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Precast and Modular Construction Practices Document 4 pages

Advantages and Limitations

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ECE 041 PRECAST AND MODULAR CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES Basicprinciplesofdesignforr

ccbuilding 150329000121…
Unit-1:  Overview of reinforced and prestressed concrete construction Design and detailing of
 precast/prefabricated building components, sudhajagannathan
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Unit-2: Structural design and detailing of joints in prefabricated structures, Production of ready mixed
concrete, quality assurance,

Unit-3: Use of equipments in precast prefabricated structure, Productivity analysis, Economics of form Document 7 pages
work, Design of Formwork and their reusability,
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Unit-4: Modular construction Practices, Fibonacci series, its handling and other reliable proportioning Niel John Baquilar
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FINALL STRUCTURALL
REPORT FOR PRINT
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1
and prestressed concrete construction

Document 12 pages
1. INTRODUCTION: Concrete is good in resisting compression but is very weak in resisting tension.
RC skeleton in residential
Hence reinforcement is provided in the concrete wherever tensile stress is expected. The best
reinforcement is steel, since tensile strength of steel is quite high and the bond between steel and buildings.docx
concrete is good. As the elastic modulus of steel is high, for the same extension the force resisted by MoHamed M. Scorpi
steel is high compared to concrete.
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Since concrete is a brittle material and it is weak in tension but strong in compression, so steel is used
inside concrete for strengthening and reinforcing the tensile strength of concrete. The steel must have
suitable deformations to provide strong bonds and interlocking of both materials and be surrounded by
the hardened concrete mass it forms an integral part of the two materials, known as " Reinforced
cement Concrete". Document 6 pages
Reinforced concrete, as a structural material, is widely used in many types of structures. It is HW#1 RCD
competitive with steel if economically designed and executed.
Properties of R.C.C./Requirement of Good R.C.C. Kevin Coloso
1. It should be capable of resisting expected tensile, compressive, bending and shear forces. No ratings yet
2. It should not show excessive deflection and spoil serviceability requirement.
3. There should be proper cover to the reinforcement, so that the corrosion is prevented.
4. The hair cracks developed should be within the permissible limit.
5. It is a good fire resistant material.
6. When it is fresh, it can be moulded to any desired shape and size.
7. Durability is very good. Document 3 pages

8. R.C.C. structure can be designed to take any load. 3-3-35-219

Uses of R.C.C.
ruya m
It is a widely used building material. Some of its important uses are listed below:
1. R.C.C. is used as a structural element, the common structural elements in a building where No ratings yet
R.C.C. is used are:
(a) Footings (b) Columns
(c) Beams and lintels (d) Chejjas, roofs and slabs. (e) Stairs.
2. R.C.C. is used for the construction of storage structures like
(a) Water tanks (b) Dams (c) Bins (d) Silos and bunkers.
Document 5 pages
3. It is used for the construction of big structures like
(a) Bridges (b) Retaining walls (c) Docks and harbors (d) Under water structures. projek RC 1
4. It is used for pre-casting Hani Barjok
(a) Railway sleepers (b) Electric poles
5. R.C.C. is used for constructing tall structures like No ratings yet
(a) Multistory buildings (b) Chimneys (c) Towers.
6. It is used for paving
(a) Roads (b) Airports.

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2  
Civil Concrete Technology
 
Lectures Notes Download
Mildred Ivy Bangoy Pangilinan
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Advantages of reinforced concrete 
 Relatively high compressive strength
 Better resistance to fire than steel
 Long service life with low maintenance cost Document 8 pages

 In some types of structures, such as dams, piers and footings, it is most economical f 201508281440732314
 It can be casted in any required Rajalakshmi Jothivel
 It yields rigid members with minimum apparent deflection
 Yield strength of reinforcement is about 15 times the compressive strength of structural concrete No ratings yet
and well over 100 times its tensile strength
Disadvantages of reinforced concrete 
 It has a low tensile strength of about one-tenth of its compressive strength.
 It needs mixing, casting and curing to affect the final strength of concrete
 The cost of the forms used for casting concrete is relatively high than other materials. Document 5 pages
 It has low compressive strength as compared to steel (the ratio 1:10 based on material).
QUINDAO LIZA MARIE P
 Cracks develop in concrete due to shrinkage and the application of live loads.
Causes of Deterioration of Structures LIZA MARIE QUINDAO
A structure becomes deteriorated for the following reasons: No ratings yet
Defective Construction: If proper supervision and inspection are not carried out during the
construction, the work will be defective. Such structures may show signs of deterioration in due course
of time. The ageing and atmospheric effects will increase the degree of deterioration.  
Defective materials: If poor quality materials are used in the construction, deterioration can occur at a
fast rate. Proper inspection and quality control of the materials is a must. Where required, materials that
can withstand the effects of fire should be used.   Document 29 pages
Environmental factors: The main environmental factors are atmospheric pollution, floods, and Seismicretrofittingtechniqu
earthquakes. Industries in the surrounding areas may inject poisonous gases such as sulphur dioxide into
the atmosphere, which in turn may cause deterioration of the structures.   esofrcc 151001030212 Lva…
Design drawbacks: If the design is not per the prescribed norms in tune with the site conditions, it may chbasker
cause defects. For example in seismic zones, the additional force on account of the vibrations has to be No ratings yet
taken into account.  
The Repair and Rehabilitation of structures include the following
 Inspection methods, assessment, monitoring, maintenance of structures.
 Concrete durability, fatigue issues in bridges, laboratory studies, dynamic testing & analysis
Document 12 pages
 Seismic strengthening
 General repairs unit 1
The repair and rehabilitation methods involve the attachment of new materials to existing structures or poosa annupriya
applying protective coatings to the structures. Research in rehabilitation includes the prevention of
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corrosion of steel which is the most important structural member used in the construction. Research in
design, behavior, and analysis of reinforced building and bridge construction includes studies in
materials, components, and complete structural systems. Materials studies have included normal- and
high-strength concretes; effects of material sagging and materials deterioration on component
 properties; bond between concrete and steel reinforcement, and use of headed reinforcement.
Methods of Design of R.C.C. Members Document 5 pages
 Working Stress or Elastic Theory Method,
108
 Ultimate Load Method,
Adnan Buljubasic
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Reinforced Cement
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 Limit State Method RCC FRAMED & STEEL

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 Limit State of Collapse: (i) Flexural, (ii) Shear, (iii) Tensional SAMSON, Dadajem C.
Precast Concrete Structures
The concept of precast (also known as ―prefabricated‖) construction includes  those buildings, where the No ratings yet
majority of structural components are standardized and   produced in plants in a location away from the
 building, and then transported to the site  for assembly. These components are manufactured by
industrial methods based on mass  production in order to build a large number of buildings in a short
time at low cost.   Document 19 pages
The main features of this construction process are as follows:
Lec-1-Introduction
 The division and specialization of the human workforce
 The use of tools, machinery, and other equipment, usually automated, in the production of Manoj Balakrishnan
standard, interchangeable parts and products No ratings yet
 Compared to site-cast concrete, precast concrete erection is faster and less affected by adverse
weather conditions.
 Plant casting allows increased efficiency, high quality control and greater control on finishes.
 This type of construction requires a restructuring of entire conventional construction process to
enable interaction between design phase and production planning in order to improve and speed up
Document 17 pages
construction.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN R.C.C. AND P.S.C. Lect-1.pptx
S. No. Item R.C.C. P.S.C. Shahrukh Niaz
1. Concrete Ordinary Strength High Strength
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2. Reinforcement Mild and Tor Steel High Tensile Strength Wires
3. Const. Method Simple Difficult
4. Effectiveness Above N.A. Whole Section
5. X-sectional Area Large and Heavy Small and Light
6. Shear Reinf. Required Not Required
Document 23 pages
7. Deflection More Less
8. Serviceability Less More CED Progress Report UTP
9. Durability Less More Mohd Fadhil Musbah
10. Cost More than P.S.C. Low No ratings yet
11. Water Resistance Low High
1.1 TYPES OF PRECAST SYSTEMS
Depending on the load-bearing structure, precast systems can be divided
into the following categories:
 Large-panel systems Document 44 pages
 Frame systems
 Slab-column systems with walls
Chapter 1
 Mixed systems JOSHUA MANIQUEZ
LARGE PANEL SYSTEMS No ratings yet
The designation ―large- panel system‖ refers to multistory structures
A large-panel concrete building
composed of   large wall and floor concrete panels connected in the
under construction

4  
Document 6 pages

 
Reinforced Concrete Design
Johndee Isip
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vertical and horizontal directions so  that the wall panels enclose appropriate spaces for the rooms within
a building. These  panels form a box-like structure. Both vertical and horizontal panels resist gravity
load. Wall panels are usually one story high. Horizontal floor and roof panels span either as  one-way or
two-way slabs. When properly joined together, these horizontal elements act as diaphragms that transfer
the lateral loads to the walls. 
Document 10 pages
Depending on wall layout, there are three basic configurations of large-panel buildings: 
  Cross-wall systems ductility.pdf
  Longitudinal wall systems hfgfg
  Two-way system
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FRAME SYSTEMS
Precast frames can be constructed using either linear
elements or spatial beam column sub-assemblages. Precast
 beam-column sub-assemblages have the advantage that the
connecting faces between the sub-assemblages can be placed
away from the critical frame regions; however, linear Document 10 pages
elements are generally preferred because of the difficulties DUCTILITY REQUIREMENTS
associated with forming, handling, and erecting spatial
FOR BUILDINGS
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elements. The use of linear elements generally means
 placing the connecting faces at the beam-column junctions. Subin Babu George
The beams can be seated on corbels
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of construction and to aid the shear transfer from the beam to
the column. The beam-column joints accomplished in this
way are hinged. However, rigid beam-column connections
OR
are used in some cases, when the continuity of longitudinal reinforcement through the beam-column
Document 303 pages
 joint needs to be ensured. The components of a precast reinforced concrete frame are shown in Figure
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WALLS for full access. Your rc-ductility due to EQ
first 30lateral
These systems rely on shear walls to sustain days are
loadfree.
effects, whereas the slab-column structure nfaayed
resists mainly gravity loads. There are two main systems in this category: 100% (1)
  Lift-slab system with walls


