GROUP NO: 22

• SELEMANI, HAJI R 2020-04-11261

• YANGE, HASSAN KULWA 2 2020-04-12487
• LADSLAUS, PIUS MSOMASULE 2020-04-04521
• EMMANUEL, EMMANUEL G 2021-04-01709
• MUGASSA, HOWARD PAUL 2021-04-08300
• DOMINATA, SYPRIAN MBOYELWA 2021-04-06590
INTERRUPT REQUEST (IRQ)
What Is an IRQ (Interrupt Request)?
• Devices send an IRQ to the processor to request access
• An IRQ, short for Interrupt Request, is used in a computer to send exactly
that—a request to interrupt the CPU by some other piece of hardware.

Purpose of IRQ
• An Interrupt Request is necessary for things like keyboard presses, mouse
movements, printer actions, and more. When the request is made by a
device to momentarily stop the processor, the computer is then able to
give the device some time to run its own operation.
IRQ continue..

• For example, each time you press a key on the keyboard, an interrupt
handler tells the processor that it needs to stop what it's currently doing so
that it can handle the keystrokes.

• Each device communicates the request over a unique data line called a
channel. Most of the time you see IRQ referenced, it's alongside this
channel number, also called an IRQ number. For example, IRQ 4 might be
used for one device and IRQ 7 for another.
IRQ Errors
• Errors related to Interrupt Request are usually only seen when installing
new hardware or changing the settings in existing hardware. Here are
some IRQ errors you might see:
Continue..
IRQL_NOT_DISPATCH_LEVEL
IRQL_NOT_GREATER_OR_EQUAL
STOP: 0x00000008
STOP: 0x00000009

• While it's possible for the same IRQ channel to be used for more than one
device (so long as both aren't actually being used at the same time), it's
normally not the case. An IRQ conflict most likely occurs when two pieces
of hardware are attempting to use the same channel for an interrupt
request.
• Since the Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) doesn't support this, the
computer might freeze up or the devices will stop working as expected (or
stop working entirely).
 Continue…
Back in the early Windows days, IRQ errors were common
and it took a lot of troubleshooting to fix them. This was
because it was more common to set IRQ channels manually,
like with DIP switches, which made it more likely that more
than one device was using the same IRQ line.
However, IRQs are handled much better in newer versions of
Windows that use plug and play, so you'll rarely see an IRQ
conflict or other IRQ issue.
Viewing and Editing IRQ Settings
The easiest way to view IRQ information in Windows is with
Device Manager. Change the View menu option to Resources
by type to see the Interrupt request (IRQ) section.
You can also use System Information. Execute the
msinfo32.exe command from the Run dialog box (WIN+R),
and then navigate to Hardware Resources > IRQs.

IRQs in System Information in Windows 8

Continue..

• Linux users can run the cat /proc/interrupts command to view IRQ mappings.
• You might need to change the IRQ line for a specific device if it's using the same
IRQ as another, though it's usually unnecessary since system resources are
automatically allocated for newer devices. It's only older Industry Standard
Architecture (ISA) devices that might need manual IRQ adjustments.

How to Change IRQ Settings

• You can change IRQ settings in the BIOS or within Windows via Device Manager.
Here's how to change IRQ settings with Device Manager:
• Remember that making incorrect changes to these settings can cause problems
you didn't have before. Make sure you know what you're doing and have
recorded any existing settings and values so that you know what to revert back to
should something go wrong
 Continue…
 Open Device Manager.
 Double-click or double-tap a device to
open its Properties window. You'll need to
open that device's category first before
you'll be able to see it, which you can do
by double-clicking/tapping.
 In the Resources tab, deselect the Use
automatic settings option.
• If you can't find this tab or the option is
greyed out or not enabled, it means that
either you cannot specify a resource for
that device or that the device has no other
settings that can be applied to it.
Continue…
Use the Settings based on drop down menu to select the hardware
configuration that should be changed.
Select IRQ from the Resource settings area of the properties.
Use the Change Setting button to edit the IRQ value.

