萤火虫 PTE 真题预测

2022.02.24 – 2022.03.02
 本周预测更新一览

题型 ID 内容 改动
RA #011198 Delta variant of coronavirus 新题
RS #021109 The Internet provides unusual opportunities for students and current events. 重回
What distinguishes him from others is his dramatic use of black and white
RS #021283 升频
photography.
RS #021402 Fishing is a sport and a means for surviving. 升频
RS #021464 Remember your essay should be less than two thousand words. 升频
DI #031168 Computers Then and Now 重回
DI #031264 Input-Output Process 重回
DI #031308 The world's biggest chocolate consumers 新题
ASQ #051024 How many countries are involved in a mutual agreement? 重回
On what geographical location would someone be living if their country is
ASQ #051076 重回
surrounded by water on all side?
ASQ #051113 What do we call the first meal of the day? 重回

ASQ #051493 What do you call the person who plays musical instruments as a job? 重回

ASQ #051584 What do we call a person who repairs cars?--Auto technician/mechanic 新题

ASQ #051585 What do we call the animals which eat meat?--Carnivore/predator 新题

ASQ #051586 What is the opposite of the color "white"? - Black. 新题

ASQ #051587 Where do submarines usually travel? - Underwater. 新题

ASQ #051588 what do we use to get to the third floor when the elevator is broken? - Stairs. 新题
ASQ #051589 What is the item of footwear to protect and comfort human foot? - Shoes. 新题
RO #061077 Amino Acid 修改
FIB-RW #071159 Interior design 重回
FIB-R #081053 Children who skip school（考试变为下拉） 重回
FIB-R #081118 Biological systems 重回
FIB-R #081169 Assessments of language learning 新题
SWT #091057 Compulsory Voting in UK 英国强制投票 重回

SWT #091055 Skip Breakfast 不吃早餐 重回

SWT #091112 The Greenland Sharks 格陵兰鲨 升频
SWT #091118 United Nations Volunteers (UNV) program 联合国志愿者计划 重回
SST #111232 Tobacco/cigarette packaging 香烟包装（补充回忆） 补充
Manufacture can employ more people than agriculture and fishing
WFD #131333 重回
combined.
WFD #131537 Imported packages are likely to be used in many computers. 重回
WFD #131954 Online courses enable people to improve their skills while employed. 新题
WFD #131955 Joining the societies is a great way to meet new people. 新题
Read Aloud
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共 6-7 题，命中 1-5 题

备战策略
预测押题＞机经总题库（保证单词都读对）
借助 SST 文本、SWT 文本、FIB 文本作为陌生文段练习

当前趋势
新增了有关新冠话题的题目，最近可以多关注新冠词汇

本次更新
新增 1 题：#011198 Delta variant of coronavirus
Blue #011001

While blue is one of the most popular colors, it is one of the least appetizing. Food researchers say that when
humans searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or spoiled objects, which were often blue, black or
purple. When food dyed blue is served to study subjects, they lose appetite.

Carbon Emission #011002

When countries assess their annual carbon emissions, they count up their cars and power stations, but bush
fires are not included – presumably because they are deemed to be events beyond human control. In Australia,
Victoria alone sees several hundred thousand hectares burn each year; in both 2004 and more recently, the
figure has been over one million hectares.

Tesla and Edison #011003

Tesla's theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating current electric power systems. Thomas Edison
promised him almost one million dollars in today's money to undertake motor and generator improvement.
However, when Tesla, the ethical Serb, asked about the money, Edison’s reportedly reply was "Tesla, you don't
understand our American humor." The pair became arch-rivals.

Productive Capacity #011004

The core of the problem was the immense disparity between the country's productive capacity and the ability
of people to consume. Great innovations in productive techniques during and after the war raised the output of
industry beyond the purchasing capacity of U.S. farmers and wage earners.

Father #011005

Every morning, no matter how late he had been up, my father rose at five-thirty, went to his study, wrote for a
couple of hours, made us all breakfast, read the paper with my mother, and then went back to work for the rest
of the morning. Many years passed before I realized that he did this for a living.

Himalayas #011006

Although it hails from a remote region of the western Himalayas, this plant now looks entirely at home on the
banks of English rivers, and colonized river banks and damp woodlands. In the Himalayas the plant is held in
check by various pests, but take these away and it grows and reproduces unhindered. Now it is spreading
across Europe, New Zealand, Canada and the US.

Pluto #011007

Pluto lost its official status when the International Astronomical Union downsized the solar system from nine to
eight planets. Although there had been passionate debate at the General Assembly Meeting in Prague about
the definition of a planet, and whether Pluto met the specifications, the audience greeted the decision to
exclude it with applause.

Lincoln #011009

Lincoln's apparently radical change of mind about his war powers to emancipate slaves was caused by the
escalating scope of the war, which convinced him that any measure to weaken the Confederacy and strengthen
the Union war effort was justifiable as a military necessity.

Shakespeare #011010

A young man from a small provincial town, a man without independent wealth, without powerful family
connections and without a university education, moves to London in the fifteen eighties, and becomes a
remarkable playwright of all time. How is an achievement of magnitude made? How does Shakespeare become
Shakespeare?

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Domestication #011011

Domestication is an evolutionary, rather than a political development. They were more likely to survive and
prosper in an alliance with humans than on their own. Humans provided the animals with food and protection,
in exchange for which the animals provided the humans their milk and eggs and, yes, their flesh

Akimbo #011012

Akimbo, this must be one of the odder-looking words in the language and puzzles us in part because it doesn't
seem to have any relatives. What's more, it is now virtually a fossil word, until recently almost invariably found
in arms akimbo, a posture in which a person stands with hands on hips and elbows sharply bent outward, one
signalling impatience or hostility.

Elephant #011014

The elephant is the largest living land mammal. During evolution, its skeleton has greatly altered from the usual
mammal, designed for two main reasons. One is to cope with the great weight of huge grinding cheek teeth
and elongated tusk, making the skull particularly massive. The other is to support the enormous bulk of such a
huge body.

Avi Loeb #011015

The situation is similar to a pregnant woman that has twin babies in her belly, says Avi Loeb of the Harvard-
Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. He's proposing the idea in a paper that's been accepted for publication in
the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Grand Canyon #011017

Few things in the world produce such amazement as one's first glimpse of the Grand Canyon; it took around
more than 2 billion years to create this vast wonder in some places. 17 miles wide, largely through the
relentless force of the Colorado River, which runs 277 miles along its length and a mile beneath its towering
rims.

Global Warming #011020

Global warming is defined as an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere. This trend
began in the middle of the 20th century and is one of the major environmental concerns of scientists and
governmental officials worldwide. The changes in temperature result mostly from the effect of increased
concentrations of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.

Marine Biologist #011021

The speaker is a marine biologist who became interested in the Strandlopers, an ancient people who lived on
the coastline, because of their connection to the sea. Their way of life intrigued him. As a child he had spent a
lot of time by the sea, exploring and collecting things – so he began to study them, and discovered some
interesting information about their way of life, how they hunted, what tools they used, and so on.

Furniture #011023

There are perhaps three ways of looking at furniture: some people see it as purely functional and useful, and
don't bother themselves with aesthetics; others see it as essential to civilized living and concern themselves
with design and how the furniture will look in a room. In other words, function combined with aesthetics; and
yet others see furniture as a form of art.

Modern buildings #011024

Modern buildings have to achieve certain performance requirements, at least to satisfy those of building codes,
to provide a safe, healthy, and comfortable environment. However, these conditioned environments demand

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resources in energy and materials, which are both limited in supply, to build and operate.

Historian #011026

As a historian, if you really want to understand the sensibilities of those who lived in the past, you must be like
a novelist and get into the skins of your characters and think and feel as they do. You are asked to imagine
what it's like to be a peasant in medieval times, asking the sort of questions a peasant might ask. What the
writer is saying is that a historian needs imaginative sympathy with ordinary people in the past.

Energy and Pollution #011030

Humans need to use energy in order to exist. So it is unsurprising that the way people have been producing
energy is largely responsible for current environmental problems. Pollution comes in many forms, but those
that are most concerning, because of their impact on health, result from the combustion of fuels in power
stations and cars.

The Border #011034

The border itself between Mexico and United States is fraught with a mix of urban and desert terrain and spans
over one thousand nine hundred miles. Both the uninhabited areas of the border and urban areas are where
the most drug trafficking and illegal crossings take place. Crime is prevalent in urban cities like El Paso, Texas
and San Diego, California.

Long-Distance Fliers #011035

Researchers think that long-distance fliers such as the American golden-plover and the white-rumped
sandpiper picked up the spores while lining their nests. Then when the birds arrive in new places they molt,
leaving behind the feathers and their precious cargo-to start growing again at the other end of the world.

Moods #011038

Moods may also have an effect on how information is processed, by influencing the extent to which judges rely
on pre-existing, internal information, or focus on new, external information. Positive moods promote more
holistic and top-down processing style, while negative moods recruit more stimulus-driven and bottom-up
processing.

CD-Quality Sound #011046

Reiss took a stab at settling the argument with a meta-analysis, a study of studies, on whether people can really
perceive better-than CD-quality sound. He analyzed data from 18 studies, including more than 400 participants
and nearly thirteen thousand listening tests. Overall, listeners picked out the better-than CD-quality track fifty-
two point three percent of the time. Statistically significant, if not all that impressive.

Hunted Species #011063

It's not that human activities didn't impact wildlife at all of course. Heavily hunted species, like white-tailed
deer, grey squirrels, and raccoons, were photographed somewhat less often in hunted areas. Coyotes showed
up more often in hunted areas. While most species didn't avoid hiking trails, the predators actually preferred
them.

Trade Unions #011064

Trade unions originated in Europe during the industrial revolution. Because of the machinery that had become
commonplace, skilled labour became less in demand so employers had nearly all of the bargaining power.
Employers mistreated the workers and paid them too little for the work they did. Trade unions were organised
that would help in the improvement of working conditions.

Brain Hemispheres [V1] #011078

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The brain is divided into two hemispheres, called the left and the right hemispheres. Each hemisphere provides
a different set of functions, behaviors, and controls. The right hemisphere is often called the creative side of the
brain, while the left hemisphere is the logical or analytic side of the brain. The right hemisphere controls the left
side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the right side.

Introvert and Extrovert #011079

Introvert, or those of us with introverted tendencies, tends to recharge by spending time alone. They lose
energy from being around people for long periods of time, particularly large crowds. Extroverts, on the other
hand, gain energy from other people. Extroverts actually find their energy is sapped when they spend too much
time alone. They recharge by being social.

Microbes #011089

Such cross-protection is usually seen between two animals. But Gore studies the same sort of mutualism in
microbes. He and his team demonstrated the first experimental example of that cross-protective relationship in
drug-resistant microbes, using two strains of antibiotic-resistant E. coli bacteria: one resistant to ampicillin, the
other to chloramphenicol.

Natural Selection #011090

Charles Darwin published his paper "On the Origin of Species" in 1859. It is one of the most well-known pieces
of scientific literature in human history. In the paper, Darwin proposes the theory of natural selection. He states
that for any generation of any species, there will always be a struggle for survival. Individuals who are better
suited to the environment are "fitter", and therefore have a much higher chance of surviving and reproducing.
This means that later generations are likely to inherit these stronger genetic traits.

Botanic Garden #011092

Botanic gardens are scientific and cultural institutions established to collect, study, exchange, and display plants
for research and for the education and enjoyment of the public. There are major botanic gardens in each capital
city. Zoological parks and aquariums are primarily engaged in the breeding, preservation, and display of native
and exotic fauna in captivity.

Augustus #011101

Augustus was given the powers of an absolute monarch, but he presented himself as the preserver of
republican traditions. He treated the Senate, or state council, with great respect, and was made Consul year
after year. He successfully reduced the political power of the army by retiring many soldiers, but giving them
land or money to keep their loyalty.

Industrial Revolution #011102

As to the Industrial Revolution, one cannot dispute today the fact that it has succeeded in inaugurating in a
number of countries a level of mass prosperity which was undreamt of in the days preceding the Industrial
Revolution. But, on the immediate impact of Industrial Revolution, there were substantial divergences among
writers.

Major Breeding Areas #011103

Major breeding areas and breeding islands are shown as dark green areas or darts. Open darts show no-
breeding records on islands and are also used for offshore sightings that are from ships or boats. Other areas
where species are not meant to be seen are pale green, with pale green hatching where records are usually
sparse.

Stress #011105

This study tracked about one thousand adults in the United States, and they ranged in age from thirty-four to

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ninety-three, and they started the study by asking, "How much stress have you experienced in the last year?"
They also asked, "How much time have you spent helping out friends, neighbors, people in your community?"
And then they used public records for the next five years to find out who died.

Vanilla #011106

The uniquely scented flavor of vanilla is second only to chocolate in popularity on the world's palate. It's also
the second most expensive spice after saffron. But highly labor-intensive cultivation methods and the plant's
temperamental life cycle and propagation mean production on a global scale is struggling to keep up with the
increasing demand for the product.

Teacher’s instruction #011108

In classes, your teachers will talk about topics that you are studying. The information that they provide will be
important to know when you take tests. You must be able to take good written notes from what your teacher
says.

Private Equity #011110

It isn't rare for private equity houses to hire graduates fresh out of business schools, but nine times out of ten,
the students who nab these jobs are the ones who had private equity experience before even starting their
MBA program.

No ordinary book #011111

This book is no ordinary book and should not be read through from beginning to end. It contains many
different adventures, and the path you take will depend on the choices you make along the way. The success or
failure of your mission will hinge on the decisions you make, so think carefully before choosing.

MBA #011112

Exhilarating, exhausting and intense. There are just some of the words used to describe doing an MBA.
Everyone's experience of doing MBA is, of course, different through denying that it's hard and a demanding
work whichever course you do. MBA is one of the fastest growing areas of studying in the UK so that there
must be a sustainable benefit to be gained from such pain.

Legal Writing #011113

Legal writing is usually less discursive than writing in other humanities subjects, and precision is more
important than variety. Sentence structure should not be too complex; it is usually unnecessary to make
extensive use of adjectives or adverbs, and consistency of terms is often required.

Semiconductor #011114

The semiconductor industry has been able to improve the performance of electronic systems for more than
four decades by making ever-smaller devices. However, this approach will soon encounter both scientific and
technical limits, which is why the industry is exploring a number of alternative device technologies.

Weakness #011116

Weakness in electronics, auto and gas station sales dragged down overall retail sales last month, but excluding
those three categories, retailers enjoyed healthy increases across the board, according to government figures
released Wednesday. Moreover, December sales numbers were also revised higher.

Japanese tea ceremony #011117

The Japanese tea ceremony is a ritual tour influenced by Buddhism in which green tea is prepared and served
to a small group of guests in a peaceful setting. The ceremony can take as long as four hours and there are

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many traditional gestures that both the server and the guest must perform.

Russia #011119

Long isolated from Western Europe, Russia grew up without participating in the development like the
Reformation that many Europeans taking pride in their unique culture, find dubious value. Russia is, as a result,
the most unusual member of European family, if indeed it is European at all. The question is still open to
debate, particularly among Russians themselves.

Orientalists #011122

Orientalists, like many other nineteenth-century thinkers, conceive of humanity either in large collective terms
or in abstract generalities. Orientalists are neither interested in nor capable of discussing individuals; instead,
artificial entities predominate. Similarly, the age-old distinction between "Europe" and "Asia" or "Occident" and
"Orient" herds beneath very wide labels of every possible variety of human plurality, reducing it in the process
to one or two terminal collective abstractions.

Fast food #011123

Hundreds of millions of American people eat fast food every day without giving it much thought, unaware of
the subtle and not so subtle ramifications of their purchases. They just grasp a hamburger and unwrap it and
tossed the wrap into the bin. The whole experience is transitory and soon forgotten.

Australian English #011124

Australians speak English of course. But for many tourists and even some locals, Australian English has only
tenuous links with the mother tongue. Our speech is peppered with words and phrases whose arcane meanings
are understood only by the native speaker. It is these colorful colloquialisms that Australian slang is yet to truly
explain.

Statistical Information #011125

The provision of accurate and authoritative statistical information strengthens our society. It provides a basis
for decisions to be made on public policy, such as determining electoral boundaries and where to locate
schools and hospitals. It allows businesses to know their market, grow their business, and improve their
marketing strategies by targeting their activities appropriately.

The Preparation of Abstract #011127

The preparation of abstracts is an intellectual effort, requiring general familiarity with the subject. To bring out
the salient points of an author's argument calls for skill and experience. Consequently, a considerable amount
of qualified manpower that could be used to advantage in other ways must be diverted to the task of
facilitating access to information.

Shrimp #011129

Shrimp farmers used to hold animals in nursery ponds for 30 to 60 days; now they try to move them into grow-
out ponds in less than 30 days. This reduces stress on the animals and dramatically increases survivals in the
grow-out ponds. Many farms that abandoned nursery ponds have gone back to them, and the results have
been surprisingly positive. They're using the old, uncovered, earthen, nursery ponds.

Environmental Policy Course #011130

Along with customary classes on subjects such as finance, accounting, and marketing, today's MBA students are
enrolling on courses for environmental policy and stewardship. Indeed, more than half of business schools
require a course in environmental sustainability or corporate social responsibility, according to a survey of 91
US business schools, published in October 2005.

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Public Demand for Education #011131

Public demand for education has remained strong, reflecting the importance of education as a means of social
progress. Aware of the added value of education to the world of work, the government continues to innovate
and update the education system in order to produce a qualified and competent workforce.

Business School Admissions #011132

Business school admissions officers said the new drive to attract younger students was in part the result of a
realization that they had inadvertently limited their applicant pool by requiring several year's work experience.
Talented students who might otherwise have gone to business school instead opted for a law or policy degree
because they were intimidated by the expectation of work experience.

Online Shopping Environments #011133

A unique characteristic of online shopping environments is that they allow vendors to create retail interfaces
with highly interactive features. One desirable form of interactivity from a consumer perspective is the
implementation of sophisticated tools to assist shoppers in their purchase decisions by customizing the
electronic shopping environment to their individual preferences.