  Prestressed slab-column system


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In the Lift  – slab system, the load-bearing structure consists of precast
reinforced concrete columns and slabs. Precast columns are usually two
stories high. All precast structural elements are assembled by means of
special joints. Reinforced concrete slabs are poured on the ground in forms, Document 6 pages
one on top of the other. Precast concrete floor slabs are lifted from the Lesson 1 Introduction to RC
ground up to the final height by lifting cranes. The slab panels are lifted to
the top of the column and then moved downwards to the final position. Design
Temporary supports are used to keep the slabs in the position until the rose ann claveria
connection with the columns has been achieved. No ratings yet
The prestressed slab-column system uses horizontal pre-stressing in two
orthogonal directions to achieve continuity. The precast concrete column
elements are 1 to 3 stories high. The reinforced concrete floor slabs fit the
clear span between columns. After erecting the slabs and columns of a
Document 13 pages
story, the columns and floor slabs are prestressed by means of pre-stressing
NZSEE14_Aninthaneni_Conc
5   A lift-slab building
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Activity 1 in Pre-stressed
Francis Prince Artiaga
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tendons that pass through ducts in the columns at the floor level and along the gaps left between
adjacent slabs. AfterWhat is Scribd? the gaps
pre-stressing, Ebooks Audiobooks
between the Magazines
slabs are filled Podcastsand theSheet music
with in situ concrete Documents Snapshots
tendons then become bonded with the spans. Seismic loads are resisted mainly by the shear walls
(precast or cast-in-place) positioned between the columns at appropriate locations.

Document 89 pages

Ce 1019 Repair and

Rehabilitation of Structures
Prasobh Shamohan
Post-tensioned slab-column connection
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2. PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Precast Slabs:

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SHAHID THAKUR
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Precast Beam & Girders:
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DPSC mod 1 introduction

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Precast columns Inverted Tee beams supported on precast columns

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precast systems
 
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Precast Walls

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1 Introduction c
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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
PRESENTATION 1
Nidhi Mehta
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Elementary Design of
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Precast concrete Stairs Document 9 pages

DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR PRECAST CONCRETE BUILDINGS

dcs2marks
The design concept of the precast buildings is based on the build ability, economy and standardization Nitin Suresh
of precast components. No ratings yet
In design of precast members and connections, all loading and restraint conditions from casting to end
use of the structure should be considered. The stresses developed in precast elements during the period
from casting to final connection may be more critical than the service load stresses. Special attention
should be given to the methods of stripping, storing, transporting, and erecting precast elements.
When precast members are incorporated into a structural system, the forces and deformations occurring
in and adjacent to connections (in adjoining members and in the entire structure) should be considered. Document 75 pages

Elementary Design of
Structures
7   NADS UG
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The structural behavior of precast Paper472564-2566.pdf

elements may differ What is Scribd?
substantially Ebooks Audiobooks Magazines Podcasts Sheet music Documents Snapshots salman
from that of similar members that
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are monolithically cast in place.
Design of connections to transmit
forces due to shrinkage, creep,
temperature change, elastic
deformation, wind forces, and
earthquake forces require special Document 11 pages
attention. Details of such
connections are especially
Prestressed Concrete
important to insure adequate Structures - Assignment
 performance of precast structures. AlbinPSunny
Precast members and connections
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should be designed to meet
tolerance requirements. The
 behavior of precast members and
connections is sensitive to You're Reading a Preview Document 19 pages
tolerances. Design should provide
Report Composite Ankur
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for the effects of adverse combinations documents
of fabrication andtoerection
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tolerances. Tolerance requirements
should be listed on contract documents, and may be specified by reference to accepted standards. Ankur Dubey
Tolerances that deviate from accepted standards should be so indicated. No ratings yet
OR
All details of reinforcement, connections, bearing elements, inserts, anchors, concrete cover, openings
and lifting devices, and specified strength of concrete at critical stages of fabrication and construction,
should be shown on either the contract documents
Become a Scribd member prepared by the
for full architect/engineer
access. Your of record or on the
shop drawings furnished by the contractor. Whether this information is to be shown on the contract
documents or shop drawings depend on first 30 days are
the provisions offree.
the contract documents. The shop drawings
Document 11 pages
should show, as a minimum, all details of the precast concrete members and embedded items. The
contract documents may specify that portions of connections exterior to the member are also to be PGCM 44
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shown on the shop drawings. The contract documents may also require the contractor to provide AMAN RAY
designs for the members and/or connections.
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The contract documents should show the loads to be
considered in design of the precast concrete elements
of the structure, and they should indicate any special
requirements or functions (for example: seismic
loads, allowance for movements, etc.) that should be
Document 15 pages
considered in design assigned to the contractor. In
this case, the shop drawings should include complete HW1-STEEL (3).docx
details of the connections involved. Joshua Cala
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Precast concrete structure consisting of solid wall

 panels and hollow core slabs. 

8  
Ebook 294 pages

 
Reinforced Concrete
Buildings: Behavior and…
Ahmad A. Hamid

 Structural design and detailing  5/5 (1)

2
of joints in prefabricated structures
Ebook 506 pages

Composite Steel and

1.  Introduction Concrete Structures:…
Well detailed and constructed joints play a vital part in maintaining the integrity of the external
D.J. Oehlers
envelope of the building, ensuring it is weatherproof and meeting any other requirements such as fire
resistance and acoustic performance. This Practice Note provides guidance on planning joint locations  4/5 (10)
gives requirements for joint types, widths and the choice of sealant and discusses the fire rating of
 joints.
For the purpose of this Note, a  joint is an intentional gap between adjoining elements (typically
cladding) or between an element and some other portion of the structure. Joints may be horizontal, Ebook 356 pages
vertical or inclined.
The function of a joint between precast elements is to provide physical separation between the units Introduction to Design of
Building Structures
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and, in conjunction with joint sealants, prevent the ingress of
water and air into the building; and, if required, fire resistance.
Ahmad A. Hamid
Two aspects of joint selection need to be emphasized:
  The positioning of joints in Upload your
relation documents
to windows andtotodownload.
the  4/5 (22)
structure can affect the serviceability, construction and
maintenance of the building envelope. Poor joint location
will lead to problems which cannot be overcome OR by joint
detailing (see Figure 1) Ebook 810 pages
  Careful control of construction tolerances is necessary to
Become a Scribd member for full access. Your
ensure the integrity of the cladding system.
Concrete Composite
2 Designs first 30 days are free. Columns: Behavior and…
2.1  General Chong Rong
It is recommended that joints be treated as a strong visual feature
Continue forsealants
Free No ratings yet
of architectural wall design. Recessing of joints and/or
will help diminish the visual impact of possible variations Location of Joints 1
 between adjacent surfaces.
The following general aspects need to be addressed
  Build ability and minimum size Document 20 pages
Select details that are simple to fabricate & install on site. Proven details should be used wherever Https Cdn4.Digialm.com Per
 possible.
  Maintenance and repair g01 Pub 585 Touchstone…
Although modern sealants have a long service life they, if exposed to sunlight, will eventually need anmol
replacement or repair. Access for repair and replacement must be taken into consideration in the design No ratings yet
of the building. The positioning of services or other features in front of joints will make future access
difficult. Consideration must be given to the fact that inspection and repair will usually have to be made
from the exterior of the building.
2.2 Number, location and width of joints: The key points are (see also Figure 1):  
Document 5 pages
  For maximum economy in manufacture and erection, panels should be as large as practical.
synopsis Guideline.docx
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Lecture 01
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  If architectural requirements dictate more-closely spaced joints, false joints can be used to achieve
a similar visual What
effect.is Scribd? Ebooks Audiobooks Magazines Podcasts Sheet music Documents Snapshots
  Weathering of the building facade can be controlled to a large extent by careful joint location.
  Recessing the sealant in the joint, or use of an open-drained system, will minimize concentrated
rainwater runoff and water-stain patterns.
  A nominal joint width of 20 mm will usually be satisfactory for most conditions and is the
recommended design starting point. Document 62 pages

3 Types of Joints PICP_Manual_3rd_edition.p

3.1 General
The most common types of joint between precast concrete cladding and/or wall panels are:
df
  Open-drained; anmol
  Face-sealed; and No ratings yet
  Compression-seal.
Their advantages and disadvantages are summarized in Table 1.
Joint Type Advantages Disadvantages
Open-drained   Can tolerate relatively large   Careful supervision is required
 Document 31 pages

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movements. during installation as it is difficult Pollution Ppt 090720025050
  The rear sealant is protected from to remedy defects due to poor
UV light and weather. workmanship. Phpapp02
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  Can be installed from inside the    Not suitable for tall vertical panels
 anmol
 building (> 9.0 m in height). No ratings yet
  (No scaffold required). OR   Cannot accommodate joint gap


  Long maintenance-free life. tolerances > 5 mm.