• The following are the lists of IRQ numbers specifies what of each of
the 16 IRQ lines are used for:-
IRQ Typical used Description
number
IRQ 0 System timer Reserved for internal system timer.
It is never available to peripherals or other device.
IRQ 1 Keyboard Reserved for keyboard controller, even devices without a keyboard
(exclusively for keyboard input).
IRQ 2 Cascade interrupt for IRQs 8- Cascades the second interrupt controller to the first.
15
IRQ 3 Second serial port (COM2) For second serial port and often the default interrupt for the fourth
serial port (COM4)
IRQ 4 First serial port (COM1) This interrupt is normally used for the first serial port. On devices that
do not use a PS/2 mouse, this interrupt is almost always used by the
serial mouse. This is also the default interrupt for the third serial port
(COM3).
IRQ 5 Sound card This interrupt is the first choice that most sound cards make when
looking for an IRQ setting.
IRQ 6 Floppy disk controller This interrupt is reserved for the floppy disk controller.

IRQ 7 First parallel port This interrupt is normally reserved for the use of the printer. If a printer
is not being used, this interrupt can be used for other devices that use
parallel ports
IRQ 8 Real-time clock This interrupt is reserved for the system’s real-time clock timer and
can not be used for any other purpose.
IRQ 9 Open interrupt This interrupt is typically left open on devices for the use of peripherals.
IRQ 10 Open interrupt This interrupt is typically left open on devices for the use of peripherals.
IRQ 11 Open interrupt This interrupt is typically left open on devices for the use of peripherals.
IRQ 12 PS/2 mouse This interrupt is reserved for the PS/2 mouse on machines that use one.
If a PS/2 mouse is not used, the interrupt can be used for other
peripherals, such as network card.
IRQ 13 Floating point unit/coprocessor This interrupt is reserved for the integrated floating point unit. It is never
available to peripherals or other devices as it is used exclusively for
internal signaling.
IRQ 14 Primary IDE channel This interrupt is reserved for use by the primary IDE controller. On
systems that do not use IDE devices, the IRQ can be used for another
purpose.
IRQ 15 Secondary IDE channel This interrupt is reserved for use by the secondary IDE controller.
 DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS (DMA)
Direct Memory Access is a hardware mechanism that allows peripheral components to
transfer their I/O data directly to and from main memory without the need to involve the
system processor. OR we can say that;

DMA is a capability provided by some computer bus architectures, including PCI, PCMCIA
and Card Bus, which allows data to be sent directly from an attached device to the
memory on the host, freeing the CPU from involvement with the data transfer and thus
improving the host's performance.

Advantage: Use of this mechanism can greatly increase throughput to and from a device,
because a great deal of computational overhead is eliminated. This involves enabling a
device to transfer data without exposing the CPU to a work overload.

Disadvantage: cache coherence problems. This is whereby cache and the main memory
may have inconsistent copies of the same object.
 Types of Direct Memory Access (DMA)
Third Party DMA – This is sometimes called standard DMA. This refers to the fact that the
system DMA controller is actually doing the transfer (The first two parties are the sender
and the receiver of the transfer).

Limitations of standard DMA: standard DMA (DMA on ISA bus) is insufficient in transferring
multiple megabytes per second for modern GB hard disks. It has stuck on the same
performance level for over ten years, as from time of usage of old 10 MB XT hard disks.

First Party DMA – This is the type of DMA in which the peripheral doing the transfer
actually takes control of the system bus to perform the transfer. This is also called bus
mastering. Bus mastering provides much better performance than regular DMA because
modern devices have much smarter and faster DMA circuitry built into them than exists in
the old standard ISA DMA controller. Newer DMA modes are now available such as Ultra
DMA (mode 3 or DMA-33) that provide very high transfer rates.
 DMA CONTROLLERS
DMA controller refers to the hardware device built into the system chipset on modern PCs
that manages the standard DMA transfers. The terminologies DMA and DMA controller are
very different whereas DMA is a mechanism of data transfer while DMA controller is the
hardware unit responsible for data transfer. The original PC and XT had one of these
controllers and supported 4 DMA channels, 0 to 3.

