Phonetic Book Latest-2
Phonetic Book Latest-2
Phonetic Book Latest-2
ENGLISH
PHONETICS AND
PRONUNCIATION
/fəˈnetɪks/ & /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃn/
fəˈnetɪk ˈsɪmbls
stress ruːlz
ˌɪntəˈneɪʃn
lɪŋkɪŋ saʊndz
prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃn ruːlz
2
Contents
1. Phonetic Symbols
3. Vowels
4. Consonants
5. Stress rules
6. Intonation
7. Linking Sounds
8. Alphabet Pronunciation
12. Contractions
3
‘s’ in some words (e.g. cell), and ‘k’ in others (e.g. call).
Similarly, ‘o’ corresponds to one vowel sound in
‘robbery’ and a different one in ‘robe’.
IPA
Phoneme Graphemes Examples
Symbol
1 b b, bb bug, bubble
5 h h, wh hop, who
8 l l, ll live, well
11 p p, pp pin, dippy
treasure, division,
18 ʒ s, si, z
azure
21 θ th thongs
22 ð th leather
you, onion,
24 j y, i, j
hallelujah
about, ladder,
a, er, i, ar, our,
38 ə pencil, dollar,
ur
honour, augur
40 ɑ: a arm
Vowel Sounds
A vowel sound is made by shaping the air as it
leaves the mouth. We use the lips, tongue, and jaw to
make the shape. In English IPA, the vowel sounds are
divided into two categories: monophthongs and
diphthongs.
Monophthongs are simple vowels, composed of a
single phoneme, while diphthongs are complex vowels,
composed of two different monophthongs.
Throughout this text, we will use the terms “short
vowel sounds” and “long vowel sounds” in the stead of
monophthongs because we will be emphasizing the
contrast between short and long vowel sounds of the
same phoneme background. Now, let’s begin to master all
12 vowel sounds and 8 diphthongs.
Diphthong Sounds
Diphthongs are a few ‘vowels’ that are really a
sequence of two vowels. The name ‘diphthong’ was
derived from Greek di-‘two’+phthongos ‘sound’.The
most common diphthong is the sound in ‘eye’. It begins
something like{ɑ} and moved smoothly into {ɪ}. If you
say ‘eye’ slowly, you can hear one vowelchange into the
other. Because the sounds of a diphthong change from
beginning to end, they are transcribed in IPA with two
vowel symbols.
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English Consonants
16
Long Vowels
Diphthongs
Voiced Consonants
17
Voiceless Consonants
Other Consonants
18
Place of Articulation
19
Short Vowels
20
Long Vowels
21
Diphthongs
22
23
Voiceless Consonants
24
Voiced Consonants
25
Other Consonants
26
အစ်
How to Articulate
The tongue is put forward and the tip is
behind the lower teeth
Jaw moves lower a little
The lips are unrounded
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised blocking off the nasal
cavity
27
Phrase examples
28
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
29
အွတ်
How to Articulate
The back of the tongue is raised up to a
high position and touches the teeth at the
back of the mouth
The jaw moves up a little
The lips are usually rounded and forward
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised blocking off the nasal
cavity
30
Phrase examples
31
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
32
အာ့
How to Articulate
The tongue is in the middle of mouth
The jaw moves up a little
The lips are unrounded
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised blocking off the nasal
cavity
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Phrase Examples
34
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
35
ေအာ့
How to Articulate
The tongue is set at a low back position in
the mouth
The jaw moves down
The lips are unrounded and wide open
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised blocking off the nasal
cavity
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Phrase Examples
37
Sentence examples
Compare Phonetics
38
အာ
How to Articulate
The tongue is up a little and curls near the
top of the mouth
The jaw moves down a little
The lips are usually rounded
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised blocking off the nasal
cavity
Tips: Practise the sound / Ʌ / and make
it very short
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Sentence examples
အဲ့
How To Articulate
The tongue is put forward near the tooth
ridge, the side of tongue touch the teath,
and the tips of the tongue is behind the
lower teeth
The jaw is up
The lips are unrounded and may be pulled
back
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
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Phrases Examples
43
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
44
အား
How To Articulate
The tongue is put a little forward and low
in the mouth with the tip of the tongue is
behind the lower teeth
The jaw move down
The lips are unrounded and can be pulled
back
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
45
Phrases Examples
46
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
47
အီး
How to Articulate
The tongue is put forward and the tip is behind
the lower teeth
Jaw moves lower a little
The lips are unrounded
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised blocking off the nasal
cavity
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Sentence Examples
အူး
How to Articulate
The tongue is raised to a high back
position, against the teeth at the back of the
tongue is out forward to create an air
passage
Jaw is raised
The lips are rounded and put forward
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised blocking off the nasal
cavity
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Sentence Examples
53
အား
How to Articulate
The tongue is set at a back and low
position
Jaw is lower more than the rest of the
back vowels
The lips are unrounded and wide open
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised blocking off the
nasal cavity
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Phrases
55
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
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ေအား
How to Articulate
The tongue is set at the back and in a
low-mid position
Jaw is jaw moved down a little
The lips are unrounded, but less than
/ɒ /
