = 300 tan (43°) - 300 tan (40°) ≈ 28.0246 ft.

19.
Last edited 9/26/17

82 82
We have tan (63°) = => a = tan (63°)
𝑎
82 82
tan (39°) = => b = tan (39°)
𝑏
82 82
Therefore x = a + b = tan (63°) + tan (39°) ≈ 143.04265.

21.

115 115
We have tan (35°) = => z = tan (35°)
𝑧
115 115
tan (56°) = => y = tan (56°)
𝑦
115 115
Therefore x = z – y = tan (35°) – tan (56°) ≈ 86.6685.

23.

The length of the path that the plane flies from P to T is

100 𝑚𝑖 1ℎ 25
PT = ( ) (60 𝑚𝑖𝑛) (5 min) = mi = 44000 ft
1ℎ 3
𝑇𝐿
In ∆PTL, sin (20°) = 𝑃𝑇 => TL = PT sin (20°) = 44000 sin

(20°) ft
𝑃𝐿
cos (20°) = 𝑃𝑇 => PL = PT cos (20°) = 44000 cos (20°) ft
Last edited 9/26/17

𝐸𝐿
In ∆PEL, tan (18°) = 𝑃𝐿 => EL = PL tan (18°) = 44000 cos (20°) tan (18°) ≈ 13434.2842 ft

Therefore TE = TL – EL = 44000 sin (20°) - 44000 cos (20°) tan (18°)

= 44000 [sin (20°) - cos (20°) tan (18°)] ≈ 1614.6021 ft
So the plane is about 1614.6021 ft above the mountain’s top when it passes over. The height of
the mountain is the length of EL, about 13434.2842 ft, plus the distance from sea level to point L,
2000 ft (the original height of the plane), so the height is about 15434.2842 ft.

25.

𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐷
We have: tan (47°) = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶+100 => AC + 100 = tan (47°) => AC = tan (47°) − 100
𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐷
tan (54°) = 𝐴𝐶 => AC = tan (54°)
𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐷
Therefore, − 100 = tan (54°)
tan (47°)
𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐷
- tan (54°) = 100
tan (47°)
1 1 tan(54°)−tan(47°)
CD(tan(47°) − tan (54°)) = 100 or CD( tan(47°) tan(54°) ) = 100
Last edited 9/26/17

100tan (54°) 𝑡an (47°)

So CD = tan (54°) − tan (47°)
𝐶𝐸 𝐶𝐸 𝐶𝐸 𝑡an (54°)
Moreover, tan (54° - 25°) = tan (29°) = 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷
tan (54°)

𝐶𝐸 𝑡an (54°) 𝐶𝐸 [tan (54°)− 𝑡an (47°)]

= 100tan (54°) 𝑡an (47°) = 100 tan (47°)
tan (54°) − tan (47°)

100 tan(47°) tan(29°)

 CE = tan(54°)−tan(47°)

100tan (54°) 𝑡an (47°) 100 tan(47°) tan(29°)

Thus the width of the clearing should be ED = CD – CE = -
tan (54°) − tan (47°) tan(54°)−tan(47°)
100 tan(47°)
= tan(54°)−tan(47°) [tan(54°) − tan(29°)] ≈ 290 ft.
Last edited 3/21/13

6.1 Solutions to Exercises

1. There is a vertical stretch with a factor of 3, and a horizontal reflection.

3. There is a vertical stretch with a factor of 2.

5. Period: 2. Amplitude: 3. Midline: 𝑦 = −4.

The function is a sine function, because the midline intersects with the y axis, with the form
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴 sin(𝐵𝑥) + 𝐶. C is the midline, and A is the amplitude. 𝐵 = Period = , so B is 𝜋. So,
2

the formula is 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 sin(𝜋𝑥) − 4.

7. Period: 4π. Amplitude: 2. Midline: 𝑦 = 1.

The function is a cosine function because its maximum intersects with the y axis, which has the
2𝜋 1
form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴 cos(𝐵𝑥) + 𝐶. C is the midline and A is the Amplitude. 𝐵 = Period , so B = 2.
𝑥
The formula is 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 cos (2) + 1.

9. Period: 5. Amplitude: 2. Midline: 𝑦 = 3.

It is also important to note that it has a vertical reflection, which will make A negative.
Last edited 3/21/13

The function is a cosine function because its minimum intersects with the y axis, which has the
2𝜋 2𝜋
form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴 cos(𝐵𝑥) + 𝐶. C is the midline and A is the Amplitude. 𝐵 = Period , so B = .
5
2𝜋
The formula is 𝑓(𝑥) = −2 cos ( 𝑥) + 3.
5

2𝜋 𝜋
11. Amplitude: 3. The period is , where B is the coefficient in front of 𝑥. Period = 4 .
𝐵

Horizontal shift: 4 to the left. Midline: 𝑦 = 5.

2𝜋 2𝜋
13. Amplitude: 2. The period is , where B is the coefficient in front of 𝑥. Period = . In
𝐵 3

order to find the horizontal shift the inside of the sine operator must be factored. 3𝑥 − 21 =
3(𝑥 − 7). Horizontal shift: 7 to the right. Midline: 𝑦 = 4.

2𝜋
15. Amplitude: 1. The period is , where B is the coefficient in front of 𝑥. Period: 12. In
𝐵
𝜋
order to find the horizontal shift, the inside of the sine operator must be factored. 6 𝑥 + 𝜋 =
𝜋
(𝑥 + 6). Horizontal shift: 6 to the left. Midline: 𝑦 = −3.
6

17. To find the formula of the function we must find the Amplitude, stretch or shrink factor,
horizontal shift, and midline.

The graph oscillates from a minimum of -4 to a maximum of 4, so the midline is at 𝑦 = 0

because that is halfway between.

The Amplitude is the distance between the midline and the maximum or minimum, so the
Amplitude is 4.

2𝜋
The stretch or shrink factor is Period . The period is 10 which is the distance from one peak to the
2𝜋 𝜋
next peak. So, 𝐵 = or 5 .
10

To find the horizontal shift we must first decide whether to use sine or cosine. If you were to use
3
cosine the horizontal shift would be 2 to the right. If you were to use sine it would be 1 to the
𝜋 𝜋 3
left. Thus the formula could be 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 sin ( 5 (𝑥 + 1)) or 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 cos ( 5 (𝑥 − 2)).
Last edited 3/21/13

19. To find the formula of the function we must find the Amplitude, stretch or shrink factor,
horizontal shift, and midline.

The graph oscillates from a minimum of -1 to a maximum of 1, so the midline is at 𝑦 = 0

because that is halfway between.

The Amplitude is the distance between the midline and the maximum or minimum, so the
Amplitude is 1.

2𝜋
The stretch or shrink factor is . The period is 10 which is the distance from one peak to the
Period
2𝜋 𝜋
next peak. So, 𝐵 = or 5 .
10

To find the horizontal shift we must first decide whether to use sine or cosine. If you were to use
1
cosine the horizontal shift would be 2 to the left. If you were to use sine it would be 2 to the

right, but the function would need a vertical reflection since the minimum is to the right of the y
axis rather than the maximum.

𝜋 1 𝜋
Thus the formula could be 𝑓(𝑥) = − sin ( (𝑥 − )) or 𝑓(𝑥) = cos ( (𝑥 + 2)).
5 2 5

21. To find the formula of the function we must find the Amplitude, stretch or shrink factor,
horizontal shift, and midline.

Since the maximum temperature is 57 and the minimum is 43 degrees, the midline is 50 since
that is halfway in between.

The amplitude is 7 because that is the difference between the midline and either the max or the
min.

Since the temperature at 𝑡 = 0 is 50 degrees, sine is the best choice because the midline
intersects with vertical axis.
Last edited 3/21/13

The function must have a vertical reflection because the lowest temperature generally happens in
the morning rather than in the afternoon. Having a negative sine function will put the minimum
in the morning and the maximum in the afternoon.

Our independent variable t is in hours so the period is 24 because there are 24 hours in the day.

2𝜋 𝜋
So, our function is 𝐷(𝑡) = 50 − 7 sin ( 24 𝑡) which is 𝐷(𝑡) = 50 − 7 sin (12 𝑡).

23. a. The period is 10 minutes because that is how long it takes to get from one point on the
Ferris wheel to that same point again.

The maximum point on the Ferris wheel is 26 meters, because it is the height of the wheel plus
the extra 1 meter that it is off the ground. The minimum point is 1 m since the wheel is 1 meter
off the ground. The Amplitude is half of the distance between the maximum and the minimum
which is 12.5 meters.

The Midline is where the center of the Ferris wheel is which is one meter more than the
Amplitude, because the Ferris wheel starts 1 m off the ground. The Midline is 𝑦 = 13.5 meters.

2𝜋
b. The formula is ℎ(𝑡) = −12.5 cos ( 10 𝑡)+13.5. The function is a negative cosine function

because the Ferris wheel starts at the minimum height.

2𝜋
c. Plug 5 minutes in for t in the height formula: ℎ(5) = −12.5 cos ( 10 ∙ 5) + 13.5 = 26 meters.

6.2 Solutions to Exercises

1. Features of the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = tan(𝑥) include:

- The period of the tangent function is π.


- The domain of the tangent function is    k , where k is an integer.
2
Last edited 3/21/13

- The range of the tangent function is all real numbers, (- ∞, ∞).

Therefore the matching graph for 𝑓(𝑥) = tan(𝑥) is II.

3. Features of the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = csc(𝑥) include:

- The period of the cosecant function is 2π.

- The domain of the cosecant function is   k , where k is an integer.
- The range of the cosecant function is (- ∞, -1] [1, ∞).

Therefore the matching graph for 𝑓(𝑥) = csc(𝑥) is I.

𝜋
5. Since the period of a tangent function is π, the period of 𝑓(𝑥) is 4 , and the horizontal shift is 8

units to the right.

2𝜋
7. Since the period of a secant function is 2π, the period of ℎ(𝑥) is 𝜋 = 8, and the horizontal
4

shift is 1 unit to the left.

2𝜋
9. Since the period of a cosecant function is 2π, the period of 𝑚(𝑥) is 𝜋 = 6, and the horizontal
3

shift is 3 units to the left.

𝜋 𝜋
11. A graph of ℎ(𝑥) = 2 sec( 4 (𝑥 + 1)) 13. A graph of 𝑚(𝑥) = 6 csc( 3 𝑥 + 𝜋)
Last edited 3/21/13

𝜋
15. To graph 𝑗(𝑥) = tan( 𝑥):
2
𝜋
The period of 𝑗(𝑥) is π/ 2 = 2, so the horizontal stretch should be 2 units in length. Since the

coefficient of 𝑗(𝑥) is 1, there is no vertical stretch.


The period of a tangent function is π, and its domain is    k , where k is an integer.
2

17. The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) has the shape of either a secant or a cosecant function. However, since it
𝜋
has domain of x ≠ 2 + kπ (k is an integer), it should be the graph of a secant function.

Assume that the function has form of f(x) = a sec(kx) +b.

2 𝜋
- Because period of the graph is 2, it is compressed by 𝜋 or k = 2 .

- The graph is shifted down by 1 unit, then b = -1.

- To find a, use the point (0,1). Substitute this into the formula of f(x), we have
1 = 𝑎 sec(0) – 1
1 = 𝑎 −1
𝑎=2

𝜋
Thus, a formula of the function graphed above is 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 sec( 2 𝑥) – 1.

19. The graph of ℎ(𝑥) has the shape of either a secant or a cosecant function. However, since it
has domain of 𝑥 ≠ 𝑘𝜋 (k is an integer), it should be the graph of a cosecant function.

Assume that the function has form of ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑎 csc(𝑘𝑥) + 𝑏.

Last edited 3/21/13

4 𝜋
- Because period of the graph is 4, it is compressed by or k = .
𝜋 4

- The graph is shifted up by 1 unit, then b = 1.

- To find a, use the point (2,3). Substitute this into the formula of h(x), we have
𝜋
3 = 𝑎 csc ( ∙ 2) + 1
4
3=𝑎+1
𝑎=2

𝜋
Thus, a formula of the function graphed above is ℎ(𝑥) = 2 csc( 4 𝑥) + 1.

21. tan (-x) = -tan x = - (-1.5) = 1.5

23. sec (-x) = -sec x = -2

25. csc (-x) = -csc x = -(-5) = 5

cos 𝑥
27. cot (-x) cos (-x) + sin (-x) = (-cot x)(cos x) – sin x = (- )(cos x) – sin x
sin 𝑥

cos2 𝑥 − (cos2 𝑥+sin2 𝑥) 1

=- – sin x = =- = - csc x.
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥

6.3 Solutions to Exercises

√2 𝜋𝜋 √2
1. For sin-1( 2 ), we are looking for an angle in [− 2 ,2 ] with a sine value of . The angle that
2

√2 𝜋
satisfies this is sin-1( 2 ) = 4 .

1 𝜋𝜋 1
3. For sin-1(− 2), we are looking for an angle in [− 2 , 2 ] with a sine value of − 2. The angle that
1 𝜋
satisfies this is sin-1(− 2) = − 6 .
Last edited 3/21/13

1 1
5. For cos-1( ), we are looking for an angle in [0,π] with a cosine value of . The angle that
2 2
1 𝜋
satisfies this is cos-1(2) = 3.

√2 √2
7. For cos-1 (− ), we are looking for an angle in [0,π] with a cosine value of − . The angle
2 2

√2 3𝜋
that satisfies this is cos-1(− ) = .
2 4

𝜋𝜋
9. For tan-1 (1), we are looking for an angle in (− 2 , 2 ) with a tangent value of 1. The angle that
𝜋
satisfies this is tan-1(1) = .
4

𝜋𝜋
11. For tan-1 (−√3), we are looking for an angle in (− 2 ,2 ) with a tangent value of −√3. The
𝜋
angle that satisfies this is tan-1(−√3) = − 3 .

13. In radian mode, cos-1 (- 0.4) ≈ 1.9823 rad or 1.9823. In degree mode, cos-1 (- 0.4) ≈
113.5782°.

15. In radian mode, sin-1 (-0.8) ≈ – 0.9273 rad or – 0.9273. In degree mode, sin-1 (-0.8) ≈ –
53.131°.

17.

10
7
θ

opposite 7
sin (θ) = = = 0.7
hypotenuse 10

So θ = sin-1 (0.7) ≈ 0.7754.

Last edited 3/21/13

𝜋 √2 √2 𝜋 𝜋
19. sin−1 (cos ( 4 )) = sin−1 ( 2 ). For sin-1 ( 2 ), we are looking for an angle in [− 2 , 2 ] with a
√2 √2 𝜋 𝜋
sine value of . The angle that satisfies this is sin-1( 2 ) = 4 . So sin−1 (cos (4 )) =
2

√2 𝜋
sin−1 ( 2 ) = 4 .

4𝜋 1 1 𝜋 𝜋
21. sin−1 (cos ( 3 )) = sin−1 (− 2). For sin−1 (− 2), we are looking for an angle in [− 2 , 2 ]
1 1 𝜋
with a sine value of − 2. The angle that satisfies this is sin−1 (− 2) = − 6 . So
4𝜋 1 𝜋
sin−1 (cos ( 3 )) = sin−1 (− 2)= − 6 .

3 3 opposite
23. Let 𝑥 = sin−1 (7). Then sin (x) = 7 = hypotenuse.

7
3
x

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we can find the adjacent of the triangle:

32 + adjacent2 = 72

adjacent2 = 72 – 32 = 49 – 9 = 40

adjacent = √40 = 2√10

3 adjacent 2√10
Therefore, cos (sin−1 (7)) = cos (𝑥) = = .
hypotenuse 7

opposite
25. Let x = tan-1 (4), then tan (x) = 4 = adjacent.

x 1
4
Last edited 3/21/13

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we can find the hypotenuse of the triangle:

hypotenuse2 = 12 + 42 = 1 +16 = 17
hypotenuse = √17

adjacent 1
Therefore, cos (tan-1 (4)) = cos (x) = hypotenuse = .
√17

𝑥 𝑥 adjacent
27. Let θ = cos-1 (5), then cos (θ) = 5 = hypotenuse

θ
x

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we can find the opposite of the triangle:

x2 + opposite2 = 52 = 25

opposite2 = 25 – x2

opposite = √25 – 𝑥 2

𝑥 opposite √25 – x2
Therefore, sin (cos −1 (5)) = sin(𝜃) = = .
hypotenuse 5

opposite
29. Let 𝜃 = tan−1(3𝑥) , then tan (θ) = 3x = adjacent

3x
θ
1

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we can find the hypotenuse of the triangle:
Last edited 3/21/13

hypotenuse2 = (3x)2 + 12 = 9x2 + 1

hypotenuse = √9𝑥 2 + 1

opposite 3𝑥
Therefore, sin (tan-1 (3x)) = sin (θ) = hypotenuse = √9x2 .
+1

6.4 Solutions to Exercises

1. 2 sin (θ) = −√2

−√2
sin (θ) = 2
5π π 7π
θ= + 2𝑘π or θ = π − + 2𝑘π = + 2𝑘π, for k Z.
4 4 4
5π 7π
Since 0 ≤ θ < 2π, the answers should be θ = and θ = .
4 4

3. 2 cos (θ) = 1
1
cos (θ) = 2
π π 5π
θ = + 2𝑘π or θ = 2π − + 2𝑘π = + 2𝑘π, for k Z.
3 3 3
π 5π
Since 0 ≤ θ < 2π, the answers should be θ = 3 and θ = .
3

5. sin (θ) = 1
π
θ = 2 + 2kπ, for k Z.
π
Since 0 ≤ θ < 2π, the answer should be θ = 2 .

7. cos (θ) = 0
π π 3π
θ = 2 + 2𝑘π or θ = 2π − + 2𝑘π = + 2𝑘π, for k Z.
2 2
π 3π
Since 0 ≤ θ < 2π, the answers should be θ = 2 and θ = .
2

9. 2 cos (θ) = √2
√2
cos (θ) = 2
Last edited 3/21/13

π π 7π
θ = + 2𝑘π or θ = 2π − + 2𝑘π = + 2𝑘π, for k Z.
4 4 4

11. 2 sin (θ) = −1

1
sin (θ) = − 2
7π 11π
θ= + 2𝑘π or θ = + 2𝑘π, for k Z.
6 6

13. 2 sin (3θ) = 1

1
sin (3θ) = 2
π 5π
3θ = 6 + 2𝑘π or 3θ = + 2𝑘π, for k Z
6
π 2𝑘𝜋 5π 2𝑘𝜋
θ = 18 + or θ = 18 + , for k Z.
3 3

15. 2 sin (3θ) = −√2

√2
sin (3θ) = − 2
5π 7π
3θ = + 2𝑘π or 3θ = + 2𝑘π, for k Z
4 4
5π 2𝑘𝜋 7π 2𝑘𝜋
θ = 12 + or θ = 12 + , for k Z.
3 3

17. 2 cos (2θ) = 1

1
cos (2θ) = 2
π 5π
2θ = 3 + 2𝑘π or 2θ = + 2𝑘π, for k Z
3
π 5π
θ = 6 + 𝑘π or θ = + 𝑘π, for k Z.
6

19. 2 cos (3θ) = −√2

√2
cos (3θ) = −
2
3π 5π
3θ = + 2𝑘π or 3θ = + 2𝑘π, for k Z
4 4
π 2𝑘𝜋 5π 2𝑘𝜋
θ=4+ or θ = 12 + , for k Z.
3 3
Last edited 3/21/13

π
21. cos ( θ) = −1
4
π
θ = π + 2𝑘π, for k Z
4

θ = 4 + 8𝑘, for k Z.

23. 2 sin (πθ) = 1

1
sin (πθ) = 2
π 5π
πθ = 6 + 2𝑘π or πθ = + 2𝑘π, for k Z
6
1 5
θ = 6 + 2𝑘 or θ = 6 + 2𝑘, for k Z.

25. sin (x) = 0.27

x = sin-1 (0.27)
x = 0.2734 + 2kπ or x = π − 0.2734 + 2kπ, for k Z.
Since 0 ≤ x < 2π, there are two answers, x = 0.2734 and x = π − 0.2734 = 2.8682.

27. sin (x) = −0.58

x = sin-1 (−0.58)
x = – 0.6187 + 2kπ or x = π – (– 0.6187) + 2kπ, for k Z.
Since 0 ≤ x < 2π, there are two answers, x = – 0.6187 + 2π = 5.6645 and x = π – (– 0.61873) =
3.7603.

29. cos (x) = −0.55

x = cos-1 (−0.55)
x = 2.1532 + 2kπ or x = 2π – 2.1532 + 2kπ, for k Z.
Since 0 ≤ x < 2π, there are two answers, x = 2.1532 and x = 2π - 2.1532 = 4.13.

31. cos (x) = 0.71

x = cos-1 (0.71)
x = 0.7813 + 2kπ or x = 2π – 0.7813 + 2kπ, for k Z.
Since 0 ≤ x < 2π, there are two answers, x = 0.7813 or x = 2π – 0.7813 = 5.5019.
Last edited 3/21/13

33. 7sin (6x) = 2

2
sin (6𝑥) = 7
2
6x = sin-1 (7)

6x = 0.28975 + 2kπ or 6x = π – 0.28975 + 2kπ, for k Z.

In order to get the first two positive solutions, k = 0. This leads to:
6x = 0.28975 or 6x = π – 0.28975 = 2.85184
x = 0.04829 or x = 0.47531

35. 5cos (3x) = −3

3
cos (3x) = −
5
3
3x = cos-1 (− 5)

3x = 2.2143 + 2kπ or 3x = 2π – 2.2143 + 2kπ, for k Z.

In order to get the first two positive solutions, k = 0. This leads to:
3x = 2.2143 or 3x = 2π – 2.2143 = 4.0689
x = 0.7381 or x = 1.3563

π
37. 3sin ( 𝑥) = 2
4
π 2
sin (4 𝑥) = 3
π 2
𝑥 = sin-1 (3)
4
π π
4
𝑥 = 0.72973 + 2kπ or 4 𝑥 = π – 0.72973 + 2kπ, for k Z.

In order to get the first two positive solutions, k = 0. This leads to:
π π
𝑥 = 0.72973 or 4 𝑥 = π – 0.72973 = 2.41186
4

𝑥 = 0.9291 or 𝑥 = 3.0709

π
39. 5cos ( 3 𝑥) = 1
π 1
cos ( 3 𝑥) = 5
π 1
𝑥 = cos-1 (5)
3
π π
𝑥 = 1.3694 + 2kπ or 3 𝑥 = 2π – 1.3694 + 2kπ, for k Z.
3
Last edited 3/21/13

In order to get the first two positive solutions, k = 0. This leads to:
π π
𝑥 = 1.3694 or 3 𝑥 = 2π – 1.3694 = 4.9138
3

𝑥 = 1.3077 or 𝑥 = 4.6923

6.5 Solutions to Exercises

1. 𝑐 = √52 + 82 = √89
A= tan(− 1) (8/5)≈ 57.9946°
B= tan(− 1) (5/8)≈ 32.0054 °

3. 𝑏 2 = 152 − 72 , 𝑏 = √225 − 49 = √176

A= sin(− 1) (7/15)≈ 27.8181 °
B= cos(− 1) (7/15)≈ 62.1819°

5. Note that the function has a maximum of 10 and a minimum of -2. The function returns to its
maximum or minimum every 4 units in the x direction, so the period is 4.

Midline = 4 because 4 lies equidistant from the function's maximum and minimum.

Amplitude = 10 – 4 or 4 – (-2) = 6

2π 2π π
Horizontal compression factor = period = 4 = 2

If we choose to model this function with a sine curve, then a horizontal shift is required. Sin(x)
will begin its period at the midline, but our function first reaches its midline at x = 1. To adjust
for this, we can apply a horizontal shift of -1.

𝜋
Therefore, we may model this function with 𝑦(𝑥) = 6 sin (2 (𝑥 − 1)) + 4
Last edited 3/21/13

7. We are given when the minimum temperature first occurs, so it would be a good choice to
create our model based on a flipped cosine curve with a period of 24 hours.