DMA controller transfers data in three modes;

 Burst mode – In this mode DMA controller hand over buses to CPU only after
completion of whole data transfer.

 Cycle stealing mode – In this mode DMA gives control of buses to CPU after transfer of
every byte.

 Transparent mode – Here the DMA transfers data only when CPU is executing the
instruction which does not require the use of buses.
 DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS (DMA) CHANNELS
Direct Memory Access (DMA) channels are system pathways used by many devices to
transfer information directly to and from memory. DMA channels are not nearly as famous
as IRQs (Interrupt Requests) as system sources go. This is mostly for a good reason. There
are fewer of them and they are used by very fewer devices, and hence they usually cause
fewer problems with system setup. However, conflicts on DMA channels can cause very
strange system problems and can be very difficult to diagnose. DMAs are used most
commonly today by floppy disk drives, tape drives, Hard disks and sound cards.

Why DMA channels were invented for data transfer?

As known, the processor is the brain of the computer, and in early machines the processor
really did almost everything. In addition to running programs it was also responsible for
transferring data to and from peripherals. Unfortunately, having the processor perform
these transfers is very inefficient, because it then is unable to do anything else.
 Why DMA channels were invented for data transfer?
(CONT)
The invention of DMA enabled the devices to cut out the “middle man”, allowing the
processor to do other work and the peripherals to transfer data them selves, leading to
increased performance. Special channels were created, along with circuitry to control
them, that allowed the transfer of information without the processor controlling every
aspect of the transfer. This circuitry is normally part of the system chipset on the
motherboard.

NB: DMA channels are only on the Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA) bus. PCI devices
do not use standard DMA channels at all.
The table below provides summary information about the 8 DMA channel numbers in a typical PC.
You may find this table useful when considering how to configure your system, or for resolving DMA
conflicts. For an explanation of the categories, along with more detailed descriptions, see here.
DMA channel usage organized by device instead of DMA number, see this device resource summary.
 Channel number: The number of the DMA channel from 0 to 7.

 Bus line: Indicates whether or not this DMA channel is available to expansion devices on the
system bus . This will say “8/16 bit” for DMA accessible by all expansion devices, “16 bit only”
for a channel available only to 16 bit cards, or “NO” for a channel reserved for use only by
system devices.

 Typical Default use: Description of the device or function that normally uses this DMA channel in
a regular modern PC.

 Other common uses: This is a list of other devices that commonly either use this channel or
offer the use of this channel as one of their options. This list isn’t exhaustive because there are
a lot of odd ball cards out there that may use unusual DMAs.

 Description: A description of the channel and how it is used, along with any relevant or
interesting points about it or its history.

 Conflicts: A discuss of the likelihood of conflicts with this DMA channel and what are likely
causes.
 GROUP NO: 24 MEMBERS

NO: NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER PROGRAM

01 AMEIR,ABDUL RAHMAN J 2021-04-00338 Bsc.Cs

02 MAKUNGURU,JOSEPH J 2021-04-05568 Bsc.Cs

03 MATIKU,LUCAS MATIKU 2021-04-06258 Bsc.Cs

04 MWAILUBI,ERICK CHARLES 2021-04-08623 Bsc.CEIT

05 JANKS,SLIVANUS S 2021-04-02727 Bsc.CEIT

06 JOHN,JAMES ZACHARIA 2021-04-13296 Bsc.Cs

Resource Conflict or Hardware Conflict is an error that occurs when a hardware
device in the computer conflicts with other hardware devices IRQs, I/O ports,
or DMA. For example, if a hardware device in the computer shares the same I/O
port as another device, that would result in a hardware conflict. With computers
running Microsoft Windows, hardware conflicts are displayed in the Device
Manager.