  Best for medium- and high-rise
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construction. Document 2 pages
Face-sealed   Panel edges canfirst 30simple
have days are free.   Must be applied from external


 profile, no grooves required. scaffolding or other form of access. Electrical Technician

  Can be used for complex panel   Sealant is exposed to UV light and
 indra waskito
shapes (angled or Continue
curved). for Free weather – needs more maintenance. No ratings yet
  Can have a rear seal as a second   In a single-seal system even a


line of defence. small failure may allow water

  Lowest first cost.  penetration due to capillary effects
  Can be readily inspected, repaired and pressure differentials.
or replaced.
  Best for low-rise construction. Document 68 pages

Compression-seal   Simple and quick to install.   Cannot be fully weatherproof, so

 1_Practical Application of
  Panel edges can be plain or simple limited to low-rise industrial Robot Safety(1)
 profile.  buildings.
  Joint width is critical. davev2005
  Economical. 

  Maintaining compression on seal at

 100% (1)
intersection of horizontal and
vertical joints is difficult.

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10 
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   Difficult to maintain and/or
replace.
   Time-consuming while erecting.
Document 2 pages

3.2 Open-drained joints Merlin_Gerin_Multi_9_CT_M

The open-drained joint is recommended for high-rise construction. It consists of a rain barrier in the
odular_Contactors_Techn…
form of an expansion chamber with a loose-fitting baffle and an air-seal at the interior face of the panel
(see Figure 2). iedmond
The baffle prevents direct entry of the wind-driven rainwater. The pressure in the chamber between the No ratings yet
 baffle and the internal air seal is at external air pressure. There is, therefore, no pressure differential to
drive rain past the baffle. The air-seal is the demarcation barrier between outside and internal air
 pressures.
Water that enters the joint in front of the baffle is drained downwards. At every intersection between the
Document 2 pages
vertical and horizontal joints, a short length of flashing (300 mm) is used to ensure water is discharged
to the outside. 154839.pdf
Open-Drained Joints are the recommended type for most Medium- to High-Rise Construction. Adnan Ahmed
Open-Drained Joints can Tolerate Large Movements and the Rear Sealant is Protected from UV Light
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You're
Open-Drained Joints can be installed
3.3 Face-sealed joints
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Inside the Building.

These joints are simple, economical and are most suited to low-rise construction (see Figure 3).They are
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surface of the joint. A backing-rod
forms the rear of the sealant. The external face seal should, where practical, be supplemented by a seal
near the inside face of the panel.  
OR Document 14 pages

1502957399lectrure_5_KUE
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Sample BOQ
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Figure 2 Document 83 pages

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Figure 3  Figure 4 
p751_ch7-SMRF and
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3.4 Compression-seal joints IMRF.pdf
This type of joint utilizes a compressible impregnated polyethylene or polyurethane foam strip. The
Sheraz Bashir
strip is pre-compressed and inserted into the joint OR after the panels are erected or it is glued in position
 before placement of the second panel, Figure 4. It then expands to fill the joint. 50% (2)
The use of this type of joint seal is usually limited to low-rise buildings such as factories and
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warehouses where wind pressures area low.
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3.5 Hollow core wall joints Document 32 pages
Hollow core wall units are primarily used on low-rise commercial and industrial buildings. The joints
 between panels are normally 10 mm wide Continue and are sealed Robotics - Solidworks i
for Freewith a two-part polyurethane sealant placed
against a closed-cell backing rod. Ajay
4 Joint Sealants No ratings yet
4.1 General
The choice of sealant and its specification should be discussed with sealant manufacturers.
Factors to be considered by the designer when choosing a suitable sealant material include:
  The sealant should be impermeable to water.
  It should have a low elastic modulus to accommodate strain due to joint movement without
significant stress, with the shape of the sealant influencing the stress in the sealant. Document 34 pages
  It should be able to recover its original shape after cyclic deformation.
Att-2 Grounding & Lightning
  It must bond firmly to the joint face without failing in adhesion nor splitting or peeling under the
anticipated joint movements. Protection – Tech.specs.
  It must not soften or flow at higher service temperatures and should not harden and become brittle Utku Can Kılıç
at low temperatures.
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  It should not be adversely affected by ageing or weathering and should be stable when exposed to

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Fire Resistance Assembly
Chart
Asif Rahman
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  For face-sealed joints the sealant should have a stable color, be non-staining and resistant to pickup
of dirt.
4.2 Sealant Types
Field-moulded sealants are available in the following types:
Document 5 pages
  Poly-sulphide sealants (two-part)


  Polyurethane sealants (one- or two-part)


Belliss_Morcom_Industrial_
  Acrylic sealants
 Brochure_EN[4][1]
  Butyl sealants

Alectro
  Silicone sealants.


Note: silicone sealants should be avoided where possible as they stain the concrete surface and cannot No ratings yet
 be painted.
4.3 Joint Design and Sealant Application
To ensure the joint and sealant give satisfactory performance, the following points should be noted (see
also Figure 5): Document 90 pages

1906003-Digital Signal
Processing Lab Manual
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Figure 5  Document 7 pages
  Correct joint preparation
Become a Scribd member for full access. Your Compaction Grouting -
  Correct sealant-backing systems
  Correct joint geometry first 30 days are free. Karst Guide Specification
  Sufficient curing time. yoyo
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External cladding may be required to have a specified Fire Resistance Level (FRL). Cladding panels
will usually be designed or tested to meet these requirements in accordance with Section 5 of AS 3600.
Most sealant manufacturers produce sealants that are designed to provide resistance to fire. The joint
details and sealants should be designed and applied in accordance with the manufacturer‘s
recommendations to give the required level of fire resistance. Document 6 pages

6 Typical Connections of Precast Concrete Elements   Ee382n Syllabus

Column to column connection ibrahim_daim9094
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KEVIN
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Slab to beam connection Hussain Nasser Al- Nowiesser
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Connection of wall panels to columns

16 

7.  Ready Mix Concrete

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world and with a 9000-year history it has
 played a major part in shaping modern civilization. The Romans were particularly adept at using
concrete but it was also known to the Egyptians and in a primitive form to Neolithic civilizations.
The main difference between the concrete found in these classical civilizations and modern ready mixed
concrete is the binding agent. The Egyptians used crushed gypsum, the Romans knew how to make
lime by burning crushed limestone and they even discovered that adding volcanic ash or old bricks and
tiles improved the setting characteristics of their cement.
Modern concrete was developed after the discovery of Portland cement. First patented in 1824 but not
developed in its present form until 1845 when higher kiln temperatures were achieved, Portland cement
made new forms of construction possible.
Despite these advances attempts to supply the building trade with ready mixed concrete on-site
foundered until the late 1920‘s when delivery trucks were fitted with a drum that agitated the concrete
while on the move. In the UK, the first Ready- mix operation was set up in 1930 and by the 1960‘s a
successful national network of concrete plants was firmly established.
Today, Ready-mix concrete comprises a mix of aggregates, cement, water and a variety of admixtures.
Understanding these individual ingredients in a little more detail provides an insight into ways of

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obtaining the best results for different types of project.
The Ready Mixed Concrete Industry supplies a valuable construction product to the transportation,
 building sector, residential and other construction markets. The industry is composed of varying sized
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family owned business to multi-national documentsSince
corporations. to download.
it is a perishable product ready mixed
concrete production facilities are located in numerous metropolitan and rural locations and typically
within 60 to 90 minutes traveling distance from any construction project.
8.  Types Of Ready Mix Concrete OR
It has a wide range of products and services, including technical support for its different types of ready-
mix concrete. Below are a few examples of ready-mix concrete technologies with special properties and
 performance: Become a Scribd member for full access. Your
Standard Ready-Mix Concrete first 30 days are free.
Standard ready-mix concrete is the most common form of concrete. It is prepared for delivery at a
concrete plant instead of mixed on the construction site, which guarantees the quality of the concrete.
Architectural and Decorative Concrete Continue for Free
This type of concrete can provide a structural function, as well as an aesthetic or decorative finish. It
can offer smooth or rough surfaces or textures, as well as a variety or range of colors.
Rapid-setting Concrete
Designed to enhance early strength development, this concrete allows fast formwork removal,
accelerated construction sequencing, and rapid repair for such jobs as roads and airport runways.
Typically used in low temperature (5-10°C) concreting during winter, this concrete can also be used in
 buildings, railways, and precast applications. In addition to saving time, this concrete technology offers
improved durability and acid resistance.
Fiber-reinforced Concrete
Concrete designed with micro or macro fibers can be used either for structural applications, where the
fibers can potentially substitute for steel rebar reinforcement, or for reducing shrinkage —   primarily
early age shrinkage. Macro fibers can significantly increase the ductility of concrete, making it highly
resistant to crack formation and propagation.