63 − 37
Amplitude = = 13
2

63+ 37
Midline = = 50
2

2𝜋 𝜋
Horizontal stretch factor = 24 = 12

Horizontal shift = -5

𝜋
Using this information we have the following model: 𝐷(𝑡) = −13 cos (12 (𝑡 − 5)) + 50

9. a. We are given when the population is at a minimum, so we can create a model using a
flipped cosine curve with a period of 12 months.

Midline = 129

Amplitude = 25

2𝜋 𝜋
Horizontal stretch factor = 12 = 6

𝜋
Using this information we have the following model: 𝑃(𝑡) = −25 cos ( 6 (𝑡)) + 129

b. April is 3 months after January which means that we may use the previous model with a
𝜋
rightward shift of 3 months. 𝑃(𝑡) = −25 cos (6 (𝑡 − 3)) + 129

11. Let 𝐷(𝑡) be the temperature in farenheight at time t, where t is measured in hours since
midnight. We know when the maximum temperature occurs so we can create a model using a
cosine curve.

Midline = 85
Last edited 3/21/13

Amplitude = 105 - 85 = 20

2π π
Horizontal stretch factor = 24 = 12

Horizontal shift = -17

𝜋
Using this information we have the following model: 𝐷(𝑡) = 20 cos (12 (𝑡 − 17)) + 85

𝜋
𝐷(9) = 20 cos ( (9 − 17)) + 85 = 75
12

Therefore the temperature at 9 AM was 75° F.

13. Let D(t) be the temperature in farenheight at time t, where t is measured in hours since
midnight. We know when the average temperature first occurs so we can create a model using a
sine curve. The average temperature occurs at 10 AM we can assume that the temperature
increases after that.

63 + 47
Midline = = 55
2

63− 47
Amplitude = =8
2

2π π
Horizontal stretch factor = 24 = 12

Horizontal shift = -10

𝜋
𝐷(𝑡) = 8 sin ( (𝑡 − 10)) + 55
12

To calculate when the temperature will first be 51°F we set 𝐷(𝑡) = 51 and solve for t.
Last edited 3/21/13

𝜋
51 = 8 sin ( (𝑡 − 10)) + 55
12
𝜋 1
sin ( (𝑡 − 10)) = −
12 2
𝜋 1
(𝑡 − 10) = sin−1 (− )
12 2
−𝜋/6
𝑡= + 10 = 8
𝜋/12

The first time the temperature reaches 51°F for the day is at 8 AM, 8 hours past midnight.

15. Let ℎ(𝑡) be the height from the ground in meters of your seat on the ferris wheel at a time t,
where t is measured in minutes. The minimum is level with the platform at 2 meters, and the
maximum is the 2 meter platform plus the 20 meter diameter. Since you begin the ride at a
minimum, a flipped cosine function would be ideal for modeling this situation with a period
being a full revolution.

22+2
Midline = = 12
2

22− 2
Amplitude = = 10
2

2π π
Horizontal compression factor= =
6 3

𝜋
Putting this information gives us ℎ(𝑡) = −10 cos (3 (𝑡)) + 12

To find the amount of time which the height is above 13 meters, we can set ℎ(𝑡) = 13 and find
both values of t for which this is true and take their difference.

𝜋
13 = −10 cos ( (𝑡)) + 12
3
𝜋 1
cos ( (𝑡)) = −
3 10
Last edited 3/21/13

𝜋 1 𝜋 1
𝑡 = cos−1 (− 10) and 3 𝑡2 = 2𝜋 − cos −1 (− 10)
3 1

3 1 1
𝑡1 − 𝑡2 = (2𝜋 − cos−1 (− ) − cos−1 (− ) ≈ 2.80869431742
𝜋 10 10

Therefore you would be 13 meters or more above the ground for about 2.8 minutes during the
ride.

17. Let 𝑆(𝑡) be the amount of sea ice around the north pole in millions of square meters at time
t, where t is the number of months since January. Since we know when the maximum occurs, a
cosine curve would be useful in modeling this situation.

6+14
Midline = = 10
2
6−14
Amplitude = =4
2
2π π
Horizontal stretch factor = 12 = 6

Horizontal shift = -2

𝜋
Therefore 𝑆(𝑡) = 4 cos (6 (𝑡 − 2)) + 10

To find where there will be less than 9 million square meters of sea ice we need to set 𝑆(𝑡)= 9
and find the difference between the two t values in which this is true during a single period.
𝜋
4 cos ( (𝑡 − 2)) + 10 = 9
6
𝜋 1
cos ( (𝑡 − 2)) = −
6 4
𝜋 1 𝜋 1
(𝑡1 − 2) = cos−1 (− ) and (𝑡2 − 2) = 2𝜋 − cos −1 (− )
6 4 6 4

Solving these equations gives:

6 1
𝑡1 = (cos−1 (− )) + 2 ≈ 5.4825837
𝜋 4
6 1
𝑡2 = (2𝜋 − cos −1 (− )) + 2 ≈ 10.5174162
𝜋 4
Last edited 3/21/13

𝑡1 − 𝑡2 ≈ 5.0348325

Therefore there are approximately 5.035 months where there is less than 9 million square meters
of sea ice around the north pole in a year.

19. a. We are given when the smallest breath occurs, so we can model this using a flipped
cosine function. We're not explicitly told the period of the function, but we're given when the
largest and smallest breath occurs. It takes half of cosine's period to go from the smallest to
largest value. We can find the period by doubling the difference of the t values that correspond
to the largest and smallest values.

Period = 2(55 – 5) = 100

0.6 + 1.8
Midline = = 1.2
2
1.8−0.6
Amplitude = = 0.6
2

Horizontal shift = -5
2π π
Horizontal stretch factor = 100 = 50

𝜋
This gives us 𝑏(𝑡) = 1.2 − 0.6 cos (50 (𝑡 − 5)).

𝜋
b. 𝑏(5) = 1.2 − 0.6 cos (50 (5 − 5)) = 0.6

𝜋
𝑏(10) = 1.2 − 0.6 cos ( (10 − 5)) ≈ 0.63
50
𝜋
𝑏(15) = 1.2 − 0.6 cos ( (15 − 5)) ≈ 0.71
50
𝜋
𝑏(20) = 1.2 − 0.6 cos ( (20 − 5)) ≈ 0.85
50
𝜋
𝑏(25) = 1.2 − 0.6 cos ( (25 − 5)) ≈ 1.01
50
𝜋
𝑏(30) = 1.2 − 0.6 cos ( (30 − 5)) = 1.2
50
Last edited 3/21/13

𝜋
𝑏(35) = 1.2 − 0.6 cos ( (35 − 5)) ≈ 1.39
50

𝜋
𝑏(40) = 1.2 − 0.6 cos ( (40 − 5)) ≈ 1.55
50
𝜋
𝑏(45) = 1.2 − 0.6 cos ( (45 − 5)) ≈ 1.69
50
𝜋
𝑏(50) = 1.2 − 0.6 cos ( (50 − 5)) ≈ 1.77
50
𝜋
𝑏(55) = 1.2 − 0.6 cos ( (55 − 5)) = 1.8
50
𝜋
𝑏(60) = 1.2 − 0.6 cos ( (60 − 5)) ≈ 1.77
50

3960 3960
21. a. From either right triangle in the image, sin(𝛼) = 3960+𝑡, so 𝛼(𝑡) = sin−1 (3960+𝑡).

3960
b. 𝛼(30,000) = sin−1 (3960+30000). The angle opposite of alpha is 90° − 𝛼 ≈ 83.304°. Twice

this angle would be 166.608°, which is the angle of one end of the satellite's coverage on earth to
the other end. The ratio of this angle to the 360° angle needed to cover the entire earth is
166.608 °
= .4628 or 46.28%. Therefore it would take 3 satellites to cover the entire
360 °
circumference of the earth.

c. Using the same methods as in 21b, we find 𝛼 = 52.976°. The angle between one end of the
satellite's coverage to the other is 2(90° − 52.976°) = 74.047°. The ratio of this angle to the
74.047°
360° angle needed to cover the entire earth is ≈ 0.206. Therefore roughly 20.6% of the
360°

earth's circumference can be covered by one satellite. This means that you would need 5
satellites to cover the earth's circumference.

3960
d. Using the same methods as in 21b and 21c we can solve for t. 𝛼 = sin−1 (3960+𝑡). So the
3960
angle from one end of the satellite's coverage to the other is 2 (90° − sin−1 (3960+𝑡)). The ratio

of this angle to the 360° angle needed to cover the earth is 0.2, so we have:
Last edited 3/21/13

3960
2 (90° − sin−1 (3960 + 𝑡))
= 0.2
360°
3960
90° − sin−1 ( ) = 36°
3960 + 𝑡
3960
sin−1 ( ) = 54°
3960 + 𝑡
3960
= sin(54°)
3960 + 𝑡
3960 sin(54°) + 𝑡 sin(54°) = 3960
1 − sin(54°)
𝑡 = 3960 ≈ 934.829
sin(54°)

To cover 20% of the earth's circumference, a satellite would need to be placed approximately
934.829 miles from the earth's surface.
Last edited 11/13/14

7.1 Solutions to Exercises

1
1. Dividing both sides by 2, we have sin 𝜃 = − 2. Since sin 𝜃 is negative only in quadrants III
7𝜋 11𝜋
and IV, using our knowledge of special angles, 𝜃 = or 𝜃 = .
6 6

1
3. Dividing both sides by 2, cos 𝜃 = 2. Using our knowledge of quadrants, this occurs in
𝜋 5𝜋
quadrants I and IV. In quadrant I, 𝜃 = 3 ; in quadrant IV, 𝜃 = .
3

𝜋 1 1 𝜋
5. Start by dividing both sides by 2 to get sin ( 4 𝑥) = 2. We know that sin 𝜃 = 2 for 𝜃 = 6 +
5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
2𝑘𝜋 and 𝜃 = + 𝑘𝜋 for any integer 𝑘. Therefore, 4 𝑥 = 6 + 2𝑘𝜋 and 4 𝑥 = + 2𝑘𝜋. Solving
6 6
4 𝜋
the first equation by multiplying both sides by 𝜋 (the reciprocal of 4 ) and distributing, we get 𝑥 =
4 2
+ 8𝑘, or 𝑥 = 3 + 8𝑘. The second equation is solved in exactly the same way to arrive at 𝑥 =
6
10
+ 8𝑘.
3

√3 √3 5𝜋
7. Divide both sides by 2 to arrive at cos 2𝑡 = − . Since cos 𝜃 = − when 𝜃 = + 2𝑘𝜋 and
2 2 6
7𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
when 𝜃 = + 2𝑘𝜋. Thus, 2𝑡 = + 2𝑘𝜋 and 2𝑡 = + 2𝑘𝜋. Solving these equations for 𝑡
6 6 6
5𝜋 7𝜋
results in 𝑡 = + 𝑘𝜋 and 𝑡 = + 𝑘𝜋.
12 12

𝜋 2 2
9. Divide both sides by 3; then, cos (5 𝑥) = 3. Since 3 is not the cosine of any special angle we
2
know, we must first determine the angles in the interval [0, 2𝜋) that have a cosine of 3. Your
2
calculator will calculate cos −1 (3) as approximately 0.8411. But remember that, by definition,

cos−1 𝜃 will always have a value in the interval [0, 𝜋] -- and that there will be another angle in
(𝜋, 2𝜋) that has the same cosine value. In this case, 0.8411 is in quadrant I, so the other angle
𝜋 𝜋
must be in quadrant IV: 2𝜋 − 0.8411 ≈ 5.4421. Therefore, 5 𝑥 = 0.8411 + 2𝑘𝜋 and 5 𝑥 =
5
5.442 + 2𝑘𝜋. Multiplying both sides of both equations by 𝜋 gives us 𝑥 = 1.3387 + 10𝑘 and

𝑥 = 8.6612 + 10𝑘.
Last edited 11/13/14

2
11. Divide both sides by 7: sin 3𝑡 = − . We need to know the values of 𝜃 that give us sin 𝜃 =
7
2 2
− 7. Your calculator provides one answer: sin−1 (− 7) ≈ −0.2898. However, sin−1 𝜃 has a
𝜋 𝜋
range of [− 2 , 2 ], which only covers quadrants I and IV. There is another angle in the interval
𝜋 3𝜋
(2 , ) with the same sine value; in this case, in quadrant III: 𝜋 + 0.2898 ≈ 3.4314. Therefore,
2

3𝑡 = −0.2898 + 2𝑘𝜋 and 3𝑡 = 3.4314 + 2𝑘𝜋. Dividing both sides of both equations by 3 gives
2𝜋 2𝜋
us 𝑡 = 1.1438 + 𝑘 and 𝑡 = −0.0966 + 𝑘.
3 3

13. Resist the urge to divide both sides by cos 𝑥 -- although you can do this, you then have to
separately consider the case where cos 𝑥 = 0. Instead, regroup all expressions onto one side of
the equation:

10 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 6 cos 𝑥 = 0

Now factor cos 𝑥:

cos 𝑥 (10 sin 𝑥 − 6) = 0

𝜋 3𝜋
So either cos 𝑥 = 0 or 10 sin 𝑥 − 6 = 0. On the interval [0, 2𝜋), cos 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = ,
2 2
6
which provides us with two solutions. If 10 sin 𝑥 − 6 = 0, then 10 sin 𝑥 = 6 and sin 𝑥 = 10.
6
Using a calculator or computer to calculate sin−1 10 gives us approximately 0.644, which is in

quadrant I. We know there is another value for 𝑥 in the interval [0, 2𝜋): in quadrant II at 𝜋 −
𝜋 3𝜋
0.644 ≈ 2.498. Our solutions are 2 , , 0.644 and 2.498.
2

1
15. Add 9 to both sides to get csc 2𝑥 = 9. If we rewrite this as sin 2𝑥 = 9, we have 9 sin 2𝑥 = 1
1 1
and sin 2𝑥 = 9. sin 𝜃 = 9 at 𝜃 ≈ 0.1113 (the value from a calculator) and 𝜃 ≈ 3.0303 (using the

reference angle in quadrant II). Therefore, 2𝑥 = 0.1113 + 2𝑘𝜋 and 2𝑥 = 3.0303 + 2𝑘𝜋.
Solving these equations gives us 𝑥 = 0.056 + 𝑘𝜋 and 𝑥 = 1.515 + 𝑘𝜋 for integral 𝑘. We choose
𝑘 = 0 and 𝑘 = 1 for both equations to get four values: 0.056, 1.515, 3.198 and 4.657; these are
the only values that lie in the interval [0, 2𝜋).
Last edited 11/13/14

17. Factoring sin 𝑥, we get sin 𝑥 (sec 𝑥 − 2) = 0. Therefore, either sin 𝑥 = 0 or sec 𝑥 − 2 = 0.
On the interval [0, 2𝜋), sin 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝜋, so these are our first two answers.

1 1
If sec 𝑥 − 2 = 0, then sec 𝑥 = 2 and cos 𝑥 = 2. This leads us to 2 cos 𝑥 = 1 and cos 𝑥 = 2.
𝜋
Recognizing this as a well-known angle, we conclude that (again, on the interval [0, 2𝜋)), 𝑥 = 3
5𝜋
and 𝑥 = .
3

1 1 𝜋 5𝜋
19. If sin2(𝑥) = 4, then sin 𝑥 = ± 2. On the interval [0, 2𝜋), this occurs at 𝑥 = 6 , 𝑥 = ,𝑥=
6
7𝜋 11𝜋
and 𝑥 = .
6 6

1 1 √7
21. If sec 2 𝑥 = 7, then sec 𝑥 = ±√7, cos 𝑥 = ±√7, and cos 𝑥 = ± =± .
√7 7

√7
Using a calculator for cos−1 ( 7 ), we get 𝑥 ≈ 1.183. There is another angle on the interval
1
[0, 2𝜋) whose cosine is , in quadrant IV: 𝑥 = 2𝜋 − 1.183 ≈ 5.1. The two angles where cos 𝑥 =
7

√7
− must lie in quadrants III and IV at 𝑥 = 𝜋 − 1.183 ≈ 1.959 and 𝑥 = 𝜋 + 1.183 ≈ 4.325.
7

23. This is quadratic in sin 𝑤: think of it as 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = 0, where 𝑥 = sin 𝑤. This is simple

enough to factor:

2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0

1
This means that either 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 and 𝑥 = − 2, or 𝑥 + 1 = 0 and 𝑥 = −1. Therefore, either
1
sin 𝑤 = − 2 or sin 𝑤 = −1. We know these special angles: these occur on the interval [0, 2𝜋)
7𝜋 11𝜋 1 3𝜋
when 𝑤 = or 𝑤 = (for sin 𝑤 = − ) or when 𝑤 = (for sin 𝑤 = −1).
6 6 2 2

25. If we subtract 1 from both sides, we can see that this is quadratic in cos 𝑡:

2(cos2 𝑡 + cos 𝑡 − 1 = 0

If we let 𝑥 = cos 𝑡, we have:

Last edited 11/13/14

2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 = (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0

1 1
Either 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2, or 𝑥 + 1 = 0 and 𝑥 = −1. Therefore, cos 𝑡 = 2 or cos 𝑡 = −1. On
𝜋 5𝜋 1
the interval [0, 2𝜋), these are true when 𝑡 = or 𝑡 = (for cos 𝑡 = 2) or when 𝑡 = 𝜋 (for
3 3

cos 𝑡 = −1).

27. If we rearrange the equation, it is quadratic in cos 𝑥:

4 cos2 𝑥 − 15 cos 𝑥 − 4 = 0

If we let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥, we can write this as:

4𝑢2 − 15𝑢 − 4 = 0

This factors as:

(4𝑢 + 1)(𝑢 − 4) = 0

1
Therefore, either 4𝑢 + 1 = 0 and 𝑢 = − 4, or 𝑢 − 4 = 0 and 𝑢 = 4. Substituting back, we have:

1
cos 𝑥 = −
4

We reject the other possibility that cos 𝑥 = 4 since cos 𝑥 is always in the interval [−1, 1].

1
Your calculator will tell you that cos−1 (− 4) ≈ 1.823. This is in quadrant II, and the cosine is

negative, so the other value must lie in quadrant III. The reference angle is 𝜋 − 1.823, so the
other angle is at 𝜋 + (𝜋 − 1.823) = 2𝜋 − 1.823 ≈ 4.460.

29. If we substitute 1 − cos 2 𝑡 for sin2 𝑡, we can see that this is quadratic in cos 𝑡:

12 sin2 𝑡 + cos 𝑡 − 6 = 12(1 − cos2 𝑡) + cos 𝑡 − 6 = −12 cos2 𝑡 + cos 𝑡 + 6 = 0

Setting 𝑢 = cos 𝑡:
Last edited 11/13/14

−12𝑢2 + 𝑢 + 6 = (−4𝑢 + 3)(3𝑢 + 2) = 0

3 2
This leads us to −4𝑢 + 3 = 0 or 3𝑢 + 2 = 0, so either 𝑢 = 4 or 𝑢 = − 3.

3
Substituting back, cos 𝑡 = 4 gives us (via a calculator) 𝑡 ≈ 0.7227. This is in quadrant I, so the

corresponding angle must lie in quadrant IV at 𝑡 = 2𝜋 − 0.7227 ≈ 5.5605.

2
Similarly, cos 𝑡 = − 3 gives us 𝑡 ≈ 2.3005. This is in quadrant II; the corresponding angle with

the same cosine value must be in quadrant III at 𝑡 = 2𝜋 − 2.3005 ≈ 3.9827.

31. Substitute 1 − sin2 𝜙 for cos2 𝜙:

1 − sin2 𝜙 = −6 sin 𝜙

− sin2 𝜙 + 6 sin 𝜙 + 1 = 0

This is quadratic in sin 𝜙, so set 𝑢 = sin 𝜙 and we have:

−𝑢2 + 6𝑢 + 1 = 0

This does not factor easily, but the quadratic equation gives us:

−6 ± √36 − 4(−1)(1) −6 ± √40 −6 ± 2√10

𝑢= = = = 3 ± √10
2(−1) −2 −2

Thus, 𝑢 ≈ 6.1623 and 𝑢 ≈ −0.1623. Substituting back, we have sin 𝜙 = −0.1623. We reject
sin 𝜙 = 6.1623 since sin 𝜙 is always between -1 and 1. Using a calculator to calculate
sin−1(−0.1623), we get 𝜙 ≈ −.1630. Unfortunately, this is not in the required interval [0, 2𝜋),
so we add 2𝜋 to get 𝜙 ≈ 6.1202. This is in quadrant IV; the corresponding angle with the same
sine value must be in quadrant III at 𝜋 + 0.1630 ≈ 3.3046.

33. If we immediately substitute 𝑣 = tan 𝑥, we can write:

𝑣 3 = 3𝑣
Last edited 11/13/14

𝑣 3 − 3𝑣 = 0

𝑣(𝑣 2 − 3) = 0

Thus, either 𝑣 = 0 or 𝑣 2 − 3 = 0, meaning 𝑣 2 = 3 and 𝑣 = ±√3.

𝜋 4𝜋
Substituting back, tan 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝜋. Similarly, tan 𝑥 = √3 at 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = and
3 3
2𝜋 5𝜋
tan 𝑥 = −√3 at 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = .
3 3

35. Substitute 𝑣 = tan 𝑥 so that:

𝑣5 = 𝑣

𝑣5 − 𝑣 = 0

𝑣(𝑣 4 − 1) = 0

Either 𝑣 = 0 or 𝑣 4 − 1 = 0 and 𝑣 4 = 1 and 𝑣 = ±1. Substituting back, tan 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 0 and

𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
𝑥 = 𝜋. Similarly, tan 𝑥 = 1 at 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = . Finally, tan 𝑥 = −1 for 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = .
4 4 4 4

37. The structure of the equation is not immediately apparent.

Substitute 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 and 𝑣 = cos 𝑥, and we have:

4𝑢𝑣 + 2𝑢 − 2𝑣 − 1 = 0

The structure is now reminiscent of the result of multiplying two binomials in different variables.
For example, (𝑥 + 1)(𝑦 + 1) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1. In fact, our equation factors as:

(2𝑢 − 1)(2𝑣 + 1) = 0
Last edited 11/13/14

1 1
Therefore, either 2𝑢 − 1 = 0 (and 𝑢 = ) or 2𝑣 + 1 = 0 (and 𝑣 = − ). Substituting back,
2 2
1 1 𝜋 5𝜋 1 2𝜋 4𝜋
sin 𝑥 = 2 or cos 𝑥 = − 2. This leads to 𝑥 = 6 , 𝑥 = (for sin 𝑥 = 2) and 𝑥 = ,𝑥= (for
6 3 3
1
cos 𝑥 = − 2

sin 𝑥
39. Rewrite tan 𝑥 as cos 𝑥 to give:

sin 𝑥
− 3 sin 𝑥 = 0
cos 𝑥

Using a common denominator of cos 𝑥, we have:

sin 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

− =0
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥

and

sin 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

=0
cos 𝑥

sin 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 0

sin 𝑥 (1 − 3 cos 𝑥) = 0

1
Therefore, either sin 𝑥 = 0 or 1 − 3 cos 𝑥 = 0, which means cos 𝑥 = 3.

1
For sin 𝑥 = 0, we have 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝜋 on the interval [0, 2𝜋). For cos 𝑥 = 3, we need
1
cos−1 (3), which a calculator will indicate is approximately 1.231. This is in quadrant I, so the
1
corresponding angle with a cosine of 3 is in quadrant IV at 2𝜋 − 1.231 ≈ 5.052.