Bookkeepers #011135

A national study into fraud by bookkeepers employed at small and medium-sized businesses has uncovered
sixty-five instances of theft in more than five years, with more than thirty-one million dollars stolen. Of the
cases identified by the research, 56 involved women and nine instances involved men. However, male
bookkeepers who defrauded their employers stole three times, on average, the amount that women stole.

Domestic Work #011136

Traditional divisions of domestic work are understood to persist because of the strong association of the home
with femininity and paid work with masculinity, to challenge who does what in the home is arguably equivalent
to challenging what it is to be a woman or a man.

The Only Family #011137

Imagine living all your life as the only family on your street. Then, one morning, you open the front door and
discover houses all around you. You see neighbors tending their gardens and children walking to school. Where
did all the people come from? What if the answer turned out to be that they had always been there, you just
hadn't seen them?

The Most Measurable Benefit #011139

Perhaps the most measurable benefit of the program has been the opportunity to meet in small groups,
something that is difficult to arrange in such a desperate organization. Many officers would have to work
together for thirty years but would not know each other's strengths and weaknesses.

Important Values of Literature #011142

Certainly, one of the important values of literature is that it nourishes our emotional lives. An effective literary
work may seem to speak directly to us especially if we are ripe for it. The inner life that good writers reveal in
their characters often gives us glimpses of some portion of ourselves. We can be moved to laugh, cry, tremble,
dream, ponder, shriek, or rage with a character by simply turning the page instead of turning our lives upside
down.

Internal Combustion Engine #011143

Internal combustion engine enables the driver to decide which source of power is appropriate for the travel
requirements of a given journey. Major US auto manufacturers are now developing feasible hybrid electric

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vehicles, and some are exploring fuel-cell technology for their electric cars.

Recycle #011148

When we recycle, used materials are converted into new products, reducing the need to consume natural
resources. If used materials are not recycled, new products are made by extracting fresh, raw material from the
Earth, through mining and forestry. Recycling helps conserve important raw materials and protects natural
habitats for the future.

Soil Samples #011150

Investigators also compared those microbes with those living in fifty-two other soil samples taken from all
around the planet. The park had organisms that also exist in deserts, frozen tundra, forests, rainforests, and
prairies. Antarctica was the only area that had microbes that did not overlap with those found in Central Park.
Only a small percentage of the park's microbes were found to be already listed in databases.

Electronic Discourse #011155

Electronic discourse is one form of interactive electronic communication. In this study, we reserve the term for
the two-directional texts in which one person using a keyboard writes language that appears on the sender's
monitor and is transmitted to the monitor of a recipient, who responds by a keyboard.

The Training of an Actor #011157

The training of an actor is an intensive process which requires curiosity, courage and commitment. You will
learn how to prepare for rehearsal, how to rehearse and how to use independent and proactive processes that
inform you to do the best work possible for both stage and screen.

Examination Candidates #011159

The department determines whether or not the candidate has passed the examination. In cases where an
appearance for the final public oral examination would constitute a substantial financial hardship for the
candidate, the director of graduate studies, may recommend to the dean of the Graduate School for a virtual ,
video-conferenced examination of the candidate.

Companies #011160

Companies will want to be known not just for the financial results they generate, but equally for the imprint
they leave on society as a whole. First, ensuring that their products contribute positively. Second, operating in a
way that approaches a net-neutral impact to the natural environment. And third, cherishing their people.

Global Financial Crisis #011162

New research shows that during the global financial crisis, workers who stayed in jobs did not reduce their
working hours, despite the claims that cuts in hours have led to job losses. A study found that the life of people
who stayed with the same employer remained relatively unchanged.

Brain hemispheres [V2] #011163

The brain is divided into its hemispheres by a prominent groove. At the base of this lies nerve fibers which
enable these two halves of the brain to communicate with each other. But the left hemisphere usually controls
movement and sensation in the right side of the body, while the right hemisphere similarly controls the left side
of the body.

Publication #011164

For the first two or three years after the Second World War, a new title would often sell out within a few
months of publication. However, unless public demand for the book was unusually high, they were rarely able

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to reprint it. With paper stocks strictly rationed, they could not afford to use up precious paper or tie up their
limited capital with a reprint.

Scientific evidence #011168

The latest scientific evidence on the nature and strength of the links between diet and chronic diseases is
examined and discussed in detail in the following sections of this report. This section gives an overall view of
the current situation and trends in chronic diseases at the global level.

Jacobson #011169

It was found that while many companies express interest in Jacobson's use case approach, actual scenario
usage often falls outside what is described in textbooks and standard methodologies. Users therefore face
significant scenario management problems not yet addressed adequately in theory or practice, and are
demanding solutions to these problems.

Australian Mining Industries #011171

Australia has one of the world's most important mining industries. It is a major exporter of coal, iron ore, gold,
bauxite, and copper, and is self-sufficient in all minerals bar petroleum. Since the first discoveries of coal in
1798, mineral production has risen every year; in the decade to 1992, it doubled.

Chasing the Flame #011172

Yet it is precisely in observing the intertwinings of success and failure that Chasing the Flame makes its greatest
mark. With piercing insight and relentless logic, it reveals the pitfalls of international politics and details an
intricate struggle between individual and institution. It haunts us with the poignant truth that even a great man
can do only so much to reinvent the world.

Funding #011173

The most important issue is concerned with the problem of funding. Social services receive different donations
or grants from the government. However, these sums are not sufficient for the solution of all problems. The
second most important issue consists of huge spending. The money social services achieve is not enough for
normal functioning. The third problem, affecting human services, is the lack of skilled and experienced
employees.

A thesis #011174

A thesis is a claim that you can argue for or against. It should be something that you can present persuasively
and clearly in the scope of your paper, so keep in mind the page count. If possible, your thesis should also be
somewhat original.

Telecommunication #011178

Today, telecommunication is widespread and devices that assist the progress are common in many parts of the
world. There is also a vast array of networks that connect these devices, including computer, telephone and
cable networks. Computer communication across the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging, is just one
of many examples of telecommunication.

Food is important #011181

Food is one of the most important things you'll ever buy. And yet most people never bother to think about
their food and where it comes from. People spend a lot more time worrying about what kind of blue jeans to
wear, what kind of video games to play, what kind of computers to buy.

Microscopic invaders #011182

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We all know about bacteria, viruses, and microscopic protozoa. We can watch the way that these tiny agents
move into our bodies and damage our organs. We have a growing understanding of how our body mounts
defensive strategies that fight off these invaders, and have built some clever chemical that can help mount an
assault on these bio-villains.

Conservation scientists #011183

Conservation scientists have long tried to map how much of the planet remains undegraded by human activity.
Previous estimates using satellite imagery or raw demographic data found anywhere from 20 to 40 percent of
the globe was free from obvious human incursions, such as roads, light pollution or the gaping scars of
deforestation. But an intact forest canopy can hide an emptied-out ecosystem below.

Demographic change #011184

How quickly this occurs depends on the dynamics of fertility, mortality and overseas migration. While a
moderate pace of demographic change allows for gradual adjustment of the economy and policies to the
changing population demographics, rapid changes are more difficult to manage. As a result, governments and
society as a whole may need to take actions to address these issues.

Sleep behavior #011185

Sleep behavior is also known as sleep disorder. People with sleep disorder often talk or walk in their sleep. They
are not aware of what they are talking about or where they are going. There aren't any serious effects on the
body in general but it may be connected to mental health. People with childhood trauma, unspeakable
problems or depression are the ones with different sleep behaviors.

Physical Activity #011186

Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's health and wellbeing.
Regular physical activity is important in reducing the risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and stroke,
obesity, diabetes and some forms of cancer. The National Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults recommends at
least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of the week, to obtain health
benefits.

Biology #011188

Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical
processes, physiological mechanisms and evolution. Certain unifying concepts consolidate it into a single and
coherent field that recognizes genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels
creation and extinction.

Ozone ascents #011190

A total of five ozone ascents were taken at Indian mission Antarctica from April to June 2016 (two thousand
and sixteen). As stratospheric temperatures reduced to -82.24℃ (negative eighty-two point twenty-four degree
Celsius) on the twentieth of June 2016 (two thousand and sixteen) indicating the formation of stratospheric
clouds, leading scientists feared that Montreal Accord has not succeeded to control the emission of ozone-
depleting gases in the atmosphere.

Charlie Chaplin #011191

Charlie Chaplin and his brother Sydney were placed in an orphanage at a very early age. Becoming a vaudeville
performer, he joined Fred Karno's company in 1906 (nineteen-o-six). He made his film debut in Making a Living
and introduced the famous seedy and soft-hearted gentleman-tramp routine, which became his hallmark.
Numerous films for various studios brought him world fame, all based on his mastery of pathos and slapstick
acrobatics.

第 10 页 /共 128 页
English colonies #011192

English colonies emerged along the eastern seaboard for a variety of reasons. People, primarily men, originally
migrated to Virginia to find gold and silver to make a quick profit. After it became evident that there were no
precious metals in the area, men came to Virginia to start cultivating cash crops like tobacco.

Aquaculture #011193

Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans,
molluscs and aquatic plants. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under
controlled conditions.

History is selective #011194

History is selective. What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but what
historians have selected. They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made. Choices must similarly be
made about which aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next generation in the shape of school
history lessons.

Tissues and organs #011195

Tissues are grouped together in the body to form organs. These include the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, and
liver. Each body organ has a specific shape and is made up of different types of tissue that work together. For
example, the heart consists mainly of a specialized type of muscle tissue, which contracts rhythmically to
provide the heart's pumping action.

Hunter-gatherer #011196

The life of a hunter-gatherer is indeed, as Thomas Hobbes said of the state of nature, 'solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short'. In some respects, to be sure, wandering through the jungle bagging monkeys may be
preferable to the hard slog of subsistence agriculture.

Blue whales #011197

Blue whales are the largest living mammals. Though reports of maximum length and weight vary from one
account to another, Antarctic blue whales are known to have reached lengths to 100 feet and weights of over
150 tons before stocks were severely depleted by whaling operations.

Delta variant of coronavirus #011198

As the Delta variant of coronavirus sweeps the U.S. businesses, universities and cities such as New York and San
Francisco have introduced vaccine mandates to boost uptake of jabs, but vaccine hesitancy remains high and a
cottage industry for bogus inoculation cards has emerged to help people get around the rules.

Marketing Management #011120

For any marketing course that requires the development of a marketing plan, such as Marketing Management,
Marketing Strategy and Principles of Marketing. This is the only planning handbook that guides students
through step by step creations of a customized marketing plan while offering commercial software to aid in the
process.

21st century #011121

The beginning of the twenty-first century will be remembered, not for military conflicts or political events, but
for a whole new age of globalization, a "flattening" of the world. The explosion of advanced technologies now
means that suddenly knowledge pools and resources have connected all over the planet, leveling the playing
field as never before.

第 11 页 /共 128 页
Deaf children #011179

Deaf children learning a language could certainly pursue the development of listening and spoken language
skills if desired, and doing so would carry much less risk knowing the child would have mastery in at least one
language. If a child does not succeed in mastering either a spoken language or a sign language, we must then
ask how much benefit the child derived from interventions in each language relative to the amount of time and
resources dedicated to those interventions

Artificial Neural Networks #011187

Artificial Neural Networks have recently become the state-of-the-art technique for crucial signal processing
applications such as specific frequency classification, structural health monitoring, disease detection in power
electronics circuitry and motor-fault detection. This is an expected outcome as there are numerous advantages
of using adaptive and compact deep counterparts, which can be efficiently trained with a limited dataset of
signals, besides requiring data transformation.

第 12 页 /共 128 页
Repeat Sentence
命中率：中 优先级：高
共 10-12 句，命中 2-6 句

备战策略
预测刷题＞机经总题库＞非真题
以“读熟”为目标，保证开口流利度

当前趋势
每周少量新题增加

本次更新
重回 1 题：#021109
升频 3 题：#021283，#021402，#021464
1.A computer virus destroyed all my files. #021001
2.A lot of agricultural workers came to the east end to look for alternative work. #021002
3.A periodical is a publication that is issued regularly. #021003
4.A preliminary bibliography is due the week before the spring break. #021004
5.A study skill seminar is on for the students who require assistance. #021005
6.A thorough bibliography is needed at the end of every assignment. #021006
7.All essays and seminar papers submitted must be emailed to your tutor. #021007
8.All the assignments should be submitted by the end of this week. #021014
9.Anyone who has a problem with their accommodation should speak to the welfare officer. #021018
10.Being a vegan means not consuming any animal product. #021021
11.Conferences are always scheduled on the third Wednesday of the month. #021022
12.African elephant is the largest living land mammal in the world. #021030
13.Even with a permit, finding a parking spot on campus is almost impossible. #021032
14.I will be in my office every day from ten to twelve. #021044
15.I've got a tutorial in an hour and I haven't had any time to prepare for it. #021048
16.If you forget your student number, you need to contact Jenny Brice. #021049
17.Meeting with mentors could be arranged for students who need additional help. #021066
18.Meteorology is a detailed study of earth's atmosphere. #021067
19.Most assignments need to be submitted on the same day. #021070
20.To get further extension, you need to call the education executive on 401. #021085
21.In this library, reserve collection books can be borrowed for up to three hours. #021091
22.The residence hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time at the end of the semester. #021092

23.She is an expert in the eighteenth century French literature. #021094

24.Students are so scared of writing essays because they have never learned how. #021099
25.The Internet provides unusual opportunities for students and current events. #021109
26.The course comprises twenty hours of lectures, seminars, and tutorials per week. #021110
27.The clear evidence between brain events and behavioral events is always fascinating. #021114
28.The contest includes both land living history and the human history. #021116
29.The first few sentences of an essay should capture the reader's attention. #021124
30.The medical center is located near the supermarket on North Street. #021133
31.The original Olympic Games were celebrated as religious festivals. #021139
32.The part of the story is the story of my father. #021140
33.The pharmacy was closed when I went past this morning. #021141
34.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. #021160
35.The visiting professor is going to give a lecture on geology. #021161
36.There are lots of students competing for the places in computer courses. #021164
37.There will be a guest lecturer visiting the psychology department next month. #021170
38.We are delighted to have professor Robert to join our faculty. #021182
39.A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry. #021207

第 13 页 /共 128 页
40.We're constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture close together. #021214
41.I can't attend the lecture because I have a doctor's appointment. #021215
42.I'm glad you got here safely. #021219
43.If you have problems, please contact your tutor. #021220
44.Newspapers across the country have been reporting stories of the president. #021225
45.The first person in space was from the Soviet Union. #021232
46.There are various approaches for plagiarism across different university departments. #021237
47.Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic electives clash on my time table. #021239
48.We should take gender into account when analyzing the data. #021241
49.Companies exist to make money, not to change society. #021245
50.To answer such a complex question with a simple yes or no is absolutely impossible. #021246
51.In eighteen thirty, periodicals appeared in large numbers in America #021256
52.Nearly half of the television outputs are given away for educational programs. #021260
53.Number the beakers and put them away before tomorrow. #021261
54.Organic food is grown without applying chemicals and possesses no artificial additives. #021262
55.Rules of breaks and lunch time vary from one company to another. #021264
56.Student discount cards can be used on campus at the coffee house. #021266
57.The library is located on the other side of the campus behind the student center. #021273
58.The study of archaeology requires extensive international fieldwork. #021277
59.The U.S. ranks the twenty second in foreign aid, given as a percentage of GDP. #021280
60.What distinguishes him from others is his dramatic use of black and white photography. #021283
61.The student welfare officer can help students with different issues. #021288
62.Your tutor is there to help you, so do ask if you don't understand something. #021304
63.I don’t understand what the comment on my essay means at all. #021306
64.Our university has strong partnerships with industry as well as collaborative relationships with government
bodies. #021308
65.Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures. #021311
66.The program depends entirely on private funding. #021316
67.If she doesn't speak the language, she will not sit around and wait for a translator. #021321
68.In my free time, I would like to read current affairs and newspapers. #021344
69.The hypothesis on the black hole is rendered moot as the explanation for the explosion. #021346
70.You can retake the module if your marks are too low. #021347
71.It's within the framework that we carry out our survey. #021356
72.Don't hesitate to email me if you have any questions. #021362
73.The cafeteria closes soon but the snack machine is accessible throughout the night. #021367
74.The hypothesis needs to be tested in a more rigorous way. #021372
75.As a student union member, we can influence the change of the university. #021378
76.In consultation with your supervisor, your thesis is approved by the faculty committee. #021389
77.You can download all lecture handouts from the course website. #021395
78.The number of companies in bankruptcy skyrocketed in the third quarter. #021398

第 14 页 /共 128 页
79.Fishing is a sport and a means for surviving. #021402
80.Contemporary critics dismissed his idea as eccentric. #021407
81.Please be careful when using online translation programs. #021431
82.Tuesday sessions will last for approximately two hours. #021445
83.Students should take advantage of the online help system before approaching their lecturers. #021446

84.Major sports on campus include rugby, soccer and tennis. #021453

85.There is no point in designing efficient cars if we use them more and more. #021460
86.Please make an appointment with your tutor about work. #021463
87.Remember your essay should be less than two thousand words. #021464
88.I think your watch is fast. You need to reset it. #021465
89.The university policy on plagiarism can be viewed on the website. #021466
90.The website has probably the most attractive layout. #021467
91.The data infers that further research is needed. #021468
92.We can discuss education in the tutorial next week. #021470
93.Collaboration is a feature of a successful company. #021472
94.Animals grow larger and stronger to help them hunt better. #021473
95.A man who suffered serious brain damage during an operation is suing the hospital. #021474
96.Professor Gordon just called me a few minutes ago. #021475
97.All students must return the books to the college library before the end of the term. #021476
98.Note that the deadline of the submission of proposals has been extended for a week. #021477
99.Tuition fees will vary according to the field of study. #021478
100.The current labor force is more competitive than it had been for a long time. #021479
101.Today's lecture is canceled because the lecturer is ill. #021480
102.The contemporary literature works have been broadened and extended through interpretation. #021481