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Fluid-fill Concrete
Whatsimplifies
Fluid mortar or concrete is Scribd? the process
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with a tightly packed shell that provides protection from the elements, prevents settling, and enables
crews to work quickly.
Roller-compacted Concrete
Compacted in place and cured, roller-compacted concrete is a zero slump concrete with the abrasion
resistance to withstand high velocity water   — making it the material of choice for spillways and other
infrastructure subject to high flow conditions. It represents a competitive solution in terms of cost and
durability when compared to asphalt.
Self-consolidating Concrete (SCC)
SCC has very high flow; therefore, it is self-leveling, eliminating the need for vibration. Due to the
super plasticizers used — chemical admixtures that impart very high flow — SCC exhibits very high
compaction as a result of its low air content. Consequently, SCC can have very high strengths,
exceeding 50MPa.
Pervious Concrete
Because of its unique design mix, pervious concrete is a highly porous material that allows water,
 particularly rainwater, to filter through, reduces flooding and heat concentration by up to 4°C, and helps

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to prevent skidding on wet roads. This concrete is ideally used in parking lots, footpaths, and swimming
 pool border applications.
Antibacterial Concrete
This concrete controls bacteriaUpload
growth your documents
and is used to helpto maintain
download.clean environments in structures
such as hospitals, laboratories, and farms.  
9.  PRODUCTION OF READY MIX CONCRETE
i.  Transit Mixed (or "truck-mixed") ConcreteOR
In transit-mixed concrete, also called truck mixed or dry-batched, all of the raw ingredients are
charged directly in theBecome
truck mixer. Mostmember
a Scribd or all water is usually
for full access. batched
Your at the plant. The mixer
drum is turned at charging (fast) speed during the loading of the materials. There are three options
first 30 days are free.
for truck mixed concrete:  
Concrete mixed at the job site. While travelling to the job site the drum is turned at agitating speed
(slow speed). After arriving at the jobContinue
site, thefor Free is completely mixed. The drum is then
concrete
turned for 70 to 100 revolutions, or about five minutes, at mixing speed.  
Concrete mixed in the yard. The drum is turned at high speed or 12-15 rpm for 50 revolutions. This
allows a quick check of the batch. The concrete is then agitated slowly while driving to the job site. 
Concrete mixed in transit. The drum is turned at medium speed or about 8 rpm for 70 revolutions
while driving to the job site. The drum is then slowed to agitating speed.
ii.  Shrink Mixed Concrete
Concrete that is partially mixed in a plant mixer and then discharged into the drum of the truck
mixer for completion of the mixing is called shrink mixed concrete. Central mixing plants that
include a stationary, plant-mounted mixer are often actually used to shrink mix, or partially mix the
concrete. The amount of mixing that is needed in the truck mixer varies in these applications and
should be determined via mixer uniformity tests. Generally, about thirty turns in the truck drum, or
about two minutes at mixing speed, is sufficient to completely mix shrink-mixed concrete.

18 

iii.  Central Mixed Concrete

Central-mixing concrete batch plants include a stationary, plant-mounted mixer that mixes the
concrete before it is discharged into a truck mixer. Central-mix plants are sometimes referred to as
wet batch or pre-mix plants. The truck mixer is used primarily as an agitating haul unit at a central
mix operation. Dump trucks or other non-agitating units are sometimes be used for low slump and
mass concrete pours supplied by central mix plants. About 20% of the concrete plants in the US use
a central mixer. Principal advantages include:
  Faster production capability than a transit-mix plant
  Improved concrete quality control and consistency and
  Reduced wear on the truck mixer drums.
There are several types of plant mixers, including:
  Tilt drum mixer
  Horizontal shaft paddle mixer
  Dual shaft paddle mixer
  Pan mixer
  Slurry mixer
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The tilting drum mixer is the most common American central mixing unit. Many central-mix drums can
accommodate up to 12 yd3 andUpload can mixyour
in excess of 200 to
documents yd3download.
per hour. They are fast and efficient, but
can be maintenance-intensive since they include several moving parts that are subjected to a heavy load.
Horizontal shaft mixers have a stationary shell and rotating central shaft with blades or paddles. They
have either one or two mixing shafts that impart OR significantly higher horsepower in mixing than the
typical drum mixer. The intensity of the mixing action is somewhat greater than that of the tilt drum
mixer. This high energy is Become
reported to producemember
a Scribd higher strength concreteYour
for full access. via to thoroughly blending the
ingredients and more uniformly coating the aggregate particles with cement paste. Because of the
first 30 days are free.
horsepower required to mix and the short mixing cycle required to complete mixing, many of these
mixers are 4 or 5 yd3 units and two batches may be needed to load a standard truck or agitator.
Pan mixers are generally lower capacity mixersContinue for Free
at about 4 to 5 yd3 and are used at precast concrete
 plants.
Slurry Mixing
The slurry mixer is a relative newcomer to concrete mixing technology. It can be added onto a dry -
 batch plant and works by mixing cement and water that is then loaded as slurry into a truck mixer along
with the aggregates. It is reported to benefit from high-energy mixing. Another advantage is that the
slurry mixer reduces the amount of cement dust that escapes into the air.
"Mix Mobiles" - Mobile Volumetric Proportioning Plants
"Mix Mobile" are truck-mounted, volumetric batching and continuous mixing units. These "plants-on-
wheels" often supply small-volume or specialty pours and offer the convenience of freshly mixed
concrete in fairly precise quantities. The unit consists of a truck with bins of sand, coarse aggregate,
cement, water, and admixtures. The aggregate bins have longitudinal belts at the bottom of the sand,
and as well as coarse aggregate bins that drag the aggregate to separate adjustable gates at the rear of

19 

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the bin. The speed of the belts is connected to a feeder in a cement bin, and all three materials drop
down into a mixer. FlowWhatmeters
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Plant Styles, etc.
Concrete batch plants come in a variety of styles and configurations designed to accommodate a variety
of markets, technical and environmental considerations.
  Portable Plants In general, they have a cement silo and an overhead bin for sand or one or two
coarse aggregates.
  Permanent Plants  The plant operates from same location for a relatively long period of time.
Large quantities of materials of greater variety are stored at the plant. The plant will tend to have
larger overhead storage and may have two lanes to permit batching two trucks at the same time.
Plants may be also classified as
  High profile - The traditional stack up plant is a tall plant that has aggregate and cement storage
 bins that feed into batchers or weigh hoppers by gravity.
  Low profile - The aggregate weigh hoppers are near the ground with belts to elevate the aggregate
to load the mixer.
Quality
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What does ‗quality‘ mean when applied to concrete? 
It is very easy to say that a product is ‗top quality‘ but what does this really mean?  
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For concrete, ‗quality‘ has a specific your documents
meaning. It must meettothe
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relevant British Standards (eg BS 8500)
and its quality is independently verified. All CEMEX concrete is certified by QSRMC, the quality
scheme for ready mixed concrete. QSRMC provided ISO 9001 and product conformity certification for
OR
the design, production and supply of ready mixed concrete.
To ensure that concrete meets the high demands imposed in constructing bridges, concrete-framed
 buildings and other complex structures,
Become CEMEX‘s
a Scribd member in-house
for fulltechnical
access. department
Your provides advice and
carries out standard tests. The most common of these is the cube test. A small concrete cube is formed
using a sample of concrete at the constructionfirst 30site
days
andare free.
when set it is crushed in a laboratory. The force
needed to crush the concrete determines its strength. This force is commonly described in Newton‘s and
so the strength of different concrete mixes can also be expressed in Newton.
Continue for Free
Concrete for a path or simple footings need not be as strong as that used in a bridge but it must still be
‗fit for purpose‘. In other words it must still be of an equally high ‗quality‘. So having hi gh quality
concrete is just as important for a small project as for a massive civil engineering site.
All CEMEX concrete is produced to the same high quality, irrespective of the end use. As one of the
World‘s leading suppliers of building materials CEMEX concrete plants benefit from the very best
computerized systems, ensuring consistent accuracy in measuring the proportions of cement, aggregate
and special additives required for each mix. CEMEX is also a major manufacturer of cement and
 produces a range of products which can be blended to give the best handling and setting characteristics
under all conditions.
Such refinements cannot be achieved with any degree of consistency using a small site mixer and other
forms of site mixing may not be QSRMC certified.
Quality Assurance
PCI has three different certification programs:
Plant Certification  –   First introduced in 1967, covers the overall management of the quality system
within precast/prestressed plants.

20 

Personnel Training and Certification  –   First introduced in 1985, covers the qualification and
certifications of the people doing the product inspections and managing the Quality Assurance
departments within precast/prestressed plants.
Erectors Qualification/Certification  –   First introduced in 1999, covers the training and qualification of
field services personnel.
PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION AND SEISMIC DESIGN
There is a general concern regarding the seismic performance of precast construction. It is noticed that
large panel construction performs better than frame system. However, in areas of high seismic risk,
structures must be designed to respond safely to the dynamic forces imparted into the structure.
Innovations in joint design are improving the connection systems in precast concrete structures and
making them increasingly suitable for use in such areas.