In the past, hardware conflicts were more common than they are today because each
hardware device required the user to configure the hardware resources
using jumpers or dip switches. Today, hardware conflicts are avoided using plug and
play, which manages each of the hardware devices installed in the computer for the
user.
A problem that occurs when two programs cannot run in the same computer at the
same time. It is generally due to a programming bug and typically manifests when
two programs compete for the same resource (memory, peripheral device, register,
etc.). Not often, but possible, intermittent hardware failures can cause two programs
to conflict.
The resources in a system are limited. Unfortunately, the demands on those
resources seem to be unlimited. As you add more and more adapter cards to your
system, you will find that the potential for resource conflicts increases. If your
system is fully PnP-compatible, potential conflicts should be resolved automatically,
but often are not.
How do you know whether you have a resource conflict? Typically, one of the
devices in your system stops working. Resource conflicts can exhibit themselves in
other ways, though. Any of the following events could be diagnosed as a resource
conflict:
RESOURCE CONFLICTS EXAMPLES
• A device transfers data inaccurately.
• Your system frequently locks up.
• Your sound card doesn't sound quite right.
• Your mouse doesn't work.
• Garbage appears on your video screen for no apparent reason.
• Your printer prints gibberish.
• You can't format a floppy disk.
• The PC starts in Safe mode (Windows 9x/Me) or can start only in Last Known
Good Configuration (Windows 2000/XP).
How to view Resources With conflict, missing driver, etc.), Windows
Windows 2000/XP automatically expands the branch that

• To view system resources with Windows 2000 contains that device and flags the device with

or Windows XP (in Classic Mode), right-click an alert icon.

My Computer, choose Properties, display the

Hardware tab, and then click the Device
Manager button to display the dialog shown
in Figure below, which lists all installed
devices. Clicking the + icon (or double-
clicking a branch name) expands the list to
show individual devices within that branch. If
a problem exists with a device (a resource
Viewing Resources with Windows NT 4

• To view existing resource allocations, choose Start → Programs → Administrative

Tools (Common) → Windows NT Diagnostics, and display the Resources page,
shown in Figure below Click the IRQ, I/O Port, DMA, or Memory button to
display a global list of resources of the selected type.
Ways of solving Resource Conflict
• One way to resolve conflicts is to help prevent them in the first place.
Especially if you are building up a new system, you can take several steps to
avoid problems. One is to avoid using older ISA devices. By definition, they
cannot share IRQs, and that is the resource most in demand. PCI (and AGP)
cards can share IRQs with IRQ Steering and as such are a much better
choice.
• Disable the unused port in the system BIOS.
• Configure the system BIOS to use the IRQ formerly used by the device(s) for
PnP configuration; this might be automatic in some systems.
• Another way you can help is to install cards in a particular sequence, and not all at
once. Modifying the installation sequence often helps because many cards can use
only one or two out of a predefined selection of IRQs that is specific to each brand
or model of card. By installing the cards in a controlled sequence, the plug-and-
play software can more easily work around IRQ conflicts caused by the default
configurations of different cards.
• The first time you start up a new system you have assembled or done major
upgrades on, the first thing you should check is the BIOS Setup. If you have a
setting for PnP Operating System in your BIOS, be sure it is enabled if you are
running an operating system with plug-and-play support, such as Windows
9x/Me/2000/XP. Otherwise, make sure it's disabled if you are running an OS that
is not plug-and-play, such as Windows NT.
• On initial startup I recommend a minimum configuration with only the graphics
card, memory, and storage drives (floppy, hard disk, CD-ROM, and DVD). This
allows for the least possibility of system conflicts in the initial configuration. If
your motherboard came with a CD including drivers specific to the chipset or other
built-in features of the board, now is the time to load or install them. Complete the
configuration of all built-in devices before installing any other cards or external
devices.
• After the basic system has been configured (and after you have successfully loaded
your operating system and any updates or patches), you can then begin adding one
device at a time in a specific order. So, you will power down, install the new
device, power up, and proceed to install any necessary drivers and configure the
device. You'll probably have to restart your system after you are done to fully
complete the configuration
Resolving Conflicts Manually

• In the past, the only way to resolve conflicts manually was to take the cover off your system and
start changing switches or jumper settings on the adapter cards. Fortunately, this is a bit easier
with plug-and-play because all the configuration is done via the Device Manager software
included in the operating system. Although some early plug-and-play cards also had jumper
switches or setup options to enable them to be configured manually, this feature was found
primarily on ISA PnP-compatible cards.