103.During the next few centuries, London became one of the most powerful and prosperous cities in Europe.
#021029
104.It is important to take gender into account when discussing the figures. #021056
105. The minimal mark for Distinction to be awarded is 75%. #021135
106.We offer a broad range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses. #021190
107.We will study the following two pictures in the next lecture. #021191
108.You should raise your concern with the head of school. #021202
109.Globalization has been an overwhelming urban and urbanization phenomenon. #021213
110.If you want to receive the reimbursement, you must submit the original receipts. #021254
111.We are required to submit the assignments before Friday. #021291
112.The technician left the new microscope in the biology lab. #021419
113.The health centre is situated at the corner of the university behind the library. #021421
114.Only those who are over eighteen years of age are eligible to open a bank account in our bank. #021422

115.Today, I'd like to talk a little bit about the other theories that can explain the variations in climate. #021440

第 15 页 /共 128 页
116.The geography assignments must be submitted by the midday of Friday. #021456
117.The books are filled with drawings of machines he invented when he was a student. #021461
118.There is not enough space for me in the car. #021469
119.Social work is not the only subject in sociology. #021471

第 16 页 /共 128 页
Describe Image
命中率：中 优先级：中
共 6-7 题，命中 1-3 题

备战策略
模板一通则百通，模板熟练度比命中率更重要

当前趋势
多数为数据图，图片/照片图变少

本次更新

新增 1 题：#031308
重回 1 题：#031168
Life Expectancy (Years) at Birth by Sex Daily temperature in Beijing China #031024
#031021

World Income Distribution and Poverty Line in Food price vs oil price #031036
1970 and 1990 #031030

Level of Sports Player’s Salaries 1970-2000 Indonesia and Malaysia Palm Oil Production
#031039 #031044

第 17 页 /共 128 页
Projected Population in Australia #031046 Australian Age Group #031053

Internet Population in Millions of Users Age Percentage in UK #031082

#031058

What is Your Overall Job Satisfaction? Food Pyramid #031148

#031119

第 18 页 /共 128 页
The Eatwell Plate #031156 Computers Then and Now #031168

Overshot Waterwheel and Breast-shot Parts of a Tree #031175

Waterwheel #031171

Approximate areas of rubbish soup #031180 Water Cycle (color) #031202

第 19 页 /共 128 页
Cycle of an Apple Tree #031209 Simple Circuit with Light #031221

Blackpoll birds migration #031261 Weekly household spending, Ireland

#031263

Input-Output Process #031264 Trading Goods in Ancient Egypt #031266

第 20 页 /共 128 页
Luxembourg 2016 #031269 Annual Mean Temperature #031270

Tomato Life Cycle #031277 Garbage Classification #031278

Rainforest in South America #031283 A Food Chain #031285

第 21 页 /共 128 页
Mosquito life cycle #031297 Climate zones #031305

The world's biggest chocolate consumers Most Used Technology by Type #031057
#031308

Tree Growth Rings #031153 Switzerland: Languages #031177

第 22 页 /共 128 页
Germination of Bean Plants #031201 Body Mass Index of Obese, Overweight, Normal
and Underweight People #031251

Ice Shelf #031282 How to form acid rain (非原图) #031299

European countries #031306 Which countries are really the richest?

#031307

第 23 页 /共 128 页
Retell Lecture
命中率：中 优先级：低
共 3-4 题，命中 1-2 题

备战策略
模板一通则百通，模板熟练度比命中率更重要

当前趋势
新题与旧题并行

本次更新
无
Australian export 澳大利亚出口 #041001

Brain development 大脑发育 #041002

Darkness between galaxies 银河系的黑暗 #041003

Bomb calorimeter 弹式测热仪 #041005

High LG and Low LG 母鼠对子鼠的舔舐和理毛 #041006

Pavlov’s Conditioning Experiment 巴甫洛夫实验 #041008

Wages, consumption and household debt工资消费债务增长 #041009

Air Pollution 空气污染 #041010

Monkey and Typewriter 猴子打字 #041011

Visual Description可视化描述二战 #041017

Teaching 老教授谈教学 #041026

Library Tour 图书馆介绍 #041030

Biomedical Engineering 生物医学工程 #041033

Superman & Superpower 超人&超能力 #041044

Mars and Earth 地球和火星 #041045

Early Robot 早期机器人 #041046

Linguistics and Authority of Language 语言学 #041047

US Economy 美国经济 #041049

The Best Rice 转基因大米 #041050

Survey on media 网上调查 #041052

Warning Label 化学品的警示标签 #041056

The Politics of Happiness 幸福指数与政治 #041060

Practice and Performance 熟能生巧 #041061

London Taxi Service 伦敦出租车 #041062

Melatonin 褪黑素 #041081

Bilingual Parents 双语父母 #041095

Internal and External Factors人类行为的内外因素 #041104

Wind power 风力发电 #041107

Boys and Girls in Math and English 男女生数学英语成绩 #041109

Aging 人口老龄化 #041120

Shy Fish and Bold Fish 胆小鱼群实验 #041126

The Springtime Phenomena 早春现象 #041127

第 24 页 /共 128 页
The smell of library 图书馆的气味 #041128

Glass Ceiling 女性职业天花板 #041135

Taxonomy Chart 分类学 #041140

An innovative musical instrument 新型乐器 #041143

Biological Forgetting 生物遗忘 #041151

Oracle #041154

Leadership and management #041155

Win-win Solutions 双赢局面 #041071

Science and Scientists 科学与科学家 #041134

第 25 页 /共 128 页
Answer Short Questions
命中率：高 优先级：高
共 9-10 题，命中 5-8 题

备战策略
先刷机经，再刷预测
最好把机经总题库都刷完（反正也不花太久时间）
关注单词的发音，答案读错也算错

当前趋势
本周剔除 25 题

本次更新
重回 4 题，新增 6 题
（详见网站的“新题”“重回”标签）
1.A business doesn’t want to make a loss - what does it want to make? - - Profit #051001
2.What would call a doctor who sells prescribed medicines? - - Pharmacist / Chemist. #051002
3.What is the legal document protecting someone's intellectual property? - - Patent #051003
4.A manufacturing process releases poisonous gases. What is the most important safety measure for workers at
this plant – ensuring good ventilation, or appropriate footwear? - - Ensuring good ventilation #051006
5.What would you call a specialist who repairs leaking water pipes? - - Plumber #051008
6.What is the animal with white ivory and long trunk? - - Elephant #051009
7.How many countries are involved in a mutual agreement? - - Two. #051024
8.How many quarters in a calendar year? - -Four #051026
9.How many days are there in a fortnight? - – Fourteen #051027
10.What is the ceremony where two people get married? - -Wedding. #051033
11.How many years does a centennial celebrate? - One hundred. #051036
12.How would you describe an economy that is largely based on farming? - – Agricultural #051041
13.In addition to A, E, I, O, what is the other vowel letter? - – U #051045
14.If you are celebrating a bicentennial event, how many years ago did this event happen? - Two hundred.
#051056
15.What is the opposite of majority? - Minority #051072
16.On what geographical location would someone be living if their country is surrounded by water on all side?
- – Island #051076
17.What is the term to specifically describe either a brother or a sister? - - Sibling. #051077
18.Some calendars begin the week on Sunday, what is the other day which commonly starts a week? - -
Monday. #051080
19.What’s the name of the building where you can borrow books? - - Library. #051084
20.What is another way to say the arrangement of musical notes in a tune? - - Melody. #051106
21.What do we call a period of 100 years? - — Century #051108
22.What do we call the first meal of the day? - – Breakfast #051113
23.What is the joint connecting your foot to the leg? - - Ankle #051118
24.What do you call a piece of equipment we use to look at stars? - – Telescope #051120
25.What are the paintings or photos of people especially when they include someone’s face, head and
shoulders? - – Portrait #051142
26.What is a violent conflict between two or more countries? - – War #051145
27.What is the joint that connects your hand to your arm? - – Wrist #051164
28.When you bake a cake, where do you put the tray into? - Oven. #051166
29.What do you call a short period of break between the parts of a concert or a play? - - Intermission. #051167
30.What is the quickest way to get to the 21st floor? - Elevator (or Lift) #051182
31.What is the shape in geometry that has three sides? - – Triangle #051192
32.What is place that a person lives permanently? - - Home. #051227
33.Which one of the following is not a mythological animal, unicorn, giraffe, dragon or mermaid? - - Giraffe
#051269
34.How many sides does an octagon have? - - Eight. #051270
35.What do people cast in an election? - - Vote. Ballot. #051272

第 26 页 /共 128 页
36.What is the opposite of 'guilty'? - - Innocent. #051289
37.How many sides does a hexagon have? - - Six. #051298
38.How many sides does a pentagon have? - - Five #051299
39.In what room do scientists usually do experiments? - Laboratory. #051303
40.What do you call someone who does a job with no salary or offers to do something without being forced? -
- Volunteer. #051308
41.What kind of book would you use to look up a word that you don't understand? - - Dictionary #051317
42.What is the book that you write to describe your own life story? - Autobiography #051320
43.What is the opposite of ‘positive’? - - Negative. #051328
44.In which compass direction does the Sun rise from? - - East. #051331
45.What do you call the phenomenon when the snow at the top of a snow mountain collapse all at once? -
Avalanche. #051334
46.How many eggs are there in a dozen? - Twelve. #051341
47.What is the line where the sky meets the land? - Skyline. #051345
48.How many wheels does a tricycle have? - – Three. #051355
49.What product do you apply to your skin to protect from sunburn? - Sunscreen. #051394
50.Which part of your leg can make it possible to bend? - – Knee #051404
51.What is the connecting part between two bones? - - Joint #051405
52.What protects birds on the outside of their bodies? - — Feather. #051418
53.What kind of clothes and shoes do you wear to keep comfortable when hiking? - - Hiking outfit. #051424
54.What shines at night in the sky and uses its own brightness? - - Star #051427
55.What are the people who study history and historical evidence? - – Historian #051429
56.What do you call a length of time that lasts for seven days? - - Week. #051435
57.What substance would farmers spread into the soil in order to make plants grow more successfully? - -
Fertilizer #051441
58.What is the horizontal line that separates the globe into two same halves? - - Equator. #051445
59.What is the dictionary of synonyms and antonyms? - - Thesaurus. #051448
60.What is the opposite direction to where the Sun rises? - - West. #051450
61.What are the two holes in your nose that you use to breathe? - - Nostrils. #051462
62.What would you call a doctor who treat sick animals? - - Vet. #051474
63.What is the antonym of horizontal? - - Vertical #051489
64.What is the ship that can travel underwater? - - Submarine. #051491
65.What do you call the person who plays musical instruments as a job? - - Musician. #051493
66.How do we describe the position of subterranean? - Underground. #051520
67.What is the sound of lightning? - Thunder. #051524
68.What is the second month of a year? - February. #051546
69.Some people is a right hand writing person, then what do we call a person who uses his left hand to write? -
Left handed / Lefty / Sinister. #051549
70.What do you call the daughter of your sister or brother? - Niece. #051556
71.What is the term for the political body or organization that runs a country? - - Government. #051562
72.When we say someone is doing the B.A. in history or literature in the university, what does B.A. stand for? - -

第 27 页 /共 128 页
Bachelor of Arts. #051563
73.If a student fails to show up for a class, we can say he or she is? - - Absent. #051565
74.What is another name for religious study? - - Theology. #051570
75.If the first day of the week is Monday, then what is the fourth day called? - - Thursday. #051571
76.What is the barrier that can prevent floods from damaging our home? - - Dam. #051572
77.What includes everything in the world such as stars and planets? - - Universe. #051574
78.What do you call the property you left for others in a will? - - Heritage. #051576
79.What is the loud noise that you hear during a storm? - - Thunder. #051577
80.What is the term for the money paid every month by your employer? - - Salary. #051578
81.What do we call the people who move from one country to another country, usually for work or better life? -
- Migrant / Immigrant. #051579
82.Where do people stand in a train station when they are waiting for a train? - - Platform. #051580
83.What word do you use to describe uncooked meat? - - Raw. #051581
84.Who is the person who writes a piece of music, especially classic music? - - Composer. #051583
85.What do we call a person who repairs cars? - - Auto technician/mechanic. #051584
86.What do we call the animals which eat meat? - - Carnivore/predator. #051585
87.What is the opposite of the color "white"? - - Black. #051586
88.Where do submarines usually travel? - - Underwater. #051587
89.What do we use to get to the third floor when the elevator is broken? - - Stairs. #051588
90.What is the item of footwear to protect and comfort human foot? - - Shoes. #051589
91.What does a thermometer measure? - Temperature. #051038
92.What literacy genre describes all details of a famous person’s life? - – Biography #051196
93.What kind of liquid do mammals feed their babies? - – Milk #051198
94.How would you describe an animal that no longer exist on the earth? - - Extinct #051273
95.If a conference is held annually, how often is it held? - Once a year. #051347
96.What do people usually use to cut food? - Knife #051530
97.Which part of our body is related to the word "optical"? - - Eyes. #051575

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Summarize Written Text
命中率：不稳 优先级：低
命中 1-2

备战策略
利用模板，一通则百通，模板熟练度比命中率更重要

当前趋势
老题与新题并行

本次更新
重回 3 题：#091055，091118，091057
升频 1 题：#091112
Plug-in vehicle 充电车 #091001

Malaysia Tourism马来西亚旅游 #091005

Twins 双胞胎 #091029

Skip Breakfast 不吃早餐 #091055

Compulsory Voting in UK 英国强制投票 #091057

Crime rate 犯罪率 #091058

Plants research 植物研究 #091059

Museology 博物馆学 #091060

2014 Olympics 2014年奥林匹克 #091061

Development of Africa 非洲发展潜力 #091062

Ageing in Australia 澳洲老龄化 #091064

Primary Carers 主要照顾者 #091068

Wright brothers 怀特兄弟 #091070

House Mice 家鼠 #091071

Australian indigenous food 澳洲本地食物 #091076

Office environment 工作环境 #091077

Benefit of Honey to athletes 蜂蜜对运动员的好处 #091083

Energy Demand 能源需求 #091099

The Importance of Soil 土壤的重要性 #091102

Fallow Fields: Resting the Lands 休耕 #091105

Women’s Institutes 女权运动（outline only） #091107

Different ways of learning languages 学习语言的不同途径 #091111

The Greenland Sharks 格陵兰鲨 #091112

Reading Aloud 大声朗读 #091119

Dogs can understand human emotions 狗能读懂人类情绪 #091121

Ethics 伦理道德 #091128

Electric car 电动汽车 #091129

Wright Brothers V2 (暂无原文) #091132

Prior knowledge 先验知识 #091133

Rosling’s discoveries 罗斯林的两大发现 #091134

American English美语影响力 #091004

Great City Liveability 宜居城市 #091013

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Online teaching & online Learning网上教学 #091017

People-watching Observation 暗中观察 #091106

Solar Power 太阳能 #091113

Humans get little sleep 人类需要睡眠 #091123

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Writing Essay
命中率：高 优先级：高
全中

备战策略
1. 模板 2. 预测

当前趋势
极高频稳定在 30 题不变！

本次更新
无
毕业或工作前就结婚 #101001
It is argued that getting married before finishing school or getting a job is foolish. To what extent do you agree
or disagree?

法律改变人的行为 #101003
Some people think human behaviors can be limited by laws, others think laws have little effect. What is your
opinion?

员工参与决策的利弊 #101004
Some employers involve employees in the decision-making process of products and services. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of such policy?

书面考试是否有效评估学习成果 #101005
The formal written examination can be a valid method to assess students’ learning. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?

海外留学有必要吗 #101006
问法一：It is often argued that studying overseas is overrated. There are many scholars who study locally. Is
travel a necessary component of quality education?
问法二：There is no value to travel overseas for study, as you can be a good scholar even without leaving your
home base. It is or isn’t necessary to travel overseas for a better education?
问法三：Is travel an important component for a successful scholar? Some people think scholars should read
books and never need to leave their home. To which extend do you agree? Explain why.
[无论怎么问，论点都是一样的]

欠发达国家的旅游业利弊相当 #101007
The disadvantages of tourism in less developed countries are as great as the advantages. What is your opinion?

极限运动 #101008
问法一：In your opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages of extreme or adventure sports? （并列型
，一段优点，一段缺点）
问法二：Nowadays, more and more people engage in dangerous activities, such as sky diving and motorcycling.
Are you in favor of them? Why? Use examples to support your opinion. （选择立场型，如果喜欢就每段一个优点
，如果讨厌就每段一个缺点）
[2020.03.18更新措辞，无论哪种问法，论证词汇都一样]

大众传媒引发的信息革命带来的利弊 #101009
“The information revolution by modern mass communication has both positive and negative consequences
for individuals and for society.” To what extent do you agree? Explain with your own experience.

大众传媒对年轻人的影响 #101011
Mass media, including TV and newspaper, have a great influence on humans, particularly on the younger
generation. It has a pivotal role in shaping people's opinions. Discuss the extent you agree or disagree. Use
your own experience or examples.

气候变化谁负责 #101012
Climate change is a concerning global issue. Who should take the responsibilities, governments, big companies
or individuals?

100年内最重要的发明 #101014
In the past 100 years, there have been many inventions, such as antibiotics, airplanes, and computers. What do
you think is the most important of them? Why?

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日用消费品的营销应该重品牌还是重优惠 #101015
Should marketing in companies produce consumer goods like food and clothing, place emphasis on reputation
of the company or short-term strategies like discount and special offers? Why?

研究气候变化的某方面 #101016
You are given climate change as the field of study. Which area would you prefer? Explain why you pick this
particular area of your study and give an example in the area you pick.

高中学习百年前戏剧的利弊 #101028
There are both problems and benefits for high school students study plays and works of theatres written
centuries ago. Discuss and use your own experience.

大型购物广场取代小商铺 #101030
Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion on this? Do you think this is a good or
bad change?