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised, blocking off the
nasal cavity
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Sentence Examples
59
အား
How to Articulate
Sentence Examples
62
အစ်အ
အာ
အစ်
How to Articulate
The tongue is put forward and the tip is
behind the lower teeth
Jaw moves lower a little
The lips are unrounded
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised blocking off the nasal
cavity
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Phrases Examples
Sentence Examples
65
အွတ်အ
အွတ် အာ
How to Articulate
The tongue is put forward and the tip is
behind the lower teeth
Jaw moves lower a little
The lips are unrounded
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised blocking off the nasal
cavity
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Phrases Examples
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Sentence Examples
68
အိုင်း
အား
အစ်
How to Articulate
The tongue is put forward and the tip is
behind the lower teeth
Jaw moves lower a little
The lips are unrounded
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised blocking off the nasal
cavity
69
Phrases Examples
Sentence Examples
71
အွိင်း
ေအာ
အစ်
How to Articulate
The tongue is put forward and the tip is
behind the lower teeth
Jaw moves lower a little
The lips are unrounded
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised blocking off the nasal
cavity
72
Phrases Examples
Sentence Examples
74
အိုး
အာ အွတ်
How to Articulate
The tongue is put forward and the tip is
behind the lower teeth
Jaw moves lower a little
The lips are unrounded
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised blocking off the nasal
cavity
75
Phrases Examples
Sentence Examples
77
အဲး
အဲ့ အာ
How to Articulate
The tongue is put forward and the tip is
behind the lower teeth
Jaw moves lower a little
The lips are unrounded
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised blocking off the nasal
cavity
78
Phrases Examples
Sentence Examples
80
ေအာင်း
အား အွတ်
How to Articulate
The tongue is put forward and the tip is behind
the lower teeth
Jaw moves lower a little
The lips are unrounded
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised blocking off the nasal
cavity
81
Phrases Examples
82
Sentence Examples
83
ေအး
အဲ့
အစ်
How to Articulate
The tongue is put forward and the tip is
behind the lower teeth
Jaw moves lower a little
The lips are unrounded
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised blocking off the nasal
cavity
84
Phrases Examples
Sentence Examples
86
Initial ဖ
Voiceless Consonant /p/ Final ဖ်
How to Articulate
The lips are closed to create a block in
the mouth
The tongue position may be affected by
the sound before and after itself
The vocal folds separate
The velum is raised, blocking off the
nasal cavity
Keep the air pressure for a second and
then open the enclosed lips
There is a small explosion of air when the
lips open
87
Phrases
88
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
89
Initial ထ
Voiceless Consonant /t/ Final ထ်
How to Articulate
The front and side of the tongue touch the
tooth ridge
Lips shape may be affected by the sounds
before and itself
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
The vocal folds separate
Keep the air pressure for a second and then
lower the tongue from the tooth ridge
There is a small explosion of air out of the
mouth
90
Phrases
91
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
92
Initial ချ
Voiceless Consonant /ʧ/ Final ချ်
How to Articulate
The front and side of the tongue touch the
teeth ridge
The lips shape may be affected by the
sound before and after itself
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
The vocal folds separate
Keep the air pressure for a second and then
lower the tongue releasing a frictional noise
from the throat
93
Sentence Examples
94
Initial ခ
Voiceless Consonant /k/ Final ခ်
How to Articulate
The back of the tongue is raised up to the
top of the mouth
The lip may be affected by the sound
before and after itself
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
The vocal folds separate
Air pressure is released by lowering the
tongue, producing a noise burst
When articulation, you can feel the air on
your hand when you put it in front of your
mouth
95
Phrases
96
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
97
Initial ဖှ
Voiceless Consonant /f/ Final ဖှ်
How to Articulate
The inner part of the lower lip touches the
upper teeth, creating a pressure
The tongue position may be affected by the
second before and after itself
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
Air pressure creates an audible frictional
voice
When articulating, you can feel the air on
your hand when you put it in front of your
mouth
98
Phrases
99
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
100
Initial သ
How to Articulate
Push the tongue tip forward below the upper
teeth and into slight contact with the back of
the upper teeth to create an air pressure
between the tongue tip and upper teeth
The tongue position may be affected by the
sound before and after itself
The vocal fold separate
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
Keep the air pressure for a split second and
then breathe out
When articulation, you can feel the air on
your hand when you put it in front of your
mouth
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Phrases
102
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
103
Initial ဆ
How to Articulate
The tip of the tongue and the sides of the
tongue are raised up to the top of the
mouth, creating a narrow gap
The tongue tip may be affected by the
second before and after itself
The vocal fold separate
It sound like the noise of a snake
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Phrases
105
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
106
Initial ရှ
How to Articulate
The tip and blade of the tongue are raised
to the palate and teeth, creating a small
gap along the upper surface of the tongue.