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What is Scribd?
Use of equipments
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3
 structure, Productivity analysis

Formwork
Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent molds into which concrete or similar
materials are poured. In the context of concrete construction, the false work supports the shuttering
moulds.
Formwork and concrete form types
Formwork comes in several types:
1.  Traditional timber formwork. The formwork is built on site out of timber and plywood or moisture-
resistant particleboard. It is easy to produce but time-consuming for larger structures, and the
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 plywood facing has a relatively short lifespan. It is still used extensively where the labour costs are
lower than the costs for procuring re-usable formwork. It is also the most flexible type of
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formwork, so even where other yourare
systems documents to download.
in use, complicated sections may use it.
2.  Engineered Formwork System. This formwork is built out of prefabricated modules with a metal
frame (usually steel or aluminium) and covered OR on the application (concrete) side with material
having the wanted surface structure (steel, aluminum, timber, etc.). The two major advantages of
formwork systems, compared to traditional timber formwork, are speed of construction (modular
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systems pin, clip, or screw together quickly) and lower life-cycle costs (barring major force, the
frame is almost indestructible, whilefirst 30 days are
the covering free.of wood; may have to be replaced after a
if made
few - or a few dozen - uses, but if the covering is made with steel or aluminium the form can
achieve up to two thousand uses dependingContinue for Freethe applications).
on care and
3.  Re-usable plastic formwork. These interlocking and modular systems are used to build widely
variable, but relatively simple, concrete structures. The panels are lightweight and very robust.
They are especially suited for low-cost, mass housing schemes.
4.  Permanent Insulated Formwork. This formwork is assembled on site, usually out of insulating
concrete forms (ICF). The formwork stays in place after the concrete has cured, and may provide
advantages in terms of speed, strength, superior thermal and acoustic insulation, space to run
utilities within the EPS layer, and integrated furring strip for cladding finishes.
Stay-In-Place structural formwork systems. This formwork is assembled on site, usually out of
 prefabricated fiber-reinforced plastic forms. These are in the shape of hollow tubes, and are usually
used for columns and piers. The formwork stays in place after the concrete has cured and acts as axial
and shear reinforcement, as well as serving to confine the concrete and prevent against environmental
effects, such as corrosion and freeze-thaw cycles.

22 

Description Construction Speed

A B C D
Construction speed 3 flats/day 4 flats/day 5 flats/day 6 flats/day
Period of const. 23 months 18.7 months 16.2 months 14.2 months
Forming area 741.9 989.2 1236.5 1483.8
Misc formwork 55.5 55.5 55.5 55.5
Total formwork to be 797.4 1044.7 1292 1539
ordered
Cost of formwork 14353200 18804600 23256000 27707400
Two third of the 9568800 12536400 1550400 18471600
loaded cost
Profit & Overhead 1435320 1880460 2325600 2770740
15%
Total Rs. You're Reading
11004120 14416860 a Preview
17829600 21242340
Cost per flat, Rs 9825 12872 15919 18966
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Note:
Construction period is calculated as follows:
Average 22 pouring of concrete are considered perOR month.
About 3 months are required for mobilization and getting plinths ready.
About 3 months are required for finishing.
Become a Scribd member for full access. Your
Cost of formwork = $ 360; dollar Exchange Rate = Rs50; No of flats = 1120
first 30 days are free.
(Weight of aluminium formwork = 24 kg/m²).
Formwork Design Criteria
Formwork components can be designed and Continue for Free
constructed in many materials, such as plywood, wood,
steel, aluminum, and fiber composites. Frequently, a mixture of materials is used (Figure 7.31). Steel,
aluminum, and fiber composites are more likely to be parts of manufactured components or systems
that are rated or designed by the producer and may be supplied predesigned on a rental basis for the
 project needs. Forms intended to be job built are often made of wood and require design by the
construction engineer associated with the project or by a consultant to the contractor. The examples in
this chapter illustrate the latter case for wood components designed by allowable stress methods. To
understand the examples, it is necessary to provide some of the essentials of wood design. Readers
undertaking the design of formwork in wood are advised to obtain and follow the more comprehensive
specifications in the  National Design Specification for Wood Construction (AFPA, 2005) and the
 Plywood  Design Specification (APA, 1997).
Most of the lumber used in formwork is surfaced on four sides (S4S) to achieve its final dimensions as
shown in Table 7.3. The S4S dimensions are smaller than the nominal sizes referred to in the table.

23 

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Except for classification purposes, it is the actual dimensions and actual section properties that are used  
in design. A secondWhat is Scribd?
set of sizes known as Ebooks
rough lumberAudiobooks
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dimensions but is still not the full nominal size. Rough lumber sizes are sometimes used in heavy false
work-supporting forms.
Plywood is frequently used as the surface layer of the formwork in contact with the fresh concrete.
Plywood has different strengths and stiffness depending on the direction of its span relative to the
direction of the grain in the outer layers. The equivalent section, considering the varying elastic
modulus and strength between parallel-to-grain loading and side-grain loading, is illustrated by
equivalent sections in Figure 7.32. When the grain of the outer layers is parallel to the span direction,
the strength and stiffness are greatest (Figure 7.33). Many types of plywood are available. Section
 properties for B-B Ply form, Class I, plywood, one of the most frequently selected types for moderate
reuse in formwork, are given in Table 7.4. Note that, due to the alternating grain directions in the
 plywood veneer layers, conventional methods for calculating section properties of homogeneous,
isotropic sections do not apply.
The section properties given in Table 7.4 have been determined by considering the varying properties in
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the different layers as well as the complications of weakness induced by the tendency of fibers to roll
over each other in shear lateral to the grain, or rolling shear (Figure 7.34). For these reasons, use the
listed value of S only in bending calculations,
Upload use  I only to
your documents deflection calculations, and use  Ib/Q, the
fordownload.
rolling shear constant, for shear calculations.
The basic design values for wood and for plywood of the species, grades, sizes, and types frequently
used in formwork are listed in Table 7.5. The species OR and grades readily available in the area of the
 project should always be verified. Contractors also often have stocks of form lumber for reuse from
 previous projects. Such lumber should always be inspected
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unsuitable pieces must be rejected.
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1 ASD Adjustment Factors for Lumber Stresses
The AFPA-NDS (AFPA, 2005) provides for adjustment of the lumber reference design values ( F ),
such as those given in Table 7.5, by a seriesContinue for Free
of multipliers yielding the allowable design values ( F ′) for
stress as follows:
 Bending:

24 

Some of the adjustment factors (in brackets) only apply to truss members (buckling stiffness factor,
CT ), when the member is incised (incising factor, Ci) or when the temperature is >100 °F (temperature
factor,
Ct ), and thus have only rare uses in formwork. The remaining factors are discussed below.
2 Load Duration Factor ( CD )
The adjustment for load duration ( CD) reflects the ability of wood to exhibit increased strength under
shorter periods of loading. The following values may be applied for the indicated cumulative maximum
load durations:
CD = 0.9 Load duration > 10 year
CD = 1.0 2 months < load duration ≤  10 year
CD = 1.15 7 days < load duration ≤  2 months
CD = 1.25 Load duration ≤  7 days
CD = 1.6 Wind/earthquake
CD = 2.0 Impact
For most formwork, an adjustment of CD = 1.25 is applied; however, when the components are reused
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for longer cumulative durations at maximum level, CD should be appropriately reduced.
3 Moisture Factor (CM )
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Wood gains in strength as it loses your documents
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in a range below the fiber saturation point (about 30%
moisture content). The basic design values are established for lumber that has moisture content of 19%
or less, typical of air-dried lumber. When the exposure is such that the wood moisture content will
OR
exceed 19% for an extended period of time, the design values should be multiplied by the CM values
indicated in Table 7.5.
4 Size Factor (CF ) Become a Scribd member for full access. Your
Tests indicate that member overall size first
affects
30 the
daysfailure stress. To account for these variations, the
are free.
size factor (CF ) as shown in Table 7.6 is applied to the bending and compression basic design values.
 Note that the size factor does not apply to the basic design values of Southern Pine, whose basic design
Continue
values in Table 7.5 are pre adjusted to reflect most offor
theFree
size effect.
5 Flat-Use Factor ( Cf u)
Lumber loaded on its wide face and bending about its weak axis ( y– y) exhibits a slightly higher failure
stress. To reflect these variations, the flat-use factor (Cfu) adjustments in Table 7.6 may be applied to
the basic design values for bending stress.
6 Beam-Stability Factor ( CL )
The AFPA-NDS (AFPA, 2005) provides equations for determining the beam-stability factor ( CL), an
adjustment less than 1.0, when the compression edge of a beam may become unstable. For sawn
lumber, however, the AFPA-NDS also provides prescriptive d /b ratios, based on nominal dimensions
and lateral support conditions where the member may be assumed to be stable and no reduction for CL
is needed, as follows:
•  d /b = 2 to 1 or less, no lateral support is necessary.
•  d /b = 3 to 1 or 4 to 1, ends shall be held in position against lateral rotation or displacement by

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 blocking or connection to other members.