• Be sure you write down or print out your current system settings before you start making
changes. That way, you will know where you began and can go back to the original
configuration (if necessary).
 IS 158 :System Resource
Members GROUP 25:
S/N NAME REGISTRATION PROGRAM

1. Kamulika, Shabani J 2021-04-03423 BSC. CS

2. Rwikima, Carolina L 2020-04-10835 Bsc. EE

3. Ndee, Hidaya H 2021-04-09420 BSC. CS

4. Mwinjuma, Noel P 2021-04-09182 Bsc. CEIT

5. Fumbuka, Anold Gidion 2021-04-01908 Bsc. CEIT

6. Chacha, Lina B 2020-04-00962 Bsc. TE

 System Resources
A system resource is any usable part of a computer that
can be controlled and assigned by the operating system so
all of the hardware and software on the computer can
work together as designed.
There are generally four major resource types, all
viewable and configurable from within Device Manager:
❖ Interrupt Requests (IRQ) Lines
❖ Direct Memory Access (DMA) Channels
❖ Input/Output (I/O) Port Addresses
❖ Memory Address Ranges
 Setting System Resources
System resources can be used
by users, like you, when you
open programs and apps, as
well as by services which are
usually started automatically
by your operating system.
 Setting System Resources
You can run low on system resources or even run
completely out of a system resource since they're limited.
Limited access to any particular system resource reduces
performance and usually results in an error of some kind.
 System Resource Errors

Programs are supposed to "give back" memory once you

close them. If this doesn't happen, which is more common
than you might think, those resources won't be available
to other processes and programs. This situation is often
called a memory leak, or resource leak.
This
 System Resource Errors
If you're lucky, this situation will lead to Windows prompting you that the computer is
low on system resources,

Oen with an error like one of these:

• "Out of memory or system resources"

• "Out of Memory"

• "Insufficient system resources exist

to complete the requested service.

•"System is dangerously low on resources"

• "Your computer is low on memory"

 System Resource Errors
If you're not so lucky, you'll just notice a slower computer
or, worse, error messages that don't make much sense.
 How to Fix System Resources Errors
● The quickest way to fix a system resource error is to restart your
computer. Shorting down your computer will ensure that all the
programs running that you open or run at the backgroumd are all
wiped out entirely.
● Log on to your computer and click on the “Start” button. Choose
“Control Panel” from the menu and click on “Administrative Tools”.
Choose “Event Viewer” from the menu and scroll through the events
listed there. Look for events whose time stamp matches the time kf
your last crash or system freeze and look at the program that caused
the error. If the same program keeps causing the problem, it is a good
idea to remove and reinstall the program.
 How to Fix System Resources Errors

● Right-click on the taskbar and then choose “Task

Manager” from the menu. When Task Manager opens,
click on the “Processes” tab and then click the “CPU”
column to sort the processes by the amount of system
resources they are using. If a particular program is
continuously using nearly all of your system resources, it
is a good idea to repair ir reinstall that program.
 How to Fix System Resources Errors

● Add memory to your computer if the above the above steps

do not resolve the problem. While fixing problem programs is
important, if your computer does not have sufficient amount
of RAM it may continue to run out of system resources after
only a short time. To add memory, remove your computer’s
cover by pulling up on the case-release lever, then find the
memory slots on the motherboard. Insert the new memory
modules into the slots, making sure that the retaining clips
are holding the modules in place. Then, restart your computer
and allow it to recognize the additional RAM.
MAINTENANCE OF
SYSTEM RESOURCES
GROUP NO.26
1. VINTAN,ALPHA A. 2020-04-12324
2. MWANG’OMBE,MAGRETH D. 2021-04-08945
3. KIMARO,GLORY J 2021-04-04121
4. NKYA,LOYCE K. 2021-04-09879
5. METHOD,MELKISEDECK 2020-04-06723
6. KABEBEKA,CAROLINA 2020-04-03086
System resources
These are components that provide its inherent capabilities and
contribute to its overall performance.
PCs have many system resources basically four types are
Interrupt Request lines, DMA channels, I/O ports and memory
ranges.Many of the systems require one or two of these
resources.
Technically all the connected devices and internal system
components are resources.
Maintenance of system resources
It means keeping your computer in good condition through regular
cleanings, hard drive updates, and virus protection.