无现金社会是否现实？优缺点？ #101038
There are more and more situations where credit cards are used instead of cash. The idea of a cashless society
seems to be becoming more of a reality. How realistic do you think it is? What do you see as the potential
benefits or problems?

医学延长人们寿命是好是坏 #101039
The medical technology is responsible for increasing the average life expectancy. Do you think it is a curse or a
blessing?

体验式学习在学校有无好处 #101040
Some people point that experiential learning (i.e. learning by doing) can work well in formal education.
However, others think a traditional form of teaching is the best. Do you think experiential learning is beneficial
in high school or college?

家长需要为孩子的行为负法律责任吗 #101042
Should parents be held legally responsible for the actions of their children? Do you agree with this opinion?
Support your position with your own study, experience or observations.

学校扣迟交作业学生的分数 #101043
Some universities deduct students’ marks if assignments are given late. What is your opinion and give your
recommendations?

兼顾工作和学习 #101044
In order to study effectively, it requires comfort, peace and time. So it is impossible for a student to combine
learning and employment at the same time, because one distracts the other. Is it realistic to combine them at
the same time in our life today? Support your opinion with examples.

政府面临的最严重的问题是什么 #101055
The world’s governments and organizations are facing a lot of issues. Which do you think is the most pressing
problem for the inhabitants on our planet?And give solutions.

建筑设计对工作生活的影响 #101056
How does the design of building affect, either positively or negatively, where people work and live?

与书本，正统教育相比，人生经历经验是更好的老师？ #101122
Some people argue that experience is the best teacher. Life experiences can teach more effectively than books
or formal school education. How far do you agree with this idea? Support your opinion with reasons and/or

第 83 页 /共 128 页
your personal experience.

学校只购买数码媒体而不更新课本 #101123
With the increase of digital media available online, the role of the library has become obsolete. Universities
should only procure digital materials rather than constantly update textbooks. Discuss both the advantages and
disadvantages of this position and give your own point of view.

政府应该改善公共交通还是多修路 #101124
As cities expanding, some people claim governments should look forward creating better networks of public
transportation available for everyone rather than building more roads for vehicle owning population. What’s
your opinion? Give some examples or experience to support.

兼顾工作和私人生活（普遍性与后果） #101126
The time people devote in job leaves very little time for personal life. How widespread is the problem? What
problem will this shortage of time cause?

兼顾工作与私人生活（重要性与成因） #101127
Nowadays, it is increasingly more difficult to maintain the right balance between work and other aspects of
one’s life, such as time with family and leisure needs. How important do you think is this balance? Why do
people find it hard to achieve?

描述一个新发明及其优点或缺点 #101128
Describe a recent invention and explain the impact, either beneficial or detrimental, that you feel it has had on
the society

电视有多种功能 #101130
Television has many functions to play in everyone's life. For some it's relaxation; for some, it is the companion.
To what extent do you think the statement is true? Please provide your argument and supporting evidence
from your own experience.

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Re-order Paragraphs
命中率：高 优先级：中
共 2-3 题，命中 1-2 题

备战策略
预测押题＞机经总题库
切勿以押题为目的，以理解逻辑+做题思路为目的

当前趋势
极高频数量缩减

本次更新
修改 1 题：#061077 Amino Acid
Indian IT #061001

(1).Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it is to IT skills, says Arun Maria, chairman of
Boston Consulting Group in India.
(2).Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models that enable them to provide services in a
more cost-effective way.
(3).This is not something that necessarily requires expensive technical research.
(4).He suggests the country’s computer services industry can simply outsource research to foreign universities
if the capability is not available locally.
(5).“This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without having to produce them myself”
says Mr. Maria.

Foreign aid #061002

(1).But beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.
(2).Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing their bad practices.
(3).Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously inspected by watchdog groups.
(4).Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than it was when foreign aid
routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.

Map #061004

(1).For as long as I can remember, there has been a map in the ticket hall of Piccadilly Circus tube station
supposedly showing night and day across the time zones of the world.
(2).This is somewhat surprising given the London Underground's historic difficultly in grasping the concept of
punctuality.
(3).But this map has always fascinated me, and still does, even though it now seems very primitive.
(4).This is because it chops the world up equally by longitude, without regard the reality of either political
divisions or the changing seasons.

Chimpanzees #061005

(1).A simple way to disprove this hypothesis (the Innateness Hypothesis) is to demonstrate that other species
have the capacity to speak but for some reason simply have not developed speech.
(2).A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares 98.4% of the human genetic code.
(3).Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike homo sapiens, their vocal cords are located higher in their
throats and cannot be controlled as delicately as human vocal cords.
(4).It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees are incapable of language.
(5).Perhaps they can acquire grammar like humans if they could only express it some other way.

Immigration Effect #061006

(1).In the early years of the twenty-first century the impact of immigrants on the welfare state and, specifically,
the capacity of the welfare state to absorb large numbers of immigrants has become a staple of discussion
among policy makers and politicians.
(2).It is also a recurrent theme in the press, from the highbrow pages of Prospect to the populism of the Daily
Mail.
(3).Inevitably, these discussions focus on present-day dilemmas.
(4).But the issues themselves are not new and have historical roots that go much deeper than have been
acknowledged

Mother of Storm #061007

(1).Unlike Barnes' previous books, Mother of Storms has a fairly large cast of viewpoint characters.
(2).This usually irritates me, but I didn't mind it here, and their interactions are well-handled and informative,

第 29 页 /共 128 页
although occasionally in moving them about the author's manipulations are a bit blatant.
(3).They're not all necessarily good guys, either, although with the hurricanes wreaking wholesale destruction
upon the world's coastal areas, ethical categories tend to become irrelevant.
(4).But even the Evil American Corporate Magnate is a pretty likable guy.

SEPAHUA #061009

(1).SEPAHUA, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru's Amazon jungle, nestles in a pocket on the map where a
river of the same name flows into the Urubamba.
(2).That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched between four natural reserves, all rich
in mahogany and accessible from the town.
(3).In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate logging in the relatively small
part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is allowed.
(4).It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
(5).Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with the right to log 5% of the area
each year. The aim was to encourage strict management plans and sustainable extraction.

Piano #061010

(1).Piano keys are generally made of spruce or basswood, for lightness.

(2).Spruce is normally used in high-quality pianos.
(3).Traditionally, the black keys were made from ebony and the white keys were covered with strips of ivory.
(4).But since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, plastics are now almost
exclusively used.
(5).Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic.

Aviation #061012

(1).During the 1920s and 1930s great progress was made in the field of aviation, including the first transatlantic
flight of Alcock and Brown in 1919, Charles Lindbergh's solo transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles Kingsford
Smith's transpacific flight the following year.
(2).One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which became the first airliner to
be profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service.
(3).By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous
qualified pilots available.
(4).The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled
rockets.

Aviation after World War II #061013

(1).After World War II, especially in North America, there was a boom in general aviation, both private and
commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military service and many inexpensive war-surplus
transport and training aircraft became available.
(2).Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide light aircraft for the
new middle-class market.
(3).By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the first
widely used passenger jet was the Boeing 707, because it was much more economical than other aircraft at that
time.
(4).At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller commuter planes, making it possible to
serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions.

Ocean floors #061015

(1).The topography of the ocean floors is none too well known, since in great areas the available soundings are
hundreds or even thousands of miles apart.

第 30 页 /共 128 页
(2).However, the floor of the Atlantic is becoming fairly well known as a result of special surveys since 1920.
(3).A broad, well-defined ridge – the Mid-Atlantic ridge – runs north and south between Africa and the two
Americas, and numerous other major irregularities diversify the Atlantic floor.
(4).Closely spaced soundings show that many parts of the oceanic floors in the Atlantic are rugged as
mountainous regions of the continents.

Volkswagen #061016

(1).Despite posting healthy profits, Volkswagen shares trade at a discount to peers due to bad reputation
among investors, high capital expenditure and its close links to the state of Lower Saxony, which effectively has
a blocking minority.
(2).A disastrous capital hike, an expensive foray into truck business and uncertainty about the reason for a share
buyback has in recent years left investors bewildered.
(3).“The main problem with Volkswagen is the past. Many investors have been disappointed and frightened
away,” said one Paris-based fund managers.
(4).Volkswagen shares trade at about nine times the 2002 estimated, compared to BMW’s 19 and are the
second cheapest in the sector.

Liberal Town #061027

(1).The town of Liberal is said to have been named for an early settler famous among travellers for being free
with drinking water.
(2).Liberal is conservative in a moderate Midwestern kind of way which is changing fast due to big National
Beef Packing plant which relies on Hispanic migrants and thus four-fifths of the children in Liberal’s public-
school system are Hispanic.
(3).This should make the town receptive to Democrats, but Mr Trump easily won the county of which it forms
part.
(4).Liberal’s mayor, Joe Denoyer, who was raised in a Democratic family near Chicago and moved to Liberal in
search of work.
(5).Mr Denoyer voted for Mr Trump by being impressed by his promise, though he thinks it unlikely that the
president will keep his promises.

Hypothesis #061028

(1).Another common mistake is to ignore or rule out data which do not support the hypothesis.
(2).Ideally, the experimenter is open to the possibility that the hypothesis is correct or incorrect.
(3).Sometimes, however, a scientist may have a strong belief that the hypothesis is true (or false), or feels
internal or external pressure to get a specific result.
(4).In that case, there may be a psychological tendency to find ”something wrong”, such as systematic effects,
with data which do not support the scientist's expectations, while data which do agree with those expectations
may not be checked as carefully.

Human worship Gods #061030

(1).My study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are spiritual animals. Indeed, there is a
case for arguing that Homo sapiens is also Homo religious.
(2).Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became recognizably human; they created
religions at the same time as they created works of art.
(3).This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces.
(4).These early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems always to have been an essential
component of the human experience of this beautiful world.

Vegetarian #061032

(1).Vegetarians do not eat meat or fish in their diet.

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(2).This diet is not only unattractive, but also may cause nutritional imbalance if not managed well.
(3).Restaurants and school cafeteria adjust and amend their menus to adapt to this special diet.
(4).Menus in all of these places have become more balance in nutrients, and also attract those who are not
vegetarians.
(5).These developments/improvements won’t succeed without the effort of vegetarians.

Choose a School #061033

(1).There are more than 100 schools in the country.

(2).Never, if you can avoid it, accept the offer before going to the place and having a look. You should go and
see once you have a chance.
(3).This is important that you see the facilities and accommodations around the school.
(4).Because you might be living off campus in the second year.

Color TV #061040

(1).There are many color such as red and blue in the color system behind the camera.
(2).Use the system to receive colors to generate a black and white image.
(3).And then there comes the color TV/And that’s how color TV was invented.
(4).(Further development of color TV)

Objectivity of Journalists #061041

(1).Although experts like journalists are expected to be unbiased, they inevitably share the system biases of the
disciplines and cultures in which they work.
(2).Journalists try to be fair and objective by presenting all sides of a particular issues.
(3).Practically speaking, however, it is about as easy to present all sides of an issue as it is to invite all candidates
from all political parties to a presidential debate.
(4).Some perspectives ultimately are not included.

Competence and Performance #061042

(1).In language learning there is a distinction between competence and performance. Competence is a state of
the speaker’s mind. What he or she knows?
(2).Separate from actual performance – what he or she does while producing or comprehending language. In
other words, competence is put to use through performance.
(3).An analogy can be made to the Highway Code for driving. Drivers know the code and have indeed been
tested on it to obtain a driving license.
(4).In actual driving, however, the driver has to relate the code to a continuous flow of changing circumstances,
and may even break it from time to time.
(5).Knowing the Highway Code is not the same as driving.

Animals Exploratory Urge #061043

(1).All animals have a strong exploratory urge, but for some it is more crucial than others.
(2).It depends on how specialized they have become during the course of evolution.
(3).If they have put all their effort into the perfection of one survival trick, they do not bother so much with the
general complexities of the world around them.
(4).So long as the ant eater has its ants and the koala bear has gum leaves, then they are satisfied and the living
is easy.
(5).The non-specialists, however, the opportunists of the animal world, can never afford to relax.

Language #061044

(1).It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and other cognitive skills, because
language stands apart in several ways.

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(2).For one thing, the use of language is universal—all normally developing children learn to speak at least one
language, and many learn more than one.
(3).By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical reasoning, few people learn to paint
well, and many people cannot carry a tune.
(4).Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand language, it may seem to be simple.
(5).But just the opposite is true—language is one of the most complex of all human cognitive abilities.

Memory and habits #061046

(1).In 1992 a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease that wiped out his memory.
(2).Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every day he didn’t have the foggiest idea.
(3).Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled himself straight to the kitchen to get something to
eat.
(4).Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of our brains where habits are stored has
nothing to do with memory or reason.
(5).It offered proof of what the US psychologist William James noticed more than a century ago that humans
“are mere walking bundles of habits

Sydney’s New Year Fireworks #061048

(1).Fireworks and special effects, including a red ”waterfall” from the bridge base, will turn the structure built
in 1932 into a giant Aboriginal flag shortly after the sun sets for the last time in 2015.
(2).”It's about how we're all so affected by the harbour and its surrounds, how special it is to all of us and how
it moves us,” said the Welcome to Country's creative director, Rhoda Roberts.
(3).From 8:40pm, the bridge will be turned into a canvas showing the Welcome to Country ceremony.
(4).Fireworks and special effects will also turn the bridge into a giant Aboriginal flag before the 9pm fireworks
display.

Humanities 104 #061060

(1).A requirement of Humanities 104 is to write a persuasive paper on a topic of your choice.
(2).The topic you choose should be supported by a range of sources.
(3).The source should be cited under APA guidelines, and the final draft should be written in APA styles.
(4).The final draft is due one week before the final exam.

How to answer questions in exams? #061064

(1).Students probably don't know how to achieve high marks in exams.

(2).Actually, you don't have to write down everything you know.
(3).Before writing, you should figure out what the question is after, and what is not relevant.
(4).And then you will have an idea of what you should write: write as many points as the number in the
question indicates.
(5).If there is a 'three', you should arrange your response as three points.

Arcelor-Mittal Takeover #061066

(1).Arcelor, established in Dutch, had been the largest European steel maker by 2006.
(2).It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch-registered company run from London by its biggest single shareholder,
Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian who started his first business in Indonesia.
(3).The takeover battle raged for six months before Arcelor's bosses finally listened to shareholders who wanted
the board to accept Mittal's third offer.
(4).The Arcelor-Mittal deal demonstrates Europe's deepening integration into the global economy.

A $300-House #061069

(1).When Vijay Govindarajan and Christian Sarkar wrote a blog entry on Harvard Business Review in August

第 33 页 /共 128 页
2010 mooting the idea of a “$300-house for poor”, they were merely expressing a suggestion.
(2).“Of course, the idea we present here is an experiment,” wrote Prof Govindarajan, a professor of
international business at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth and Mr. Sarkar, a marketing consultant who
works on environmental issues – an almost apologetic disclaimer for having such a “far-out” idea.
(3).Who could create a house for $300 and if it was possible, why hadn’t it been done before?
(4).Nonetheless, they closed their blog with a challenge: “We ask chief executives, governments, NGOs,
foundations: Are there any takers?”

United Nations Conference #061074

(1).Conferences have played a key role in guiding the work of the United Nations since its very inception.
(2).In fact, the world body was born when delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco in April 1945 for the
United Nations Conference on International Organization.
(3).The recent high-profile conferences on development issues, which have continued a series that began in the
1970s, have broken new ground in many areas: by involving Presidents, Prime Ministers and other heads of
state - as pioneered at the 1990 World Summit for Children.
(4).These events have put long-term, difficult problems like poverty and environmental degradation at the top
of the global agenda.
(5).These problems otherwise would not have the political urgency to grab front-page headlines and command
the attention of world leaders.

Artificial Intelligence #061075

(1).RESEARCHERS in the field of artificial intelligence have long been intrigued by games, and not just as a way
of avoiding work.
(2).Games provide an ideal setting to explore important elements of the design of cleverer machines, such as
pattern recognition, learning and planning.
(3).Ever since the stunning victory of Deep Blue, a program running on an IBM supercomputer, over Gary
Kasparov, then world chess champion, in 1997, it has been clear that computers would dominate that particular
game.
(4).Today, though, they are pressing the attack on every front.

Silent Students in Tutorials #061076

(1).Many students sit in a tutorial week after week without saying anything.
(2).Why is that?
(3).Maybe they do not know the purpose of a tutorial.
(4).They think it is like a small lecture where the tutor gives them information.
(5).Even if students do know what a tutorial is for, there can be other reasons why they keep quiet.

Amino Acid #061077

(1).Amino acid, which is also known as Leucine, is a fundamental element in the muscle’s formation.
(2).Animals’ protein has a 9-13% of the Leucine, and plants’ protein has 7% of Leucine.
(3).Plus, (动物植物的另一个方面的对比数据)
(4).However, there are also some exceptions exist.

BCGI Global Tree Search [更新版] #061080

(1).A recent research has revealed that more than 60,000 species of trees are available globally.
(2).The BCGI, a charity group, has compiled the list of trees on the basis of data gathered from its network of
500 member organizations.
(3).The researchers claim to have collected information over a period of two years from sources including over
500 published contents and 80 experts in the BCGI’s network.
(4).The data will be kept updated with the discovery of new species or the extinction of some, said the

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researchers. All the data required for the world’s trees is now available in one database, thanks to Global Tree
Search.
(5).The results of the research were published in the Journal of Sustainable Forestry.

Monash Student Ne Tan #061081

(1).Mechanical engineering student Ne Tan is spending the first semester of this year studying at the University
of California, Berkeley as part of the Monash Abroad program.
(2).Ne, an international student from Shanghai, China, began her Monash journey at Monash College in
October 2006.
(3).There she completed a diploma that enabled her to enter Monash University as a second-year student.
(4).Now in her third year of study, the Monash Abroad program will see her complete four units of study in the
US before returning to Australia in May 2009.