• d  What
/b = 5 to 1, one edge is Scribd?
shall Ebooks
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•  d /b = 6 to 1, bridging, blocking, or cross-bracing shall be installed at intervals not exceeding 8 ft
unless both edges are held in line.
•  d /b = 7 to 1, both edges shall be held in line for the entire length.
7 Column-Stability Factors (CP )
The column-stability factor (CP ) is an adjustment less than 1.0 to reduce the allowable compression
stress parallel to the grain when longer column-like members such as shores or braces may fail in a
 buckling mode rather than by crushing. The factor is given by:

where:
 Fc* = tabulated compression design value multiplied by all applicable adjustment factor except CP .
c = 0.8 (for sawn lumber).
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 FcE = 0.822 E ′min/(le/d )2, where le is the effective length, and le/d is the larger of the slenderness
ratios about the possible buckling axes; the value of le/d shall not normally exceed 50, except for short
Upload your documents to download.
duration loadings during construction when it shall not exceed 75.
8 Bearing-Area Factor ( Cb)
OR perpendicular to the grain of the wood —that is,
The bearing-area factor ( Cb) is for the case of bearing
 bearing on the side grain. The bearing factor is normally taken as 1.0; however, if the bearing area is
more than 3 in. from the endBecome a Scribd and
of the member member for full
less than 6 in.access. Your
in length as measured along the grain,
then the following increase factor may be applied:
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9 Repetitive-Use Factor ( Cr )
The AFPA-NDS (AFPA, 2005) includes a repetitive-use factor ( Cr ) that may be used to increase the
 bending design value when there are at least three members spaced not more than 24 in. on-center, such
as joists and studs, and they are joined by a load-distributing member, such as sheathing. The increase is
allowed because it is unlikely that normal defects would occur in the repetitive members at the same
critical location and the load could be shared if one had a defect. In formwork design, however, ACI
SP-4 (Hurd, 2005) suggests that this factor should only be applied to carefully constructed panels whose
components are securely nailed or bolted together. The factor values > 1.0 are listed in the AFPA-NDS.
10 Adjustment Factors for Plywood Stresses
Relative to formwork, the allowable stresses given by the APA —The Engineered Wood Association
(APA, 2004) are subject to three primary adjustments: load duration, wet use, and experience factors. A
load duration factor similar to the value of CD for wood is normally applied as listed in Table 7.5. The
wet use and experience factors appropriate to formwork applications have been incorporated in the

26  

allowable stresses listed for B-B Ply form, Class I, plywood in Table 7.3. The calculation of plywood
deflection can be refined to include both the bending deflection and the shear deflection. In this
 presentation, for simplicity, only the bending deflection is considered, but the lower value of the
 plywood elastic modulus will be used to partially compensate for this. Consult APA (2004) for
 procedures for calculating the shear deflection component.
Formwork Design
Most components of a form system can be subdivided into members that are primarily bending
elements (sheathing, joists, studs, stringers, and Wales) and members that are primarily tension or
compression elements (shores, braces, etc.). In addition, there are numerous details to design, such as
connections (Figure 7.35), hangers, and footings or mudsills (Figure 7.36). The following sections
 provide example designs, in wood, of the main members of an elevated floor slab form and a vertical
wall form to convey a sense of the procedures involved. After the design is complete, the formwork
material specifications, member layout, member sizes, connection details, erection procedures, and use
limitations should be conveyed by means of drawings with appropriate notes to the field workers who
will fabricate and erect the form.
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7.6.1 Determination of Resultants from Loads
The bending members of a wood form system are either single-span or continuous multiple-span
elements, usually with bearingUpload
supports
youras documents
illustrated into Figure 7.37. Although the members may
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sometimes have more than three spans, the benefits from considering more than three span conditions
are very limited. Many of the member loads are uniform. In other cases, the loadings may be a series of
closely spaced concentrated loads that can oftenORbe approximated as a uniform load if there is a
sufficient number in a span. Figure 7.37 also provides the formulas for the maximum moments, shears,
and  deflections for the uniformly
Become loaded one-,
a Scribd two-, and
member forthree-span
full access.cases.
Your It should be noted that the
formulas for calculating the maximum shear force are modified to calculate the shear at a distance d
first 30 days are free.
from the face of the supporting member, where d is the depth of the member being designed and lb is
the length of bearing at the supporting member. In wood design, the AFPA-NDS provides that loads
Continue
within a distance d of the face of the support can be for Free when designing for shear if the member
neglected
is loaded on one face and supported on the opposite face or edge. However, in cases where the member
is notched or connection is made in the web, as by bolting, other AFPA-NDS special provisions should
 be consulted which, in effect, magnify the shear force used for design.
7.6.2 Fundamental Relations between Resultants and Stresses
From mechanics of solids, the following relationships apply to the elastic design of wood elements:
 Bending of beams or plywood:

  =  

Shear of solid rectangular beams:
3
  =  
2

27  

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What is Scribd? Ebooks Audiobooks Magazines Podcasts Sheet music Documents Snapshots

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Upload your documents to download.

OR

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Shear of plywood:
 
  = =  
 

28  

Where Ib/Q is the rolling shear constant.

 Bearing and axial compression:
  =   
When  f is used in the above equations, the actual stress is sought in the calculation from the actual
resultant. When  F is used, the maximum allowable stress is implied and the maximum resultants are
sought. Load–deflection relationships are given in Figure 7.37 as a function of the number of spans.
Bracing Design Considerations
The slab form must be braced, as a minimum, to resist the horizontal loads recommended by ACI 347-
04. When the concrete columns have been placed prior to erection of the floor forms, the column can
contribute to lateral stability if the form has an adequate horizontal diaphragm and is tied to the
columns. Horizontal cross-bracing can be added to improve the diaphragm. Vertical cross-bracing in
two directions at right angles, in combination with an adequate diaphragm, can also provide a workable
system. The braces need not be located in the opening between every pair of shores (Figure 7.29).
Often, they are located between alternate pairs of shores (and sometimes farther apart) in a well-
dispersed, symmetrical pattern in each direction. The brace size is usually controlled by the buckling
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resistance in the compression direction of force, and the analysis and design proceed in a manner
similar to that for the shore or wall form brace design. It is critical to provide a connection at the top
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and bottom ends of the brace that your documents
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to resist the forces imposed.
Used Of Equipment in Precast Prefabricated Structures
Production Plant for Houses
OR
Sandwich-, light- weight, solid walls, solid floors
• Manufacturer: TECHNOPLAN –  WECKENMANN –  TEKA
Become
• Year of construction: approx. 1998 a(as
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as new)  for full access. Your
• Performance: sandwich -, light- weight, first
solid30
walls,
dayssolid floors, stairs
are free.
• Concrete mixing plant: fab. TEKA, performance: 45 m³/ h, incl. scraper unit  
• Battery mould: f ab. TECHNOPLAN, 17 slots, incl. vibrator facility
dim.: 9 slots: 9,00 x 2,80 m  –  8 slots: 6,50 xContinue
2,80 m for Free
incl. comprehensive equipment for window and door openings
• Stationary concrete pump: fab. TEKA, performance: 30 m³/ h, infinitely variable,  
incl. rotatable and moveable pipe system for manual casting
• tilting table production line: fab. TECHNOPLAN, 6 hydraulic tilting tabels, steel surface in very good
condition
dim.: 12,00 / 7,00 / 6,00 x 3,75 m
incl. hydraulic window and door openings (removeable)
• tilting tables: fab. TECHNOPLAN, 2 hydraulic tilting tabels, steel surface in very good condition
dim.: 10,80 x 4,20 m
• tilting tabels: fab. TECHNOPLAN, 3 mechanical tilting tabels, steel surface in very good condition  
dim.: 9,00 x 4,00 m
• Concrete distr ibutor: fab. WECKENANN, hydraulic, working width: 4,00 m, volume: 6m³

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 for on rail travel, transverse carriage, drives over the tilting tables
What
• production line: fab. is Scribd?
TECHNOPLAN, Ebooks
steel surface inAudiobooks Magazines
very good condition, Podcasts
 
incl. shuttering  Sheet music Documents Snapshots
dim.: 52,50 x 4,20 m
• stair moulds: fab. GÄRTNER, for straight and spiral stairs
incl. mould for front door stair
Fully Automatic Pallets Circulating Plant
Sandwich-, lightweight concrete-, solid walls, solid floors
• Manufacturer: VOLLERT –  WECKENMANN –  UNITECHNIK
• Year of construction: approx. 1998 (as good as new)
• Performance: sandwich -, lightweight concrete-, solid walls, solid floors
• 49 pallets, dim. 12,50 x 3,50 (effec. dim.), excellent steel surface  
• Perfectly flat  
• Fully automatic shelf operating device 
• Complete drying chamber; 45 storing positions; incl. housing in steel construction
• Fully automatic shuttering robot  
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• Automatic cleaning and oiling device for pallets 
• 2-chamber concrete distributor for lightweight concrete and standard concrete
• Frequency adjustable shaking-Upload
station your
for concrete compacting;
documents man. NETTER
to download.
• Vibration- and smoothing facility
• Automatic power trowel, gantry construction  
• Hydraulic tilting station for pallets   OR
• 6 heavy load trailers for rail travel; cable control; man. NUSPL  
• handling crane for shuttering; man. ABUS
Become a Scribd member for full access. Your
• working station for manual shuttering integration 
first 30 days are free.
• Cleaning and transportation device for magnets and shuttering  
• Extensive magnets and shuttering system for walls and floors  
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• Extensive circulation equipment; f riction wheels, for Free traveler, rolls
transverse
• Fully automatic main computer control system; man. UNITECHNIK/SIEMENS  
Fully Automatic Concrete Mixing Plant
• Manufacturer: EIRICH - SIEMENS
• Year of construction: approx. 1996  
• Performance: 2,0 m³ concrete e ffec. Output per charge
->approx. 120 m³/ h
Consisting of the following main components:
• Compulsory mixer with swirl; type: DZV29  
• Automatic hygrometer  
• 8 chamber steel silo for aggregates storage  
• 3 cement silos incl. screw conveyor  
• feed hopper