How to clean your computer

1. Dust your keyboard using compressed air.
2. Wipe down your monitor.
3. Get rid of your mouse’s dust and particles
4. Clean your system throughly.
5. Power down or reboot your device
How to conserve your hard drive
1. Defragment the hard drive;defragging is the process of
reorganizing the data on your hard drive to speed up file
access.It breaks up a file into smaller bits on your device.
2. Backup data;atleast once a week you should backup your
drive.Backing up your data saves important files in the event of
hard disk failure or system crash.
3. Configure your startup.
4. Run disk cleanup.
5. Install major computer updates.
How to protect your computer from virus
1. Update antivirus software or install it in your computer if none
is available.
2. Change passwords regularly.
3. Check firmware updates.
4. Complete signature updates.
5. Consider parental control.
How to maintain your files
1. Move similar files into folders.
2. Delete unused programs.
3. Clear out recycle Bin.
4. Remove temporary internet files.
5. Transfer files to the cloud
Again;
1. Avoid overheating of the device.
2. Keep your cords organized.
3. Don’t overcharge your computer(device).
4. Keep foods and drinks away from your device.
Advantages of system resources
1. Storage of data.
2. Enable running of the aaplications
3. Enable and contribute a computer to its overall perfomance.
Disadvantages of system resources
1. Lack of data security and privacy
2. Presence of computer viruses and malwares in one computer
resource may affect the computer system and may lead to its
failure.
3. Lack of Robustness;if a computer network’s main server
breaks down,the entire system would be useless.
UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM
IS 158:COMPUTER HARDWARE AND MAINTENANCE.