Voice higher than 5khz (找到原文，更新) #061082

(1).Previous studies have shown that humans are unable to recognize melodies whose notes have a
fundamental tone above 5 kilohertz.
(2).It was thought that, at frequencies this high, the rapidly cycling sound wave was too fast for the auditory
nerve to cope with.
(3).To test this theory, Andrew Oxenham and his colleagues at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis
asked a group of six students whether two four-note melodies were identical or not.
(4).As in previous studies, the volunteers could not recognize melodies with fundamental tones above 5 kHz.
(5).The team then took a fundamental tone pitched below 5 kHz and digitally filtered it to leave just the
overtones above 6 kHz. Surprisingly, the volunteers were able to distinguish these melodies.

Historical Records #061087

(1).Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can help – if they exist. But even prehistoric sites
contain records – written in nature’s hand.
(2).The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date recovered objects relatively, if not
absolutely.
(3).However, when archaeologists want to know the absolute date of a site, they can often go beyond simple
stratigraphy.
(4).For example, tree rings, Dendrochronology (literally, tree time), dates wooden artifacts by matching their
ring patterns to known records, which, in some areas of the world, span several thousand years.

Farmlands [不完整待补充] #061091

(1).小草长出来
(2).然后长大了变成树苗，挡住下面的草地
(3).树苗又变成大树，变成森林
(4).如果放弃的话，就会从头再来
(5).Farmlands always comes from forests.

Science and technology #061092

(1).It is a truism to say that in 21st century society science and technology are important.
(2).Human existence in the developed world is entirely dependent on some fairly recent developments in
science and technology.
(3).Whether this is good or bad is, of course, up for argument
(4).But the fact that science underlies our lives, our health, our work, our communications, our entertainment
and our transport is undeniable.

Games affect brains #061095

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(1).Palaus and his colleagues wanted to see if any trends had emerged from the research to date concerning
how video games affect the structure and activity of our brains.
(2).They collected the results from 116 scientific studies, 22 of which looked at structural changes in the brain
and 100 of which looked at changes in brain functionality and/or behavior.
(3).The studies show that playing video games can change how our brains perform, and even their structure.
(4).For example, playing video games affects our attention, and some studies found that gamers show
improvements in several types of attention, such as sustained attention or selective attention.

Music and Language #061097

(1).Oral literature is …(definition of oral literature)… written language.

(2).Stories, poetry have been passing messages from generation to generation.
(3).Music is conveyed orally only, until the 11th century when physical instruments were invented to perform
music.
(4).It was hard to teach music.
(5).But now it’s easy.

Validity & Reliability [不完整待补充] #061101

(1).Psychologists measure results in terms of validity and reliability.

(2).Validity is defined as …
(3).For example, when a survey is asking about someone’s personality, it shouldn’t ask him chemistry
questions.
(4).Meanwhile, a survey also values reliability.

Copernicanism 哥白尼 #061103

(1).The expanding influence of Copernicanism through the seventeenth century transformed not only the
natural philosophic leanings of astronomers but also the store of conceptual material accessible to writers of
fiction.
(2).During this period of scientific revolution, a new literary genre arose, namely that of the scientific cosmic
voyage.
(3).Scientists and writers alike constructed fantastical tales in which fictional characters journey to the moon,
sun, and planets.
(4).In so doing, they discover that these once remote worlds are themselves earth-like in character.
(5).Descriptions of these planetary bodies as terrestrial in kind demonstrate the seventeenth-century intellectual
shift from the Aristotelian to the Copernican framework.

New Ventures 企业家计划 #061105

(1).New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the world’s most dynamic, emerging
economies-- Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia and Mexico.
(2).We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment, and worked with 250 innovative businesses whose
goods and services produce clear, measurable environmental benefits, such as clean energy, efficient water use,
and sustainable agriculture.
(3).Often they also address the challenges experienced by the world’s poor.
(4).For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called Eco-star, refurbishes copy machines from
the United States and re-sells or leases them for 20 percent less than a branded photocopier.

Australia’s native plants and animals #061113

(1).Australia's native plants and animals adapted to life on an isolated continent over millions of years.
(2).Since European settlement they have had to compete with a range of introduced animals for habitat, food
and shelter.
(3).Some have also had to face new predators.

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(4).These new pressures have also caused a major impact on our country's soil and waterways and on its native
plants and animals.

Turkey and Mars #061121

(1).If you want to visit Mars, visit Turkey.

(2).That’s where you’ll find lakes so salty that the only bugs able to live there are species that could probably
survive on Mars as well.
(3).For that reason, microbiologists in Turkey have surveyed the array of species that inhabit the Acigol, Salda
and Yarisli lakes.
(4).They’re hopeful that studying some of them will yield useful insights into the kinds of biology that could
help microbes exist on Mars or other potentially habitable planets and moons.

Rosa Parks #061126

(1).It was there that Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to vacate her seat in the middle of the bus
so that a white man could sit in her place.
(2).She was arrested for her civil disobedience.
(3).Park's arrest, a coordinated tactic meant to spark a grassroots movement, succeeded in catalyzing the
Montgomery bus boycott.
(4).Parks was chosen by King as the face for his campaign because of Parks' good standing with the community,
her employment, and her marital status.

Manchester Medical School #061127

(1).Formal medical education in Manchester began in 1814 when Joseph Jordan opened the first anatomy
school in the English provinces.
(2).Previous lecture courses in medicine had included a series given by Peter Mark Roget, then a physician at
Manchester Infirmary (1804–8), but better known for his later Thesaurus.
(3).Jordan, however, offered dissections as well as lectures, and medical education proved good business.
(4).In London the private anatomy schools, which had competed with each other for decades, became
incorporated with the hospitals, but in the provinces private medical schools continued beyond 1870, using the
hospitals for clinical teaching but not formally attached to them.

Writing a book (近似原文) #061128

(1).For many years, I had been thinking of writing a book.

(2).Not an ordinary book, but a literature book.
(3).I would do extensive literature reading and think about how I could do as well as they had done.
(4).What I did is what you will need to do.

DRM #061133

(1).Due to its ability to solve all main problems associated with digital goods, Digital Rights Management is the
favorite option used by companies to tackle privacy.
(2).The aim of this article is to discuss the consequences of DRM for consumers, firms, and society.
(3).The rationales of DRM are discussed and the expected benefits for firms are presented.
(4).In contrast, consumers are shown to be likely to see few benefits in DRM.
(5).The article concludes with some public policy recommendations.

Hudson #061137

(1).Aboard the ship Discovery, Hudson left England in April 1610.

(2).He and his crew, which again included his son John and Robert Juet, made their way across the Atlantic
Ocean.
(3).After skirting the southern tip of Greenland, they entered what became known as the Hudson Strait.

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(4).The exploration then reached another of his namesakes, the Hudson Bay.

Short-term memory #061138

(1).Short-term memory (SMT) can hold information anywhere between 15-30 seconds.
(2).According to Miller's Magical Number Seven (1956), short-term memory has a limited capacity, being able
to store 5 to 9 items simultaneously.
(3).However, if we hear concepts or ideas repeatedly in an audio form we can acoustically encode the
information.
(4).It is a process referred to as ”rehearsal”, thereby committing it to our long-term memories.

Children's clothes #061145

(1).During the past few years, some of the world's biggest names in high-end fashion have begun to see
children's clothes as a promising sideline with which to extract more value from their main business.
(2).Jean Paul Gaultier, Chloe and John Galliano have all launched children's clothes lines.
(3).But for France's Bonpoint, making kids' clothing is the main business.
(4).Since Bonpoint was founded 40 years ago by clothes store owner Marie-France and Bernard Cohen, children
and babies have been at the centre of the brand's development.

Rugby in Wales #061146

(1).Citizens commonly identify with their nation in the context of major sporting events: imagining the nation is
easier when there is a national team playing another nation (Hobsbawm, 1990).
(2).Rugby in Wales is a particularly strong example of this phenomenon, being perhaps the main thing that
unites people in Wales.
(3).In many ways rugby in Wales defines what Wales is and what people in Wales share.
(4).From outside Wales, too, it is the rugby that commonly defines the nation - with the sport providing both
widespread interest and one of the few positive associations of outsiders' perceptions of Wales.

History books #061147

(1).History is selective.
(2).What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but what historians have
selected.
(3).They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made.
(4).Choices must similarly be made about which aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next
generation in the shape of school history lessons.

Photos of glaciers #061148

(1).In 1997 Lisa McKeon, a physical scientist with the United States Geological Survey who works in the park,
came across a pair of historic photographs depicting the glaciers she studies.
(2).Over the years, countless photos of the majestic park have been snapped, and many of those have become
part of the park's official archive, spanning over a century.
(3).It was a light bulb moment: Why not use the old photos to create a timeline of the morphing glaciers, and
add new photos every year?
(4).The Repeat Photography Project was born.

Noise level 噪声级 #061151

(1).Some students say that they need complete quiet to read and study.
(2).Others study best in a crowded, noisy room because the noise actually helps them concentrate. Some
students like quiet music playing; others do not.
(3).The point is, you should know the level of noise that is optimal for your own studying.
(4).However, one general rule for all students is that the television seems to be more of a distraction than music

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or other background noise, so leave the TV off when you are reading or studying.
(5).Also, don’t let yourself become distracted by computer games, email, or Internet surfing.

Poorer students 贫困学生 #061152

(1).England’s most selective universities must do more to attract teenagers from disadvantaged backgrounds
if they want to charge higher tuition fees, the country’s fair access watchdog has warned.
(2).Professor Les Ebdon, director of Fair Access to Higher Education, has said universities can no longer make
excuses about the number of poorer students they take on.
(3).In a statement issued yesterday, Prof Ebson dismissed the argument from the country’s most selective
universities, which claim that young people from poorer backgrounds generally secure worse grades.
(4).Such defences from the country’s most elite universities “do not hold water”, Prof Ebdon said, as he
urged the institutions to do more to widen their intakes.

Airbnb #061153

(1).It was the summer of 2008 in San Francisco and a small company called Airbnb had a dream.
(2).People with spare bedrooms would welcome strangers into their homes and share their restaurant
recommendations with them for a small fee.
(3).Fast forward to 2016 and the now quite big and successful Airbnb is considered one of the mainstays of
what we have come to call “the sharing economy”.
(4).It is also, in every article written on millennials, the business that defines the mentality of a generation.

A review #061154

(1).A review is a survey of what you have covered.

(2).It is a review of what you are supposed to accomplish not what you are going to do.
(3).Re-reading is an important part of the review process.
(4).Re-read with the idea that you are measuring what you have gained from the process.

LiDARs 激光雷达 #061155

(1).Cameras help autonomous vehicles read street signs and the color of traffic lights.
(2).But LiDARs, aka light detection and ranging systems, do the important work of sensing and helping cars
avoid obstacles, whether that's a fallen tree, drunk driver, or a child running out into the road.
(3).Now, a startup called Luminar Technologies Inc., is unveiling a high-resolution LiDAR sensor that was five
years in the making.
(4).The startup, which has raised $36 million in seed-stage funding so far, built its LiDAR systems from scratch.
(5).That means the company engineered its own: lasers, receivers, chips, packaging and more, rather than
incorporating off-the-shelf components.

Father-Led Literacy Project #061047

(1).A University of Canberra student has launched the nation’s first father-led literacy project, to encourage
fathers to become more involved in their children’s literacy.
(2).Julia Bocking’s Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to increase the number of fathers participating as
literacy helpers in K-2 school reading programs at Queanbeyan Primary Schools.
(3).Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, Ms. Bocking saw the need for good attitudes towards
reading to be formed early on – with the help of male role models.
(4).She said, “A male that values reading sets a powerful role model, particularly for young boys, who are
statistically more likely to end up in remedial literacy programs.”

Opinion Compromise #061065

(1).In general, there is a tendency to underestimate how long it takes to discuss and resolve an issue on which
two people initially have different views.

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(2).The reason is that achieving agreement requires people to accept the reality of views different from their
own and to accept change or compromise.
(3).It is not just a matter of putting forward a set of facts and expecting the other person immediately to accept
the logic of the exposition.
(4).They have to be persuaded and helped to feel comfortable about the outcome that is eventually agreed.
(5).People need time to make this adjustment in attitude and react badly to any attempt to rush them into an
agreement.

Martin Luther King #061068

(1).Rosa Parks has a great impact on the civil rights movements.

(2).She refused to give her bus seat to a white man.
(3).The bus driver arrested her.
(4).Her arrest had Martin Luther King's attention.
(5).King then initiated a boycott on the bus system.

Bankruptcy #061086

(1).In Montana as elsewhere, companies that have acquired older mines respond to demands to pay for
cleanup in either of two ways.
(2).If the company is small, its owners may declare the company bankrupt, in some cases conceal its assets, and
transfer their business efforts to other companies or to new companies that do not bear responsibility for
cleanup at the old mine.
(3).If the company is so large that it cannot claim that it would be bankrupted by cleanup costs, the company
instead denies its responsibility or else seeks to minimize the costs.
(4).In either case, either the mine site and areas downstream of it remain toxic, thereby endangering people, or
else the U.S. federal government and the Montana state government pay for the cleanup through the federal
Superfund and a corresponding Montana state fund.

British marine energy #061131

(1).By 2100, human-induced climate change threatens to raise temperatures by 2-4℃ and push up tide-lines by
4-6m.
(2).The government has promised to help counter this global trend by reducing UK carbon emissions by 80
percent from 1990 levels by 2050.
(3).And with the second largest tidal range in the world, British marine energy could play an important role in
this shift.
(4).But harnessing the power of the tides is not without consequence.
(5).In 2013, plans to construct a 34 billion pounds barrage across the Severn estuary were rejected after
concerns were raised about its effect on local ecosystems.

Reading #061132

(1).Humans appear to be the only species that is able to translate their communication into another medium,
and in this case, the medium provides a semi-durable record of the elements of the communication.
(2).So reading is a very special ability that we have.
(3).Reading also is special because, unlike language, most children have to be taught to read, write, and spell.
(4).So, though we may be predisposed to being able to read and usually have the abilities necessary to master
reading, it is something that most of us only accomplish through the direct help of others.

Elephant and drones #061142

(1).Earlier this year, researchers from Duke University went to Gabon to monitor that country's dwindling
elephant population. They took along three drones, which they planned to use to count the elephants, follow
their herds, and map their migrations.

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(2).Only things didn't exactly go as planned.
(3).The elephants noticed the drones, which hovered anywhere from 25 feet to 300 feet above them.
(4).And it wasn’t just that the elephants noticed them; in many cases, the elephants were clearly agitated.
Some of them took off running. In at least one case, an elephant used her trunk to hurl mud in the drone's
direction.
(5).The elephants reacted so strongly, the researchers believe, because drones, it turns out, sound a lot like
bees. And elephants do not like bees. At all.

Totalitarianism #061150

(1).Totalitarianism is a political and social concept that explains a form of government where the state has all
control over the civilians.
(2).Such government assumes full power, without any limitations.
(3).As put by Juan Linz, a totalitarian scholar, the three main factors of a totalitarianism government are ”a
monistic center of power; an ideology developed, justified and pursued by the leadership; and mass
participation in political and social goals encouraged and even demanded by that same leadership.”
(4).Throughout the 20th century, the manifestation of totalitarianism was an extreme measure of harsh political
occurrences.

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Fill in the Blanks (R&W)
命中率：中 优先级：高
共 5-6 题，命中 1-5 个

备战策略
预测押题＞机经总题库
不要死记硬背，知其所以然更重要

当前趋势
极高频数量缩减

本次更新
重回 1 题：#071159 Interior design
Pinker #071001

In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works, Pinker has argued the
swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have originated as evolutionary adaptations, well suited
to the lives our ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is immune
from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward senior
executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the smaller number of women who become mechanical
engineers—all may have their roots in natural selection, Pinker claims. The controversial implications are
obvious: that men and women might differ in their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or
that parenting may have little influence on personality.

Video-Conferencing Technology #071002

Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense scrutiny. Inter-city train
journeys and long-haul flights to conduct face-to-face business meetings contribute significantly to
greenhouse gases and the resulting strain on the environment. The Anglo-US company Teliris has introduced
a new video-conferencing technology and partnered with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate
outfits to become more environmentally responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face meetings to
be held across continents without the time pressure or environmental burden of international travel. Previous
designs have enabled video-conferencing on a point-to-point, dual-location basis. The firm's VirtuaLive
technology, however, can bring people together from up to five separate locations anywhere in the world -
with unrivalled transmission quality.

Australia Higher Education Funding #071003

Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early 1970s. Although the
Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the late 1950s, in 1974 it assumed full
responsibility for funding higher education – abolishing tuition fees with the intention of making university
accessible to all Australians who had the ability and who wished to participate in higher education.
Since the late 1980s, there has been a move towards greater private contributions, particularly student fees. In
1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) which included
a loans scheme to help students finance their contributions. This enabled university to remain accessible to
students by delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off their loans. In 2002, the Australian
Government introduced a scheme similar to HECS for postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education
Loan Scheme (PELS). Funding for higher education comes from various sources. This article examines the three
main sources - Australian Government funding, student fees and charges, and HECS. While the proportion of
total revenue raised through HECS is relatively small, HECS payments are a significant component of students'
university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several years after leaving university. This article
also focuses on characteristics of university students based on their HECS liability status, and the level of
accumulated HECS debt.

Social Isolation #071004

Sound depressing, even apocalyptic? Well, it could be the future. If government forecasts are right, about 20
years from now, two out of five households will be single occupancy. And there is evidence the situation is
already deteriorating. According to a report, Social Isolation in America, published in the American Sociological
Review in 2006, the average American today has only two close friends. Twenty-five per cent of those surveyed
said they do not have anyone to talk with about important things---And yet, while some are declaring a crisis in
our ability to make friends, others are saying exactly the opposite. For example, MSN's Anatomy of Friendship
Report, published last November, suggests that the average Briton has 54 friends - a spectacular rise of 64 per
cent since 2003.