End of the tongue is curved back behind
tooth ridge
The tip may be rounded a little and
forward
The vocal fold separate
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
Keep air pressure for a second and then
breathe out
When articulation, you can feel the air on
your hand when you put it in front of your
mouth
107
Words contains with the letters sh, ti, ss, ci, ch, s
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Phrases
Sentence Examples
109
Compare Phonetics
110
Initial ဘ
How to Articulate
The lips are coming together, stopping the
air flow from the mouth
The tongue position may be affected by the
second before and after itself
The vocal fold separate and vibrate
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
Keep the air pressure for a second and then
open the enclosed lips
When the lips part, there is a noise released
from the throat
111
Phrases
112
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
113
Initial ဒ
How to Articulate
The tongue of the tongue touches tooth
ridge while the side of the tongue press
against the upper side teeth
The lip shape may be affected by the sound
before and after itself
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
The vocal fold separate
Keep the air pressure for a second and then
lower the tongue releasing a noise from the
throat
114
Phrases
115
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
116
Initial ဂျ
How to Articulate
The tongue of the tongue touches the
tooth ridge while the side of the tongue
press against the upper side teeth
The lip shape may be affected by the
sound before and after itself
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
canity
The vocal folds separate
Keep the air pressure for a second
There is a frictional nois released from the
throat when articulating
117
Sentence Examples
118
Initial ဂ
How to Articulate
The back of the tongue is raised and pulled
back to connect the back of the hard palate
and the soft palate
The lips shape may be affected by the sound
before and after itself
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
The vocal folds separate
Keep the air pressure for a second and then
then the lower the back of the tongue
When the back of the tongue is lowered,
there is a noise released from the throat
119
Phrases
120
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
121
Initial ဗှ
How to Articulate
The inner part of the lower lip touches the
upper teeth to make a pressure
The tongue position may be affected by the
second before and after itself
The vocal fold separate
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
Push air through the gap between the lower
lips and upper teeth, creating an audible
frictional noise
122
Phrases
123
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
124
Initial သှ
How to Articulate
Push the tongue tip forward below the upper
teeth and into slight contact with the back of
the upper teeth to make air pressure between
the tongue tip and upper teeth
The lips shape may be affected by the sound
before and after itself
The vocal folds separate
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
Push air through the gap between the surface
of the tongue and the forefront of the upper
teeth, creating an audible frictional noise
125
Phrases
126
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
127
Initial ဇ
Voiced Consonant /z/ Final ဇ်
How to Articulate
The tip and the side of the tongue are raised
and contact with the hard palate, creating a
small gap
The tongue tip may be raised or lowered
behind the upper teeth
The lip shape may be affected by the second
before and after itself
The vocal fold separate
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
Keep the air pressure for a second and push
air through the gap
There is an audible frictional noise released
from the throat
128
Phrases
129
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
130
Initial ယှ
How to Articulate
The tip and the side of the tongue are raised
into contact with the palate and teeth, creating
a gap along the upper surface of the tongue
The lips may be slightly rounded and moved
forward depending on the sound before and
after itself
The vocal folds separate
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
Keep the air pressure for a second and push
air through the gap along the upper surface of
the tongue
There is an audible frictional noise released
from the throat
131
Phrases
132
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
133
Initial မ
How to Articulate
The lips are closed to block the air in the
mouth
The tongue position may be affected by the
sound before and after itself
The vocal fold separate and vibrate
The soft plate is lowered and the lips stop
the air so air goes through the nose
134
Phrases
135
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
136
Initial န
How to Articulate
The front and sides of the tongue touch the
tooth ridge, blocking the air in the mouth