41. Rewrite both tan 𝑡 and sec 𝑡 in terms of sin 𝑡 and cos 𝑡:

sin2 𝑡 1
2 = 3
cos 2 𝑡 cos 𝑡
Last edited 11/13/14

We can multiply both sides by cos2 𝑡:

2 sin2 𝑡 = 3 cos 𝑡

Now, substitute 1 − cos 2 𝑡 for sin2 𝑡 to yield:

2(1 − cos 2 𝑡) − 3 cos 𝑡 = 0

This is beginning to look quadratic in cos 𝑡. Distributing and rearranging, we get:

−2 cos2 𝑡 − 3 cos 𝑡 + 2 = 0

Substitute 𝑢 = cos 𝑡:

−2𝑢2 − 3𝑢 + 2 = 0

(−2𝑢 + 1)(𝑢 + 2) = 0

1
Therefore, either −2𝑢 + 1 = 0 (and 𝑢 = 2) or 𝑢 + 2 = 0 (and 𝑢 = −2). Since 𝑢 = cos 𝑡 will

never have a value of -2, we reject the second solution.

1 𝜋 5𝜋
cos 𝑡 = 2 at 𝑡 = and 𝑡 = on the interval [0, 2𝜋).
3 3

7.2 Solutions to Exercises

√2 √3 √2 1 √6+√2
1. sin(75°) = sin(45°+30°) = sin(45°)cos(30°)+cos(45°)sin(30°) = ∙ 2 + 2 ∙2 =
2 4

−(√6+√2)
3. cos(165°) = cos(120° + 45°) = cos(120°)cos(45°)-sin(120°)sin(45°) = 4

7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 √2−√6
5. cos (12 ) = cos ( 4 + 3 ) = cos (4 ) cos ( 3 ) − sin ( 4 ) sin ( 3 ) = 4
Last edited 11/13/14

5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 √6+√2
7. sin ( 12 ) = sin (6 + 4 ) = sin (6 ) cos ( 4 ) + cos ( 6 ) sin ( 4 ) = 4

11𝜋 11𝜋 11𝜋 √3 1

9. sin (𝑥 + ) = sin(𝑥) cos ( ) + cos(𝑥) sin ( )= sin(𝑥) − 2 cos(𝑥)
6 6 6 2

5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 √3 1
11. cos (𝑥 − ) = cos(𝑥) cos ( 6 ) + sin(𝑥) sin ( 6 ) = − cos(𝑥) + 2 sin(𝑥)
6 2

𝜋 1 1 1
13. csc (2 − 𝑡) = 𝜋 = 𝜋 𝜋 = cos(𝑡) = sec(𝑡)
sin( −𝑡) sin( ) cos(𝑡)−cos( ) sin(𝑡)
2 2 2

𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 cos( ) cos(𝑥)+sin( )sin(𝑥) sin(𝑥)
15. cot (2 − 𝑥) = 2
𝜋
2
𝜋 = cos(𝑥) = tan(𝑥)
sin( ) cos(𝑡)−cos( ) sin(𝑡)
2 2

1
17. 16 sin(16𝑥) sin(11𝑥) = 16 ∙ 2 (cos(16𝑥 − 11𝑥) − cos(16𝑥 + 11𝑥)) = 8 cos(5𝑥) −

8 cos(27𝑥)

19. 2 sin(5𝑥) cos(3𝑥) = sin(5𝑥 + 3𝑥) + sin(5𝑥 − 3𝑥) = sin(8𝑥) + sin(2𝑥)

6𝑡+4𝑡 6𝑡−4𝑡
21. cos(6𝑡) + cos(4𝑡) = 2 cos ( ) cos ( ) = 2 cos(5𝑡) cos(𝑡)
2 2

3𝑥+7𝑥 3𝑥−7𝑥
23. sin(3𝑥) + sin(7𝑥) = 2 sin ( ) cos ( ) = 2 sin(5𝑥) cos(−2𝑥)
2 2

2 1
25. We know that sin(𝑎) = 3 and cos(𝑏) = − 4 and that the angles are in quadrant II. We can

find cos(𝑎) and sin(𝑏) using the Pythagorean identity sin2(𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1, or by using the
known values of sin(𝑎) and cos(𝑏) to draw right triangles. Using the latter method: we know
two sides of both a right triangle including angle a and a right triangle including angle b. The
triangle including angle a has a hypotenuse of 3 and an opposite side of 2. We may use the
pythagorean theorem to find the side adjacent to angle a. Using the same method we may find
the side opposite to b.
For the triangle containing angle a:

Adjacent = √32 − 22 = √5
However, this side lies in quadrant II, so it will be −√5.
Last edited 11/13/14

For the triangle containing angle b:

Opposite = √42 − 12 = √15

In quadrant II, y is positive, so we do not need to change the sign.

2 √5 1 √15
From this, we know: sin(𝑎) = 3 , cos(𝑎) = − , cos(𝑏) = − 4 , sin(𝑏) = .
3 4
−2−5√3
a. sin(𝑎 + 𝑏) = sin(𝑎) cos(𝑏) + cos(𝑎) sin(𝑏) = 12
√5+2√15
b. cos(𝑎 − 𝑏) = cos(𝑎) cos(𝑏) + sin(𝑎) sin(𝑏) = 12

27. sin(3𝑥) cos(6𝑥) − cos(3𝑥) sin(6𝑥) = −0.9

sin(3𝑥 − 6𝑥) = −0.9
sin(−3𝑥) = −0.9
−sin(3𝑥) = −0.9
3𝑥 = sin−1(0.9) + 2𝜋𝑘 or 3𝑥 = 𝜋 − sin−1(0.9) + 2𝜋𝑘, where k is an integer
sin−1 (0.9)+2𝜋𝑘 𝜋−sin−1 (0.9)+2𝜋𝑘
𝑥= or 𝑥 =
3 3
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑥 ≈ 0.373 + 𝑘 or 𝑥 ≈ 0.674 + 𝑘, where k is an integer
3 3

29. cos(2𝑥) cos(𝑥) + sin(2𝑥) sin(𝑥) = 1

cos(2𝑥 − 𝑥) = 1
𝑥 = 0 + 2𝜋𝑘, where k is an integer

31. cos(5𝑥) = −cos(2𝑥)

cos(5𝑥) + cos(2𝑥) = 0
5𝑥+2𝑥 5𝑥−2𝑥
2 cos ( ) cos ( )=0
2 2
7𝑥 3𝑥
cos ( 2 ) = 0 or cos ( 2 ) = 0
7𝑥 𝜋 3𝑥 𝜋
= 2 + 𝜋𝑘 or = 2 + 𝜋𝑘, where k is an integer
2 2
𝜋+2𝜋𝑘 𝜋+2𝜋𝑘
𝑥= or 𝑥 =
7 3
Last edited 11/13/14

33. cos(6𝜃) − cos(2𝜃) = sin(4𝜃)

6𝜃+2𝜃 6𝜃−2𝜃
−2 sin ( ) sin ( ) = sin(4𝜃)
2 2

−2 sin(4𝜃) sin(2𝜃) − sin(4𝜃) = 0

sin(4𝜃) (−2 sin(2𝜃) − 1) = 0
sin(4𝜃) = 0 or −2 sin(2𝜃) − 1 = 0
1
sin(4𝜃) = 0 or sin(2𝜃) = − 2
7𝜋 11𝜋
4𝜃 = 𝜋𝑘 or 2𝜃 = + 2𝜋𝑘 or + 2𝜋𝑘
6 6
𝜋𝑘 7𝜋 11𝜋
𝜃= or + 𝜋𝑘 or + 𝜋𝑘
4 12 12

35. 𝐴 = √42 + 62 = 2√13

2 3
cos(𝑐) = , sin(𝑐) = −
√13 √13

Since sin(C) is negative but cos(C) is positive, we know that C is in quadrant IV.
3
𝐶 = sin−1 (− )
√13

3
Therefore the expression can be written as 2√13 sin (𝑥 + sin−1 (− )) or approximately
√13

2√13 sin(𝑥 − 0.9828).

37. 𝐴 = √52 + 22 = √29

5 2
cos(𝐶) = , sin(𝐶) =
√29 √29

Since both sin(C) and cos(C) are positive, we know that C is in quadrant I.
2
𝐶 = sin−1 ( )
√29

2
Therefore the expression can be written as √29 sin (3𝑥 + sin−1 ( )) or approximately
√29

√29 sin(3𝑥 + 0.3805).

39. This will be easier to solve if we combine the 2 trig terms into one sinusoidal function of the
form 𝐴sin(𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶).
Last edited 11/13/14

5 3
𝐴 = √52 + 32 = √34, cos(𝐶) = − , sin(𝐶) =
√34 √34
3
C is in quadrant II, so 𝐶 = 𝜋 − sin−1 ( )
√34

Then:
3
√34 sin (𝑥 + 𝜋 − sin−1 (√34)) = 1
3 1
− sin (𝑥 − sin−1 ( )) = (Since sin(𝑥 + 𝜋) = −sin(𝑥))
√34 √34
3 1 3
𝑥 − sin−1 ( ) = sin−1 (− ) or, to get the second solution 𝑥 − sin−1 ( )=𝜋−
√34 √34 √34
1
sin−1 (− )
√34

𝑥 ≈ 0.3681 or 𝑥 ≈ 3.8544 are the first two solutions.

41. This will be easier to solve if we combine the 2 trig terms into one sinusoidal function of the
form 𝐴sin(𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶).
3 5
𝐴 = √52 + 32 = √34, cos(𝐶) = , sin(𝐶) = −
√34 √34

5
C is in quadrant IV, so 𝐶 = sin−1 (− ).
√34

Then:
5
√34 sin (2𝑥 + sin−1 (− √34)) = 3
5 3
sin (2𝑥 + sin−1 (− )) =
√34 √34
5 3 5 3
2𝑥 + sin−1 (− ) = sin−1 ( ) and 2𝑥 + sin−1 (− ) = 𝜋 − sin−1 ( )
√34 √34 √34 √34
3 5 3 5
sin−1 ( )−sin−1 (− ) 𝜋−sin−1 ( )−sin−1 (− )
√34 √34 √34 √34
𝑥= or .
2 2

7𝑡+5𝑡 7𝑡−5𝑡
sin(7𝑡)+sin(5𝑡) 2 sin( 2 ) cos( 2 ) 2 sin(6𝑡)cos(𝑡)
43. = 7𝑡+5𝑡 7𝑡−5𝑡 = = tan(6𝑡)
cos(7𝑡)+cos(5𝑡) 2 cos( 2 ) cos( 2 ) 2 cos(6𝑡)cos(𝑡)
Last edited 11/13/14

𝜋
𝜋
sin( 4 −𝑡)
45. tan ( 4 − 𝑡) = 𝜋
cos( 4 −𝑡)

𝜋 𝜋
sin( 4 ) cos(𝑡)−cos( 4 ) sin(𝑡)
= 𝜋 𝜋
cos( 4 ) cos(𝑡)+sin( 4 ) sin(𝑡)

√2
(cos(𝑡)−sin(𝑡))
2
= √2
(cos(𝑡)+sin(𝑡))
2
sin(𝑡)
(cos(𝑡))(1− )
cos(𝑡)
= sin(𝑡)
(cos(𝑡))(1+ )
cos(𝑡)

1−tan(𝑡)
=
1+tan(𝑡)

cos(𝑎+𝑏) cos(𝑎) cos(𝑏)−sin(𝑎) sin(𝑏)

47. =
cos(𝑎−𝑏) cos(𝑎) cos(𝑏)+sin(𝑎) sin(𝑏)
sin(𝑎) sin(𝑏)
cos(𝑎) cos(𝑏)(1−cos(𝑎) cos(𝑏))
= sin(𝑎) sin(𝑏)
cos(𝑎) cos(𝑏)(1+ )
cos(𝑎) cos(𝑏)

1−tan(𝑎) tan(𝑏)
=
1+tan(𝑎) tan(𝑏)

49. Using the Product-to-Sum identity:

1
2 sin(𝑎 + 𝑏) sin(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 2 ( ) cos((𝑎 + 𝑏) − (𝑎 − 𝑏)) − cos((𝑎 + 𝑏) + (𝑎 − 𝑏))
2
= cos(2𝑏) − cos(2𝑎)

cos(𝑎+𝑏) cos(𝑎) cos(𝑏)−sin(𝑎) sin(𝑏)

51. =
cos(𝑎)cos(𝑏) cos(𝑎) cos(𝑏)

cos(𝑎) cos(𝑏) sin(𝑎) sin(𝑏)

= cos(𝑎) cos(𝑏) − cos(𝑎) cos(𝑏)

= 1 − tan(𝑎) tan(𝑏)
Last edited 11/13/14

7.3 Solutions to Exercises

1. a. sin(2𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

To find cos 𝑥:
sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1
1 63
cos2 𝑥 = 1 − 64 = 64

63
cos 𝑥 = ±√64 Note that we need the positive root since we are told 𝑥 is in quadrant 1.

3√7
cos 𝑥 = 8
1 3√7 3√7
So: sin(2𝑥) = 2 (8) ( )=
8 32

b. cos(2𝑥) = 2 cos2 𝑥 − 1
63 63−32 31
= (2 (64)) − 1 = = 32
32

sin(2𝑥) 3√7 31 3√7

c. tan(2𝑥) = cos(2𝑥) = ⁄32 =
32 31

3. cos2 𝑥 – sin2 𝑥 = cos(2𝑥), so cos2 (28°) – sin2 (28°) = cos(56°)

5. 1 − 2 sin2(𝑥) = cos(2𝑥), so 1 – 2sin2 (17°) = cos(2 (17°)) = cos(34°)

7. cos2 (9𝑥) – sin2 (9𝑥) = cos(2(9𝑥)) = cos(18𝑥)

9. 4 sin(8𝑥) cos(8𝑥) = 2 (2sin(8𝑥) cos(8𝑥)) = 2 sin(16𝑥)

11. 6 sin(2𝑡) + 9 sin 𝑡 = 6 ∙ 2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 + 9 sin 𝑡 = 3 sin 𝑡 (4 cos 𝑡 + 3), so we can solve
3 sin 𝑡 (4 cos 𝑡 + 3) = 0:
sin 𝑡 = 0 or cos 𝑡 = −3/4
𝑡 = 0, 𝜋 or 𝑡 ≈ 2.4186, 3.8643.

13. 9cos (2𝜃) = 9 cos2 𝜃 − 4

9(cos2 𝜃- sin2𝜃) = 9 cos 2 𝜃 − 4
Last edited 11/13/14

9 sin2 𝜃 − 4 = 0
(3 sin 𝜃 − 2)(3 sin 𝜃 + 2) = 0
2 2
sin 𝜃 = 3,- 3
2 −2
𝜃 = sin−1 3, sin−1 3

𝜃 ≈ 0.7297, 2.4119, 3.8713, 5.5535

15. sin(2𝑡) = cos 𝑡

2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 = cos 𝑡
2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 − cos 𝑡 = 0
cos 𝑡 (2 sin 𝑡 − 1) = 0
cos 𝑡 = 0 or 2 sin 𝑡 − 1 = 0
𝜋 3𝜋 1 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
If cos 𝑡 = 0, then 𝑡 = or . If 2 sin 𝑡 − 1 = 0, then sin 𝑡 = 2, so 𝑡 = or . So 𝑡 = 2 , ,6
2 2 6 6 2
5𝜋
or .
6

17. cos(6𝑥) − cos(3𝑥) = 0

2 cos2 (3𝑥) − 1 − cos(3𝑥) = 0
2 cos2 (3𝑥) − cos(3𝑥) − 1 = 0
(2 cos(3𝑥) + 1)(cos(3𝑥) − 1) = 0
1
cos(3𝑥) = − 2 or 1

Since we need solutions for 𝑥 in the interval [0, 2𝜋), we will look for all solutions for 3𝑥 in the
1
interval [0, 6𝜋). If cos(3𝑥) = − 2, then there are two possible sets of solutions. First, 3𝑥 =
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋𝑘 4𝜋
+ 2𝜋𝑘 where 𝑘 = 0, 1, or 2, so 𝑥 = + where 𝑘 = 0, 1, or 2. Second, 3𝑥 = +
3 9 3 3
4𝜋 2𝜋𝑘
2𝜋𝑘 where 𝑘 = 0, 1, or 2, so 𝑥 = + where 𝑘 = 0, 1, or 2 If cos(3𝑥) = 1, then 3𝑥 =
9 3
2𝜋𝑘
2𝜋𝑘 where 𝑘 = 0, 1, or 2, so 𝑥 = where 𝑘 = 0, 1, or 2.
3

cos(10𝑥)+1 cos(2𝑥)+1
19. cos2 (5𝑥) = because cos2 𝑥 = (power reduction identity)
2 2
Last edited 11/13/14

21. sin4 (8𝑥) = sin2(8𝑥) ∙ sin2 (8𝑥)

(1−cos(16𝑥)) (1−cos(16𝑥)) (1−cos(2𝑥))
= . (because power reduction identity sin2 x =
2 2 2
1−2 cos(16𝑥) cos2 (16𝑥)
= +
4 4
1−2 cos(16𝑥) cos(32𝑥)+1 cos(2𝑥)+1
= + because cos 2 𝑥 = (power reduction identity)
4 8 2
1 cos(16𝑥) cos(32𝑥) 1
=4– + +8
2 8

23. cos2 𝑥 sin4 𝑥

= cos 2 𝑥 ∙ sin2 𝑥 ∙ sin2 𝑥
1+cos(2𝑥) 1−cos(2𝑥) 1−cos(2𝑥))
= ∙ ∙
2 2 2
1−cos2 (2𝑥) 1−cos(2𝑥)
= ∙
4 2
cos(4𝑥)+1
1− 1−cos(2𝑥)
= 2
∙
4 2
1−cos(4𝑥) 1−cos(2𝑥)
= ∙
8 2
1−cos(2𝑥)−cos(4𝑥)+cos(2𝑥)cos(4𝑥)
= 16

1 4√3
25. Since csc 𝑥 = 7 and 𝑥 is in quadrant 2, sin 𝑥 = 7 (reciprocal of cosecant) and cos 𝑥 = − 7

(Pythagorean identity).
𝑥 (1−cos(𝑥)) 7+4√3 𝑥
a. sin 2 = √ =√ (Note that the answer is positive because 𝑥 is in quadrant 2, so 2
2 14

is in quadrant 1.)
𝑥 (cos 𝑥+1) 7−4√3 𝑥
b. cos(2) =√ =√ 14 (Note that the answer is positive because 𝑥 is in quadrant 2, so 2
2

is in quadrant 1.)
𝑥 2 2
𝑥 sin( ) 7+4√3 (7+4√3) (7+4√3)
c. tan (2)= 2
𝑥 =√ =√ =√ 1 = 7 + 4√3
cos( ) 7−4√3 (7−4√3)(7+4√3)
2

27. (sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡)2 = 1 − sin(2𝑡)

Left side: (sin2 𝑡 − 2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 + cos2 𝑡)
Last edited 11/13/14

= 1 – 2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 (because (sin2 𝑡 + cos 2 𝑡 = 1)

= 1 − sin(2𝑡), the right side (because sin(2𝑡) = 2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡)

2tan(𝑥)
29. sin(2𝑥) = 1+tan2(𝑥)
2sin(𝑥)
cos(𝑥) cos2(𝑥) 2 sin(𝑥) cos(𝑥)
The right side: 2 ∙ = = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = sin(2𝑥), the left side.
1+ sin 2 𝑥 cos2(𝑥) cos2(𝑥)+sin2 (𝑥)
cos 𝑥

31. cot 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 = 2 cot(2𝑥)

cos(𝑥) sin(𝑥)
The left side: –
sin(𝑥) cos(𝑥)

cos2 𝑥−sin2 𝑥 cos(2𝑥)

= = sin(2𝑥) =2 cot(2𝑥)
sin(𝑥) cos(𝑥)
2

1−tan2 (𝛼)
33. cos(2𝛼) = 1+tan2(𝛼)
cos2 𝛼−sin2 𝛼 cos(2𝛼)
1−tan2 (𝛼) cos2 𝛼 cos2 𝛼
The left side: = cos2 𝛼+sin2 𝛼
= 1 = cos(2𝛼)
1+tan2 (𝛼)
cos2 𝛼 cos2 𝛼

35. sin(3𝑥) = 3sin(x) cos 2 𝑥 − sin3 𝑥

Left side: sin(𝑥 + 2𝑥) = sin(𝑥) cos(2𝑥) + cos(𝑥) sin(2𝑥) addition rule.
= sin(𝑥) (cos 2 (𝑥) – sin2 (𝑥)) + cos(𝑥) (2 sin(𝑥) cos(𝑥))
= cos 2 (𝑥) sin(x) – sin3 (𝑥) + 2 cos2 (𝑥) sin(𝑥)
= 3 cos2 (𝑥) sin(x) − sin3 (𝑥)

7.4 Solutions to Exercises

1. By analysis, the function has a period of 12 units. The frequency is 1/12 Hz. The average of
the y-values from 0 ≤ x < 12 is -1, and since the terms repeat identically there is no change in the
midline over time. Therefore the midline is y = f(x) = -1. The high point (y = 2) and low point (y
= -4) are both 3 units away from the midline. Therefore, amplitude = 3 units. The function also
starts at a minimum, which means that its phase must be shifted by one quarter of a cycle, or 3
units, to the right. Therefore, phase shift = 3.
Last edited 11/13/14

Now insert known values into the function:

2𝜋
𝑦 = 𝐴sin (( ) (𝑥 − (phase shift))) + midline
period
2𝜋
𝑦 = 3sin ( (𝑥 − 3)) − 1
12
𝜋
This can be reduced to 𝑦 = 3sin ( 6 (𝑥 − 3)) − 1
𝜋
Alternatively, had we chosen to use the cosine function: 𝑦 = −3 cos ( 6 𝑥) − 1.

3. By analysis of the function, we determine:

A = amplitude = 8 units
2𝜋
Solving period = 6𝜋, we get: period = 1/3 seconds

Frequency = 3 Hz

5. In this problem, it is assumed that population increases linearly. Using the starting average as
well as the given rate, the average population is then y(x) = 650 + (160/12)x = 650 + (40/3)x ,
where x is measured as the number of months since January.

Based on the problem statement, we know that the period of the function must be twelve months
with an amplitude of 19. Since the function starts at a low-point, we can model it with a cosine
function since -[cos(0)] = -1
2𝜋 𝜋
Since the period is twelve months, the factor inside the cosine operator is equal to 12 = 6 . Thus,
𝜋
the cosine function is −19 cos (6 𝑥).
40 𝜋
Therefore, our equation is: 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 650 + 𝑥 − 19 cos (6 𝑥)
3

7. By analysis of the problem statement, the amplitude of the sinusoidal component is 33 units
with a period of 12 months. Since the sinusoidal component starts at a minimum, its phase must
be shifted by one quarter of a cycle, or 3 months, to the right.
𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) = 33 sin (6 (𝑥 − 3))
Last edited 11/13/14

Using the starting average as well as the given rate, the average population is then:
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 900(1.07)𝑥
𝜋
𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥) = 33 sin ( 6 (𝑥 − 3)) + 900(1.07)𝑥

Alternatively, if we had used the cosine function, we’d get:

𝜋
ℎ(𝑥) = −33 cos ( 6 𝑥) + 900(1.07)𝑥

9. The frequency is 18Hz, therefore period is 1/18 seconds. Starting amplitude is 10 cm. Since
the amplitude decreases with time, the sinusoidal component must be multiplied by an
exponential function. In this case, the amplitude decreases by 15% every second, so each new
amplitude is 85% of the prior amplitude. Therefore, our equation is 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 10cos(36𝜋𝑥) ∙
(0.85)𝑥 .

11. The initial amplitude is 17 cm. Frequency is 14 Hz, therefore period is 1/14 seconds.

For this spring system, we will assume an exponential model with a sinusoidal factor.
The general equation looks something like this: 𝐷(𝑡) = 𝐴(𝑅)𝑡 ∙ cos(𝐵𝑡) where A is amplitude, R
determines how quickly the oscillation decays, and B determines how quickly the system
2𝜋
oscillates. Since 𝐷(0) = 17, we know 𝐴 = 17. Also, 𝐵 = period = 28.