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Edison #071005

Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor. Born in 1847, Edison would see tremendous change
take place in his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making many of those changes occur. When Edison
was born, society still thought of electricity as a novelty, a fad.
By the time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of the credit for that progress goes to Edison. In
his lifetime, Edison patented 1,093 inventions, earning him the nickname “The Wizard of Menlo Park.” The
most famous of his inventions was the incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the
phonograph and the “kinetoscope,” a small box for viewing moving films.
Thomas Edison is also the first person in the US to make his own filmstrips. He also improved upon the original
design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone. He believed in hard work,
sometimes working twenty hours a day. Edison was quoted as saying, “Genius is one percent inspiration and
99 percent perspiration.” In tribute to this important American, electric lights in the United States were
dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death.

Impressionism #071006

Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists
who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of Impressionist painting include visible
brush strokes, light colours, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating
the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The name of the
movement is derived from Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant). Critic Louis Leroy
inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari.
Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by giving colours,
freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix. They
also took the act of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not only still-lives and portraits,
but also landscapes had been painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could capture the
momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting air (in plain air).

Trigger Points #071007

All approaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to release painful knots of muscle known as
"trigger points". "Trigger points are tense areas of muscle that are almost constantly contracting," says Kippen.
"The contraction causes pain, which in turn causes contraction, so you have a vicious circle. This is what deep
tissue massage aims to break. "The way to do this, as I found out under Ogedengbe's elbow, is to apply
pressure to the point, stopping the blood flow, and then to release, which causes the brain to flood the affected
area with blood, encouraging the muscle to relax. At the same time, says Kippen, you can fool the tensed
muscle into relaxing by applying pressure to a complementary one nearby. "If you cause any muscle to
contract, its opposite will expand. So you try to trick the body into relaxing the muscle that is in spasm."

Poverty #071008

Measuring poverty on a global scale requires establishing a uniform poverty level across extremely divergent
economies, which can result in only rough comparisons. The World Bank has defined the international poverty
line as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which adjusts for differences in the prices
of goods and services between countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the least developed
countries, primarily African; the $2-per-day level is used for middle-income economies such as those of East
Asia and Latin America.

Indian Onion #071009

The most vital ingredient in Indian cooking, the basic element with which all dishes begin and, normally, the

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cheapest vegetable available, the pink onion is an essential item in the shopping basket of families of all
classes. A popular saying holds that you will never starve because you can always afford a roti (a piece of
simple, flat bread) and an onion.

But in recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an unaffordable luxury for India's poor. Over the past few
days, another sharp surge in prices has begun to unsettle the influential urban middle classes. The sudden spike
in prices has been caused by large exports to neighboring countries and a shortage of supply. With its capacity
for bringing down governments and scarring political careers, the onion plays an explosive role in Indian
politics. This week reports of rising onion prices have made front-page news and absorbed the attention of the
governing elite.

Seatbelt #071010

I am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a helmet on my bike to reduce the risk
of injury. I am convinced that these are prudent safety measures. I have persuaded many friends to wear
helmets on the grounds that transplant surgeons call those without helmets, "donors on wheels”. But a book
on 'Risk’ by my colleague John Adams has made me re-examine my convictions. Adams has completely
undermined my confidence in these apparently sensible precautions. What he has persuasively argued,
particularly in relation to seat belts, is that the evidence that they do what they are supposed to do is very
suspect. This is in spite of numerous claims that seat belts save many thousands of lives every year.

There is remarkable data from the year 1970 to 1978 in which countries with wearing of seat belts compulsory
have had on average about 5 per cent more road accident deaths following the introduction of the law. In the
UK, road deaths have decreased steadily from about 7,000 a year in 1972 to just over 4,000 in 1989. There is no
evidence in the trend for any effect of the seat belt law that was introduced in 1983. Moreover, there is
evidence that the number of cyclists and pedestrians killed actually increased by about 10 per cent.

Spanish language #071011

If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to understand some native speakers, they
should not worry. This does not necessarily mean the lessons were wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use
neither standard Latin American Spanish nor Castilian, which predominate in US schools. The confusion is partly
political - the Spanish-speaking world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate countries and
Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standard dialect. The most common Spanish dialect taught in the
US is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called "Highland" Spanish since it is generally spoken in the
mountainous areas of Latin America. While each country retains its own accents and has some unique
vocabulary, residents of countries such as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally speak Latin American
Spanish, especially in urban centers. This dialect is noted for its pronunciation of each letter and its strong "r"
sounds. This Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and was brought to the
Americas by the early colonists. However, the Spanish of Madrid and of northern Spain, called Castilian,
developed characteristics that never reached the New World. These include the pronunciation of "ci" and "ce"
as "th." In Madrid, "gracias" (thank you) becomes "gratheas" (as opposed to "gras-see-as" in Latin America).
Another difference is the use of the word "vosotros" (you all, or you guys) as the informal form of "ustedes" in
Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans much like British English sounds to US residents.

Ocean floor #071012

The ocean floor is home to many unique communities of plants and animals. Most of these marine ecosystems
are near the water surface, such as the Great Barrier Reef, a 2,000-km long coral formation off the northeastern
coast of Australia. Coral reefs, like nearly all complex living communities, depend on solar energy for growth

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(photosynthesis). The sun's energy, however, penetrates at most only about 300 m below the surface of the
water. The relatively shallow penetration of solar energy and the sinking of cold, subpolar water combine to
make most of the deep ocean floor a frigid environment with few life forms.

In 1977, scientists discovered hot springs at a depth of 2.5 km, on the Galapagos Rift (spreading ridge) off the
coast of Ecuador. This exciting discovery was not really a surprise. Since the early 1970s, scientists had predicted
that hot springs (geothermal vents) should be found at the active spreading centers along the mid-oceanic
ridges, where magma, at temperatures over 1,000 °Presumably was being erupted to form new oceanic crust.
More exciting, because it was totally unexpected, was the discovery of abundant and unusual sea life - giant
tube worms, huge clams, and mussels - that thrived around the hot springs.

Arabic Student #071014

HERIOT-WATT University in Edinburgh has become the first in Europe to offer an MBA in Arabic. Arab students
will be able to sign up to study at a distance for the business courses in their own language. The Edinburgh
Business School announced the project at a reception in Cairo on Saturday. It is hoped the course will improve
links between the university and the Arab business world. A university spokeswoman said: "The Arabic MBA will
raise the profile of Heriot-Watt University and the Edinburgh Business School among businesses in the Arabic
speaking world and will create a strong network of graduates in the region." The first intake of students is
expected later this year. Professor Keith Lumsden, director of Edinburgh Business
School, said: "Arabic is a major global language and the Arab world is a center for business and industrial
development. We are proud to work with Arab International Education to meet the demands of the region."

Edible insects #071016

Fancy locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west, but elsewhere it’s a different story. Edible insects –
termites, stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers and giant water bugs – are on the menu for an estimated 80
percent of the world’s population.
More than 1000 species of insects are served up around the world. For example, “kungu cakes” – made from
midges – are a delicacy in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-eating – or entomophagous – hotspot, where
more than 200 insect species are consumed. Demand is so high that 40 species are now under threat, including
white agave worms. These caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipper butterfly fetch around $250 a kilogram.
Eating insects makes nutritional sense. Some contain more protein than meat or fish. The female gypsy moth,
for instance, is about 80 percent protein. Insects can be a good source of vitamins and minerals too: a type of
caterpillar (Usta Terpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in iron, zinc and thiamine.
What do they taste like? Ants have a lemon tang, apparently, whereas giant water bugs taste of mint and fire
ant pupae of watermelon. You have probably, inadvertently, already tasted some of these things, as insects are
often accidental tourists in other types of food. The US Food and Drug Administration even issues guidelines
for the number of insect parts allowed in certain foods. For example, it is acceptable for 225 grams of macaroni
to contain up to 225 insect fragments.

Burger King #071018

Drive down any highway，and you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants—most likely, if you travel long
and far enough you’ll see McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for Burger King, Hardee’s，and
Wendy’s the “big four” of burgers. Despite its name, though Burger King has fallen short of claiming the
burger crown, unable to surpass market leader McDonald's No. 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never
the bride, Burger King remains No. 2.

Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with its overall quality

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rating dropping while ratings for the other three contenders have increased. The decline has been attributed to
inconsistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars
at the problem, an understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internal
management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be rectified before a unified, long-term strategy
can be put in place.

The importance of consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has become a
basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the customer’s order must communicate the
same message as Burger King's famous tagline, "Have it your way,” or the customer will just buzz up the
highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more reliable.

Kimbell #071020

The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell (Goldsmith College,
London) responds to criticisms of design programs as formalistic and conventional, stating that a focus on risk-
taking rather than hard work in design innovation is equally problematic. His research contains three parts that
include preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom practices,
and development of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the form of a
structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative element and digital photographs, in story format. Such a
device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students as design innovators. The assessment
sheet includes holistic impressions as well as details about “having, growing, and proving” ideas. Colloquial
judgments are evident in terms such as “wow” and “yawn” and reward the quality and quantity of ideas
with the term, “sparkiness”, which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design light bulb packaging.
In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or complexity control as well as proving ideas
with thoughtful criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for qualities such as
“technical” and “aesthetic” pertaining to users, are too narrow and ill-defined. The author provides
examples of the project, its features and structures, students’ notes and judgments, and their sketches and
photographs of finished light bulb packages, in the Appendix.

Jean Piaget #071022

Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of his professional life listening to
children, watching children and poring over reports of researchers around the world who were doing the same.
He found, to put it most succinctly, that children don't think like grownups. After thousands of interactions with
young people often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind their cute and seemingly
illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own kind of order and their own special logic.
Einstein called it a discovery “so simple that only a genius could have thought of it.” Piaget's insight opened
a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end of a wide-ranging and remarkably prolific
research career that spanned nearly 75 years, from his first scientific publication at age 10 to work still in
progress when he died at 84, Piaget had developed several new fields of science: developmental psychology,
cognitive theory and what came to be called genetic epistemology Although not an educational reformer，he
fashioned a way of thinking about children that provided the foundation for today’s education-reform
movements. It was a shift comparable to the displacement of stories of "noble savages” and "cannibals” by
modern anthropology. One might say that Piaget was the first to take children's thinking seriously.

Wine and ale #071026

By the Bronze Age drinking vessels were being made of sheer metal, primarily bronze or gold. However, the
peak of feasting – and in particular, of the “political” type of feast came in the late Hallstatt period (about 600
– 450 BC), soon after the foundation of the Greek colony of Massalia (Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhine.

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From that date on, the blood of the grape began to make its way north and east along major river systems
together with imported metal and ceramic drinking vessels from the Greek world. Wine was thus added to the
list of mood-altering beverages – such as and ale available to establish social networks in Iron Age Europe. Attic
pottery fragments found at hillforts such as Heuneburg in Germany and luxury goods such as the monumental
5th century Greek bronze krater (or wine mixing vessel) found at Vix in Burgundy supply archaeological
evidence of this interaction. Organic containers such as leather or wooden wine barrels may also have travelled
north into Europe but have not survived. It is unknown what goods were traded in return, but they may have
included salted meat, hides, timber, amber and slaves.

Oxford medical school #071027

When I enrolled in my master's course at Oxford last year, I had come straight from medical school with the
decision to leave clinical science for good. Thinking back, I realize that I didn't put very much weight on this
decision at the time. But today, I more clearly understand the consequences of leaving my original profession.
When I meet old friends who are now physicians and surgeons, I sense how our views on medical problems
have diverged. They scrutinize the effects of disease and try to eliminate or alleviate them; I try to understand
how they come about in the first place. I feel happier working on this side of the problem, although I do
occasionally miss clinical work and seeing patients.

However, when I think about the rate at which my medical skills and knowledge have
dissipated, the years spent reading weighty medical textbooks, the hours spent at the bedside, I sometimes
wonder if these years were partly a waste of time now that I am pursuing a research career.

Nonetheless, I know the value of my medical education. It is easy to forget the importance of the biosciences
when working with model organisms in basic research that seem to have nothing to do with a sick child or a
suffering elderly person. Yet, I still have vivid memories of the cruel kaleidoscope of severe diseases and of how
they can strike a human being. I hope to retain these memories as a guide in my current occupation.

The horned desert viper #071029

The horned desert viper’s ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologists. Though it lies with its head
buried in the sand, it can strike with great precision as soon as prey appears. Now, Young and physicists Leo
van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of Munich in Germany have developed a computer
model of the snake’s auditory system to explain how the snake “hears” its prey without really having the
ears for it. Although the vipers have internal ears that can hear frequencies between 200 and 1000 hertz, it is
not the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. “The snakes don’t have external
eardrums,” says van Hemmen. “So unless the mouse wears boots and starts stamping, the snake won’t hear
it.”

A Dog #071033

A DOG may be man's best friend. But man is not always a dog's. Over the centuries selective breeding has
pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is often a grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf. Indeed,
some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as pathologies. Dog breeding does, though,
offer a chance to those who would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree
pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and their litter size reasonably large, so there is plenty
of material to work with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis. Those
such as Elaine Ostrander, of America's National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish to identify the
genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have an ideal experimental animal.

Peter Garrett #071036

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No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyright can confer so it may seem
right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5 percent of all sales after the original one,
which can go on giving to their families for as much as 150 years. But that ignores the truth that copyright law
is a scandal, recently exacerbated by the Free Trade Agreement with the US which required extension of
copyright to 70 years after death. Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end up in the ownership of
corporations (although Agatha Christie's no-doubt worthy great-grandchildren are still reaping the benefits of
West End success for her who dunnits and members of the Garrick Club enjoy the continuing fruits of A.A.
Milne's Christopher Robin books)? No. The scandal is that ‘bien pensant’ politicians have attempted to
appear cultured by creating private assets which depend on an act of Parliament for their existence and by
giving away much more in value than any public benefit could justify. In doing so they have betrayed our trust.

Complementary Therapies #071038

Complementary therapies - such as those practiced by naturopaths, chiropractors and

acupuncturists - have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades. Interest initially
coincided with enthusiasm for alternative lifestyles, while immigration and increased contact and trade with
China have also had an influence. The status of complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of
areas: legal regulation; the stances of doctors' associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific
research into their efficacy.

Mike’s Research #071039

In 2001 he received the SIUC Outstanding Scholar Award. In 2003 he received the Carski Award for
Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching from the American Society for Microbiology. Mike’s research is
focused on bacteria that inhabit extreme environments, and for the past 12 years he has studied the
microbiology of permanently ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In addition to his
research papers, he has edited a major treatise on phototrophic bacteria and served for over a decade as chief
editor of the journal Archives of Microbiology. He currently serves on the editorial board of Environmental
Microbiology. Mike’s non-scientific interests include forestry, reading, and caring for his dogs and horses. He
lives beside a peaceful and quiet lake with his wife, Nancy, five shelter dogs (Gaino, Snuffy, Pepto, Peanut, and
Merry), and four horses (Springer, Feivel, Gwen, and Festus).

Egg-Eating Snakes #071041

Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs. Some eat only small eggs,
which they have to swallow whole, as the snake has no teeth. Instead, some other snakes eat bigger eggs, but it
requires special treatment. These snakes have spines that stick out from the backbone. The spines crack the egg
open as it passes through the throat.

Flower Attract Insects #071042

(大意，非原文 Only the gist. Not the original text.)

According to a research conducted by Cambridge University, flowers can their own ways to attract insects to
help them pollinate. Flowers will release an irresistible smell. Beverley Glover from the University of Cambridge
and her colleagues did an experiment in which they use fake flowers to attract bees and insects. In their
experiments, they freed many bumblebees from their origins repeatedly, and got the same results.

Two farms #071043

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Both farms were by far the largest, most prosperous, most technologically advanced farms in their respective
districts. In particular, each was centred around a magnificent state-of-the-art barn for sheltering and milking
cows. Those structures, both neatly divided into oppositefacing rows of cow stalls, dwarfed all other barns in
the district. Both farms let their cows graze outdoors in lush pastures during the summer, produced their own
hay to harvest in the late summer for feeding the cows through the winter, and increased their production of
summer fodder and winter hay by irrigating their fields.

Olympic medalists #071046

In an often-cited study about counterfactuals, Medvec, Madey, and Gilovich (1995) found that bronze medalists
appeared happier than silver medalists in television coverage of the 1992 Summer Olympics. Medvec et al.
argued that bronze medalists compared themselves to 4th place finishers, whereas silver medalists compared
themselves to gold medalists. These counterfactuals were the most salient because they were either
qualitatively different (gold vs. silver) or categorically different (medal vs. no medal) from what actually
occurred. Drawing on archival data and experimental studies, we show that Olympic athletes (among others)
are more likely to make counterfactual comparisons based on their prior expectations, consistent with decision
affect theory. Silver medalists are more likely to be disappointed because their personal expectations are higher
than those of bronze medalists.

Essays #071050

Essays are used as an assessment tool to evaluate your ability to research a topic and construct an argument, as
well as your understanding of subject content. This does not mean that essays are a 'regurgitation' of
everything your lecturer has said throughout the course. Essays are your opportunity to explore aspects of the
course in greater depth - theories, issues, texts, etc. and in some cases relate these aspects to a particular
context. It is your opportunity to articulate your ideas, but in a certain way: using formal academic style.

Gas Drilling #071053

Gas drilling on the Indonesian of java has triggered a “mud volcano” that has killed 13 people and may
render four square miles (ten square kilometers) of countryside uninhabitable for years. In a report released on
January 23, a team of British researchers says the deadly upwelling began when an exploratory gas well
punched through a layer of rock 9300 feet (2800 meters) below the surface, allowing hot, high pressure water
to escape. The water carried mud to the surface, where it has spread across a region 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) in
diameter in the eight months since the eruption began. The mud volcano is similar to a gusher or blowout,
which occur in oil drilling when oil or gas squirt to the surface, team says. This upwelling , however, spews out a
volume of mud equivalent to a dozen Olympic swimming pools each day. Although the eruption isn't as violent
as a conventional volcano, more than a dozen people died when a natural gas pipeline ruptured. The research
team, who published their findings in the February issue of GSA Today, also estimate that the volcano, called
Lusi, will leave more than 11,000 people permanently displaced.