The lip shape may be affected by the sound
before and after itself
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is lowered, stopping the air
stream with the tongue and tooth ridge so
air goes through the nose
137
Phrases
138
Sentence Examples
Compare Phonetics
139
Initial င
How to Articulate
The back of the tongue is raised and
pulled back to touch the back top of
the mouth, blocking the air in the
mouth
The lip shape may be affected by the
sound before and after itself
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is lowered, stopping the
gap with the back of the tongue so air
goes through the nose
140
Sentence Examples
141
Initial ဟ
How to Articulate
The vocal folds are separated a little, creating
a small gap at the back of the mouth
The lip and tongue shape may be affected by
the sound before and after itself
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
Released the air forced under pressure
through the gap to create an audible
fractional sound
142
Phrases
143
Initial လ
How to Articulate
The tongue tip and a part of the tongue edge
touch the tooth ridge
The lip shape may be affected by the sound
before and after itself
The vocal fold separate
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
Airflow passes the side of the tongue
144
Sentence Examples
145
Initial ရ
How to Articulate
The tongue is curved back towards the top of
the mouth
The front of the tongue is usually near the
tooth ridge and folded back
The lips are unrounded a little
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
The tongue lowers to a relaxed position
The jaw moves down a little
146
Sentence Examples
147
Initial ဝ
How to Articulate
The tongue begins at the position of the
vowel /u/ but the airways are slightly limited
When used with a vowel to form a word, the
tongue moves to a relaxed position for the
following vowel
The lips are rounded and put forward, then
move to the shape of the following vowel or
diphthong
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
148
Sentence Examples
149
Initial ယ
How to Articulate
The tongue begins at the position of the vowel
/ i / but the air ways are slightly limited
The tongue moves to a relaxed position
The lip shape may be affected by the sound
before and after itself
The vocal folds separate and vibrate
The velum is raised, blocking off the nasal
cavity
Move your front upper and lower teeth like
you want to bite something but do not let
them contact
150
Sentence Examples
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
Content words are stressed: nouns, verbs, adjectives and
adverbs.
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168
169
170
Intonation
What is Intonation?
Intonation is the way the voice rises or falls when
communicating. In short, it is the music of speech.
It focuses more on how you say it rather than what is
being said. This is important in English communication
because sentences may vary in meaning depending on the
intonation. It also yields dynamics on your speech and
makes it more compelling to hear.
Falling Intonation
One of the most common intonation patterns in the
English language is the rules of falling intonation.
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This is when the pitch of the voice falls at the end of a
sentence. We commonly use them in statements,
commands, WH-questions, confirmatory question tags,
and exclamations.
Below are some examples where we use the falling
intonation:
In statements, we say:
Pleased to meet ↓you.
Mom wants to buy that ↓bag.
We should keep ↓going.
In commands, we say:
Show me the way to the ↓station.
Take your shoes ↓off.
Leave them on the ↓desk.
In WH-questions, we say:
What food do you ↓want?
Where do you come ↓from?
Whose book is ↓this?
In question tags, we use the rules of falling intonation
only when we seek confirmation or invite agreement.
For example, we say:
He thinks he’s so smart, doesn’t ↓he?
176
They didn’t enjoy the party, did ↓they?
She’s the one you told me about, isn’t ↓she?
In exclamations, we say:
That’s a perfect ↓gift!
How nice of ↓you!
What a beautiful ↓performance!
Rising Intonation
Falling-rising intonation
Linking Sounds
When learning pronunciation, it is important to
learn English linking sounds to help you speak
naturally and fluently in English. Below, you’ll find
many linking sounds examples and the linking sound
rules to help you. The linking sounds examples below
include similar consonants linking, consonant to
consonant linking sounds, consonant to vowel linking
sounds, and vowel to vowel linking sounds.
• need to [neeto]
• sleep better [sleebetter]
• dark gray = [dargray]
• cheese sandwich = [cheesandwich]
• breath through = [breathrough]
Answers
Pronunciation of 'r'
Tongue twisters
1.Intonation
2.Vowels
butter,
ɚ rhotacized schwa, essentially [ər]
actor
References: https://.google.com/store/apps
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