We know 𝐷(3) = 13, so, plugging in:

13 = 17(𝑅)3 cos(28𝜋 ∙ 3)
13 = 17(𝑅)3 ∙ 1
13
𝑅3 =
17
3 13
𝑅 = √ ≈ 0.9145
17

Thus, the solution is 𝐷(𝑡) = 17(0.9145)𝑡 cos(28𝜋𝑡).

Last edited 11/13/14

13. By analysis:
(a) must have constant amplitude with exponential growth, therefore the correct graph is IV.
(b) must have constant amplitude with linear growth, therefore the correct graph is III.

15. Since the period of this function is 4, and values of a sine function are on its midline at the
endpoints and center of the period, 𝑓(0) and 𝑓(2) are both points on the midline. We’ll start by
looking at our function at these points:
At 𝑓(0), plugging into the general form of the equation, 6 = 𝑎𝑏 0 + 𝑐sin(0), so 𝑎 = 6.
At 𝑓(2): 96 = 6𝑏 2 + 𝑐sin(𝜋), so 𝑏 = 4.
𝜋
At 𝑓(1): 29 = 6(4)1 + 𝑐sin ( 2 ). Solving gives 𝑐 = 5.

𝜋
This gives a solution of 𝑦 = 6 ∙ 4𝑥 + 5 sin ( 2 𝑥).

17. Since the period of this function is 4, and values of a sine function are on its midline at the
endpoints and center of the period, 𝑓(0) and 𝑓(2) are both points on the midline.
At 𝑓(0), plugging in gives 7 = 𝑎sin(0) + 𝑚 + 𝑏 ∙ 0, so 𝑚 = 7.
At 𝑓(2): 11 = 𝑎sin(𝜋) + 7 + 2𝑏. Since sin(𝜋) = 0, we get 𝑏 = 2.
𝜋
At 𝑓(1): 6 = 𝑎sin ( 2 ) + 7 + 2 ∙ 1. Simplifying, 𝑎 = −3.

𝜋
This gives an equation of 𝑦 = −3sin (2 𝑥) + 2𝑥 + 7.

𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
19. Since the first two places cos(𝜃) = 0 are when 𝜃 = or , which for cos ( 2 𝑥) occur when
2 2

𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = 3, we’ll start by looking at the function at these points:

𝜋 𝜋
At 𝑓(1), plugging in gives 3 = 𝑎𝑏1 cos ( 2 ) + 𝑐. Since cos ( 2 ) = 0, 𝑐 = 3. (Note that looking

at 𝑓(3) would give the same result.)

At 𝑓(0): 11 = 𝑎𝑏 0 cos(0) + 3. Simplifying, we see 𝑎 = 8.
1
At 𝑓(2): 1 = 8𝑏 2 cos(𝜋) + 3. Since cos(𝜋) = −1, it follows that 𝑏 = 2:

1 = −8𝑏 2 + 3
−8𝑏 2 = −2
1
𝑏2 = 4
Last edited 11/13/14

1
𝑏 = ± , but since we require exponential expressions to have a positive number as the base, 𝑏 =
2
1 1 𝑥 𝜋
. Therefore, the final equation is: 𝑦 = 8 (2) cos ( 2 𝑥) + 3.
2
Last edited 9/26/17

8.1 Solutions to Exercises

1. Since the sum of all angles in a triangle is 180°, 180° = 70°

α
+ 50° + α. Thus α = 60°. B
10

The easiest way to find A and B is to use Law of Sines. 70° 50°
sin(  ) sin(  ) sin(  ) A
According to Law of Sines,   , where
a b c
each angle is across from its respective side.

sin( 60 ) sin( 70 ) sin( 50 ) 10 sin(70) 10sin(60)

Thus,   . Then 𝐵 = ≈ 12.26, and 𝐴 = ≈ 11.31.
A B 10 sin(50) sin(50)

3. Since the sum of all angles in a triangle is 180°, 180° = 25° +

120° + α. Thus α = 35°. The easiest way to find C and B is to 25° B
use Law of Sines. According to Law of Sines, 6
sin(  ) sin(  ) sin(  ) 120° α
  , where each angle is across from its
a b c C
sin( 35) sin( 120 ) sin( 25) 6 sin(120)
respective side. Thus,   . Then 𝐵 = ≈ 9.06, and 𝐶 =
6 B C sin(35)

6sin(25)
≈ 4.42.
sin(35)

sin(  ) sin(  ) sin(  )

5. According to Law of Sines,   , where each
a b c α
5 6
angle is across from its respective side. Thus,
sin(  ) sin(  ) sin( 65 ) sin(  ) sin( 65) β
65°
  . Thus  and 𝛽 =
A 5 6 5 6 A
5 sin(65)
sin−1 ( ) ≈ 49.05°. Recall there are two possible solutions from 0 to 2π; to find the other
6

solution use symmetry. β could also be 180 - 49.05 = 130.95. However, when this and the given
side are added together, their sum is greater than 180, so 130.95 cannot be β. Since the sum of all
angles in a triangle is 180°, 180° = 49.05° + 65° + α. Thus α = 65.95°.
Last edited 9/26/17

sin( 65 .95) sin( 49 .05 ) 5sin(65.95)

Again from Law of Sines  , so 𝐴 = sin(49.05) ≈ 6.05.
A 5

sin(  ) sin(  ) sin(  )

7. According to Law of Sines,   ,
a b c
25 α
where each angle is across from its respective side. Thus, 18
sin(  ) sin(  ) sin( 65 ) sin(  ) sin( 40 ) 40° β
  . Thus  and 𝛽 =
A 5 6 25 18 A
25 sin(40)
sin−1 ( ) ≈ 63.33°. Whenever solving for angles with the Law of Sines there are two
18

possible solutions. Using symmetry the other solution may be 180 - 63.33 = 116.67. However,
the triangle shown has an obtuse angle β so β = 116.67°. Since the sum of all angles in a triangle
is 180°, 180° = 116.78° + 40° + α . Thus α = 23.22°.
sin( 23 .22 ) sin( 40 ) 18sin(23.22)
Again from Law of Sines  , so 𝐴 = sin(40) ≈ 11.042.
A 18

9. Since the sum of all angles in a triangle is 180°, 180° = 69° + 43° + β. Thus β = 68°. Using
sin( 43) sin( 68 ) sin( 69 ) 20sin(43) 20sin(69)
Law of Sines,   , so 𝑎 = sin(68) ≈ 14.71 and 𝑐 = sin(68) ≈ 20.13.
a 20 c

Once two sides are found the third side can be found using Law of Cosines. If side c is found
first then side a can be found using, 𝑎2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑏𝑐cos(𝛼) = 20.132 + 202 −
2(20)(20.13) cos(43)

11. To find the second angle, Law of Sines must be used. According to Law of Sines
sin( 119 ) sin(  ) 14
 , so 𝛽 = sin−1 (26 sin(119)) ≈ 28.10. Whenever the inverse sine function is
26 14
used there are two solutions. Using symmetry the other solution could be 180 - 20.1 = 159.9, but
since that number added to our given angle is more than 180, that is not a possible solution.
Since the sum of all angles in a triangle is 180°, 180° = 119° + 28.10° + γ. Thus γ = 32.90°. To
find the last side either Law of Sines or Law of Cosines can be used. Using Law of Sines,
sin( 119 ) sin( 28 .10 ) sin( 32 .90 ) 14sin(32.90) 26sin(32.90)
  , so 𝑐 = sin(28.10) = sin(119) ≈ 16.15. Using Law of
26 14 c
Cosines, 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏cos(𝛾) = 262 + 142 − 2(26)(14) cos(32.90) 𝑠𝑜 𝑐 ≈ 16.15.
Last edited 9/26/17

13. To find the second angle, Law of Sines must be used. According to Law of Sines,
sin( 50 ) sin(  )
 . However, when solved the quantity inside the inverse sine is greater than 1,
45 105
which is out of the range of sine, and therefore out of the domain of inverse sine, so it cannot be
solved.

15. To find the second angle Law of Sines must be used. According to Law of Sines,
sin( 43 .1) sin(  ) 242.8
 , so 𝛽 = sin−1 (184.2 sin(43.1)) ≈ 64.24 or 𝛽 = 180 − 64.24 = 115.76.
184 .2 242 .8
Since the sum of all angles in a triangle is 180°, 180° = 43.1° + 64.24° + γ or

180° = 43.1 ° + 115.76 ° + γ. Thus γ = 72.66° or γ = 21.14°. To find the last side either Law of
sin( 43 .1) sin( 64 .24 ) sin( 72 .66 )
Sines or Law of Cosines can be used. Using Law of Sines,   ,
184 .2 242 .8 c
184.2sin(72.66) 242.8sin(72.66)
so 𝑐 = = ≈ 257.33. The same procedure can be used to find the
sin(43.1) sin(64.24)

alternate solution where c = 97.238.

Using Law of Cosines, 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏cos(𝛾) = 184.22 + 242.82 −

2(184.2)(242.8) cos(72.66) so 𝑐 ≈ 257.33.

17. Because the givens are an angle and the two sides around it,
it is best to use Law of Cosines to find the third side. According 60°
20 28
to Law of Cosines, 𝑎2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑏𝑐cos(𝛼) = 202 + 282 −
2(20)(28) cos(60), so A≈ 24.98. β γ
sin( 60 ) sin(  ) sin(  ) A
Using Law of Sines,   , so 𝛽 =
24 .98 28 20
28
sin−1 (24.98 sin(60)) ≈ 76.10. Because the angle β in the picture is acute, it is not necessary to

find the second solution. The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180° so 180° = 76.10° + 60° + γ
and γ = 43.90°.
Last edited 9/26/17

19. In this triangle only sides are given, so Law of Sines

α
cannot be used. According to Law of Cosines: 20

13
𝑎2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑏𝑐cos(𝛼) so 112 = 132 + 202 −
β γ
132 +202 −112
2(13)(20) cos(𝛼). Then 𝛼 = cos −1 ( 2(13)(20) ) ≈
11
30.51.

To find the next sides Law of Cosines or Law of Sines can be used. Using Law of Cosines, 𝑏 2 =
132 +112 −202
𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑐cos(𝛽) ⇒ 202 = 132 + 112 − 2(13)(11) cos(𝛽) so 𝛽 = cos−1 ( )≈
2(13)(11)

112.62.

The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180 so 180° = 112.62° + 30.51° + γ and γ = 36.87°.

21. Because the angle corresponds to neither of the given sides it is easiest to first use Law of
Cosines to find the third side. According to Law of Cosines, 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏cos(𝛾) =
2.492 + 3.132 − 2(2.49)(3.13) cos(41.2), so 𝑐 = 2.07.

To find the α or β either Law of Cosines or Law of Sines can be used. Using Law of Sines,
sin(41.2) sin(𝛼) 2.49 sin(41.2)
= , so 𝛼 = sin−1 ( ) ≈ 52.55°. The inverse sine function gives two
2.07 2.49 2.07

solutions so α could also be 180 - 52.55 = 127.45. However, side b is larger than side c so angle γ
must be smaller than β, which could not be true if α = 127.45, so α = 52.55. The sum of angles in
a triangle is 180°, so 180° = 52.55 + 41.2 + β and β = 86.26°.

23. Because the angle corresponds to neither of the given sides it is easiest to first use Law of
Cosines to find the third side. According to Law of Cosines, 𝑎2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑐𝑏cos(𝛼) = 72 +
62 − 2(7)(6) cos(120), so 𝑎 = 11.27 .

Either Law of Cosines or Law of Sines can be used to find β and γ. Using Law of Cosines, 𝑏 2 =
𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑐cos(𝛽) ⇒ 62 = 72 + 11.272 − 2(7)(11.27) cos(𝛽), so 𝛽 =
72 +11.272 −62
cos−1 ( ) ≈ 27.46. The sum of all the angles in a triangle is 180° so 180° = 27.46° +
2(7)(11.27)

120° + γ, and γ = 32.54°.

Last edited 9/26/17

1
25. The equation of the area of a triangle is 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ. It is important to draw a picture of the
2

triangle to figure out which angles and sides need to be found.

21 18
h

θ
b = 32
With the orientation chosen the base is 32. Because the height makes a right triangle inside of
the original triangle, all that needs to be found is one angle to find the height, using trig. Either
side of the triangle can be used.

According to Law of Cosines 212 = 182 + 322 − 2(18)(32)cos(𝜃) so, 𝜃 =

182 +322 −212 32∙11.10
cos−1 ( ) ≈38.06. Using this angle, ℎ = sin(38.06)18 ≈ 11.10, so 𝐴 = ≈
2(18)(32) 2

177.56.

27. Because the angle corresponds to neither of the given sides

it is easiest to first use Law of Cosines, to find the third side.
According to Law of Cosines 𝑑2 = 8002 + 9002 −
2(800)(900)cos(70) where d is the distance across the lake. 800 ft d=
70° 900 ft
978.51ft

29. To completely understand the situation it is important to

first draw a new triangle, where ds is the distance from the boat
to the shore and dA is the distance from station A to the boat.

70° 60°
A B
𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑠
70° 60°
500ft
Last edited 9/26/17

Since the only side length given does not have a corresponding angle given, the corresponding
angle (θ) must first be found. The sum of all angles in a triangle must be 180°, so 180° = 70° +
60° + 𝜃, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = 50°.

sin(50)
Knowing this angle allows us to use Law of Sines to find dA. According to Law of Sines =
500
sin(60) 500sin(60)
⇒ 𝑑𝐴 = ≈ 565.26𝑓𝑡.
𝑑𝐴 sin(50)

To find ds, trigonometry of the left hand right triangle can be used. 𝑑𝐴 = sin(70)565.26𝑓𝑡 ≈
531.17𝑓𝑡.

31. The hill can be visualized as a right triangle

below the triangle that the wire makes, assuming that,
a line perpendicular to the base of 67° angle is
dropped from the top of the tower. Let L be the
length of the guy wire. 16°
165m

λ 67°

φ
L
In order to find L using Law of Cosines, the height of
θ
the tower, and the angle between the tower and the hill
16° need to be found.
165m

To solve using Law of Sines only the angle between

67° the guy wire and the tower, and the angle
corresponding with L need to be found.

Since finding the angles requires only basic triangle relationships, solving with Law of Sines will
be the simpler solution.

The sum of all angles in a triangle is 180°, this rule can be used to find the angle of the hill at the
tower location (θ). 180° = 90° + 67° + 𝜃, 𝑠𝑜 𝜃 = 23°.
Last edited 9/26/17

θ and the angle between the tower and the hill (φ) are supplementary angles, so 𝜃 + 𝜑 =
180°, thus 𝜑 = 157°.

Using once again the sum of all angles in a triangle, 𝜑 + 16 + 𝜆 = 180, 𝑠𝑜 𝜆 = 7°.

sin(7) sin(157) 165sin(157)

According to Law of Sines, = , so 𝐿 = ≈ 529.01 𝑚.
165 𝐿 sin(7)

33. Let L be the length of the wire.

127 ft
The hill can be visualized as a right triangle, assuming
that a line perpendicular to the base of the 38° angle is 64 ft
38°
dropped from the top of the tower.

L 127 ft
θ
64 ft
λ

38°

Because two sides of the triangle are given, and the last side is what is asked for, it is best to use
Law of Cosines. In order to use Law of Cosines, the angle θ corresponding to L needs to be
found. In order to find θ the last angle in the right triangle (λ) needs to be found.

The sum of all angles in a triangle is 180°, so 180° = 38° + 90° + λ, and λ = 52°. λ and θ are
suplimentary angles so 𝜆 + 𝜃 = 180° , and θ = 128°.

According to Law of Cosines, 𝐿2 = 1272 + 642 − 2(127)(64) cos(128) , so 𝐿 = 173.88𝑓𝑡.

Last edited 9/26/17

35. Using the relationship between alternate interior angles,

the angle at A inside the triangle is 37°, and the angle at B
37° 44°
inside the triangle is 44°.

d A B
e
37° 44°
6.6km
Let e be the elevation of the plane, and let d be the distance from the plane to point A. To find
the last angle (θ), use the sum of angles. 180° = 37° + 44° + θ, so θ = 99°.

Because there is only one side given, it is best to use Law of Sines to solve for d. According to
sin(44) sin(99) 6.6sin(44)
Law of Sines, = , so 𝑑 = ≈ 4.64 km.
𝑑 6.6 sin(99)

Using the right triangle created by drawing e and trigonometry of that triangle, e can be found.
𝑒 = 4.64 sin(37) ≈ 2.79 km.

37. Assuming the building is perpendicular with the ground, this situation can be drawn as two
triangles.

Let h = the height of the building. Let x = the distance from the first measurement to the top of
the building.

h
50° 39°

300ft
Last edited 9/26/17

In order to find h, we need to first know the length of one of the other sides of the triangle. x can
be found using Law of Sines and the triangle on the right.

The angle that is adjacent to the angle measuring 50° has a measure of 130°, because it is
supplementary to the 50° angle. The angle of the top of the right hand triangle measures 11°
since all the angles in the triangle have a sum of 180°.

sin(39) sin(11)
According to Law of Sines, = , so x = 989.45ft.
𝑥 300𝑓𝑡

Finding the value of h only requires trigonometry. ℎ = (989.45 ft)sin(50) ≈ 757.96 ft.

39. Because the given information tells us two sides and information relating to the angle
opposite the side we need to find, Law of Cosines must be used.

B
α 10°
C
A

The angle α is supplementary with the 10° angle, so α = 180° - 10° = 170°.

From the given information, the side lengths can be found:

680 miles
𝐵 = 1.5 hours ∙ = 1020 miles.
1 hour
680 miles
𝐶 = 2 hours ∙ = 1360 miles.
1 hour

According to Law of Cosines: so 𝐴2 = (1020)2 + (1360 )2 − 2(1020)(1360 ) cos(170).

Solving for A gives 𝐴 ≈ 2,371.13 miles.

41. Visualized, the shape described looks like:

7.9 cm 9.4 cm

117°
4.5 cm

12.9 cm
Last edited 9/26/17

Drawing a line from the top right corner to the bottom left corner breaks the shape into two
triangles. Let L be the length of the new line.
7.9 cm

117°
4.5 cm L

Because the givens are two sides and one angle, Law of Cosines can be used to find length L.
𝐿2 = 4.52 + 7.92 − 2(4.5)(7.9) cos(117) L=10.72.

1
The equation for the area of a triangle is 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ. To find the area of the quadrilateral, it can be
2

broken into two separate triangles, with their areas added together.

4.5 cm 7.9 cm

α
10.72 cm

In order to use trig to find the area of the first triangle, one of the angles adjacent to the base
must be found, because that angle will be the angle used in the right triangle to find the height of
the right triangle (h).

According to Law of Cosines 4.52 = 10.722 + 7.92 − 2(10.72)(7.9)cos(𝛼), so 𝛼 ≈ 21.97°.

(2.96𝑐𝑚)(10.72𝑐𝑚)
Using trigonometry, ℎ = 7.9sin(21.97) ≈ 2.96 cm. So, 𝐴1 = ≈ 15.84 𝑐𝑚2.
2

The same procedure can be used to evaluate the Area of the second triangle.

9.4 cm
10.72 cm

12.9 cm

According to Law of Cosines 10.722 = 9.42 + 12.92 − 2(9.4)(12.9)cos(𝛽), so 𝛽 ≈ 54.78°.

Last edited 9/26/17

Using trigonometry, ℎ = 9.4sin(54.78) ≈ 7.68 cm.

(7.68𝑐𝑚)(12.9𝑐𝑚)
So, 𝐴2 = ≈ 49.53 𝑐𝑚2 .
2

The area of the quadrilateral is the sum of the two triangle areas so, 𝐴𝑞 = 49.53 + 15.84 =
65.37 cm2 .

41. If all the centers of the circles are connected a triangle forms whose sides can be found using
the radii of the circles.

Let side A be the side formed from the 6 and 7 radii connected. Let side B be the side formed
from the 6 and 8 radii connected. Let side C be the side formed by the 7 and 8 radii connected.

A = 13
B = 14

C = 15

In order to find the area of the shaded region we must first find the area of the triangle and the
areas of the three circle sections and find their difference.

To find the area of the triangle the height must be found using trigonometry and an angle found
using Law of Cosines

B = 14 γ A = 13

h
α β

Base = C = 15
Last edited 9/26/17

According to Law of Cosines, 132 = 142 + 152 − 2(14)(15) cos(𝛼) , 𝑠𝑜 𝛼 ≈ 53.13°.

(11.2)(15)
Using trigonometry ℎ = 14 sin(53.13°) = 11.2, so 𝐴𝑇 = = 84.
2

To find the areas of the circle sections, first find the areas of the whole circles. The three areas
are, 𝐴6 = 𝜋(6)2 ≈ 113.10 , 𝐴7 = 𝜋(7)2 ≈ 153.94 , and 𝐴8 = 𝜋(8)2 ≈ 201.06.

To find the Area of the portion of the circle, set up an equation involving ratios.
Section Area (𝐴𝑠) Section angle (𝐷𝑠) 𝐷𝑠
= ⇒ 𝐴𝑠 = (𝐴𝑐) 360.
Circle Area (𝐴𝑐) Circle Angle (360)

The section angles can be found using the original triangle and Law of Cosines.

142 = 132 + 152 − 2(13)(15)cos(𝛽), so 𝛽 ≈ 59.49°.

The sum of all angles in a triangle has to equal 180°, so 180° = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 59.49° +
53.13° + 𝛾, 𝑠𝑜, 𝛾 = 67.38°.

(67.38)(113.10) (59.49)(153.94)
Using this information, 𝐴𝑠6 = ≈ 21.17 , 𝐴𝑠7 = ≈ 25.44 , 𝐴𝑠8 =
360 360
(53.13)(201.06)
≈ 29.67. So, the area of the shaded region 𝐴𝑓 = 𝐴𝑇 − 𝐴𝑠6 − 𝐴𝑠7 − 𝐴𝑠8 = 84 −
360

21.17 − 25.44 − 29.67 = 7.72.

8.2 Solutions to Exercises

1. The Cartesian coordinates are (x, y) = (r cos(θ), r sin(θ))

7𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 7√3 7
= (7 cos ( 6 ) , 7 sin ( 6 )) = (−7 cos ( 6 ) , −7 sin (6 )) = (− , − 2)
2

3. The Cartesian coordinates are (x, y) = (r cos(θ), r sin(θ))

7𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 4√2 4√2
= (4 cos ( 4 ) , 4 sin ( 4 )) = (4 cos ( 4 ) , −4 sin ( 4 )) = ( 2
,− 2
) = (2√2, − 2√2)
Last edited 9/26/17

5. The Cartesian coordinates are (x, y) = (r cos(θ), r sin(θ))

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 6√2 6√2
= (6 cos (− 4 ) , 6 sin (− 4 )) = (6 cos ( 4 ) , −6 sin (4 )) = ( ,− ) = (3√2, − 3√2)
2 2

𝜋 𝜋
7. The Cartesian coordinates are (x, y) = (r cos(θ), r sin(θ)) = (3 cos ( 2 ) , 3 sin (2 )) = (0, 3)

𝜋 𝜋
9. The Cartesian coordinates are (x, y) = (r cos(θ), r sin(θ)) = (−3 cos ( 6 ) , −3 sin ( 6 )) =
3√3 3
(− , − 2)
2

11. The Cartesian coordinates are (x, y) = (r cos(θ), r sin(θ)) = (3 cos(2), 3 sin(2)) ≈ (- 1.2484,
2.7279)

𝑦 2 1
13. (4, 2) = (x, y) = (r cos(θ), r sin(θ)). Then tan(θ) = 𝑥 = 4 = 2. Since (x, y) is located in the
𝜋 1
first quadrant, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2 , θ = tan-1 (2) ≈ 0.46365. And r2 = x2 + y2 = 42 + 22 = 20  r =

√20 = 2√5.