School-to-work Transitions #071056

School-to-work transition is a historically persistent topic of educational policymaking and reform that impacts
national systems of vocational education and training. The transition process refers to a period between
completion of general education and the beginning of vocational education or the beginning of gainful
employment as well as to training systems, institutions, and programs that prepare young people for careers.
The status passage of youth from school-to-work has changed structurally under late modernism, and young
people are forced to adapt to changing demands of their environment especially when planning for entry into
the labour market. Since the transition to a job is seen as a major success in life, youth who manage this step
successfully are more optimistic about their future; till others are disillusioned and pushed to the margins of

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society. While some young people have developed successful strategies to cope with these requirements, those
undereducated and otherwise disadvantaged in society often face serious problems when trying to prepare for
careers. Longer transitions lead to a greater vulnerability and to risky behaviours.

William Shakespeare #071064

For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards to personal
history. There are just two primary sources for information on the Bard: his works, and various legal and church
documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gaps in this body of
information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man.

How does outer space affect the human body? #071066

Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a zero-gravity environment -- such as that
inside the International Space Station (ISS) -- result in loss of bone density and damage to the body’s muscles
. That’s partly why stays aboard the ISS are limited at six months. And now, a number of NASA astronauts are
reporting that their 20/20 vision faded after spending time in space, with many needing glasses once they
returned to Earth.

What will make you happy? #071070

Want to know what will make you happy? Then ask a total stranger — or so says a new study from Harvard
University, which shows that another person’s experience is often more informative than your own best guess.

The study, which appears in the current issue of Science, was led by Daniel Gilbert, professor of psychology at
Harvard and author of the 2007 bestseller “Stumbling on Happiness,” along with Matthew Killingsworth and
Rebecca Eyre, also of Harvard, and Timothy Wilson of the University of Virginia.

“If you want to know how much you will enjoy an experience, you are better off knowing how much someone
else enjoyed it than knowing anything about the experience itself,” says Gilbert. “Rather than closing our eyes
and imagining the future, we should examine the experience of those who have been there.

Previous research in psychology, neuroscience, and behavioral economics has shown that people have difficulty
predicting what they will like and how much they will like it, which leads them to make a wide variety of poor
decisions. Interventions aimed at improving the accuracy with which people imagine future events have been
generally unsuccessful.

UBC expeditions to the Canadian Arctic #071071

This summer, 41 UBC alumni and friends participated in expeditions to the Canadian Arctic and the legendary
Northwest Passage. Presentations, conversations and learning accompanied their exploration of the great
outdoors aboard the Russian-flagged Akademik Ioffe, designed and built in Finland as a scientific research
vessel in 1989. Her bridge was open to passengers virtually 24 hours a day. Experts on board presented on
topics including climate change, wildlife, Inuit culture and history, and early European explorers. UBC professor
Michael Byers presented on the issue of Arctic sovereignty, a growing cause of debate as ice melts, new
shipping routes open, and natural resources become accessible. Recommended pre-trip reading was late UBC
alumnus Pierre Bertons book, The Arctic Grail.

EE & AVG [Version 1] #071073

Currently, there is concern about the increasing amount of time children spend engaged in sedentary activities,
the number of children who fail to achieve minimum daily physical activity guidelines (i.e. 60 min of moderate-

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to-vigorous intensity activities every day), and the apparent increase in obesity prevalence as a result of such
sedentary behavior. Screen-based activities, including television, viewing and playing computer games are
among the most frequently observed sedentary activities that children partake3 with children spending 2.5-4 h
per day participating in such activities.
The introduction of “active video games” (AVGs) into the gaming market presents an opportunity to convert
traditional, sedentary screen-time in to active screen-time and thus increase total daily energy expenditure (EE).
Modern AVGs utilize cameras and motion sensors to allow the gamer to physically perform a variety of actions,
dependent on the console, such as swinging a tennis racquet or running. The most demanding AVGs provided
similar responses to walking and, based on international standards, should be classified as low-intensity
activities. Whilst AVGs may provide children with a better alternative to sedentary gaming, they are not a
sufficient replacement for normal physical activity, e.g. sports and outdoor play.

EE & AVG [Version 2] #071074

There has been increased research interest in the use of active video games (in which players physically interact
with images onscreen) as a means to promote physical activity in children. The aim of this review was to assess
active video games as a means of increasing energy expenditure and physical activity behavior in children.
Studies were obtained from computerized searches of multiple electronic bibliographic databases. The last
search was conducted in December 2008. Eleven studies focused on the quantification of the energy cost
associated with playing active video games, and eight studies focused on the utility of active video games as an
intervention to increase physical activity in children. Compared with traditional non-active video games, active
video games elicited greater energy expenditure, which was similar in intensity to mild to moderate intensity
physical activity. The intervention studies indicate that active video games may have the potential to increase
free-living physical activity and improve body composition in children; however, methodological limitations
prevent definitive conclusions. Future research should focus on larger, methodologically sound intervention
trials to provide definitive answers as to whether this technology is effective in promoting long-term physical
activity in children.

Sales Representatives #071078

Sales jobs allow for a great deal of discretionary time and effort on the part of the sales representatives -
especially when compared with managerial, manufacturing, and service jobs. Most sales representatives work
independently and outside the immediate presence of their sales managers. Therefore, some form of goals
needs to be in place to motivate and guide their performance. Sales personnel are not the only professionals
with performance goals or quotas. Health care professionals operating in clinics have daily, weekly, and
monthly goals in terms of patient visits. Service personnel are assigned a number of service calls they must
perform during a set time period. Production workers in manufacturing have output goals. So, why are
achieving sales goals or quotas such a big deal? The answer to this question can be found by examining how a
firm's other departments are affected by how well the company's salespeople achieve their performance goals.
The success of the business hinges on the successful sales of its products and services. Consider all the
planning, the financial, production and marketing efforts that go into producing what the sales force sells.
Everyone depends on the sales force to sell the company's products and services and they eagerly anticipate
knowing things are going.

Behavior of Liquids #071081

If you see a movie, or a TV advertisement, that involves a fluid behaving in an unusual way, it was probably
made using technology based on the work of a Monash researcher. Professor Joseph Monaghan who
pioneered an influential method for interpreting the behavior of liquids that underlies most special effects
involving water has been honored with election to the Australian Academy of Sciences.

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Professor Monaghan, one of only 17 members elected in 2011, was recognized for developing the method of
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) which has applications in the fields of astrophysics, engineering and
physiology, as well as movie special effects. His research started in 1977 when he tried to use computer
simulation to describe the formation of stars and stellar systems. The algorithms available at the time were
incapable of describing the complicated systems that evolve out of chaotic clouds of gas in the galaxy.
Professor Monaghan, and his colleague Bob Gingold, took the novel and effective approach of replacing the
fluid or gas in the simulation with large numbers of particles with properties that mimicked those of the fluid.
SPH has become a central tool in astrophysics, where it is currently used to simulate the evolution of the
universe after the Big Bang, the formation of stars, and the processes of planet building.

Push and pull factors #071082

People move to a new region for many different reasons. The motivation for moving can come from a
combination of what researchers sometimes call 'push and pull factors' – those that encourage people to leave
a region, and those that attract people to a region. Some of the factors that motivate people to move include
seeking a better climate, finding more affordable housing, looking for work or retiring from work, leaving the
congestion of city living, wanting a more pleasant environment, and wanting to be near to family and friends. In
reality, many complex factors and personal reasons may interact to motivate a person or family to move.

Tomb of Tutankhamun #071084

The last tourists may have been leaving the Valley of the Kings on the West Bank in Luxor but the area in front
of the tomb of Tutankhamun remained far from deserted. Instead of the tranquility that usually descends on
the area in the evening it was a hive of activity. TV crews trailed masses of equipment, journalists milled and
photographers held their cameras at the ready. The reason? For the first time since Howard Carter discovered
the tomb in 1922 the mummy of Tutankhamun was being prepared for public display.
Inside the subterranean burial chamber Egypt's archaeology supremo Zahi Hawass, accompanied by four
Egyptologists, two restorers and three workmen, were slowly lifting the mummy from the golden sarcophagus
where it has been rested -- mostly undisturbed -- for more than 3,000 years. The body was then placed on a
wooden stretcher and transported to its new home, a high- tech, climate-controlled plexi-glass showcase
located in the outer chamber of the tomb where, covered in linen, with only the face and feet exposed, it now
greets visitors.

Active Reading #071085

(Only the gist. Not the original text.)

Reading is an active process, not a passive one. We always read within a specific context and this affects what
we notice and what seems to matter. We always have a purpose in reading a text, and this will shape how we
approach it. Our purpose and background knowledge will also determine the strategies we use to read the text.

Use Your Time Well #071090

You have about 30 minutes to answer each question. You must take account of how many marks are available
for each part when you answer it. Even if you think you can write more, don't spend 15 minutes answering a
part worth only 5 marks. Leave space at the end of your answer and come back to it if you have time to spare
later.
And if you can't think of an answer to some part, leave a space and move on to the next part. Don't write
about something else if you don't know the correct answer -- this is just a waste of your valuable time (and the
examiner's).

Maya descendants #071091

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Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves as “the corn people.” The
phrase is not intended as metaphor. Rather, it's meant to acknowledge their abiding dependence on this
miraculous grass, the staple of their diet for almost 9,000 years. The supermarket itself-the wallboard and joint
compound, the linoleum and fiberglass and adhesives out of which the building itself has been built-is in no
small measure a manifestation of corn.

Primates #071092

With their punk hairstyles and bright colors, marmosets and tamarins are among the most attractive primates
on earth. These fast-moving, lightweight animals live in the rainforests of South America. Their small size makes
it easy for them to dart about the trees, catching insects and small animals such as lizards, frogs, and snails.
Marmosets have another unusual food source - they use their chisel-like incisor teeth to dig into tree bark and
lap up the gummy sap that seeps out, leaving telltale, oval-shaped holes in the branches when they have
finished. But as vast tracts of rainforest are cleared for plantations and cattle ranches marmosets and tamarins
are in serious danger of extinction.

Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum #071093

The Edo-Tokyo Tatemono En is an open-air architectural museum but could be better thought of as a park.
Thirty buildings from the 19th and early 20th centuries from all around Tokyo were restored and relocated to
the space, where they can be explored by future generations to come. The buildings are a collection of houses
and businesses, shops, and bathhouses, all of which would have been present on a typical middle-class street
from Edoera to Showa-era Tokyo. The west section is residential, with traditional thatched roof bungalows of
the 19th century. Meiji-era houses are also on view, constructed in a more Western style after Japan opened its
borders in 1868. The Musashino Sabo Cafe occupies the ground floor of one such house, where visitors can
enjoy a cup of tea. Grand residences like that of Korekiyo Takahashi, an early 20th century politician
assassinated over his controversial policies, demonstrate how the upper class lived during that time period. The
east section is primarily businesses from the 1920s and ’30s, preserved with their wares on display. Visitors are
free to wander through a kitchenware shop, a florist’s, an umbrella store, a bar, a soy sauce shop, a tailor’s, a
cosmetics shop, and an inn complete with an operational noodle shop.

Opportunity Cost #071094

Opportunity cost incorporates the notion of scarcity: No matter what we do, there is always a trade-off. We
must trade off one thing for another because resources are limited and can be used in different ways.
By acquiring something, we use up resources that could have been used to acquire something else. The notion
of opportunity cost allows us to measure this trade-off. Most decisions involve several alternatives. For
example, if you spend an hour studying for an economics exam, you have one fewer hour to pursue other
activities. To determine the opportunity cost of an activity, we look at what you consider the best of these
“other” activities. For example, suppose the alternatives to studying economics are studying for a history
exam or working in a job that pays $10 per hour. If you consider studying for history a better use of your time
than working, then the opportunity cost of studying economics is the four extra points you could have received
on a history exam if you studied history instead of economics. Alternatively, if working is the best alternative,
the opportunity cost of studying economics is the $10 you could have earned instead.

Private Schools in UK #071097

Private schools in the UK are redoubling their marketing efforts to foreigners. Almost a third of the 68,000
boarding pupils at such schools already come from overseas. But now, with many UK residents unwilling or
unable to afford the fee - top boarding schools edging towards £30,000 ($49,759) a year - and a cultural shift
away from boarding, many schools are looking abroad to survive.

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Overseas students now account for about ...

Sydney #071098

Sydney is becoming eective in making the best of its limited available unconstrained land. Sydney is suitable for
integrating suitable business, office, residential, retail and other development in accessible locations so as to
maximise public transport patronage and encourage walking and cycling. Also this city can reduce the
consumption of land for housing and associated urban development on the urban fringe. For the proposed
mixed business, mixed use and business park areas, there was no employment data available for comparable
areas. It is also concluded that lack of housing supply will affect affordability in Sydney.

Diversity of the Amazon Basin #071101

This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity for the Amazon basin, one
of the largest reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to the idea that Amazonian
diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropical forest itself. “Basically, the Amazon basin is
‘melting pot’ for South American frogs,” says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study.
“Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many
millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the
basin. Adjacent regions have played a major role.”

Allergies #071104

Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that are typically harmless to most people. When
you’re allergic to something, your immune system mistakenly believes that this substance is harmful to your
body. Substances that cause allergic reactions — such as certain foods, dust, plant pollen, or medicines — are
known as allergens. In an attempt to protect the body, the immune system produces IgE antibodies to that
allergen. Those antibodies then cause certain cells in the body to release chemicals into the bloodstream, one
of which is histamine. The histamine then acts on a person's eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal
tract and causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Future exposure to that same allergen will trigger this
antibody response again. This means that every time you come into contact with that allergen, you'll have an
allergic reaction.

Standard English #071109

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationship between standard and nonstandard language is,
evidently, still an uncertain one. We are at a transitional point between two eras. We seem to be leaving an era
when the rules of Standard English, as elected and defined by prescriptive grammarians, totally conditioned our
sense of acceptable usage, so that all other usages and varieties were considered to be inferior or corrupt, and
excluded from serious consideration. And we seem to be approaching an era when nonstandard usages and
varieties, previously denigrated or ignored, are achieving a new presence and respectability within society,
reminiscent of that found in Middle English, when dialect variation in literature was widespread and
uncontentious. But we are not there yet. The rise of Standard English has resulted in a confrontation between
the standard and nonstandard dimensions of the language which has lasted for over 200 years, and this has
had traumatic consequences Which will take some years to eliminate. Once people have been given an
inferiority complex about the way they speak or write, they find it difficult to shake off.

Sustainable transportation system #071114

A sustainable transportation system is one in which people needs and desires for access to jobs, commerce,
recreation, culture and home are accommodated using a minimum of resources. Applying principles of
sustainability to transportation will reduce pollution generated by gasoline-powered engines, noise, traffic

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congestion, land devaluation, urban sprawl, economic segregation, and injury to drivers, pedestrians and
cyclists. In addition, the costs of commuting, shipping, housing and goods will be reduced.

Ultimately in a sustainable San Francisco, almost all trips to and within the City will be on public transit, foot or
bicycle-as will a good part of trips to the larger Bay Region. Walking through streets designed for pedestrians
and bicycles will be more pleasant than walking through those designed for the automobile. Street-front retail
and commercial establishments will prosper from the large volume of foot traffic drawn to an environment
enhanced by trees, appropriately designed “street furniture,” (street lights, bicycle racks, benches, and the
like) and other people. Rents and property costs will be lowered as land for off-street parking is no longer
required or needed.

Significance of instinct #071125

What is the significance of instinct in business? Does a reliable gut feeling separate winners from losers? And is
it the most valuable emotional tool any entrepreneur can possess? My observations of successful company
owners lead me to believe that a highly analytical attitude can be a drawback. At critical junctures in
commercial life, risk-taking is more an act of faith than a carefully balanced choice. Frequently, such moments
require decisiveness and absolute conviction above all else. There is simply no time to wait for all the facts, or
room for doubt. A computer program cannot tell you how to invent and launch a new product. That journey
involves too many unknowns, too much luck - and too much sheer intuition, rather than the infallible logic that
machines deliver so well. As Chekhov said: “An artist’s flair is sometimes worth a scientist’s brains” -
entrepreneurs need right-brain thinking. When I have been considering whether to buy a company and what
price to offer, I have been blinded too often by reams of due diligence from the accountants and lawyers.
Usually it pays to stand back from such mountains of grey data and weigh up the really important issues-and
decide how you feel about the opportunity.

Joseph Engelberger #071137

Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked “I can't define a robot but I know one
when I see one” If you consider all the different machines people call robots, you can see that it's nearly
impossible to come up with a comprehensive definition. Everybody has a different idea of what constitutes a
robot.

Two siblings #071138

No two siblings are the same, not even identical twins. Parents often puzzle about why their children are so
different from one another. They’ ll say, I brought them up all the same. They forget that what determines our
behaviour isn't what happens to us but how we interpret what happens to us, and no two people ever see
anything in exactly the same way.

Wind moving #071145

Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move as fast as a racing car, over 100 miles an hour Winds can
travel around the world. Wind can make you feel cold because you lose heat from your body faster when it is
windy Weather forecasters need to know the speed and direction of the wind. the strength of wind is measured
using the Beaufort scale from wind force when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can damage houses
and buildings and is called hurricane force.

Seminars #071148

Seminars are not designed to be mini-lectures. Their educational role is to provide an opportunity for you to
discuss interesting and/or difficult aspects of the course. This is founded on the assumption that it is only by

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actively trying to use the knowledge that you have acquired from lectures and texts that you can achieve an
adequate understanding of the subject. If you do not understand a point it is highly unlikely that you will be the
only person in the group in that position; you will invariably be undertaking a service for the entire group if you
come to the seminar equipped with questions on matters which you feel you did not fully understand. The
seminar is to provoke discussion .

Hard work #071149

It is important to emphasize the need for hard work as an essential part of studying law, because far too many
students are tempted to think that they can succeed by relying on what they imagine to be their natural ability,
without bothering to add the expenditure of effort. To take an analogy some people prefer the more or less
instant gratification which comes from watching television adaptation of a classic novel to the rather more
laborious process of reading the novel itself. Those who prefer watching television to reading the book are less
likely to study law successfully, unless they rapidly acquire a taste for text-based materials.