GROUP NO. 27
S/N NAME REGISTRATION NO. DEGREE PROGRAMME

01. MPEMBEE, SIMON TIMOTH 2020-04-07789 BSc TE

02. LYIMO, AUDREY THOMAS 2021-04-05097 BSc CEIT

03. MAJATA, NOEL ROY 2021-04-05442 BSc CS

04. BIRO, AIDANUS G 2021-04-00825 BSc CS

05. MARTIN MALIUS 2020-04-05835 BSc EE

06. MIKDAD, AKRAM A 2021-04-07078 BSc CEIT

 INPUT AND OUTPUT PORT
ADDRESS (I/O ADDRESS)
Input/output (I/O) port addresses are used to communicate between devices and software. The I/O port
address is used to send and receive data for a component. As with IRQs, each component has a unique I/O
port assigned. A computer has 65,535 I/O ports, and they are referenced by a hexadecimal address in the
range of 0000h to FFFFh.
I/O port assignment can be made either manually using DIP switches or automatically using PnP. When
configuration a devices I/O port, its important that it does not share the same port as another device or you a
hardware conflict occur.
Dual In-line Package (DIP) Switch is a small switch whose position changes the operating mode of a device.
DIP switches help configure computer peripherals, such as hard drives, modems, sound cards, and
motherboards, often used as an alternative to jumpers.
NOTE Jumpers consist of small pins that can be covered with a small plastic box(jumper block) allows the
computer to close an electrical circuit board and perform a function. Jumper manually configure computer
peripherals good thing can be set to enable or disable feature, Before plug and play(preferred today) jumper
were used to adjust device resource such that changing what IRQ (Interrupt Request) the device uses.
DIP switches are easier to operate and less likely to get lost. Todays DIP switches are less common because
most computer utilizes plug and play so hard ware no longer require manual configuration.
NOTE Not all devices especially newer devices have DIP switches.
 Cont…..
PnP (Plug and Play) refers to computers ability to detect and configure hardware automatically without requiring the
user to configure with jumper or DIP switches .
• Computer monitors are considered plug and play devices and use a VGA, DVI, or HDMI cable to connect. Most
other plug and play devices use a USB cable, but some utilize eSATA.
• How to use PnP To use a plug and play device, turn on the computer and wait for it to load the operating system.
Then, connect the cable provided with the device to the appropriate port or connector on the computer. If the device
requires external power, plug the power cord into a surge protector or wall outlet. The computer recognizes that the
device is connected, then installs the necessary drivers and configures it.
Plug and play requirements
• For plug and play to operate correctly on IBM compatible computers, they must have:
• A BIOS that supports plug and play.
• Windows 95 or later or another operating system supporting PnP.
• A peripheral device designed to support PnP.
• Today, there are many different plug and play devices available for computers.
• Examples of plug and play devices are Computer monitor, External hard drive, Gamepad or joystick, Keyboard,
Mouse, USB flash drive, Webcam.
How to view the computer input/output addresses.
To view the computer I/O addresses in Windows, open the Device Manager, click View at the top of the Device
Manager window, click Resources by type, and then select Input/Output (IO). You will see output similar to the
picture shown below.
Example of common I/O port address
I/O port Address (in Hex) Typical device or port Assignment
000-00f, 081-09F Direct memory access controller
010-01f, 0A0-0A1 Programmable 200-207 interrupt controller
040-043 System timer
060-060, 064-064 Keyboard
061- 061 PC speaker
1F0-1F7 Primary hard disk controlller
220-22F Sound card
294-297 PCI bus (data communication)
278-27F LPT2 or LPT3
3E8-3EF COM 3 serial port
3F0-3F7 Floppy disk controller
3F6-3F6 PCI Primary IDE controller
3F8-3FF COM 1 serial port
E000-E01F USB host controller
070-071 CMOS/ real time clock
0F0-0FF Math processor
130-14F SCSI host adapter
170-177 Secondary hard disk controller
2EB-2EF COM 4 serial port
2F8-2FF COM 2 serial port
376-376 PCI Primary IDE controller
378-37F LPT1
E800-E87F Fast ethernet adapter
F000-F00F IDE controller
 Importance of I/O ports in PC

A Port is a physical docking point which an external device can be connected to the
computer.
• It can also be programmatic docking point through which information flows a
program to the computer or over the internet.
Characteristics of ports
• external devices are connected to a computer using cables and ports.
• ports are slots on the motherboard into which cable of external device is plugged in.
• examples of external devices attached via ports are the mouse , keyboard, monitor ,
microphone , speakers , etc.
 Types of ports
(i) Serial ports
• used for external modems and older computer mouse
• Two versions -9 pin and 25 pin model
(ii) Parallel port
• used for scanners and printers , also called printer port
• 25 pin model, IEEE 1284 compliant Centronics port
(iii) PS/2 port
• used for old computer keyboard and mouse , also called mouse port
• most of the old computers provide two PS/2 port, each for the mouse and keyboard
• IEEE 1284- compliant Centronics port
(iv) Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• it can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as hard disk , printer, scanner, mouse, keyboard etc.
• it was introduced in 1997, data travels at 12 megabits per seconds
• USB compliant devices can get power from a USB port.
(v) VGA (Video Graphics Array) port
• it has 15 holes, connects monitor to a computer’s video card
• similar to the serial port connector . However serial port connector has pins , VGA has holes
 (vi) Firewire port
• transfers large amount of data at a very fast speed, data travels at 400 to 800 megabits per seconds
• Invented by Apple, has three variants-4 pin Firewire 400 connector, 6-pin Firewire 400 connector and 9-pin Firewire 800
connector
(vii) Ethernet port
• connects to a network and high speed internet, Data travels at 10 megabits to 1000 megabits per seconds depending upon the
network bandwidth.
(viii)Digital Video Interface, DVI port
• connects Flat panel LCD monitor to the computer’s high end video graphics cards
• very popular among video card manufactures.
(ix) Sockets
• connects the microphone and speakers to the sound card of the computer.
(x) MODEM port
(xi) Game port
(xii) Power connector
(xiii) HDMI port
 Importance of I/O ports
(i) Connects controller devices such as joysticks , mouse ,keyboard and others.
(ii) Enables us to get hardcopy documents via parallel ports(printer ports)
(iii) Enables faster transfer of data into and from the computer i.e USB ports and firewire
port, whereby via USB can have a transfer rate of up to 480Mbps for USB(2.0) and 4.8Gbps
for USB(3.0).
(iv) Enables video output on a computer via a Video Graphics Array(VGA) port.
(v) Enables power to enter the computer , powering the on the computer through power
connector ports .
(vi) Enables computer connection with network(internet) through ethernet and telephone
networks via modem port
(vii) Enables the use of speakers and microphones through computer by using socker ports.
(viii) I/O ports allow connection to hardware , this hardware could be internal or external .
The ports are associated with copper circuits and memory ranges that allow the
communication of data between the CPU, RAM, and the port themselves.
 PLUG AND PLAY