30 

• Elevator/ bucket belt conveyor for aggregates

• Hopper for aggregates 
• cement scale 
• Color dosing system 
• dosing with up to 8 pneumatic valves  
• dedusting - and filtering device, additive batching plant
• Compressor device; fab. KAESER, type: SM8  
• Computer control; fab. SIEMENS, type S5  
Recycling Plant for Leftover Concrete
• Manufacturer: BIBKO System  
• Year of construction: approx. 1994  
• Performance: 20 m³/ h  
• Type: 16 -1
• SPS - control
• Incl. pumping device and supply to the mixing plant  
• Incl. discharge conveyor, agitator etc.
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Stockyard Bridge Crane Incl. Crane Tracks
Bridge crane: Upload your documents to download.
• Manufacturer: ABUS  
• Year of construction: approx. 1998  
• Lifting capacity: 2 x 16 to -> 32 to total OR
• Span: 27.500 mm 
• Performance: crane: 40,0Become
/ 10,0 m/mi n
a Scribd member for full access. Your
Trolley: 20,0 / 5,0 m/min
first 30 days are free.
 Lifting unit: 5,0 / 0,8 m/min
• Incl. radio control and load spectrum storage  
Crane tracks: Continue for Free
• Drive: 84 m ->168 m crane tracks
• Incl. steel construction (Steel columns)
• Incl. power supply 
• screwed construction  
Automatic Adjusting Cross Beam
• Manufacturer: NUSPL 
• Year of construction: approx. 2005  
• Lifting capacity: 32 to 
• 4 hooks 
• Adjustable over crane radio  
• With automatically adjustable load balance 

31 

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Gantry Crane
• Manufacturer: DEMAGWhat  – 
is  Scribd?
LIEBHERR Ebooks Audiobooks Magazines Podcasts Sheet music Documents Snapshots
• Year of construction: approx. 1994
• Lifting capacity: 10 to 
• Span: 25.000 mm 
• Cantilever: 8.000 mm, each side 
• Performance: crane: 5,0 / 40 m/min  
Trolley: 8,0 / 30 m/min
 Lifting unit: 0,5 / 5,0 m/min
• Incl. radio control and track system, approx. 120 m track  system
FILIGREE - floor production
• Manufacturer: AVERMANN  
• Length: approx. 125 m 
• Operation width: approx. 2,49 m  
• Lateral shuttering: approx. 7 cm  
• Steel cover: good condition  
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• Incl. concrete distributor  
• Incl. plotter   Upload your documents to download.
• Incl. cleaning and oiling device
• incl. 2 transversal transporter  
Transportation Racks OR
• Manufacturer: NUSPL 
• Year of construction: approx. 1998  
Become
• Lifting capacity: approx. 25 to   a Scribd member for full access. Your
first
• Dimensions: 2,50 x 7,50 m / 9,0 m x 2,20 m   30 days are free.
• Pieces: approx. 30 pieces  
• Incl. fixation anchor  
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Heavy Load Trailer
• Manufacturer: NUSPL 
• Year of construction: approx. 1998  
• Load capacity: approx. 25 to  
• dim.: 6,0 m x 2,5 m  
• Incl. transportation rack for wall panels 
Cutting Machine for FILIGREE- Lattice Girder
• Manufacturer: FILZMOSER 
• Type: Gitterträgerschere TA
• Year of construction: approx. 1995  
• cutting performance: - up to Ø 16 mm -> 1 piece
- up to Ø 10 mm -> 4 pieces

32 

Cement silo
• Manufacturer: STANELLE  
• Year of construction: approx. 2005  
• Volume: approx. 40 m3  
• Incl. complete silo equipment
• Ladder and safety cage 
Hydraulic Ring- And Cone Clamp
• Manufacturer: PROBST / RKZ - H
• Year of construction: approx. 1995  
• Opening range: 600 - 1.500 mm
Hydraulic Turning Device for Concrete Elements
• Manufacturer: PROBST  
• Year of construction: approx. 1995
• Opening range: 500 - 1.800 mm
• rotating range: 360° endless  
Fork Lifter
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• Manufacturer: LINDE / CLARK  
• Load capacity: 3,0 to; 4,0 to; 4,5 to   your documents to download.
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What is Scribd? Ebooks

 Modular
Audiobooks
construction
Magazines
Practices,Sheet music
Podcasts Documents Snapshots
4
F ibonacci series

In the market for a new facility or addition but concerned about construction costs? Look to permanent
modular construction (PMC) as a way to acquire a new building in a tough economy. This alternative
construction technique yields faster completion times, improved efficiency, cleaner materials, and better
quality control.
Overview of Modular Construction  
The speed with which a building is completed is the key advantage of modular construction. Because
site preparation and module fabrication processes occur simultaneously, the overall project construction
timeline is decreased by 30 to 50 percent. Modular construction has to adhere to the same building code
requirements as traditional construction methods, and the same building materials and standards are
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utilized to fabricate each module. All modules meet the building, safety and occupancy code
requirements (typically International Building Code) and in many instances, modular buildings exceed
Uploadare
local building specifications. Designs your documents
flexible, to download.
expandable and easily reconfigured, so they may be
adapted to meet the changing needs of the healthcare facility over time. Their durable, secure and
relocatable characteristics make them ideal for both OR temporary and permanent applications that will
meet the requirements of healthcare organizations over a longer time horizon.
The old ―square box‖ or ―cookiecutter‖ building analogy no longer applies to today‘s modular
 buildings. Today, designersBecome a Scribd
and builders havemember
much morefor flexibility
full access.
to Your
design using the highest quality
firstor30
materials and finishes. They are not limited daysto
forced are free.
compromise aesthetics for overall space or time
efficiencies.
Modules and building components are built in a controlled environment, therefore mitigating risks to
Continue for Free
the project due to volatile weather, material shortages, theft and vandalism. Prefabricated components
and modules are built in a factory and installed on-site to expedite assembly time and create less
disruption to the site environment during the installation phase. This differs from conventional
construction by minimizing noise and debris from the existing patient services and creating a safer work
and patient environment during construction. The interior finishes can be selected from a variety of
options and are consistent with those of conventional construction methods. Facility planners can easily
choose from existing blueprints for examination rooms, patient treatment areas, nurses‘ stations and
waiting rooms; or the building modules can be constructed in accordance with their already established
design criteria.
Modular construction enhances quality assurance because QA is built into every step of the process.
Quality control is assured with multiple inspections performed at each phase. The building components
are inspected and approved by third-party inspectors who are usually agents of the state, not the
locality.

34 

This unique building technique enhances quality and simplifies logistics on the job site. Scheduling,
trade coordination and construction sequences are all streamlined. Modular methodologies build
technical innovation into a repeatable construction process that utilizes proven, standardized practices
and process efficiencies. The result is greater reliability and higher quality than conventional site-built
construction projects, particularly in areas where a skilled labor force is unavailable. This process truly
exemplifies the philosophies of ―best practices.‖  
Many modular healthcare structures have been recognized for their design excellence, as architects and
interior designers often work closely with modular consultants and manufacturers to ensure optimum
design outcomes for the client. Again, the days of the boring boxy structure are long gone. Permanent
modular buildings can be built as single one-story structures or intricate multiple-story buildings.
When it comes to the internal space, interior designers and architects collaborate with the client to
develop the architectural interior finishes and patient and workflow environments that are consistent for
each medical application. Designs can be altered for specific services. For example, considerations are
made for additional floor loading, and provisions are incorporated into building design to accommodate
the weight of heavy dialysis water treatment equipment in dialysis treatment centers. Depending on the
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client‘s needs, the modular builder can be responsible for just a few or all of the prefabricated interiors
of the modules.
Lastly, the new or renovated structure
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your designed to correspond with the surrounding environment
to download.
and existing buildings and hospitals. Exterior architectural finishes, such as brick, stucco and exposed
aggregate architectural panels, can complement those of neighboring buildings on the healthcare
campus. OR
A DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION PROCESS  
PMC is a method of construction,
Become notaaScribd
building type. Itfor
member greatly differs from
full access. Yourtemporary buildings, such
as construction trailers or mobile homes.
first 30 days are free.
―These are custom-designed commercial buildings just like their site- built counterparts,‖ explains Phil
Slingerlands, COO of Warrior Group, a firm specializing in modular construction. ―Using PMC does
not change the design, structural system, or Continue for Freeoptions available to the owner and architect.
finish materials
The only difference is in the method of construction.‖  
After the design is finalized with an architect, construction plans are sent to a factory where the
majority of the building is erected. PMC uses prefabricated elements for as many building components
as possible. Everything from walls and mechanical systems to painting and carpet can be completed on
the assembly line.
―The difference is that 60% to 90% of modular buildings are completed  offsite in a controlled
 production environment, including all MEP, fixtures, and interior finishes,‖ says Tom Hardiman,
executive director of the Modular Building Institute (MBI).
While modules are assembled at the factory, site work can begin at the same time, such as laying the
foundation or prepping utility connections. This greatly decreases the time needed for total construction.
Modular buildings are often completed 30-50% faster than conventional structures.

