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Pentose Phosphate Pathway

The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH, which is essential for anabolic processes. It has three phases - oxidation, isomerization, and rearrangement - each producing different metabolites. The oxidation phase exclusively generates NADPH. The isomerization phase produces ribose-5-phosphate, needed for nucleic acids. The rearrangement phase yields various sugar lengths that feed into other pathways like glycolysis or the TCA cycle. The pathway provides precursors for biosynthesis and maintains redox balance.

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52 views2 pages

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH, which is essential for anabolic processes. It has three phases - oxidation, isomerization, and rearrangement - each producing different metabolites. The oxidation phase exclusively generates NADPH. The isomerization phase produces ribose-5-phosphate, needed for nucleic acids. The rearrangement phase yields various sugar lengths that feed into other pathways like glycolysis or the TCA cycle. The pathway provides precursors for biosynthesis and maintains redox balance.

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Ishita Singh
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Pentose Phosphate Pathway

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The pentose phosphate pathway is the major source for the NADPH required for anabolic
processes. There are three distinct phases each of which has a distinct outcome. Depending
on the needs of the organism the metabolites of that outcome can be fed into many other
pathways. Gluconeogenesis is directly connected to the pentose phosphate pathway. As the
need for glucose-6-phosphate (the beginning metabolite in the pentose phosphate pathway)
increases so does the activity of gluconeogenesis.

Introduction
The main molecule in the body that makes anabolic processes possible is NADPH. Because
of the structure of this molecule it readily donates hydrogen ions to metabolites thus reducing
them and making them available for energy harvest at a later time. The PPP is the main
source of synthesis for NADPH. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is also responsible for
the production of Ribose-5-phosphate which is an important part of nucleic acids. Finally the
PPP can also be used to produce glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate which can then be fed into the
TCA and ETC cycles allowing for the harvest of energy. Depending on the needs of the cell
certain enzymes can be regulated and thus increasing or decreasing the production of desired
metabolites. The enzymes reasonable for catalyzing the steps of the PPP are found most
abundantly in the liver (the major site of gluconeogenesis) more specifically in the cytosol.
The cytosol is where fatty acid synthesis takes place which is a NADPH dependent process.

Oxidation Phase
 The beginning molecule for the PPP is glucose-6-P which is the second intermediate
metabolite in glycolysis. Glucose-6-P is oxidized in the presence of glucose-6-P
dehydrogenase and NADP+. This step is irreversible and is highly regulated. NADPH
and fatty acyl-CoA are strong negative inhibitors to this enzyme. The purpose of this
is to decrease production of NADPH when concentrations are high or the synthesis of
fatty acids is no longer necessary.
 The metabolic product of this step is gluconolactone which is hydrolytrically unstable.
Gluconolactonase causes gluconolactone to undergo a ring opening hydrolysis. The
product of this reaction is the more stable sugar acid, 6-phospho-D-gluconate.
 6-phospho-D-gluconate is oxidized by NADP+ in the presence of 6-phosphogluconate
dehydrogenase which yields ribulose-5-phosphate.
 The oxidation phase of the PPP is solely responsible for the production of the
NADPH to be used in anabolic processes.

Isomerization Phase
 Ribulose-5-phosphate can then be isomerized by phosphopentose isomerase to
produce ribose-5-phosphate. Ribose-5-phosphate is one of the main building blocks of
nucleic acids and the PPP is the primary source of production of ribose-5-phosphate.
 If production of ribose-5-phosphate exceeds the needs of required ribose-5-phosphate
in the organism, then phosphopentose epimerase catalyzes a chiralty rearrangement
about the center carbon creating xylulose-5-phosphate.
 The products of these two reactions can then be rearranged to produce many different
length carbon chains. These different length carbon chains have a variety of metabolic
fates.

Rearrangement Phase
 There are two main classes of enzymes responsible for the rearrangement and
synthesis of the different length carbon chain molecules. These are transketolase and
transaldolase.
 Transketolase is responsible for the cleaving of a two carbon unit from xylulose-5-P
and adding that two carbon unit to ribose-5-P thus resulting in glyceraldehyde-3-P and
sedoheptulose-7-P.
 Transketolase is also responsible for the cleaving of a two carbon unit from xylulose-
5-P and adding that two carbon unit to erythrose-4-P resulting in glyceraldehyde-3-P
and fructose-6-P.
 Transaldolase is responsible for cleaving the three carbon unit from sedoheptulose-7-
P and adding that three carbon unit to glyceraldehyde-3-P thus resulting in erythrose-
4-P and fructose-6-P.
 The end results of the rearrangement phase is a variety of different length sugars
which can be fed into many other metabolic processes. For example, fructose-6-P is a
key intermediate of glycolysis as well as glyceraldehyde-3-P.

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