GROUP 29

S/N NAME REG NO. PROGRAMME

1. GIDEON, CHELSEA VICTOR 2020-04-01985 BSc In TE

2. MATUNGWA, KAREN SILVA 2021-04-06289 BSc In CS
3. KAGIZE, PERISIA TITO 2021-04-03242 BSc In CEIT
4. MALEKELA, NEEMA F 2020-04-05521 BSc In TE
5. RAPHAEL, ROSEMARY C 2021-04-10662 BSc In CEIT
6. MNYEMA, JACKLINE L 2021-04-07549 BSc In CS
 TASK:

• What is Plug and Play?

• How do I use Plug and Play on my PC?
• Devices used as plug and play
 PLUG AND PLAY

• Is the part of Windows that enables a computer system to

adapt to hardware changes with minimal intervention by the
user . That is, a user can add and remove devices without
having to do manual configuration and without knowledge
of computer hardware.
 HOW TO USE PLUG AND PLAY DEVICES

• To use Plug and Play devices, turn on the computer and wait for it to
load the operating system. Then, connect the cable provided with the
device to appropriate port or connect under computer.
• When you connect your device to your computer the device identifies
itself to the computer. This identification process is called Plug and
Play, ideally you connect a device and it simplifies work.
 HOW PLUG AND PLAY FUNCTIONS

• For Plug and Play to work, a system must have three-way compatibility between
the operating system, the BIOS, and the Plug and Play component.
• Plug and Play works in such a way all of the configurations are invisible to the
user. One simply have to plug in a new device, and it starts working right away.
• The operating system automatically detects device pluged in, and the system
examines hardware's information to see what it is.
• Once the hardware type is identified, the system loads appropriate software
(called device drivers) to make it work. It then allocates resources, resolves
conflicts, configures settings, and notifies other drivers or applications of the new
device so that everything works together. All this is done with minimal, if any,
user involvement.
• Some hardware, such as mice and keyboards, can be fully-functional through
Plug and Play. Others, such as sound cards and video graphics cards, require
installing the product's included software to complete the auto-configuration.
This usually involves a few clicks to start the installation process, followed by a
moderate wait for it to finish.
 EXAMPLES OF PLUG AND PLAY DEVICES

• Computer monitors are considered plug and play devices and use a VGA, DVI or
HDMI cable to connect while others use USB cable and some eSATA.
• For plug and play to operate correctly on IBM compatible computers they must
have:
1. A BIOS that supports PnP
2. Windows 95 or later or another OS supporting PnP
3. A peripheral device designed to support PnP
 EXAMPLES OF PLUG AND PLAY DEVICES

• SanDisk Ultra Fair 128 GB USB Flash Drive and Webcam.

 EXAMPLES OF PLUG AND PLAY DEVICES

Gamepad or joystick, Keyboard and Mouse

 EXAMPLES OF PLUG AND PLAY DEVICES

• Video card and External hard drive