35 

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Once the modules are ready, they are shipped to the site and fastened together. The final construction
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stage includes completing Ebooks
exterior systems such as Audiobooks Magazines
cladding and roofing Podcasts
components Sheet music
and internal Documents Snapshots
spaces like lobbies, stairwells, and elevator shafts.
The beauty of the finished building is that occupants will not be able to tell how the structure was built.
―The art of PMC is to make the modularity disappear once you complete the building,‖ says Sue
Johnson, chief development officer for Warrior Group.
SERVING MULTIPLE MARKETS 
This technique can produce a single building, an addition, or a campus setting, but it is most beneficial
for projects with highly repetitive spaces. Think of duplicate rooms common to schools, dorms, offices,
military housing, senior living, and hotels.
Modular construction has also been used for standalone buildings, such as banks, chain restaurants,
satellite bureaus, and retail. Any building without irregular layouts or large expanses will benefit.
The only limitations to size are those dictated by material use and code. For example, the world‘s tallest
modular building in the U.K. is over 25 stories. Buildings can occupy any square footage specified and
are easy to expand. Modular construction is also a great way to add an addition onto a traditional
 building.
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THE CORE BENEFITS 
From factory precision to faster installation,
Upload modular to
your documents construction
download. offers an attractive range of
advantages:
1) Scheduling: One of the greatest benefits is the ability to dramatically reduce the time needed for
construction. Factory efficiencies allow buildingOR components to be completed quickly and without
weather delays. No more contracting with multiple crews  –   the factory has all of the key player‘s onsite
to handle multiple building Become
requirements.
a Scribd member for full access. Your
This makes modular construction suitable for owners who need buildings quickly, properties with hard
first 30 days are free.
dates for occupancy, and areas where seasonal weather restricts or even halts construction.
2) Jobsite Improvement: Nearly completed modules ease the need for site equipment and staging
areas, making them ideal for complicated Continue for Free
sites. Perhaps your property is in a remote location or has
accessibility difficulties. You may be in an urban or campus setting and have a narrow building site.
Modular construction is likewise a great alternative for areas where an experienced or affordable labor
force is difficult to come by.
PMC affords a cleaner worksite with fewer disruptions. With the majority of work completed offsite,
issues such as noise, dust, debris, and weather complications are greatly reduced.
The lower numbers of people, equipment, and traffic at the worksite also decreases the number of
construction hazards. ―The chance for accidents and related liabilities caused by such a volume of
 people and materials moving on, around, and of fsite every day is significantly reduced,‖ says Slinger
land.
3) Waste Reduction: Because the factory process decreases the potential for errors, material use is
more carefully monitored, Hardiman explains. By controlling inventory, resources and building

36 

materials are better protected. An assembly line also offers more opportunities for recycling throughout
the process.
―PMC really works well with lean construction –   it‘s engineered to cut out any construction waste,‖
says Johnson. ―For example, steel stud s are usually cut to a standard length and shipped to a jobsite
where they‘re cut to the needed size. Instead of wasting 2 feet of metal, the studs are created on the
factory line to the exact length required.‖ 
4) Quality Control : Just like a car assembly line, a prefabricated building module has built-in quality
checks. Modular building factories are dedicated to crafting highly effective buildings with inspections
at each station, eliminating on-the-fly decisions or unexpected complications that can occur in the field.
―The construction process is carefully engineered to create a sequence of steps that is repeated precisely
on every module,‖ Slingerland explains. ―This decreases the variability that can occur on a site -build
 project.‖ 
After installation, capital improvements to extend the building‘s life, such as  HVAC or
roofreplacements, can be made on the same schedule as a conventional building. The same maintenance
and inspection requirements common to traditional facilities will also apply to modular buildings.
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5) Sustainability: As with traditional buildings, modular construction easily incorporates sustainability.
Specify the use of recycled materials, LED lighting, high-efficiency mechanical systems, and
sustainably harvested wood andUpload
low-flow fixtures
your just as you
documents normally would.
to download.
―We‘re seeing a shift toward high - performance, sustainable design,‖ says Maggie Hartley, director of
marketing for American Modular Systems. ―Energy efficiency over the lifespan of the building is a
definite priority. There‘s  a reliance on mechanical OR systems, tight envelopes, ventilation, and smart
lighting to achieve energy savings.‖  
While the process itself affords more aopportunities
Become Scribd member for sustainability, other
for full access. Yourgreen benefits include:
  Improved IAQ –  Moisture reduction, use of dry materials, and time for off-gassing result in fewer
first 30 days are free.
VOCs.
  Compatible with LEED –   Modular buildings can compete in the same categories as traditionally
 built ones. They can even yield an Continue
advantageforinFree
credits for Sustainable Sites, Materials and
Resources, and Energy and Atmosphere.
  Reusable –  Whether you need a new layout or your building has been damaged, modular buildings
can be disassembled so individual modules can be replaced or refurbished.
  Tighter Envelope –   PMC typically results in a tighter envelope, which improves
energy efficiency. This is due to the durability required for transportation and the lack of weather
complications such as moisture and water intrusion.
  Renewable Energy –   Modular construction can accommodate alternative energy sources, from
solar panels to a geo exchange system. Buildings can also be designed so renewable energy can be
added down the road.
LIMITATIONS OF PMC 
Modular construction isn‘t without its drawbacks. Much like choosing a sustainable building, the
decision to use modular construction must be made from the onset of design.

37 

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―Using PMC changes the critical path for construction and, if not scheduled properly, you can easily
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PMC,‖ warnsEbooks
Slingerland.Audiobooks
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The advantages of PMC also wane conside rably if your intended building doesn‘t have repeating
spaces. The prefabrication of entire rooms lies at the heart of modular construction, so a building with
open expanses is not the best candidate.
―For example, an office building shell designed with un finished interiors and intended for multiple
tenants who would finish out their own individual space would not be a good option for PMC,‖
Slingerland adds.
Permanent vs. Temporary
Modular construction is an alternative to traditional construction only. It is not an extension of
temporary modular buildings, which meet a different purpose and offer separate benefits.
  Permanent modular buildings are comparable to buildings strictly built onsite in terms of quality,
life span, and materials used for construction. They are not intended to be relocated, though
individual modules can be replaced.
  Temporary buildings provide an affordable space that is mobile or relocatable. Clients are

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typically offered a predesigned layout and have little input over materials used or opportunities for
extensive customization. These structures are commonly used for construction site offices,
emergency spaces, sales centers andyour
Upload mobile showrooms,
documents and temporary classrooms.
to download.
While there are many benefits associated with portable buildings, their purpose and lifespan can be
abused by owners unwilling to commit to the costs of a permanent building.
―Temporary buildings often become permanent fixtures,‖ OR explains Maggie Hartley, American Modular
Systems. ―That‘s a problem as many of these   structures are aging and have poor ventilation and
lighting. This leads to an unhealthy learning or work environment.‖
Become a Scribd member for full access.   Your
Relocatable buildings also don‘t offer the same investment benefits as a permanent structure. Some are
first 30 days are free.
available for lease only and aren‘t truly part of your portfolio.  
―Relocatable buildings are not permanently affixed to real estate as a rule,‖ explains Tom Hardiman,
Continue for
MBI. ―This allows for the building to be considered Free property or equipment, which depreciates
personal
over a shorter span.‖ 
Step-by-Step Process of Dialysis Treatment Centre  
Specific steps should be followed when planning and building dialysis treatment centers using modular
construction methods:
Step One: Define the need. Engage a team that includes the client, builder, architect and modular
construction consultant. At this time, it is appropriate to have a short list of site locations (if a site hasn‘t
already been selected) and understand any restrictions  pertaining to site setbacks, zoning and ―use‖
 permitting. Identify the immediate design and space needs, taking into consideration the architectural
features of existing buildings and surroundings. Also consider future needs in terms of extensibility so
that additional components can be conceptualized as medical needs change and expand, and
accommodations are made for potential future applications. At this point, budget should be determined
and financing options, unique to modular construction, explored. In addition to an outright purchase,

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additional options include lease purchase programs, conventional lease and other creative financing
options. Consulting with accounting and tax professionals regarding the potential accelerated
depreciation characteristics of modular structures is recommended.
Step Two: Design. Analyze all requirements specific to dialysis treatment centers and devise a clear
strategy and recommendations based on the design and budget. Develop a componentized approach that
incorporates value engineering, project efficiencies and alternative module configurations.
Step Three: Apply the concurrent construction process. Conventional construction is a linear process.
One step cannot begin until other steps have been completed. With concurrent construction, critical
steps in the construction process occur simultaneously. More than 50 percent of the construction occurs
off-site, in a factory-controlled environment. Site work and building preparations including grading,
foundations, utilities, paving and some landscaping happen while the building‘s modules are fabricated
in the factory.
Step Four: Deliver and install. Shipment of all modular components is coordinated and completed.
Additionally, the majority of the site work, including final grading, utility connections, sidewalks,
ramps, stairs and final landscaping is finished. The goal is to create pleasing aesthetics and coordinating
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exterior elements that establish the facility harmoniously within its setting.
Step Five: Complete the interior finishes and finalize for occupancy. Interior finishes, such as
furnishings are completed on-site.
UploadFinally, the modulartobuilding
your documents consultant instructs the client on
download.
modular-specific maintenance, planning for future expansion and other specifics while a building
inspector conducts final code inspections and approvals.
Considering Modular Construction  OR
Modular building is proving to be an outstanding choice for quality healthcare environments. According
to  Architectural Record , accelerated
Become a construction
Scribd member methods have
for full been Your
access. employed since the 1960s and
now account for an estimated 40 percent of all building projects. The range of modular healthcare
first 30 days are free.
 buildings existing today attests to the diversity and creativity that modular processes afford. Modular
construction is an attractive option to get dialysis treatment centers up and running quickly and
efficiently. Continue for Free
Fibonacci Series
The Fibonacci Series is a sequence of numbers first created by Leonardo Fibonacci (fi-bo-na-chee) in
1202. It is a deceptively simple series, but its ramifications and applications are nearly limitless. It has
fascinated and perplexed mathematicians for over 700 years, and nearly everyone who has worked with
it has added a new piece to the Fibonacci puzzle, a new tidbit of information about the series and how it
works. Fibonacci mathematics is a constantly expanding branch of number theory, with more and more
 people being drawn into the complex subtleties of Fibonacci legacy.
The Fibonacci sequence is the series of numbers:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34...
The next number is found by adding up the two numbers before it.
  The 2 is found by adding the two numbers before it (1+1)
  Similarly, the 3 is found by adding the two numbers before it (1+2),

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