𝑦 6 3
15. (-4, 6) = (x, y) = (r cos(θ), r sin(θ)). Then tan(θ) = 𝑥 = −4 = − 2. Since (x, y) is located in the
𝜋 3
second quadrant, where 2 ≤ θ ≤ π, and tan(θ) = tan(θ + π), θ = tan-1 (− 2) + π ≈ -0.9828 + π ≈

2.1588. And r2 = x2 + y2 = (-4)2 + 62 = 52  r = 2√13.

𝑦 −5
17. (3, -5) = (x, y) = (r cos(θ), r sin(θ)). Then tan(θ) = 𝑥 = . Since (x, y) is located in the
3
3𝜋 5
fourth quadrant, where ≤ θ ≤ 2π, θ = tan-1 (− 3) + 2π ≈ -1.0304 + 2π ≈ 5.2528. And r2 = x2 +
2

y2 = 32 + (-5)2 = 34  r = √34.

𝑦 −13 13
19. (-10, -13) = (x, y) = (r cos(θ), r sin(θ)). Then tan(θ) = = = . Since (x, y) is located in
𝑥 −10 10
3𝜋 13
the third quadrant, where π ≤ θ ≤ , and tan(θ) = tan(θ + π), θ = tan-1 (10) + π ≈ 0.9151 + π ≈
2

4.0567. And r2 = x2 + y2 = (-10)2 + (-13)2 = 269  r = √269.

3
21. x = 3  r cos(θ) = 3 or r = cos(𝜃) = 3 sec(θ).
Last edited 9/26/17

23. y = 4x2  rsin(θ) = 4 [rcos(θ)]2 = 4 r2cos2(θ)

sin(𝜃) tan(𝜃)sec(𝜃)
Then sin(θ) = 4rcos2(θ), so r = 4cos2 (𝜃) = .
4

25. x2 + y2 = 4y  r2 = 4rsin(θ). Then r = 4 sin(θ).

27. x2 - y2 = x  [rcos(θ)]2 - [rsin(θ)]2 = rcos(θ). Then:

r2[cos2(θ) – sin2(θ)] = rcos(θ)
r[cos2(θ) – sin2(θ)] = cos(θ)
cos(θ)
r = cos2(θ) –sin2(θ).

29. r = 3sin(θ)  r2 = 3rsin(θ)  x2 + y2 = 3y.

4
31. r = sin(𝜃)+7cos(θ)  rsin(θ) + 7rcos(θ) = 4  y + 7x = 4.

2
33. r = 2 sec(θ) = cos(𝜃)  r cos(θ) = 2  x = 2.

35. r = √𝑟 cos(𝜃) + 2  r2 = rcos(θ) + 2  x2 + y2 = x + 2.

37. We can choose values of 𝜃 to plug in to find points on the graph, and then see which of the
given graphs contains those points.
θ = 0  r = 2 + 2 cos(0) = 4 θ = π  r = 2 + 2 cos(π) = 0
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
θ = 2  r = 2 + 2 cos(2 ) = 2 θ=  r = 2 + 2 cos( 2 ) = 2
2

So the matching graph should be A.

39. We can choose values of 𝜃 to plug in to find points on the graph, and then see which of the
given graphs contains those points.
θ = 0  r = 4 + 3 cos(0) = 7 θ = π  r = 4 + 3 cos(π) = 1
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
θ = 2  r = 4 + 3 cos(2 ) = 4 θ=  r = 4 + 3 cos( 2 ) = 4
2

So the matching graph should be C.

Last edited 9/26/17

41. r = 5 means that we’re looking for the graph showing all points that are 5 units from the
origin, so the matching graph should be E. To verify this using the Cartesian equation: r = 5 
r2 = 25  x2 + y2 = 25, which is the equation of the circle centered at the origin with radius 5.

43. We can choose values of 𝜃 to plug in to find points on the graph.

𝜋 𝜋
θ = 2  r = log(2 ) ≈ 0.1961

θ = π  r = log(π) ≈ 0.4971
3𝜋 3𝜋
θ=  r = log( 2 ) ≈ 0.6732, and so on.
2

Observe that as θ increases its value, so does r. Therefore the matching graph should be C.

45. We can make a table of θ 0 𝜋 π 3𝜋 2π 5𝜋 3π 7𝜋

values of points satisfying the 2 2 2 2
equation to see which of the
r 1 √2 0 √2 -1 √2 0 √2
given graphs contains those
2 2 2 2
points.

So the matching graph should be D.

47. We can make a 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋

θ 0 π 2π
table of values of 4 2 4 4 2 4
points satisfying the
r 1 1 + √2 -1 1 + √2 1 1 - √2 3 1 - √2 1
equation to see which
of the given graphs
contains those points.

So the matching graph should be F.

49. r = 3cos(θ)  r2 = 3rcos(θ)  x2 + y2 = 3x in Cartesian coordinates. Using the method of

completing square:
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 0
Last edited 9/26/17

3 2 9 3 2 9
(𝑥 − 2) − 4 + 𝑦 2 = 0, or (𝑥 − 2) + 𝑦 2 = 4.
3 3
This is an equation of circle centered at (2 , 0) with radius 2. Therefore the graph looks like:

51. We’ll start with a table of 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋

θ 0 π 2π
values, and plot them on the 4 2 4 4 2 4
graph.
r 0 3 0 -3 0 3 0 -3 0

So a graph of the equation is a 4-leaf rose.

53. We’ll start with a table of 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋 11𝜋

θ 0 π 2π
values, and plot them on the 6 2 6 6 2 6
graph.
r 0 5 -5 5 0 -5 5 -5 0
Last edited 9/26/17

So a graph of the equation is a 3-leaf rose symmetric about the y- axis.

55. We’ll make a table of values, and 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋

θ 0 π 2π
plot them on the graph. 4 2 4 4 2 4

r 3 0 -3 0 3 0 -3 0 3

So a graph of the equation is a 4-leaf rose.

57. We’ll make a table of values, and plot them on the graph. 𝜋 3𝜋
θ 0 π 2π
2 2

r 4 2 0 2 4

So a graph of the equation is a cardioid symmetric about the x- axis.

Last edited 9/26/17

59. We’ll start with a table of values.

𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
θ 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4

2 + 3√2 2 + 3√2 2 − 3√2 2 − 3√2

r 1 4 1 -2 1
2 2 2 2

Also, when r = 0, 1 + 3sin(θ) = 0, so:

1
sin(θ) = − 3

θ ≈ - 0.34 + 2kπ
θ ≈ π – (- 0.34) + 2kπ = π + 0.34 + 2kπ , where k is an integer.

So a graph of the equation is a limaçon symmetric about the y- axis.

61. We’ll start with a table of values.

Last edited 9/26/17

3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
θ -π − − − 0 π
4 2 4 4 2 4

3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
r - 2π − -π − 0 π 2π
2 2 2 2

Observe that as θ increases its absolute value, so does r. Therefore a graph of the equation
should contain two spiral curves that are symmetric about the y- axis.

63. We’ll start with a table of values.

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
θ 0 π 2π
4 3 2 3 4 4 3 2 3 4

r 4 3 + √2 5 undef. 1 3 - √2 2 3 - √2 1 undef. 5 3 + √2 4

Also, when r = 0, 3 + sec(θ) = 0, so:

sec(θ) = - 3
θ ≈ 1.9106 + 2kπ
θ ≈ 2π - 1.9106 + 2kπ ≈ 4.3726 + 2kπ, where k is an integer.

So a graph of the equation is a conchoid symmetric about the x-

axis.
Last edited 9/26/17

65. We’ll start by choosing values of θ to plug in, to get the following table of values:

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
θ 0 π 2π
4 3 2 3 4 4 3 2 3 4

r 0 √2 3 undef. -3 -√2 0 -√2 -3 undef. 3 √2 0

So a graph of the equation is a cissoid symmetric about the

x- axis.

8.3 Solutions to Exercises

1. √−9 = √9√−1 = 3i

3. √−6√−24 = √6√−1√24√−1 = √6(2√6) i2 = 2∙6∙i2 = 12(-1) = -12

2+√−12 2+2√3√−1
5. = = 1 + i√3
2 2

7. (3 + 2i) + (5 – 3i) = 3 + 5 + 2i – 3i = 8 – i

9. (-5 + 3i) – (6 – i) = -5 – 6 + 3i + i = -11 + 4i

11. (2 + 3i) (4i) = 8i + 12i2 = 8i + 12(-1) = 8i – 12

13. (6 – 2i) (5) = 30 – 10i

Last edited 9/26/17

15. (2 + 3i) (4 – i) = 8 – 2i + 12i – 3i2 = 8 + 10i – 3(-1) = 11 + 10i

17. (4 – 2i) (4 + 2i) = 42 – (2i)2 = 16 – 4i2 = 16 – 4(-1) = 20

3+4𝑖 3 4𝑖 3
19. =2+ = 2 + 2i
2 2

−5 +3𝑖 −5 3𝑖 −5𝑖 3 −5𝑖 3 5𝑖 3

21. = + 2𝑖 = +2= +2= +2
2𝑖 2𝑖 2𝑖 2 −2 2

2−3𝑖 (2−3𝑖)(4 − 3𝑖) 8−6𝑖−12𝑖+9𝑖 2 8−18𝑖−9 −18𝑖−1

23. = = = 16−9(−1) =
4+3𝑖 (4+3𝑖)(4−3𝑖) 42 − (3𝑖)2 25

25. i6 = (i2)3 = (-1)3 = -1

27. i17 = (i16) i = (i2)8 i = (-1)8 i = i

29. 3e2i = 3cos(2) + 𝑖3sin(2) ≈ -1.248 + 2.728i

𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 √3 1
31. 6𝑒 6 𝑖 = 6cos( 6 ) + i6sin(6 ) = 6( 2 ) + 𝑖6 (2) = 3√3 + 3i

5𝜋
5𝜋 5𝜋 √2 √2 3√2 3√2
33. 3𝑒 4 𝑖 = 3cos( 4 ) + i3sin( 4 ) = 3(− )+ 𝑖3 (− ) =− − 𝑖
2 2 2 2

35. 6 = x +yi so x = 6 and y = 0. Also, r2 = x2 + y2 = 62 + 02 = 62 so r = 6 (since r ≥ 0). Also,

using x = rcos(θ): 6 = 6cos(θ), so θ = 0. So the polar form is 6e0i.

37. -4i = x +yi so x = 0 and y = -4. Also, r2 = x2 + y2 = 02 + (-4)2 = 16 so r = 4 (since r ≥ 0).

3𝜋
3𝜋
Using y = rsin(θ): -4 = 4 sin(θ), so sin(θ) = -1, so θ = . So the polar form is 4𝑒 2 𝑖 .
2

39. 2 + 2i = x +yi so x = y = 2. Then r2 = x2 + y2 = 22 + 22 = 8, so r = 2√2 (since r ≥ 0). Also x

= rcos(θ) and y = rsin(θ), so:
1 √2 1 √2
2 = 2√2 cos(θ) so cos(θ) = = , and 2 = 2√2 sin(θ) so sin(θ) = =
√2 2 √2 2
𝜋
𝜋
Therefore (x, y) is located in the quadrant I, or θ = 4 . So the polar form is 2√2𝑒 4 𝑖 .
Last edited 9/26/17

41. -3 + 3i = x +yi so x = -3 and y = 3. Then r2 = x2 + y2 = (-3)2 + 32 = 18, so r = 3√2 (since r ≥

0). Also x = rcos(θ) and y = rsin(θ), so:
−1 √2 1 √2
-3 = 3√2 cos(θ) so cos(θ) = =− and 3 = 3√2 sin(θ) so sin(θ) = =
√2 2 √2 2
3𝜋
3𝜋
Therefore (x, y) is located in the quadrant II, or θ = . So the polar form is 3√2𝑒 4 𝑖 .
4

43. 5 + 3i = x +yi so x = 5 and y = 3. Then r2 = x2 + y2 = 52 + 32 = 34, so r = √34 (since r ≥ 0).

Also x = rcos(θ) and y = rsin(θ), so:
5 5
5 = √34 cos(θ) so cos(θ) = and 3 = √34 sin(θ) so sin(θ) =
√34 √34

Therefore (x, y) is located in the quadrant I, or θ ≈ 0.54042. So the polar form is √34𝑒 0.54042𝑖 .

45. -3 + i = x +yi so x = -3 and y = 1. Then r2 = x2 + y2 = (-3)2 + 12 = 10, so r = √10 (since r ≥

0). Also x = rcos(θ) and y = rsin(θ), so:
−3 1
-3 = √10 cos(θ) so cos(θ) = and 1 = √10 sin(θ) so sin(θ) =
√10 √10

Therefore (x, y) is located in the quadrant II, or θ ≈ π – 0.32175 ≈ 2.82. So the polar form is
√10𝑒 2.82𝑖 .

47. -1 – 4i = x +yi so x = -1 and y = -4. Then r2 = x2 + y2 = (-1)2 + (-4)2 = 17, so r = √17 (since r
≥ 0). Also x = rcos(θ) and y = rsin(θ), so:
−1 −4
-1 = √17 cos(θ) so cos(θ) = and -4 = √17 sin(θ) so sin(θ) =
√17 √17

Therefore (x, y) is located in the quadrant III, or θ ≈ π + 1.81577 ≈ 4.9574. So the polar form is
√17𝑒 4.9574𝑖 .

49. 5 – i = x +yi so x = 5 and y = -1. Then r2 = x2 + y2 = 52 + (-1)2 = 26, so r = √26 (since r ≥ 0).
Also x = rcos(θ) and y = rsin(θ), so:
5 −1
5 = √26 cos(θ) so cos(θ) = and -1 = √26 sin(θ) so sin(θ) =
√26 √26

Therefore (x, y) is located in the quadrant IV, or θ ≈ 2π – 0.1974 ≈ 6.0858. So the polar form is
√26𝑒 6.0858𝑖 .

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
51. (3𝑒 6 𝑖 ) (2𝑒 4 𝑖 ) = (3)(2)(𝑒 6 𝑖 ) (𝑒 4 𝑖 ) = 6𝑒 6 𝑖+ 4 𝑖 = 6𝑒 12 𝑖
Last edited 9/26/17

3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑖 𝑖 3𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋
6𝑒 4 6 𝑒4
53. 𝜋
𝑖
= (3) ( 𝜋
𝑖
) = 2𝑒 4 𝑖− 6𝑖 = 2𝑒 12𝑖 .
3𝑒 6 𝑒6

𝜋 𝜋 10 10𝜋 5𝜋
55. (2𝑒 4 𝑖 )10 = (210) ((𝑒 4 𝑖 ) ) = 1024𝑒 4
𝑖
= 1024𝑒 2 𝑖

2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 1 𝜋
57. √16𝑒 3 𝑖 = √16 √𝑒 3 𝑖 = 4𝑒 3 𝑖(2) = 4𝑒 3 𝑖 .

59. (2 + 2i)8 = ((2 + 2i)2)4 = (4 + 8i + 4i2)4 = (4 + 8i – 4)4 = (8i)4 = 84i4 = 4096. Note that you
could instead do this problem by converting 2 + 2𝑖 to polar form (done it problem 39) and then
𝜋 8 8 𝜋 8 𝜋
proceeding: (2 + 2𝑖)8 = (2√2𝑒 4 𝑖 ) = (2√2) (𝑒 4 𝑖 ) = 4096 (𝑒 4 𝑖∙8 ) = 4096𝑒 2𝜋𝑖 = 4096.

1
61. √−3 + 3𝑖 = (−3 + 3𝑖)2 . Let’s convert −3 + 3𝑖 to polar form: −3 + 3𝑖 = x + yi. Then x = -
3 and y = 3. Then r2 = x2 + y2 = (-3)2 + 32 = 18 so r = 3√2 (since r ≥ 0). Also:
x = rcos(θ) and y = rsin(θ)
-3 = 3√2 cos(θ) 3 = 3√2 sin(θ)
−1 −√2 1 √2
cos(θ) = = sin(θ) = =
√2 2 √2 2
1 3𝜋 1
3𝜋
Therefore (x, y) is located in the quadrant II, and θ = . So (−3 + 3𝑖)2 = (3√2𝑒 𝑖 4 )2 =
4
3𝜋
√3√2𝑒 𝑖 8 . To put our answer in 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 form:
3𝜋
a = rcos(θ) = √3√2 cos( 8 ) ≈ 0.78824
3𝜋
b = rsin(θ) = √3√2 sin( 8 ) ≈ 1.903

Thus √−3 + 3𝑖 ≈ 0.78824 + 1.903i.

1
3
63. √5 + 3𝑖 = (5 + 3𝑖)3 . Let’s convert 5 + 3𝑖 to polar form: 5 + 3i = x + yi. Then x = 5 and y =
3. Then r2 = x2 + y2 = 52 + 32 = 34 so r = √34 (since r ≥ 0). Also:
Last edited 9/26/17

x = rcos(θ) and y = rsin(θ)

5 = √34 cos(θ) 3 = √34 sin(θ)
5 3
cos(θ) = sin(θ) =
√34 √34

1 1
Therefore (x, y) is located in the quadrant I, and θ ≈ 0.54042. So (5 + 3𝑖)3 = (√34𝑒 0.54042𝑖 )3 =
6
√34 𝑒 0.18014𝑖 . To put our answer in 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 form:
6
a = rcos(θ) = √34 cos(0.18014) ≈ 1.771
6
b = rsin(θ) = √34 sin(0.18014) ≈ 0.3225
3
Thus √5 + 3𝑖 ≈1.771 + 0.3225i.

1
65. If z5 = 2 then z = 25 . In the complex plane, 2 would sit on the horizontal axis at an angle of
1 1 1 1 1
0, giving the polar form 2𝑒 𝑖0 . Then (2𝑒 𝑖0 )5 = 25 e0 = 25 cos (0) + i25 sin(0) = 25 ≈ 1.149.

1
Since the angles 2π, 4π, 6π, 8π, and 10π are coterminal with the angle of 0, 25 can be represented
1 1 1 1 1
by turns as (2𝑒 𝑖2𝜋 )5, (2𝑒 𝑖4𝜋 )5 , (2𝑒 𝑖6𝜋 )5, (2𝑒 𝑖8𝜋 )5 , and (2𝑒 𝑖10𝜋 )5 to get all solutions.

1 1 1 1 2𝜋 1 1
2𝜋 2𝜋
(2𝑒 𝑖2𝜋 )5 = 25 (𝑒 𝑖2𝜋 )5 = 25 𝑒 5 𝑖 = 25 cos( 5 ) + 25 isin( 5 ) ≈ 0.355 + 1.092i

1 1 1 1 4𝜋 1 1
4𝜋 4𝜋
(2𝑒 𝑖4𝜋 )5 = 25 (𝑒 𝑖4𝜋 )5 = 25 𝑒 5 𝑖 = 25 cos( 5 ) + 25 isin( 5 ) ≈ -0.929 + 0.675i

1 1 1 1 6𝜋 1 1
6𝜋 6𝜋
(2𝑒 𝑖6𝜋 )5 = 25 (𝑒 𝑖6𝜋 )5 = 25 𝑒 5 𝑖 = 25 cos( 5 ) + 25 isin( 5 ) ≈ -0.929 - 0.675i

1 1 1 1 8𝜋 1 1
8𝜋 8𝜋
(2𝑒 𝑖8𝜋 )5 = 25 (𝑒 𝑖8𝜋 )5 = 25 𝑒 5 𝑖 = 25 cos( 5 ) + 25 isin( 5 ) ≈ 0.355 - 1.092i

1 1 1 1 10𝜋 1 1 1
𝑖
(2𝑒 𝑖10𝜋 )5 = 25 (𝑒 𝑖10𝜋 )5 = 25 𝑒 5 = = 25 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖 = 25 cos(2π) + 25 isin(2π) ≈ 0.355 + 1.092i

1
Observe that for the angles 2kπ, where k is an integer and k ≥ 5, the values of (2𝑒 𝑖2𝑘𝜋 )5 are
repeated as the same as its values when k = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. In conclusion, all complex solutions
of z5 = 2 are 1.149, 0.355 + 1.092i, -0.929 + 0.675i, -0.929 - 0.675i, and 0.355 - 1.092i.
Last edited 9/26/17

1
67. If z6 = 1 then z = 16 . In the complex plane, 1 would sit on the horizontal axis at an angle of
1
0, giving the polar form 𝑒 𝑖0 . Then (𝑒 𝑖0 )6 = e0 = cos (0) + isin(0) = 1.

1
Since the angles 2π, 4π, 6π, 8π, 10π, and 12π are coterminal with the angle of 0, 16 can be
1 1 1 1 1 1
represented by turns as (𝑒 𝑖2𝜋 )6 , (𝑒 𝑖4𝜋 )6 , (𝑒 𝑖6𝜋 )5, (𝑒 𝑖8𝜋 )6, (𝑒 𝑖10𝜋 )6, and (𝑒 𝑖12𝜋 )6 .

1 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 1 √3
(𝑒 𝑖2𝜋 )6 = 𝑒 3 𝑖 = cos( 3 ) + isin( 3 ) = 2 + i
2

1 2𝜋
2𝜋 2𝜋 −1 √3
(𝑒 𝑖4𝜋 )6 = 𝑒 3 𝑖 = cos( 3 ) + isin( 3 ) = + i
2 2

1
(𝑒 𝑖6𝜋 )6 = 𝑒 𝜋𝑖 = cos(π) + isin(π) = -1

1 4𝜋
4𝜋 4𝜋 −1 √3
(𝑒 𝑖8𝜋 )6 = 𝑒 3 𝑖 = cos( 3 ) + isin( 3 ) = - i
2 2

1 5𝜋
5𝜋 5𝜋 1 √3
(𝑒 𝑖10𝜋 )6 = 𝑒 3 𝑖 = cos( 3 ) + isin( 3 ) = 2 - i
2

1
(𝑒 𝑖12𝜋 )6 = 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖 = cos(2π) + isin(2π) = 1

1
Observe that for the angles 2kπ, where k is an integer and k ≥ 6, the values of (2𝑒 𝑖2𝑘𝜋 )5 are
repeated as the same as its values when k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. In conclusion, all complex
1 √3 −1 √3 −1 √3 1 √3
solutions of z6 = 1 are 1, 2 + i, 2 + i, -1, - i, and 2 - i.
2 2 2 2 2

8.4 Solutions to Exercises

1. Initial point (4,0); terminal point (0,2). The vector component form is < 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 >.
< 0 − 4, 2 − 0 > = < −4, 2 >
Last edited 9/26/17

𝑢
⃗ 𝑢
⃗
𝑣 −𝑣
𝑢
⃗ +𝑣 𝑢
⃗ 2𝑢
⃗
𝑢
⃗ −𝑣
𝑢
⃗
3.

5. 𝑢
⃗ =< 1, 1 > and 𝑣 =< −1, 2 >. The vector we need is < −4, 5 >. To get these
components as a combination of 𝑢
⃗ and 𝑣, we need to find a and b such that 𝑎 ∙ 1 + 𝑏 ∙ (−1) =
−4 and 𝑎 ∙ 1 + 𝑏 ∙ 2 = 5. Solving this system gives 𝑎 = −1 and 𝑏 = 3, so the vector is 3𝑣
⃗⃗⃗ −
⃗.
𝑢

7. The component form is < 6 cos 45°, 6 sin 45° > = < 3√2, 3√2 >.

9. The component form is < 8cos220°, 8sin220° > ≈ < −6.128, −5.142 >.

4
11. Magnitude: |𝒗| = √02 + 42 = 4; direction: tanθ = 0 so θ = 90°

5 5
13. Magnitude: |𝒗| = √62 + 52 = √61 = 7.81, direction: tanθ = 6 , θ = tan−1 6 ≈

39.806° (first quadrant).

1
15. Magnitude: |𝒗| = √(−2)2 + 12 = √5 ≈ 2.236; direction: tanθ = −2 = −26.565 which is

180° − 26.565° = 153.435°(second quadrant).

−5 −5
17. Magnitude: |𝒗| = √22 + (−5)2 = √29 ≈ 5.385, direction: tanθ = , θ = tan−1 ,≈ −
2 2

68.199 which is 360° − 68.199° = 291.801°(fourth quadrant).

−6
19. Magnitude: |𝒗| = √(−4)2 + (−6)2 = √52 ≈ 7.211, direction: tanθ = −4 , θ =
−6
tan−1 −4 , ≈ 56.3° which is 180° + 56.3° = 236.3°(third quadrant).
Last edited 9/26/17

21. 𝑢
⃗ + 𝑣 =< 2 + 1, −3 + 5 > = < 3,2 >; 𝑢
⃗ − 𝑣 =< 2 − 1, −3 − 5 >= < 1, −8 >; 2𝑢
⃗ =
2 < 2, −3 > and 3𝑣 = 3 < 1, 5 > so 2𝑢
⃗ − 3𝑣 =< 4 − 3, −6 − 15 >=< 1, −21 >.

23.
3

The first part of her walk can be defined as a vector form of < −3,0 >. The second part of
her walk can be defined as < 2 cos(225°), 2 sin(225°) >. Then the total is < −3 +
2 cos 225°, 0 + 2 sin 225° > = < −3 − √2, −√2 >. The magnitude is
2 2
√(−3 − √2) + (−√2) = √21.485 ≈ 4.635 miles. Direction: tan θ = √2 = 0.3203, θ ≈
3+√2

17.76 north of east.

25.
4 miles
2 miles

Result 5 miles

4 miles

2 miles

How far they have walked: 4 + 2 + 5 + 4 + 2 = 17 miles. How far they had to walk home, if
they had walked straight home: the 5 parts of their walk can be considered into 5 vector forms:
Last edited 9/26/17

< 4, 0 >, < 2cos 45°, −2sin 45° >, < 0, −5 >, < −4 cos 45°, −4 sin 45° >, and < 2, 0 >.

Total horizontal components of the vectors:

4 + 2 cos 45° + 0 − 4 cos 45° + 2 = 4 + √2 + 0 − 2√2 + 2 = 6 − √2

Total vertical components of the vectors:

0 − 2 sin 45° − 5 − 4 sin 45° + 0 = − √2 − 5 − 2√2 >= −5 − 3√2

The total distance is the magnitude of this vector: √(6 − √2)2 + (−5 − 3√2)2 =

√21.029 + 85.426 ≈ 10.318 miles.

⃗ 1+ F
27. F ⃗ 2+ F
⃗ 3 =< −8 + 0 + 4, −5 + 1 − 7 > = < −4, −11 >

29. 80° 20°

2 miles
𝑢
⃗

5 miles
𝑣
𝑤
⃗⃗
4 miles

15°

𝑢
⃗ =< 3 cos 160° , 3 sin 160° >

𝑣 =< 5cos260°, 5 sin 260° >

𝑤
⃗⃗ =< 4 cos 15°, 4 sin 15° >

𝑢
⃗ +𝑣+𝑤
⃗⃗ = < 3 cos 160° + 5 cos 260° + 4 cos 15°, 3 sin 160° + 5 sin 260° + 4 sin 15° >
= < 0.1764, −2.8627 >
Note that this vector represents the person’s displacement from home, so the path to return home
is the opposite of this vector, or < −0.1764, 2.8627 >. To find its magnitude:
|𝑢 ⃗⃗ | = < −0.1764, 2.8627 > = √0.03111 + 8.1950 = 2.868 miles.
⃗ +𝑣+𝑤
Last edited 9/26/17

2.8627
Directions: tanθ = , so θ = 93.526°, which is 86.474° North of West or 90 – 86.474 =
−0.1764

3.526º West of North.

31.

Airplane:⃗⃗𝑣, 600 km/h airplane speed: ⃗⃗𝑣 =< 0, 600 >

Air: 𝑢
⃗ , 80km/h air speed: 𝑢
⃗ =< 80 cos 45°, 80 sin 45° >

Effective airplane speed in relation to the ground 𝑤 ⃗ + 𝑣 < 0 + 80 cos 45°, 600 +
⃗⃗ = 𝑢

⃗⃗ | = √(40√2)2 + (600 + 40√2)2 =

80 sin 45° > = < 40√2, 600 + 40√2 >. Then |𝑤

600+40√2
659km/h. To find the direction to the horizontal axis: tan θ = = 11.607. Then θ =
40√2

85.076°. So the plane will fly (90 − 85.076)° = 4.924° off the course.

33. Suppose the plane flies at an angle θ° to north of west axis Then its vector components are
< 550 cosθ, 550sinθ >. The vector components for wind are < 60cos45°, 60 sin45° >.

wind: 60km/h

resulting course
plane:550km/h
θ

Since the plane needs to head due north, the horizontal components of the vectors add to zero:
550cos(90° + θ) + 60cos45° = 0
550cos(90° + θ) = −60 cos 45 = 30√2
30√2
cos(90° + θ) = 550

90° + θ =85.576° or 94. 424°. Since 90° + θ should give an obtuse angle, we use the latter
solution, and we conclude that the plane should fly 4.424° degrees west of north.
Last edited 9/26/17

35. new point

(5,7)

35°

7
Suppose the angle the point (5,7) makes with the horizontal axis is θ, then tanθ = 5, θ =
7
tan−1 = 54.46°. The radius of the quarter circle = √52 + 72 = √74 = 8.602. The angle
5

which formed by the rotation from the point (5, 7) is =35°, so the new angle formed by the
rotation from the horizontal axis = 54.46° + 35° = 89.46°. So the new coordinate points are:
(8.602 cos89.46°, 8.602sin89.46°) = (0.081,8.602).

37.

25mph
θ
10mph

25
tanθ = 10 , therefore θ = 68.128°; in relation to car ′ s forward direction it is = 90 −

68.128 = 21.80°.

Section 8.5 solutions

1. 6 ⋅ 10 ⋅ cos(75°) = 15.529 3. (0)(−3) + (4)(0) = 0 5. (−2)(−10) +

(1)(13) = 33

0 (2)(1)+(4)(−3)
7. cos−1 ( ) = 90° 9. cos−1 ( ) = 135°
√4√3 √22 +42 √12 +(−3)2

(4)(8)+(2)(4)
11. cos−1 (√42 ) = 0° 13. (2)(𝑘) + (7)(4) = 0, k = -14
+82 √22 +42
Last edited 9/26/17

(8)(1)+(−4)(−3) (−6)(1)+(10)(−3)
15. = 6.325 17. ( 2 ) ⟨1, −3⟩ = ⟨−3.6,10.8⟩
√12 +(−3)2 √12 +(−3)2

19. The vectors are ⟨2,3⟩ and ⟨−5, −2⟩. The acute angle between the vectors is 34.509°

21. 14.142 pounds 23. ⟨10cos(10°),10sin(10°)⟩ ⋅ ⟨0, −20⟩, so 34.7296 ft-lbs

25. 40 ⋅ 120 ⋅ cos(25°) = 4350.277ft-lbs

8.6 Solutions to Exercises

1. The first equation x = t can be substituted into the second equation to get y(𝑥) = x 2 − 1,
corresponding to graph C. [Note: earlier versions of the textbook contained an error in which the
graph was not shown.]

𝑥 𝑦
3. Given 𝑥(𝑡) = 4 sin(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡) = 2 cos(𝑡): 4 = sin(𝑡), 2 = cos(𝑡). We know sin2 (𝑡) +
𝑥2 𝑦2
cos2 (𝑡) = 1, so 42 + 22 = 1. This is the form of an ellipse containing the points (±4, 0) and

(0, ±2), so the graph is E.

5. From the first equation, 𝑡 = 𝑥 − 2. Substituting into the second equation, 𝑦 = 3 −

2(𝑥 − 2) = 3 − 2𝑥 + 4 = −2𝑥 + 7, a linear equation through (0, 7) with slope -2, so it
corresponds to graph F.

7. It appears that 𝑥(𝑡) and 𝑦(𝑡) are both sinusoidal functions: 𝑥(𝑡) = sin(𝑡) + 2 and 𝑦(𝑡) =
− sin(𝑡) + 5. Using the substitution sin(𝑡) = 𝑥 − 2 from the first equation into the second
equation, we get 𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 2) + 5 = −𝑥 + 7, a line with slope -1 and y-intercept 7. Note that
since −1 ≤ sin(𝑡) ≤ 1, x can only range from 1 to 3, and y ranges from 4 to 6, giving us just a
portion of the line.
Last edited 9/26/17

9. We can identify (𝑥, 𝑦) pairs on the graph, as follows:

x y It appears that this relationship could be described by the equation 𝑦 =

±√𝑥 3 , so we can use the parametric equations𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 and 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 .
0 0

1 -1,1

2 ≈ −3,3

3 ≈ −5,5

x(t) y(t)

1
11. From the first equation, we get 𝑡 = 2 (𝑥 − 1), and since t ranges from -2 to 2, x must range
2
1 1
from -3 to 5. Substituting into the second equation, we get 𝑦 = (2 (𝑥 − 1)) = 4 (𝑥 − 1)2.
Last edited 9/26/17

13. From the first equation, 𝑡 = 5 − 𝑥. Substituting into the second equation, 𝑦 = 8 −
2(5 − 𝑥) = 8 − 10 + 2𝑥, so the Cartesian equation is 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2.

𝑥−1 𝑥−1
15. From the first equation, 𝑡 = . Substituting into the second equation, 𝑦 = 3√( ).
2 2

𝑥 𝑥
17. From the first equation, 𝑡 = ln (2). Substituting into the second equation, 𝑦 = 1 − 5 ln (2).

𝑦 𝑦 3 𝑦
19. From the second equation, 𝑡 = 2. Substituting into the first equation, 𝑥 = ( 2) − 2.

21. Note that the second equation can be written as 𝑦 = (𝑒 2𝑡 )3. Then substituting 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡 from
the first equation into this new equation, we get 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 .

𝑥 𝑦
23. From the first equation, cos(𝑡) = 4. From the second equation, sin(𝑡) = 5. Since
𝑥2 𝑦2
sin2 (𝑡) + cos2 (𝑡) = 1, we get 42 + 52 = 1.

25. The simplest solution is to let 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡. Then substituting t for x into the given equation, we
get 𝑦(𝑡) = 3𝑡 2 +3.

27. Since the given equation is solved for x, the simplest solution is to let 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡. Then
substituting t for y into the given equation, we get (𝑡) = 3 log(𝑡) + 𝑡.

29. Note that this is an equation for an ellipse passing through points (±2, 0) and (0, ±3). We
can think of this as the unit circle (cos(𝑡) , sin(𝑡)) stretched 2 units horizontally and 3 units
vertically, so 𝑥(𝑡) = 2 cos(𝑡) and 𝑦(𝑡) = 3sin(𝑡).

31. There are several possible answers, two of which are included here. It appears that the given
3 3
graph is the graph of 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 2, so one possible solution is 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 and 𝑦(𝑡) = √𝑡 + 2. We
could also look at the equation as 𝑥 = (𝑦 − 2)3 . To parameterize this, we can let 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 .
We’d then need 𝑡 = 𝑦 − 2, so 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 + 2.

33.
Last edited 9/26/17

33. The given graph appears to be the graph of 𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 1)2 . One possible solution is to let
𝑦(𝑡) = −𝑡 2 . We’d then need 𝑡 = 𝑥 + 1, so 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 − 1.

35. Since the Cartesian graph is a line, we can allow both 𝑥(𝑡) and 𝑦(𝑡) to be linear, i.e. 𝑥(𝑡) =
𝑚1 𝑡 + 𝑏1 and 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑚2 𝑡 + 𝑏2 . When considering 𝑥 in terms of 𝑡, the slope of the line will be
(2−(−1))
𝑚1 = = 3. Note that 𝑏1 is the value of 𝑥 when 𝑡 = 0, so 𝑏1 = −1. Then 𝑥(𝑡) = 3𝑡 −
1
5−3
1. Likewise, 𝑦(𝑡) will have a slope of 𝑚2 = 0−1 = −2, and 𝑏2 = 𝑦(0) = 5. Then 𝑦(𝑡) =

−2𝑡 + 5.

37. Since the range of the cosine function is [-1, 1] and the range of x shown is [-4, 4], we can
conclude 𝑎 = 4. By an analogous argument, 𝑐 = 6. then 𝑥(𝑡) = 4cos(𝑏𝑡) and 𝑦(𝑡) = 6sin(𝑑𝑡)

Since 𝑥(0) = 4 cos(𝑏 ∙ 0) = 4 for any value of 𝑏, and 𝑦(0) = 6 sin(𝑑 ∙ 0) = 0 for any value of
𝑑, the point (4, 0) is where 𝑡 = 0. If we trace along the graph until we return to this point, the x-
coordinate moves from its maximum value of 4 to its minimum of value -4 and back exactly 3
times, while the y-coordinate only reaches its maximum and minimum value, 6 and -6
respectively, exactly once. This means that the period of 𝑦(𝑡) must be 3 times as large as the
period of 𝑥(𝑡). It doesn’t matter what the periods actually are, as long as this ratio is preserved.
2𝜋
Recall that b and d have an inverse relation to the period (𝑏 = period of 𝑥, and similarly for d and

y), so d must be one third of b for y to have three times the period of x. So let’s let 𝑏 = 3 and
𝑑 = 1. Then 𝑥(𝑡) = 4cos(3𝑡) and 𝑦(𝑡) = 6sin(𝑡).

39. Since the range of the cosine function is [-1, 1] and the range of x shown is [-4, 4], we can
conclude 𝑎 = 4. By an analogous argument, 𝑐 = 3. then 𝑥(𝑡) = 4cos(𝑏𝑡) and 𝑦(𝑡) =
3sin(𝑑𝑡).

Since 𝑥(0) = 4 cos(𝑏 ∙ 0) = 4 for any value of 𝑏, and 𝑦(0) = 3 sin(𝑑 ∙ 0) = 0 for any value of
𝑑, the point (4, 0) is where 𝑡 = 0. From this point, imagine tracing the figure until the whole
figure is drawn and we return to this starting point. (Note that in order to do that, when reaching
(-4, 3) or (-4, -3), we must backtrack along the same path.) The x-coordinate moves from its
Last edited 9/26/17

maximum value of 4 to its minimum of value -4 and back twice, while the y-coordinate moves
through its maximum and minimum values, 3 and -3 respectively, three times. If we think about
compressing the graphs of the standard sine and cosine graphs to increase the period accordingly
(as in Chapter 6), we need 𝑏 = 2 (to change the cosine period from 2𝜋 to 𝜋) and 𝑑 = 3 (to
2𝜋
change the sine period from 2𝜋 to ). Then 𝑥(𝑡) = 4cos(2𝑡) and 𝑦(𝑡) = 3sin(3𝑡).
3

41. Since distance = rate ∙ time, we can model the horizontal distance at 𝑥(𝑡) = 15𝑡. Then 𝑡 =
𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥
. Substituting this into the 𝑦(𝑡) equation, we get 𝑦(𝑥) = −16 (15) + 20 (15).
15

43. We’ll model the motion around the larger circle, 𝑥𝐿 (𝑡) and 𝑦𝐿 (𝑡), and around the smaller
circle relative to the position on the larger circle, 𝑥𝑆 (𝑡) and 𝑦𝑆 (𝑡), and add the x and y
components from each to get our final answer.

Since the larger circle has diameter 40, its radius is 20. The motion starts in the center with
regard to its horizontal position, at its lowest vertical point, so if we model 𝑥𝐿 with a sine
function and 𝑦𝐿 with a cosine function, we will not have to find a phase shift for either. If we
impose a coordinate system with the origin on the ground directly below the center of the circle,
we get 𝑥𝐿 (𝑡) = 20sin(𝐵𝑡) and 𝑦𝐿 (𝑡) = −20 cos(𝐵𝑡) + 35. The period of the large arm is 5
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
seconds, so 𝐵 = period = . Then 𝑥𝐿 (𝑡) = 20 sin ( 5 𝑡) and 𝑦𝐿 (𝑡) = −20 cos ( 5 𝑡) + 35.
5

The small arm has radius 8 and period 2, and also starts at its lowest point, so by similar
arguments, 𝑥𝑆 (𝑡) = 8 sin(𝜋𝑡) and 𝑦𝑆 (𝑡) = −8 cos(𝜋𝑡).

2𝜋
Adding the coordinates together, we get 𝑥(𝑡) = 20 sin ( 5 𝑡) + 8 sin(𝜋𝑡) and 𝑦(𝑡) =
2𝜋
−20 cos ( 5 𝑡) − 8 cos(𝜋𝑡) + 35.
Section 9.1 Solutions

𝑥2 𝑦2
1. Center at (0,0). Equation has form 𝑏2
+ 𝑎2 = 1. Vertices at (0,±3) giving a=3 and minor axis
𝑥2 𝑦2
endpoints at (±1,0) giving b=1. Substituting gives 12 + 32 = 1. Answer is D.

𝑥2 𝑦2
3. Center at (0,0). Equation has form + = 1. Vertices at (0, ±3) giving a=3 and minor axis
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥2 𝑦2
endpoints at (±2,0) giving b = 2. Substituting gives 32 + 22 = 1. Answer is B.

𝑥2 𝑦2
5. Center at (0,0). Major axis is vertical since y-denominator bigger. Equation has form 𝑏2
+ 𝑎2 = 1.
Value of 𝑎 = √25 = 5 and value of 𝑏 = √4 = 2. Vertices at (0,0±a) or (0,±5) and minor axis endpoints
(0±b,0) or ( ±2,0). Major axis length = 2a = 2(5)=10. Minor axis length = 2b = 2(2) =4. Graph is:

𝑥2 𝑥2
Check on graphing utility using = 5√1 − and 𝑦 = −5√1 − .
4 4

𝑥2 𝑦2
7. Center at (0,0). Major axis is horizontal since x-denominator bigger. Equation has form + = 1.
𝑎2 𝑏2
Value of 𝑎 = √4 = 2 and value of 𝑏 = √1 = 1. Vertices at (0±a,0) or ( ±2,0) minor axis endpoints at
(0,0±b) or (0,±1). Major axis length = 2a = 2(2)=4. Minor axis length = 2b = 2(1) =2. Graph is:

𝑥2 𝑥2
Check on graphing utility using = √1 − 4
and 𝑦 = −√1 − 4
.

𝑥2 𝑦2
9. Equation can be put in form + = 1 by dividing by 25. Major axis is horizontal since x-
25 1
𝑥2 𝑦2
denominator bigger. Equation has form 𝑏2
+ 𝑎2 = 1. Center at (0,0). Value of 𝑎 = √25 = 5 and value
of 𝑏 = √1 = 1. Vertices at (0±a,0) or ( ±5,0) and minor axis endpoints at and (0,0±b) or (0,±1). Major
axis length = 2a = 2(5)=10. Minor axis length = 2b = 2(1) =2. Graph is:
 𝑥2 𝑥2
Check on graphing utility using = √1 − and 𝑦 = −√1 − .
9 9

𝑥2 𝑦2
11. Equation can be put in form + = 1 by dividing by 144. Center at (0,0). Major axis is vertical
9 16
𝑥2 𝑦2
since y-denominator bigger. Equation has form 𝑏2
+ 𝑎2 = 1. Value of 𝑎 = √16 = 4 and value of 𝑏 =
√9 = 3. Vertices at (0,0±a) or (0,±4) and minor axis endpoints at (0±a,0) or (±3,0). Major axis length =
2a = 2(4)=8. Minor axis length = 2b = 2(3) =6. Graph is:

𝑥2 𝑥2
Check on graphing utility using = 4√1 − 9
and 𝑦 = −4√1 − 9
.

𝑥2 𝑦2
13. Equation can be put in form 2
+ 18 = 1 by dividing by 18. Center at (0,0). Major axis is vertical
𝑥2 𝑦2
since y-denominator bigger. Equation has form 𝑏2
+ 𝑎2 = 1. Value of 𝑎 = √18 = 3√2. and value of
𝑏 = √2. Vertices at (0,0±a) or (0, ±3√2) and minor axis endpoints at (0±b,0) or (±√2, 0). Major axis
length =2𝑎 = 2(3√2) = 6√2. Minor axis length =2𝑏 = 2(√2) = 2√2. Graph is:
 𝑥2 𝑥2
Check on graphing utility using = 3√2√1 − 2
and 𝑦 = −3√2√1 − 2
.

15. Center at (0,0) where the major and minor axes intersect. Horizontal ellipse since it’s wider than it
𝑥2 𝑦2
is tall. Equation has form + = 1. Vertices (±4,0) giving a=4. Minor axis endpoints at (0,±2) giving
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
b=2. Substituting gives + = 1 or + = 1.
42 22 16 4

𝑥2 𝑦2
17. Center at (0,0). Equation has form 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1. Horizontal major axis has length 2a = 64 giving a =
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
32. Minor axis has length 2b = 14 giving b = 7. Substituting gives 322
+ 72 = 1 or 1024
+ 49 = 1.

𝑥2 𝑦2
19. Center at (0,0). Vertical ellipse since vertex on y-axis. Equation has form + = 1. Vertex at
𝑏2 𝑎2
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
(0,3)=(0,a) shows a = 3. Substituting a and b = 2 gives + = 1 or + = 1.
22 32 4 9

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
21. Vertical ellipse since it’s taller than it is wide. Equation has form + = 1. Center at
𝑏2 𝑎2
(2,1) where the major and minor axes intersect so h=2 and k=1. Vertex at (5,1) shows a = 5-1=4. Minor
(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦−1)2 (𝑥−2)2 (𝑦−1)2
axis endpoint at (4,1) shows b =4-2=2. Substituting gives 22
+ 42
= 1 or 4
+ 16
= 1.
Answer is B.

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
23. Horizontal ellipse since it’s wider than it is tall. Equation has form 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2
= 1. Center at
(2,1) where the major and minor axes intersect so h=2 and k=1. Vertex at (6,1) shows a =6-2=4. Minor
(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦−1)2 (𝑥−2)2 (𝑦−1)2
axis endpoint at (2,3) shows b = 3-1=2. Substituting gives 42
+ 22
= 1 or 16
+ 4
= 1.
Answer is C.

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
25. Vertical ellipse since it’s taller than it is wide. Equation has form + = 1. Center at (-2,-
𝑏2 𝑎2
1) where the major and minor axes intersect so h=-2 and k=-1. Vertex at (-2,-3) shows a = 3-(-1)=4.
(𝑥+2)2 (𝑦+1)2 (𝑥+2)2
Minor axis endpoint at (0,-1) shows a =0-(-2)=2. Substituting gives 22
+ 42
= 1 or 4
+
(𝑦+1)2
16
= 1. Answer is F.
 (𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
27. Horizontal ellipse since it’s wider than it is tall. Equation has form 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2
= 1. Center at (-
2,-1) where the major and minor axes intersect so h=-2 and k=-1. Vertex at (2,-1) shows a =2-(-2)=4.
(𝑥+2)2 (𝑦+1)2 (𝑥+2)2
Minor axis endpoint at (-2,1) shows b = 1-(-1)=2. Substituting gives + = 1 or +
42 22 16
(𝑦+1)2
4
= 1. Answer is G.

(𝑥−1)2 (𝑦−(−2))2
29. Equation can be put into the form 25
+ 4
= 1 showing center at (1,-2). Major axis is
horizontal since x-denominator bigger. Value of 𝑎 = √25 = 5 and value of 𝑏 = √4 = 2. Vertices are
(h±a) giving (6,-2) and (-4,-2). Minor axis endpoints are (h,k±b) giving (1,0) and (1,-4). Major axis length
= 2a = 2(5)=10. Minor axis length = 2b = 2(2) = 4. The graph is:

(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−1)2
Check on graphing utility using = 2√1 − 25
+ (−2) and 𝑦 = −2√1 − 25
+ (−2) .

(𝑥−(−2))2 (𝑦−3)2
31. Equation can be put into the form + = 1 showing center at (-2,3). Major axis is
1 25
vertical since y-denominator bigger. Value of 𝑎 = √25 = 5 and value of 𝑏 = √1 = 1. Vertices (h,k±a)
giving (-2,8) and (-2,-2). Minor axis endpoint are (h±a) giving (-1,3) and (-3,3). Major axis length = 2b =
2(5)=10. Minor axis length = 2a = 2(1) = 2. The graph is:

Check on graphing utility using = 5√1 − (𝑥 + 2)2 + (−3) and 𝑦 = −5√1 − (𝑥 + 2)2 + (−3) .

33. 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 = 16 can be transformed into 4(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝑦 2 = 16 giving 4(𝑥 + 1)2 +

(𝑥−(−1))2 (𝑦−0)2
𝑦 2 = 16 or 4
+ 16
= 1. Center at (-1,0). Major axis is vertical since y-denominator bigger.
Value of 𝑎 = √16 = 4 and value of 𝑏 = √4 = 2. Vertices at (h,k±a) giving (-1,4), (-1,-4). Minor axis
endpoints at (h±b,k) giving (-1,0) and (-3,0). Major axis length = 2b = 2(4)=8. Minor axis length = 2a =
2(2) = 4. The graph is:

(𝑥+1)2 (𝑥+1)2
Check on graphing utility using = 4√1 − and 𝑦 = −4√1 − .
4 4

35. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 − 16𝑦 = −1 can be transformed into 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 4(𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4) = −1 + 1 +

(𝑥−(−1))2 (𝑦−2)2
16 giving (𝑥 + 1)2 + 4(𝑦 − 2)2 = 16 which becomes 16
+ 4
= 1. Center at (-1,2). Major
axis is horizontal since x-denominator bigger. Value of 𝑎 = √16 = 4 and value of 𝑏 = √4 = 2.
Vertices are (h±a) giving (3,-2) and (-5,-2). Minor axis endpoints at (h,k±b) giving (-1,0) and (-1,-4).
Major axis length = 2a = 2(4)=8. Minor axis length = 2b = 2(2) = 4. The graph is:

(𝑥+1)2 (𝑥+1)2
Check on graphing utility using = 2√1 − 16
+ 2 and 𝑦 = −2√1 − 16
+ 2.

37. 9𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 = 104 can be transformed into 9(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 − 4) + 4(𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 −

(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦−(−1))2
1) = 104 giving 9(𝑥 − 2)2 − 36 + 4(𝑦 + 1)2 − 4 = 104 or 16
+ 36
= 1. Center at (2,-1).
Major axis is vertical since y-denominator bigger. Value of 𝑎 = √36 = 6 and value of 𝑏 = √16 = 4.
Vertices (h,k±a) giving (2,5) and (2,-7). Minor axis endpoints at (h±b, k) giving (6,-1) and (-2,-1). Major
axis length = 2b = 2(6)=12. Minor axis length = 2a = 2(4) = 8. The graph is:
 (𝑥−2)2 (𝑥−2)2
Check on graphing utility using 𝑦 = 6√1 − 16
+ (−1) and 𝑦 = −6√1 − 16
+ (−1).

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
39. Vertical ellipse since it’s taller than it is wide. Equation has form 𝑏2
+ 𝑎2
= 1 . Center at (3,-
1) where the major and minor axes intersect so h=3 and k=-1. Vertex at (3,3) shows a = 3-(-1)=4. Minor
(𝑥−3)2 (𝑦+1)2 (𝑦+1)2
axis endpoint at (4,-1) shows b =4-3=1. Substituting gives + = 1 or (𝑥 − 3)2 + = 1.
12 42 16

41. Center at (-4,3) and at vertex (-4,8) means major axis is vertical since the y-values change. Equation
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥+4)2
has form 𝑏2
+ 𝑎2
= 1 . The value of a = 8-3=5. Substituting h=-4, k=3, and a gives 𝑏2
+
(𝑦−3)2 (0+4)2 (3−3)2
52
= 1. Using the point (0,3) to substituting x=0 and y=3 gives 𝑏2
+ 25
= 1 which shows 𝑏 2 =
(𝑥+4)2 (𝑦−3)2
16. The equation is + =1
16 25

43. Put center at (0,0). Horizontal ellipse since width is horizontal and is bigger than the height.
𝑥2 𝑦2
Equation has form 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1.

52 𝑦2
The value of a = ½ (12) = 6. The value of b = 4. Substituting a, b, and x = 5 gives + = 1. Solving
62 42
25
for 𝑦 = 4√1 − 36 = 2.211083.

45. Put center at (0,0). Horizontal ellipse since width is horizontal and is bigger than the height.
𝑥2 𝑦2
Equation has form 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1.
 452 𝑦2
The value of a = ½ (150) = 75. The value of b = 60. Substituting a, b, and x = 45 gives + = 1.
752 602
2025
Solving for 𝑦 = 60√1 − 5625 = 48. The roadway is 60 + 5 = 65 feet above the river. The vertical
distance between the roadway and the arch 45 feet from the center is 65 - 48 = 17 feet

𝑥2 𝑦2
47. Put center at (0,0). Make major axis horizontal. Equation has form + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

The value of a = ½ (100) = 50. The value of b = ½ (80) = 40. We want to find the width of the track 20
feet from a vertex on the major axis which lies at 50-20 = 30 feet from the center on the major axis.
302 𝑦2 900
Substituting a, b, and x = 30 gives 502
+ 402 = 1. Solving for 𝑦 = 40√1 − 1600 = 32. The width of the
track 20 feet from a vertex on the major axis is 2(32) = 64 feet.

49. Since 19 > 3 the major axis is horizontal. The value of 𝑎2 = 19 and 𝑏 2 = 3. The distance to the foci
c is governed by 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 which is equivalent to 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 . Substituting 𝑎2 and 𝑏 2 shows 𝑐 2 =
19 − 3 = 16 so c = 4. The foci are at (±c,0) or (±4,0).

51. Since 26 > 1 the major axis is vertical. The value of h=-6, k=1, 𝑎2 = 26, and 𝑏 2 = 1. The distance to
the foci c is governed by 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 which is equivalent to 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 . Substituting 𝑎2 and 𝑏 2
shows 𝑐 2 = 26 − 1 = 25 so c = 5. The foci are at (h,k±c) or (-6,6) and (-6,-4).
 𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 3+(−3) 0+0
53. Center at midpoint of vertices ( , ) =( , ) = (0,0). Major axis is horizontal
2 2 2 2
𝑥 2 𝑦 2
since vertices x-values change. Equation has form + 2 = 1. The value of a = 3-0 = 3. Substitution of
𝑎2 𝑏
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a and c = 2 into 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑐 which is equivalent to 𝑐 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 yields 𝑐 = 3 − 2 = 5. Equation
𝑥2 𝑦2
is 9
+ 5
= 1.

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
0+0 5+(−5)
55. Center at midpoint of foci ( 22
, 2 ) =(
, 2 ) = (0,0). Major axis is vertical since
𝑥 2 𝑦 2
vertices y-values change. Equation has form 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 = 1. The value of a = ½(12) = 6. The value of c = 5-
𝑥2 𝑦2
0 = 5. Substitution of a and c into 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 yields 𝑏 2 = 62 − 52 = 11. Equation is 11 + 36 = 1.

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 7+(−7) 0+0

57. Center at midpoint of vertices ( , )=( , )= (0,0). Major axis is horizontal since
2 2 2 2
𝑥2 𝑦2
vertices x-values change. Equation has form 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1. The value of a = 7-0 = 7. The value of c = 5-0 =
𝑥2 𝑦2
5. Substitution of a and c into 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 yields 𝑏 2 = 72 − 52 = 24. Equation is 49
+ 24 = 1.

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 0+0 4+(−4)

59. Center at midpoint of foci ( 2
, 2 ) =( 2
, 2 ) = (0,0). Major axis is vertical since
𝑥2 𝑦 2
vertices y-values change. Equation has form + 2 = 1. Center at origin makes x-intercepts minor
𝑏2 𝑎
2 2
axis endpoints. The value of b = 2-0 = 2. The value of c = 4-0 = 4. Substitution of b and c into 𝑏 = 𝑎 −
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑐 2 which is equivalent to 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 yields 𝑎2 = 22 + 42 = 20. Equation is + = 1.
4 20

𝑥2 𝑦2
61. Foci on x-axis means major axis is horizontal. Equation has form + = 1. The value of a = ½ (8)
𝑎2 𝑏2
2
22 (√3) 𝑥2 𝑦2
= 4. Substitution of a and (2, √6) gives + = 1. Solving for 𝑏 2 = 8. The equation is + = 1.
42 𝑏2 16 8

63. Center (-2,1), vertex (-2,5), and focus (-2,3) on vertical line x = -2. Major axis is vertical. Equation
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
has form + = 1. The value of a = 5 – 1 = 4. The value of c = 3-1 = 2. Substitution of a and c
𝑏2 𝑎2
(𝑥+2)2 (𝑦−1)2
into 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 yields 𝑏 2 = 42 − 22 = 12. The equation is 12
+ 16
= 1.

(𝑥−ℎ)2
65. Foci (8,2) and (-2,2) on horizontal line y =2. Major axis is horizontal. Equation has form 𝑎2
+
(𝑦−𝑘)2 𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 8+(−2) 2+2
𝑏2
= 1. Center at midpoint of foci ( 2
, 2 ) =( 2
, 2 )= (3,2). The value of a = ½ (12) =
6. The value of c = 8 – 3 = 5. Substitution of a and c into 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑐 yields 𝑏 2 = 62 − 52 = 11. The
2 2 2

(𝑥−3)2 (𝑦−2)2
equation is 36
+ 11
= 1.

67. Major axis vertices (3,4) and (3,-6) on vertical line y = 3. Major axis is vertical. Equation has form
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 3+3 4+(−6)
𝑏2
+ 𝑎2
= 1. Center at midpoint of vertices ( 2
, 2 ) =( 2
, 2 )= (3, −1). The value
of a = 4-(-1) = 5. Substitution of a and c = 2 into 𝑏 2 = 𝑎 − 𝑐 yields 𝑏 = 5 − 2 = 11. The
2 2 2 2 2

(𝑥−3)2 (𝑦+1)2
equation is 21
+ 25
= 1.
69. Center (1,3) and focus (0,3) on horizontal line y = 3. Major axis is horizontal. Equation has form
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
𝑎2
+ 𝑏2
= 1. The value of 𝑐 = |0 − 1| = 1. Point (1,5) lies on minor axis making it a minor axis
endpoint. The value of b = 5-3 = 2. Substitution of b and c into 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 which is equivalent to
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑦−3)2
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 yields 𝑎2 = 22 + 12 = 5. The equation is 5
+ 4
= 1.

71. Focus (-15,-1) and vertices (-19,-1) and (15,-1) lie on horizontal line y = -1. Major axis is horizontal.
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
Equation has form 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2
= 1. Center at midpoint of vertices ( 2
, 2 ) =
−19+15 −1+(−1)
( 2 , 2 ) = (−2, −1). The value of a = 15-(-2) = 17. The value of 𝑐 = |−15 − (−2)| = 13.
(𝑥+2)2
Substitution of a and c into 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 yeilds 𝑏 2 = 172 − 132 = 120. The equation is 289
+
(𝑦+1)2
= 1.
120

73. The major axis length is 2𝑎 = 80 giving 𝑎 = 40. Substitution of a and b = 25 into 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2
which is equivalent to 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 yields 𝑐 2 = 402 − 252 and 𝑐 = √975 = 31.224 … ≈ 31.22 feet.

𝑥2 𝑦2
75. Let the center be (0,0) and the major axis be horizontal. Equation has form 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1. The
length of the major axis is the sum of the aphelion and perihelion 94.51 + 91.40 = 185.91 = 2𝑎 giving
𝑎 = 92.955. The distance between the foci is the major axis length less twice the perihelion 185.9 −
2(91.40) = 3.11 = 2𝑐 giving 𝑎 = 1.555. Substitution of a and c into 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 yields 𝑏 2 =
𝑥2 𝑦2
92.9552 − 1.5552 = 8638.241. The equation is 8640.632025
+ 8638.214
= 1.

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
4+(−4) 0+0
77. Center at midpoint of foci ( , ) , =( ) = (0,0). Major axis vertices (-4,0) and
2 2 2 2
𝑥2 𝑦2
(4,0) on x-axis. Major axis is horizontal. Equation has form 2 + 2 = 1. The eccentricity 𝑒 is the ratio
𝑎 𝑏
𝑐 4
= . Substituting 𝑒 = 0.8 and c= 4 gives 0.8 = . The value of a = 5. Substitution of a and c into 𝑏 2 =
𝑎 𝑎
2 2 2 2 2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎 − 𝑐 yields 𝑏 = 5 − 4 = 9. The equation is 2 + = 1 or + = 1
5 9 25 9

79. The center is at (0,0). Since a > b, the ellipse is horizontal. Let (c,0) be the focus on the positive x-
axis. Let (c, h) be the endpoint in Quadrant 1 of the latus rectum passing through (c,0).
The distance between the focus and latus rectum endpoint can be found by substituting (c,0) and (c,h)
into the distance formula 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 which yields 𝑑 = √(𝑐 − 𝑐)2 + (ℎ − 0)2 = ℎ.
𝑐2
So h is half the latus rectum distance. Substituting (c,h) into the ellipse equation to find h gives 𝑎2 +
ℎ2 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑐2 𝑎 2 −𝑐 2 𝑏2 𝑏4
𝑏2
= 1. Solving for h yields ℎ2 = 𝑏 2 (1 − 𝑎2 ) = 𝑏 2 (𝑎2 − 𝑎2 ) = 𝑏 2 ( 𝑎2
) = 𝑏 2 (𝑎2 ) = 𝑎2 so ℎ =
𝑏4 𝑏2 2𝑏2
√ = . The distance of the latus rectum is 2ℎ = .
𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

Section 9.2 Solutions

𝑥2 𝑦2
1. Horizontal hyperbola. Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2 = 1 so A or B. Center at (0,0). Vertex at (0,3).
Value of a =3-0=3 making 𝑎2 = 9. Answer is B.

𝑦2 𝑥2
3. Vertical hyperbola. Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2 = 1 so C or D. Center at (0,0). Vertex at (0,3).
Value of a=3-0 =3 making 𝑎2 = 9. Answer is D.

𝑥2 𝑦2
5. Equation has form − = 1 so vertices at (±a,0). Value of 𝑎 = √4 = 2. Vertices are (±2, 0) and
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑏
transverse axis length is 2𝑎 = 2(2) = 4. Asymptotes are 𝑦 = ± 𝑎 𝑥. Value of 𝑏 = √25 = 5.
5
Asymptotes are 𝑦 = ± 𝑥. Graph is:
2

𝑥2 𝑥2 5 5
Check on graphing utility using = 5√ 4 − 1 , 𝑦 = −5√ 4 − 1, 𝑦 = 2 𝑥, and 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥.

𝑦2 𝑥2
7. Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2 = 1 so vertices at (0,±a). Value of 𝑎 = √1 = 1. Vertices are (0,±1) and
𝑎
transverse axis length is 2𝑎 = 2(1) = 2. Asymptotes are 𝑦 = ± 𝑥. Value of 𝑏 = √4 = 2.
𝑏
1
Asymptotes are 𝑦 = ± 2 𝑥. Graph is:
 𝑥2 𝑥2 1 1
Check on graphing utility using = 1√ 4 + 1 , 𝑦 = −1√ 4 + 1, 𝑦 = 2 𝑥, and 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥.

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
9. Equation can be put in form − = 1 by dividing by 9. Equation has form − = 1 so
9 1 𝑎2 𝑏2
vertices at (±a,0). Value of 𝑎 = √9 = 3. Vertices are (±3,0) and transverse axis length is 2𝑎 = 2(3) =
𝑏 1
6. Asymptotes are 𝑦 = ± 𝑥. Value of 𝑏 = √1 = 2. Asymptotes are 𝑦 = ± . Graph is:
𝑎 3

𝑥2 𝑥2 1 1
Check on graphing utility using = 1√ 9 − 1 , 𝑦 = −1√ 9 − 1, 𝑦 = 3 𝑥, and 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥.

𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2
11. Equation can be put in form 16
− 9
= 1 by dividing by 144. Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2 = 1 so
vertices at (0,±a). Value of 𝑎 = √16 = 4. Vertices are (0,±4) and transverse axis length is 2𝑎 = 2(4) =
𝑎 4
8. Asymptotes are 𝑦 = ± 𝑏 𝑥. Value of 𝑏 = √9 = 3. Asymptotes are 𝑦 = ± 3. Graph is:
 𝑥2 𝑥2 4 4
Check on graphing utility using = 4√ 9 + 1 , 𝑦 = −4√ 9 + 1, 𝑦 = 3 𝑥, and 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥.

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
13. Equation can be put in form 2
− 18 = 1 by dividing by 18. Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2 = 1 so
vertices at (±a,0). Value of 𝑎 = √2. Vertices are (±√2, 0) and transverse axis length is 2𝑎 = 2(√2) =
𝑏 3√2
2√2. Asymptotes are 𝑦 = ± 𝑎 𝑥. Value of 𝑏 = √18 = 3√2. Asymptotes are 𝑦 = ± 𝑥 or 𝑦 = ±3𝑥.
√2
Graph is:

𝑥2 𝑥2
Check on graphing utility using = √18 ( − 1) , 𝑦 = −√18 ( − 1), 𝑦 = 3𝑥, and 𝑦 = −3𝑥.
2 2

𝑦2 𝑥2
15. Hyperbola opens vertically. Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2 = 1. Center at (0,0). Vertices at (0,±2).
2−0 2
Value of a=2-0 =2. Points (0,0) and (3,2) on asymptote show 𝑚 = = . Asymptote equation has
3−0 3
𝑎 𝑎 2 2 2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
form = ± 𝑥 . Setting = and substituting a gives = showing b=3. Equation is − = 1 or −
𝑏 𝑏 3 𝑏 3 22 32 4
𝑥2
9
= 1.

𝑦2 𝑥2
17. Center at (0,0). Vertical hyperbola since vertices (0,±4) on y-axis . Equation has form − = 1.
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑎 𝑎 1
Value of a= 4-0=4. Asymptote has slope ½. Asymptote equation has form 𝑦 = ± 𝑥. Setting = and
𝑏 𝑏 2
4 1 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2
substituting a gives 𝑏 = 2 showing b=8. Equation is 42 − 82 = 1 or 16
− 64 = 1.

𝑥2 𝑦2
19. Center at (0,0). Horizontal hyperbola since vertices at (±3,0) on x-axis. Equation has form 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 =
52 82
1. Value of a= 3-0=3. Substituting a and point (5,8) yields 32 − 𝑏2 = 1. Solving gives b = 6. Equation is
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
32
− 62 = 1 or 9
− 36 = 1.

21. The point on the hyperbola (5,3) lies below the asymptote point of (5,5) showing that the hyperbola
𝑥2 𝑦2
opens horizontally. Equation has form 𝑎2 − 𝑏
= 1. Asymptote has slope 1. Asymptote equation has
𝑏 𝑏
form = ±𝑎𝑥
. Setting 𝑎 = 1 shows b=a. Substituting b=a and the point (5,3) into the hyperbola
52 32 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
equation yields 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 = 1. Solving gives a = 4. The equation is 42 − 42 = 1 or 16 − 16 = 1.
 (𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
23. Horizontal hyperbola means the equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
= 1 narrowing it to A, B, C, or D.
(𝑥+1)2 (𝑦+2)2
Center at (-1, -2) makes equation 𝑎2
− 𝑏
= 1 and narrows it to B or C. Vertex at (2, -2) give
2−(−2) 4
value of a = 2-(-1)=3. Points (-1,-2) and (2,2) on asymptote show 𝑚 = = . Asymptote equation
2−(−1) 3
𝑏 𝑏 4 𝑏 4 (𝑥+1)2 (𝑦+2)2
has form = ± 𝑎 𝑥 . Setting 𝑎 = 3 substituting a gives 3 = 3 showing b=4. Equation is 32
− 42
=1
(𝑥+1)2 (𝑦+2)2
or 9
− 16
= 1 . Answer is C.

(𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
25. Vertical hyperbola means the equation has form − = 1 narrowing it to E, F, G, or H.
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑦−2)2 (𝑥−1)2
Center at (1, 2) makes equation 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
= 1 and narrows it to E or H. Vertex at (1, 4) give value
3−2 1
of a = 4-2=2. Points (1,2) and (3,3) on asymptote show 𝑚 = 3−1 = 2. Asymptote equation has form =
𝑎 𝑎 1 2 1 (𝑦−2)2 (𝑥−1)2
± 𝑥 . Setting = substituting a gives = showing b=4. Equation is = − 1 or
𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 22 42
(𝑦−2)2 (𝑥−1)2
= − 1. Answer is H.
4 1

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
27. Horizontal hyperbola means the equation has form − = 1 narrowing it A, B, C, or D.
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑥+1)2 (𝑦+2)2
Center at (-1, -2) makes equation − = 1 and narrows it to B or C. Vertex at (2, -2) give
𝑎2 𝑏
0−(−2) 2
value of a = 2-(-1)=3. Points (-1,-2) and (2,0) on asymptote show 𝑚 = = . Asymptote equation
2−(−1) 3
𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 (𝑥+1)2 (𝑦+2)2
has form = ± 𝑎 𝑥 . Setting 𝑎 = 3 substituting a gives 3 = 3 showing b=2. Equation is 32
− 22
=1
(𝑥+1)2 (𝑦+2)2
or − = 1. Answer is B.
9 4

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
29. Horizontal hyperbola means the equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
= 1 narrowing it A, B, C, or D.
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑦−2)2
Center at (1, 2) makes equation 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
= 1 and narrows it to A or D. Vertex at (4, 2) give value
4−2 2
of a = 4-1=3. Points (1,2) and (4,4) on asymptote show 𝑚 = = . Asymptote equation has form =
4−1 3
𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 (𝑥−1)2 (𝑦−2)2
± 𝑎 𝑥 . Setting 𝑎 = 3 substituting a gives 3 = 3 showing b=2. Equation is 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
= 1 or
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑦−2)2
32
− 22
= 1. Answer is A.

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
31. Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
= 1. Center at (1,-2) giving h=1 and k=-2. Value of 𝑎 = √25 =
5. Vertices are (h±a,k) giving (6,-2) and (-4,-2). Transverse axis length 2a=2(5)=10. Value of 𝑏 = √4 =
𝑏 2
2. Asymptotes are 𝑦 = ± 𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘 giving 𝑦 = ± 5 (𝑥 − 1) − 2. Graph is:
 (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−1)2 2
Check on graphing utility using = 2√ 25
− 1 − 2 , 𝑦 = −2√ 25
− 1 − 2 , 𝑦 = 5 (𝑥 − 1) − 2 and
2
𝑦 = − (𝑥 + 5) − 2.
5

(𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
33. Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
= 1. h=-2 and k=1 giving center at (-2,1). Value of 𝑎 = √9 = 3.
Vertices are (h,k±a) giving (-2,4) and (-2,-2). Transverse axis length 2a=2(3)=6. Value of 𝑏 = √1 = 1.
𝑎 3
Asymptotes are 𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘 giving 𝑦 = ± (𝑥 + 2) + 1. Graph is:
𝑏 1

Check on graphing utility using = 3√(𝑥 + 2)2 + 1 + 1 , 𝑦 = −3√(𝑥 + 2)2 + 1 + 1 , 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 + 2) + 1

and 𝑦 = −3(𝑥 + 2) + 1.

35. 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 𝑦 2 = 12 can be transformed into 4(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) − 𝑦 2 = 12 + 4 giving 4(𝑥 − 1)2 −

(𝑥−1)2 (𝑦−0)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
𝑦 2 = 16 or 4
− 16
= 1. Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
= 1. h=1 and k=0 giving center at
(1,0). Value of 𝑎 = √4 = 2. Vertices are (h±a,k) giving (3,0) and (-1,0). Transverse axis length 2a=2(2)
𝑏 4
= 4. Value of 𝑏 = √16 = 4. Asymptotes are 𝑦 = ± 𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘 giving 𝑦 = ± 2 (𝑥 − 1) + 0 or 𝑦 =
±2(𝑥 − 1). Graph is:
 (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−1)2
Check on graphing utility using = 4√ 4
− 1 , 𝑦 = −4√ 4
− 1, 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 − 1) and 𝑦 = −2(𝑥 − 1).

37. 4𝑦 2 − 16𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 1 can be transformed into 4(𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4) − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) = 1 + 16 − 1

(𝑦−2)2 (𝑥+1)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
giving 4(𝑦 − 2)2 − (𝑥 + 1)2 = 16 or 4
− 16
= 1. Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
= 1. h=-1
and k=2 giving center at (-1,2). Value of 𝑎 = √4 = 2. Vertices are (h,k±a) giving (-1,4) and (-1,0).
𝑎
Transverse axis length 2a=2(2) = 4. Value of 𝑏 = √16 = 4. Asymptotes are 𝑦 = ± 𝑏 (𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘 giving
2 1
𝑦 = ± 4 (𝑥 − 1) + 2 or 𝑦 = ± 2 (𝑥 − 1) + 2. Graph is:

(𝑥+1)2 (𝑥+1)2 1
Check on graphing utility using = 2√ 16
+ 1 + 2 , 𝑦 = −2√ 16
+ 1 + 2, 𝑦 = 2 (𝑥 + 1) + 2 and
1
𝑦 = − 2 (𝑥 + 1) + 2.

39. 9𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 − 4𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 = 4 can be transformed into 9(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) − 4(𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1) = 4 +

(𝑥+2)2 (𝑦−1)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
36 − 4 giving 9(𝑥 + 2)2 − 4(𝑦 − 1)2 = 36 or 4
− 9
= 1. Equation has form 𝑎2
−
(𝑦−𝑘)2
𝑏2
= 1. h=-2and k=1 giving center at (-2,1). Value of 𝑎 = √4 = 2. Vertices are (h±a,k) giving (0,1)
and (-4,1). Transverse axis length 2a=2(2) = 4. Value of 𝑏 = √9 = 3. Asymptotes are 𝑦 =
𝑏 3
± 𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘 giving 𝑦 = ± 2 (𝑥 + 2) + 1. Graph is:
 (𝑥+2)2 (𝑥+2)2 3
Check on graphing utility using = 3√ 4
− 1 + 1 , 𝑦 = −3√ 4
− 1 + 1 , 𝑦 = 4 (𝑥 + 2) + 1 and
3
𝑦 = − 4 (𝑥 + 2) + 1.

(𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
41. Vertical hyperbola means the equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
= 1. Center at (4, -1). Vertex at
2−(−1) 3
(4, 2) give value of a = 2-(-1)=3. Points (6,2) and (4,-1) on asymptote show 𝑚 = 6−4
= 2. Asymptote
𝑎 𝑎 3 3 3
equation has form +𝑘 = ± 𝑏 (𝑥 − ℎ) . Setting 𝑏 = 2 substituting a gives 𝑏 = 2 showing b=2. Equation is
(𝑦+1)2 (𝑥−4)2 (𝑦+1)2 (𝑥−4)2
32
− 22
= 1 or 9
− 4
= 1.

43. Vertices (-1,-2) and (-1,6) on vertical line x =-1. Vertical hyperbola means the equation has form
(𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2 𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 −1+(−1) −2+6
𝑎2
− 𝑏2
= 1. Center at midpoint of vertices ( 2
, 2 ) =( 2
, 2 ) = (−1,2).
𝑎
Distance from center to vertex (-1,6) is a = 6-2=4. Asymptote equation has form +𝑘 = ± 𝑏 (𝑥 − ℎ) .
𝑎 2 4 2
Asymptote has slope m=2. Setting 𝑏 = 1 and substituting a gives 𝑏 = 1 showing b=2. Equation is
(𝑦−2)2 (𝑥+1)2 (𝑦−2)2 (𝑥+1)2
42
− 22
= 1 or 16
− 4
= 1.

𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
45. 𝑦 = ±4√9𝑥 2 − 1 can be transformed into 𝑦 2 = 16 (9𝑥 2 − 1) giving 9𝑥 2 − 16 = 1 or 1 − 16 =
9

𝑥2 𝑦2 1 1
1. Equation has form − = 1. Center at (0,0). Value of 𝑎 = √ = . Vertices are (±a,0) or
𝑎2 𝑏2 9 3
1 1 2 𝑏
(± , 0). Transverse axis length 2 ( ) = . Value of 𝑏 = √16 = 4. Asymptotes are 𝑦 = ± 𝑥 giving
3 3 3 𝑎
4
𝑦 = ± 1 𝑥 or 𝑦 = ±12𝑥. Graph is
3
 1 1
47. 𝑦 = 1 ± 2 √9𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 + 10 can be transformed into 𝑦 − 1 = ± 2 √9(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 1 giving 𝑦 −
1 1 (𝑦−1)2
1 = ± 2 √9(𝑥 + 1)2 + 1. Squaring yields (𝑦 − 1)2 = 4 (9(𝑥 + 1)2 + 1) giving 1 − 9(𝑥 + 1)2 = 1
4
(𝑦−1)2 (𝑥+2)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
or 1 − 1 = 1. Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
= 1. h=-2 and k=-1 gives center at
4 9

1 1
(-1,1). Value of 𝑎 = √ = . Vertices at (h,k±a) or (-1,3/2) and (-1,1/2), transverse length = 2a=2(1/2)
4 2
1
1 1 𝑎
= 1. Value of 𝑏 = √9 = 3. Asymptotes are 𝑦 = ± 𝑏 (𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘 giving 𝑦 = ± 21 (𝑥 + 1) + 1 or 𝑦 =
3
3
± 2 (𝑥 + 1) + 1. Graph is

𝑦2 𝑥2
49. Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2 = 1. Center at (0,0). Value of 𝑎2 = 6 and 𝑏 2 = 19. Substituting into
𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 gives 19 = 𝑐 2 − 6. Value of 𝑐 = √25 = 5. Foci at (0,±c) or (0,±5) .

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
51. Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
= 1. h=-5 and k=3 gives center at (-5,3). Value of 𝑎2 = 15 and
𝑏 2 = 1. Substituting into 𝑏 = 𝑐 − 𝑎 gives 15 = 𝑐 2 − 1. Value of 𝑐 = √16 = 4. Foci at (h±c,k) or
2 2 2

(5,6) and (-3,6).

4 4
53. 𝑦 = 1 ± 3 √𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 25 can be transformed into 𝑦 − 1 = ± 3 √𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 + 9 giving 𝑦 − 1 =
4 16 16(𝑥+4)2
± 3 √(𝑥 + 4)2 + 9. Squaring yields (𝑦 − 1)2 = 9
((𝑥 + 4)2 + 9) giving (𝑦 − 1)2 −
9
= 16 or
(𝑦−1)2 (𝑥+4)2 (𝑦−𝑘) 2 (𝑥−ℎ) 2
− = 1. Equation has form − 2 = 1. h=-4 and k=1 gives center at (-4,1).
16 9 𝑎2 𝑏
Value of 𝑎2 = 16 and 𝑏 2 = 9. Substituting into 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 gives 9 = 𝑐 2 − 16. Value of 𝑐 = √25 =
5. Foci at (h,k±c) or (5,6) and (-3,6).

55. Transverse axis vertices (-4,0) and (4,0) on horizontal line y = 0. Hyperbola opens horizontally.
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 4+(−4) 0+0 𝑥2 𝑦2
Center at midpoint of vertices ( 2
, 2 ) =( 2
, 2 ) = (0,0). Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2 = 1.
Using vertex (4,0) and center a=4-0=4. Using focus (5,0) and center c= 5-0=5. Substituting a and c into
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 gives 𝑏 2 = 52 − 42 = 8. Equation is 42
− 9
= 1 or 16
− 9
= 1.

57. Transverse axis vertex (0,12) and focus (0,13) on vertical line x = 0. Hyperbola opens vertically.
𝑦2 𝑥2
Center at (0,0). Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2 = 1. Using vertex and center a =12-0 = 12. Using focus and
center c= 13-0=13. Substituting a and c into 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 gives 𝑏 2 = 132 − 122 = 25. Equation is
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2
122
− 25 = 1 or 144
− 25 = 1.

59. Transverse axis foci (-17,0) and (17,0) on horizontal line y = 0. Hyperbola opens horizontally. Center
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 17+(−17) 0+0 𝑥2 𝑦2
at midpoint of foci ( 2
, 2 ) =( 2
, 2 ) = (0,0). Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2 = 1. Using
focus (17,0) and center c=17-0=17. Slope of asymptote is m=8/15. Asymptote equation has form =
𝑏 𝑏 8 8 8 2
± 𝑎 𝑥 . Setting 𝑎 = 15 gives 𝑏 = 15 𝑎. Substituting b and c into 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 gives (15 𝑎) = 172 − 𝑎2 .
𝑏 8 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
Solving shows a=15. Substituting a into 𝑎
= 15 gives b=8. The equation is 152 − 82 = 1 or 225
− 64
=
1.

61. Transverse axis foci (-10,0) and (10,0) on horizontal line y = 0. Hyperbola opens horizontally.
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 10+(−10) 0+0 𝑥2 𝑦2
Center at midpoint of foci ( 2
, 2 ) =( 2
, 2 ) = (0,0). Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2 = 1.
Using focus (10,0) and center c=10-0-10. Value of a is half transverse axis length so a=1/2(16)=8.
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2
Substituting a and c into 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 yields 𝑏 2 = 102 − 82 = 36. Equation is − = 1 or −
82 36 64
𝑦2
36
= 1.

63. Transverse axis foci at (1,7) and (1,-3) on vertical line x=1. Hyperbola opens vertically. Center at
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 1+1 7+(−3) (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
midpoint of foci ( , ) =( , ) = (1,2). Equation has form − = 1. Value
2 2 2 2 𝑎2 𝑏2
of h=1 and k=2. Using focus (1,7) and center (1,2) c = 7-2=5. Using vertex (1,6) and center (1,2) a=6-
(𝑦−2)2 (𝑥−1)2
2=4. Substituting a and c into 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 yields 𝑏 2 = 52 − 42 = 9. Equation is 42
− 9
=1
(𝑦−2)2 (𝑥−1)2
or − = 1.
16 9

65. Transverse axis center (-1,3) and vertex (4,3) on horizontal line y=3. Hyperbola opens horizontally.
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
Equation has form − = 1. Using focus (12,3) and center (-1,3) c=12-(-1)=13. Using vertex
𝑎2 𝑏2
(4,3) and center (-1,3) a=4-(-1)=5. Substituting a and c into 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 yields 𝑏 2 = 132 − 52 = 144.
(𝑥+1)2 (𝑦−3)2 (𝑥+1)2 (𝑦−3)2
Equation is 52
− 144
= 1 or 25
− 144
=1
67. Simplify calculations by making the hyperbola horizontal and centered at the origin. Equation has
𝑥2 𝑦2
form 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1. Since the center is the midpoint between the foci, the distance from a focus to the
center is half the distance between the foci so c = ½ (100)=50. The difference in time the signal reaches
the ship is related to the hyperbola constant k but must be converted to a distance. k = 300,000 km/s
(0.0002 s) = 60 km. Since k = 2a, the value of a = 30. Substituting a and c into 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 yields 𝑏 2 =
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
502 − 302 = 1600. Equation is is 302
− 1600 = 1 or 900
− 1600 = 1.

69. Let’s place the origin in the center of the tower, where it is narrowest in diameter. We can use the
𝑥2 𝑦2
standard form of a horizontal hyperbola, 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1. The diameter of the tower at the narrowest point
is 60m, so the radius is 30m. That puts the vertices at (30,0) and (-30,0), and a = 30. To solve for b, we
362
can plug in a known point for x and y. At the top of the tower when y=79.6m, x=36m. Solving −
302
79.62 𝑥2
𝑏2
= 1 for b gives 14400.3636 to four decimal places. The sides of the tower can be modeled by 900 −
𝑦2
14400.3636
=1

71. Simplify calculations by making the hyperbola horizontal and centered at the origin. The gun and
the target are the foci. The value of c = ½ (200) = 100. Let t1 be the time it takes for the bullet to travel
from the gun to the target. Substituting into d = rt gives 200= 2000t1. Solving shows t1 = 0.1. Let t2 be
the time for the sound of the bullet hitting the target to travel to the person hearing it. The sound of
the target travels a distance dtarget =1100 t2. The sound of the gun firing travels for a longer time. It
travels the same amount of time as the sound of the target plus the 0.1 seconds it took the bullet to
reach the target. The distance it travels is dgun =1100 (t2+0.1).

1100(t2+.1 1100 t2
)

A B
2000t1

The positive difference of the distances gives the equation 2a=1100(t2+.05) - 1100 t2. Solving gives a =
55. Substitution of a and c into 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 yields 𝑏 2 = 1002 − 552 = 6975. A person who hears
𝑥2
the gun fire and the target hit at the same time is located on the hyperbola given by the equation 552 −
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
6975
= 1 or 3025 − 6975 = 1.
 𝑦2 𝑥2
73. 5𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 + 25 = 0 can be put in the form − = −1. 𝑥 2 − 5𝑦 2 + 25 = 0 can be put in the
5 25
𝑦2 𝑥2
form − = 1 showing they are conjugate.
5 25

75. Assume the hyperbola is centered at the origin. The distance to a vertex is 𝑎. Substituting 𝑏 = 𝑎
𝑎√2
into 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 gives 𝑐 2 = 2𝑎2 which simplifies to 𝑐 = 𝑎√2. The eccentricity is 𝑎
= √2.

77. Since k>0 , then 𝑎2 = 𝑘 and 𝑏 2 = 6 − 𝑘. Substitution of a and b into 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 which is

equivalent to 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 yields 𝑐 2 = 𝑘 + 6 − 𝑘 = 6. Since 𝑐 = √6 the foci are (±√6, 0) no matter
the value of k.

Section 9.3 Solutions

1. Opens sideways, focus is positive: C

3. Opens upwards, focus is positive: A

5. (𝑦 − 0)2 = 4 ⋅ 4(𝑥 − 0), so horizontal parabola with p = 4.

Vertex: (0,0). Axis of symmetry: y = 0. Directrix: x = -4. Focus: (4,0)
1 1 1
7. 𝑥 2 = 2 𝑦, or (𝑥 − 0)2 = 4 ⋅ 8 (𝑦 − 0) so vertical parabola with 𝑝 = 8.
Vertex: (0,0). Axis of symmetry: x = 0. Directrix: y = -1/8. Focus: (0,1/8)

1 1 1
9. 𝑦 2 = − 4 𝑥, or (𝑦 − 0)2 = 4 (− 16) (𝑥 − 0). , so horizontal parabola with 𝑝 = − 16.
Vertex: (0,0). Axis of symmetry: y = 0. Directrix: x = 1/16. Focus: (-1/16,0)

11. (𝑥 − 2)2 = 4 ⋅ 2(𝑦 + 1), so vertical parabola with 𝑝 = 2.

Vertex: (2,-1). Axis of symmetry: x = 2. Directrix: y = -1-2 = -3. Focus: (2,-1+2) = (2,1).

13. (𝑥 + 1)2 = 4 ⋅ 1(𝑦 − 4), xo vertical parabola with 𝑝 = 1.

Vertex: (-1,4). Axis of symmetry: x = -1. Directrix: y = 4-1 = 3. Focus: (-1,4+1) = (-1,5)

15. Using the vertex (3,1) and the form for a horizontal parabola we can write (𝑦 − 1)2 = 4𝑝(𝑥 − 3).
1
Plugging in the point (2,2) we can solve to find 𝑝 = − 4, giving (𝑦 − 1)2 = −(𝑥 − 3)

17. p = 3, so (𝑦 − 3)2 = 12(𝑥 − 2)

19. Focus is above vertex, so the parabola is vertical, opening upward

Distance from vertex to focus is p = 1. 𝑥 2 = 4(𝑦 − 3)

21. At the focus. p=1 and the vertex is (0,0), so the focus is at (0,1)

23. Start with the general form for a vertical parabola with vertex at the origin, 𝑥 2 = 4𝑝𝑦. Since the dish
is 12 feet wide (6 ft on either side of the vertex) and 4 feet deep, the equation describing it would pass
 36
through the point (6, 4). Plugging into our equation, 62 = 4𝑝(4), giving 𝑝 = = 2.25. The focus is
16
located 2.25 feet above the vertex.

25. Position the searchlight so it forms a vertical parabola with vertex at the origin. Since the light at the
focus is 1 foot from the base, p=1, giving equation 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦. The opening is 2 feet across, so 1 foot on
either side of the vertex. When x=1, 12 = 4𝑦, giving y=0.25. The depth of the searchlight is 0.25 ft.

27. Substitute 𝑦 = 2𝑥 into the second equation: (2𝑥)2 − 𝑥 2 = 1. This simplifies to 3𝑥 2 = 1, so 𝑥 =

1 1
±√3 = ± . We can substitute those into 𝑦 = 2𝑥 to find the corresponding y-values.
√3
1 2 −1 −2
( , ), ( , )
√3 √3 √3 √3

29. We can solve the top equation for 𝑥 2 , giving 𝑥 2 = 11 − 𝑦 2 , then substitute this into the second
equation. (11 − 𝑦 2 ) − 4𝑦 2 = 1. This simplifies to −5𝑦 2 = −10, then 𝑦 2 = 2, giving 𝑦 = ±√2.
2
When 𝑦 = √2, then 𝑥 2 = 11 − (√2) = 9, so 𝑥 = ±3. Repeat for 𝑦 = −√2. The solutions are:

(3, √2), (3, −√2), (−3, √2), (−3, −√2)

31. Substitute 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 into the second equation, giving (𝑥 2 )2 − 6𝑥 2 = 16. Simplify, and rearrange to
set equal to zero: 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 − 16 = 0. This can be factored like a quadratic: (𝑥 2 − 8)(𝑥 2 + 2) = 0.
Using the zero-product principle, one of these factors must be zero. 𝑥 2 − 8 = 0 when 𝑥 = ±√8 =
±2√2. 𝑥 2 + 2 = 0 has no real solutions. Substituting 𝑥 = ±√8 back into 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 gives our solutions:

(2√2, 8), (−2√2, 8)

33. We could again use substitution, like we did in #29, or we could use an elimination technique, and
add the left sides of the two equations and the right sides of the two equations, noting that 𝑥 2 will
2
cancel out when we do so, leaving 4𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 = 1 + 1, or 3𝑦 2 = 2. This gives 𝑦 = ±√3. Substituting
each of these into either equation allows us to solve for the corresponding x-values. Solutions:

5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2
(√3 , √3) , (−√3 , √3) , (√3 , −√3) , (−√3 , −√3)

35. Stations A and B at foci (125,0) and (-125,0) on horizontal line y=0. Hyperbola opens horizontally.
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 125+(−125) 0+0 𝑥2 𝑦2
Center at midpoint of foci ( 2
, 2 ) =( 2
, 2 ) = (0,0). Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2 = 1.
From the difference in the distance, k=2a=100 or a=50. Using foci (125,0) and center c=125-0=125.
𝑥2
Substituting a and c into 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 yields 𝑏 2 = 1252 − 502 = 13125. Equation (1) is 502
−
 𝑦2
13125
= 1. Stations C and D at foci (0,250) and (0,-250) on vertical line x=0. Hyperbola opens vertically.
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 0+0 250+(−250) 𝑦2 𝑥2
Center at midpoint of foci ( 2
, 2 ) =( 2
, 2
) = (0,0). Equation has form 𝑎2
− 𝑏2 = 1.
From the difference in the distance, k=2a=180 or a=90. Using foci (0,250) and center c=250-0=250.
𝑦2
Substituting a and c into 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 yields 𝑏 2 = 2502 − 902 = 54400. Equation (2) is 902
−
𝑥2 𝑦2
54400
= 1. Solving equation (1) for 𝑥 2 gives 𝑥 2 = 502 (13125 + 1) and substituting for 𝑥 2 in equation
𝑦2 1 𝑦2
(2) gives 902 − 54400 (502 (13125 + 1)) = 1. Solving for y= ±93.37848007. Substituting for y in
𝑥2 (±93.37848007)2
equation (1) gives 502 − 13125
= 1. Solving for x=±64.50476622. Since the ship is in quadrant
two, the coordinates are (-64.50, 93.38) rounded to two decimals.

Section 9.4 Solutions

1. e = 3. Directrix: x = 4. Hyperbola. 3. e = 3/4. Directrix: y = -2/3. Ellipse.

5. e = 1. Directrix: x = -1/5. Parabola. 7. e = 2/7. Directrix: x = 2. Ellipse.

9. Directrix is x=, so we use cos. Directrix of -4 means p=4 and the sign on cos is negative.
5⋅4 20
𝑟 = 1−5cos(θ) = 1−5cos(θ)

11. Directrix is y=, so we use sin. Directrix of +3 means p=3 and the sign on sin is positive.
1
⋅3 1 3
3
𝑟= 1 = 1 , or multiply top and bottom by 3 to get 𝑟 = 3+sin(θ)
1+ sin(θ) 1+ sin(θ)
3 3

13. Directrix is y=, so we use sin. Directrix of -2 means p=2 and the sign on sin is negative.
2
𝑟=
1−sin(θ)

15. Hyperbola. Vertices at (-9,0) and (-3,0)

Center at (-6,0). a = 3. c = 6, so b = √62 − 32 = √27
(𝑥+6)2 𝑦2
9
− 27 = 1

17. Ellipse. Vertices at (0,3) and (0,-6)

Center at (0,-1.5). a = 4.5, c = 1.5, 𝑏 = √4.52 − 1.52 = √18
𝑥2 (𝑦+1.5)2
18
+ 20.25
=1
19. Parabola. Vertex at (3,0). p = 3.
𝑦 2 = −12(𝑥 − 3)

21. a)
y
L1 Q=(x,y) L2
x=p
d(Q,F1)
d(Q,F2) (c,0) (a,0)

F1 F2 x

b) 𝑑(𝑄, 𝐿1 ) = 𝑥 − (−𝑝) = 𝑥 + 𝑝, 𝑑(𝑄, 𝐿2 ) = 𝑝 − 𝑥

c) 𝑑(𝑄, 𝐹1 ) = 𝑒𝑑(𝑄, 𝐿1 ) = 𝑒(𝑥 + 𝑝). 𝑑(𝑄, 𝐹2 ) = 𝑒𝑑(𝑄, 𝐿2 ) = 𝑒(𝑝 − 𝑥)

d) 𝑑(𝑄, 𝐹1 ) + 𝑑(𝑄, 𝐹2 ) = 𝑒(𝑥 + 𝑝) + 𝑒(𝑝 − 𝑥) = 2𝑒𝑝, a constant.

e) At Q = (a, 0), 𝑑(𝑄, 𝐹1 ) = 𝑎 − (−𝑐) = 𝑎 + 𝑐, and 𝑑(𝑄, 𝐹2 ) = 𝑎 − 𝑐, so

𝑑(𝑄, 𝐹1 ) + 𝑑(𝑄, 𝐹2 ) = (𝑎 + 𝑐) + (𝑎 − 𝑐) = 2𝑎
𝑎
Combining with the result above, 2𝑒𝑝 = 2𝑎, so 𝑝 = .
𝑒

f) 𝑑(𝑄, 𝐹2 ) = 𝑎 − 𝑐, and 𝑑(𝑄, 𝐿2 ) = 𝑝 − 𝑎

𝑑(𝑄,𝐹2 ) 𝑎−𝑐
𝑑(𝑄,𝐿2 )
= 𝑒, so 𝑝−𝑎 = 𝑒.
𝑎 − 𝑐 = 𝑒(𝑝 − 𝑎). Using the result from (e),
𝑎
𝑎 − 𝑐 = 𝑒 (𝑒 − 𝑎)
𝑎 − 𝑐 = 𝑎 − 𝑒𝑎
𝑐
𝑒=
𝑎