Retirement #071151

For a start, we need to change our concept of 'retirement', and we need to change mind-sets arising from
earlier government policy which, in the face of high unemployment levels, encouraged mature workers to take
early retirement. Today, government encourages them to delay their retirement.
We now need to think of retirement as a phased process, where mature age workers gradually reduce their
hours, and where they have considerable flexibility in how they combine their work and non work time.
We also need to recognise the broader change that is occurring in how people work, learn, and live.
Increasingly we are moving away from a linear relationship between education, training, work, and retirement,
as people move in and out of jobs, careers, caregiving, study, and leisure. Employers of choice remove the
barriers between the different segments of people's lives, by creating flexible conditions of work and a range of
leave entitlements. They take an individualised approach to workforce planning and development so that the
needs of employers and employees can be met simultaneously. This approach supports the different transitions
that occur across the life course - for example, school to work, becoming a parent, becoming responsible for
the care of older relatives, and moving from work to retirement.

Interior design #071159

Interior design is a professionally conducted, practice-based process of planning and realization of interior
spaces and the elements within. Interior design is concerned with the function and operation of the aesthetics
and its sustainability. The work of an interior designer draws upon many other disciplines, such as
environmental psychology, architecture, product design and, aesthetics, in relation to a wide range of building
spaces including hotels corporate and public spaces, schools, hospitals, private residences, shopping malls,
restaurants, theaters and airport terminals.

Australia’s dwelling #071160

The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving, with current homes having more bedrooms on average than
homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller on average with decreasing proportions
of couple families with children and increasing couple only and lone person households. This article examines
the changes in household size and number of bedrooms from 1994-95 to 2003-04.

Foreign policy #071163

The foreign policy of a state, it is often argued, begins and ends with the border. No doubt an exaggeration,
this aphorism nevertheless has an element of truth. A state's relation with its neighbours, at least in the
formative years, are greatly influenced by its frontier policy, especially when there are no settled borders.

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Empire builders in the past sought to extend imperial frontiers for a variety of reasons; subjugation of kings and
princes to gain their allegiance (as well as handsome tributes or the coffers of the state), and, security of the
'core' of the empire from external attacks by establishing a string of buffer states in areas adjoining the
frontiers. The history of British empire in India was no different. It is important to note in this connection that
the concept of international boundaries (between two sovereign states), demarcated and delineated, was yet to
emerge in India under Mughal rule.

Film #071164

Film is where art meets commerce. As Orson Welles said “A painter just needs a brush and the writer just
needs a pen, but the producer needs an army.” And an army needs money; a producer is just like an
entrepreneur, we raise money to make films. First we need to find an original idea or a book or a play and
purchase the rights, then we need money to develop that idea, often a reasonably small sum. Besides, to
commission a writer for the screenplay isn't something you would want to gamble your own money on, so you
find a partner. We are lucky here in the UK, as we have Film4, BBC Films and the UK Film Council, all of which
are good places to develop an idea. Producing in Britain is very different to producing in America or even
Europe because the economic dynamic is different.

Life expectancy at birth #071165

Life expectancy at birth is one of the most widely used and internationally recognised indicators of population
health. It focuses on the length of life rather than its quality, and provides a useful summary of the general
health of the population. While an indicator describing how long Australians live that simultaneously takes into
account quality of life would be a desirable summary measure of progress in the area, currently no such
measure exists, and this is why life expectancy at birth is used as the Main Progress Indicator here. During the
decade 1999 to 2009, life expectancy at birth improved for both sexes.
A girl born in 2009 could expect to reach 83.9 years of age, while a boy could expect to live to 79. 3 years. Over
the decade, boys 'life expectancy increased slightly more than girls'(3. 1 compared with 2. 1 years). This saw the
gap between the sexes' life expectancy decrease by one year to 4.6 years
In the longer term, increases in life expectancy also occurred over most of the 20th century. Unfortunately, life
expectancy isn't shared across the whole population though, being lower in Tasmania and the northern
Territory, and for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

Intelligence of animals #071168

Comparing the intelligence of animals of different species is difficult, how do you compare a dolphin and a
horse? Psychologists have a technique for looking at intelligence that does not require the cooperation of the
animal involved. The relative size of an individual's brain is a reasonable indication of intelligence. Comparing
across species is not as simple an elephant will have a larger brain than a human simply because it is a large
beast. Instead, we use the Cephalization index, which compare the size of an animal's brain to the size of its
body.

Based on the Cephalization index, the brightest animals on the planet are humans, followed by great apes,
porpoises and elephants. As a general rule, animals that hunt for a living (like canines) are smarter than strict
vegetarians (you don't need much intelligence to outsmart a leaf of lettuce). Animals that live in social groups
are always smarter and have large EQ's than solitary animals.

Progressive enhancement #071175

Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead of designing for the least capable
browser, or mangling our code to make a site look the same in every browser, we should provide a core set of

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functionality and information to all users, and then progressively enhance the appearance and behaviour of the
site for users of more capable browsers. It's very productive development practice instead of spending hours
working out how to add drop shadows to the borders of an element in every browser, we simply use the
standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don't even attempt to implement it in browsers that
don’t. After all, the users of older and less capable browsers wont know what they are missing. The biggest
challenge to progressive enhancement is the belief among developers and clients that websites should look the
same in every browser. As a developer, you can simplify your life and dedicate your time to more interesting
challenges if you let go of this outdated notion and embrace progressive enhancement.

Chemistry #071180

Chemistry is an extremely important topic in physiology. Most physiological processes occur as the result of
chemical changes that occur within the body. These changes include the influx/efflux of ions across a neuron’s
membrane, causing a signal to pass from one end to the other. Other examples include the storage of oxygen
in the blood by a protein as it passes through the lungs for usage throughout the body.

SpaceX Dragon Capsule #071182

SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on Friday at 1845 GMT (1445 EDT), reaching
orbit 9 minutes later.
The rocket lofted an unscrewed mockup of SpaceX’s Dragon capsule, which is designed to one-day carry both
crew and cargo to orbit. “This has been a good day for SpaceX and a promising development for the US
human space flight programme,” said Robyn Ringuette of SpaceX in a webcast of the launch.
In a teleconference with the media on Thursday, SpaceX’s CEO, Paypal co-founder Elon Musk, said he would
consider the flight 100 percent successful if it reached orbit. “Even if we prove out just that the first stage
functions correctly, I’d still say that’s a good day for a test,” he said. “It’s a great day if both stages work
correctly.”
SpaceX hopes to win a NASA contract to launch astronauts to the International Space Station using the Falcon
9. US government space shuttles, which currently make these trips, are scheduled to retire for safety reasons at
the end of 2010.

Conflict #071186

Most of us are scared of open conflict and avoid it if we can. And there is a risk to expressing and working
through conflict. If the working involves harsh words and name-calling people fell deeply hurt and relationships
can be damaged. Some group members may be afraid that if they really express their anger, they may go out
of control and become violent, or they may do this. These fears can be very real and based on experience.

History Books #071189

What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but what historians have selected.
They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made. Choices must similarly be made about which aspects
of the past should be formally taught to the next generation in the shape of school history lessons. So, for
example, when a national school curriculum for England and Wales was first discussed at the end of the 1980s,
the history curriculum was the subject of considerable public and media interest. Politicians argued about it;
people wrote letters to the press about it; the Prime Minister of the time, Margaret Thatcher, intervened in the
debate. Let us think first about the question of content. There were two main camps on this issue – those who
thought the history of Britain should take pride of place, and those who favored what was referred to as 'world
history'.

Online campus #071191

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Remember when universities were bursting at the seams with students sitting in the aisles, balancing books on
their knees? No more, it seems. E-learning is as likely to stand for empty lecture theatres as for the internet
revolution, which has greatly increased the volume and range of course materials available online in the past
five years. "The temptation now is to simply think, 'Everything will be online so I don't need to go to class'," said
Dr Kerri-Lee Krause, of the Centre for the Study of Higher Education at the University of Melbourne. The
nation's universities are in the process of opening the doors for the new academic year and, while classes are
generally well attended for the early weeks, it often does not last.
"There is concern at the university level about student attendance dropping and why students are not coming
to lectures," Dr Krause said. But lecturers' pride - and fierce competition among universities for students - mean
few are willing to acknowledge publicly how poorly attended many classes are.

Arbitration #071196

Arbitration is a method of conflict resolution which, with more or less formalized mechanisms, occurs in many
political and legal spheres. There are two main characteristics to arbitration. The first is that it is a voluntary
process under which two parties in conflict agree between themselves to be bound by the judgment of a third
party which has no other authority over them; the judgment, however, is not legally binding. The second is that
there is usually no clear body of law or set of rules that must apply; the arbitrator is free, subject to any prior
agreement with the conflicting parties, to decide on whatever basis of justice is deemed suitable.

Children sleep patterns #071198

Children have sound sleep patterns. They can successfully sleep for 8-9 hours and get up at a fixed time. But
teenagers don’t. Their need of early start to schools or other schedules can influence their sleep patterns.
Despite these factors, they actually need longer sleep time.

Economic Character #071202

One distinguishing feature of business is its economic character. In the world of business, we interact with each
other not as family members, friends, or neighbors, but as buyers and sellers, employers and employees, and
the like. Trading, for example, is often accompanied by hard bargaining, in which both sides conceal their full
hand and perhaps engage in some bluffing. And a skilled salesperson is versed in the art of arousing a
customer's attention (sometimes by a bit of puffery) to clinch the sale. Still, there is an "ethics of trading" that
prohibits the use of false or deceptive claims and tricks such as "bait-and-switch" advertising.

Parasitic Plants #071205

主旨：寄生植物parasitic plants与宿主植物host plants之间是互惠互利的关系。

第一空： flowers are pollinated well and their seeds are dispersed
第二空：they are co-evolved to 互惠互利
第三空：the results will be upsetting for both species.

Teens Writing #071208

Teens write for a variety of reasons—as part of a school assignment, to get a good grade, to stay in touch with
friends, to share their artistic creations with others or simply to put their thoughts to paper (whether virtual or
otherwise). In our focus groups, teens said they are motivated to write when they can select topics that are
relevant to their lives and interests, and report greater enjoyment of school writing when they have the
opportunity to write creatively. Having teachers or other adults who challenge them, present them with
interesting curricula and give them detailed feedback also serves as a motivator for teens. Teens also report
writing for an audience motivates them to write and write well.

Omniscience #071209

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Omniscience may be a foible of men, but it is not so of books. Knowledge, as Johnson said, is of two kinds, you
may know a thing yourself, and you may know where to find it. Now the amount which you may actually know
yourself must, at its best, be limited, but what you may know of the sources of information may, with proper
training, become almost boundless. And here come the value and use of reference books—the working of one
book in connexion with another—and applying your own intelligence to both. By this means we get as near to
that omniscient volume which tells everything as ever we shall get, and although the single volume or work
which tells everything does not exist, there is a vast number of reference books in existence, a knowledge and
proper use of which is essential to every intelligent person. Necessary as I believe reference books to be, they
can easily be made to be contributory to idleness, and too mechanical a use should not be made of them.

Language Deficit of UK Students #071210

This is a challenging time for UK students, and we should be making their transition from university to the
globalized world easier, not harder. The British Academhy has voiced its concern over the growing language
deficit for some years, and the gloomy statistics speak for themselves. We need decisive action if we are to
remedy this worsening situation.
The roots of the problem lie within schools, but Vice-Chancellors have the power to drive change and help their
students recognize the importance of learning languages, and about the countries where they are spoken and
the cultures they sustain. We urge them to act and protect this country’s long term economic, social and
cultural standing.

DNA is a Molecule #071211

DNA is a molecule that does two things. First, it acts as the hereditary material, which is passed down from
generation to generation. Second, it directs, to a considerable extent, the construction of our bodies, telling our
cells what kinds of molecules to make and guiding our development from a single-celled zygote to a fully
formed adult. These two things are of course connected. The DNA sequences that construct the best bodies are
more likely to get passed down to the next generation because well-constructed bodies are more likely to
survive and thus to reproduce. This is Darwin’s theory of natural selection stated in the language of DNA.

Bones and joints #071213

Bones are extremely strong. One of their main functions is to protect organs. For example, the skull protects the
brain and forms the shape of the face. The spinal cord, a pathway for messages between the brain and the
body, is protected by the backbone, or spinal column. The ribs form a cage that shelters the heart and lungs,
and the pelvis helps protect the bladder, part of the intestines, and in women, the reproductive organs.

Joints make the skeleton flexible — without them, movement would be impossible. Three kinds of freely
movable joints play a big part in voluntary movement: Hinge joints allow movement in one direction, as seen in
the knees and elbows. Pivot joints allow a rotating or twisting motion, like that of the head moving from side to
side. Ball-and-socket joints allow the greatest freedom of movement. The hips and shoulders have this type of
joint, in which the round end of a long bone fits into the hollow of another bone.

Daniel Harris #071215

Daniel Harris, a scholar of consumption and style, has observed that until photography finally supplanted
illustration as the “primary means of advertising clothing” in the 1950s, glamour inhered less in the face of
the drawing, which was by necessity schematic and generalized, than in the sketch’s attitude, posture, and
gestures, especially in the strangely dainty positions of the hands. Glamour once resided so emphatically in the
stance of the model that the faces in the illustrations cannot really be said to have expressions at all, but angles
or tilts. The chin raised upwards in a haughty look; the eyes lowered in an attitude of introspection; the head

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cocked at an inquisitive or coquettish angle: or the profile presented in sharp outline, emanating power the
severity like an emperor’s bust embossed on a Roman coin.

A Bad Title #071218

A good story may be given a bad title by its author, and so started toward failure. Novices are peculiarly liable
to this fault, usually through allowing themselves to be too easily satisfied. They go to infinite pains to make
the story itself fresh and individual, and then cap it with a commonplace phrase that is worse than no title at all.
A good title is apt, specific, attractive, new, and short.
A title is apt if it is an outgrowth of the plot—a text, as I have said. It stands definitely for that particular story,
and gives a suggestion of what is to come—but only a suggestion, lest it should anticipate the denouement
and so satisfy the curiosity of the reader too soon.

Fresh Water #071220

Everybody needs fresh water. Without water people, animals and plants cannot live. Although a few plants and
animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a constant supply of fresh water if they are to stay fit and
healthy. Of the total supply of water on the Earth, only about 3 percent of it is fresh, and most of that is stored
as ice and snow at the poles, or is so deep under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it. Despite so
much of the water being out of reach, we still have a million cubic miles of it that we can use. That's about
4,300,000 cubic kilometers of fresh water to share out between most of the plants, animals and people on the
planet.

Mini Helicopter #071221

A mini helicopter modelled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying overhead. Evan Ulrich and colleagues at
the University of Maryland in College Park turned to the biological world for inspiration to build a scaled-down
helicopter that could mimic the properties of full-size aircraft.
The complex design of full-size helicopters gets less efficient when shrunk, meaning that standard mini
helicopters expend most of their power simply fighting to stay stable in the air. The researchers realised that a
simpler aircraft designed to stay stable passively would use much less power and reduce manufacturing costs
to boot.
It turns out that nature had beaten them to it. The seeds of trees such as the maple have a single-blade
structure that allows them to fly far away and drift safely to the ground. These seeds, known as samaras, need
no engine to spin through the air, thanks to a process called autorotation. By analysing the behaviour of the
samara with high-speed cameras, Ulrich and his team were able to copy its design.

Population Change #071222

Populations can change through three processes: fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility involves the
number of children that women have and is to be contrasted with fecundity (a woman's childbearing potential).
Mortality is the study of the causes, consequences, and measurement of processes affecting death to members
of the population. Demographers most commonly study mortality using the Life Table, a statistical device that
provides information about the mortality conditions (most notably the life expectancy) in the population.
Migration refers to the movement of persons from a locality of origin to a destination place across some
predefined, political boundary. Migration researchers do not designate movements 'migrations' unless they are
somewhat permanent. Thus demographers do not consider tourists and travellers to be migrating. While
demographers who study migration typically do so through census data on place of residence, indirect sources
of data including tax forms, and labour force surveys are also important.
Demography is today widely taught in many universities across the world, attracting students with initial
training in social sciences, statistics or health studies.

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Taylor's Restaurant #071223

The rest of Taylor’s restaurant is student-run. Students in quantity food production and service management
classes make the articulate and detailed dishes. "We teach students to understand where a product comes from
and to respect that product," Garmy said.
Skeptics might doubt the quality of a student-run restaurant, but one visit to Taylor's will immediately change
their outlook. Dishes such as orecchiette and butternut squash, pappardelle with duck and bistro chicken will
please any appetite while imparting the need to return for a second taste.
Students are taught to use ratios and proportions rather than recipes when creating dishes.
"Understanding ratios and proportions when creating dishes instead of recipes makes students think and
actually teaches them how to cook, rather than just reading a recipe and not learning from it," Garmy said.
Garmy said he believes in using all aspects of a product, which Taylor's menu reflects.

The Ironbridge Gorge #071226

The Ironbridge Gorge World Heritage property covers an area of 5.5 km2 (550ha) and is located in Telford,
Shropshire, approximately 50km north-west of Birmingham. The Industrial Revolution had its 18th century
roots in the Ironbridge Gorge before spreading across the world, bringing with it some of the most far-reaching
changes in human history. The site incorporates a 5km length of the steep-sided, mineral-rich Severn Valley
from a point immediately west of Ironbridge downstream to Coalport, together with two smaller river valleys
extending northwards to Coalbrookdale and Madeley. The Ironbridge Gorge offers a powerful insight into the
origins of the Industrial Revolution and also contains extensive evidence and remains of that period when the
area was the focus of international attention from artists, engineers, and writers. The site contains substantial
remains of mines, foundries, factories, workshops, warehouses, iron masters' and workers' housing, public
buildings, infrastructure, and transport systems, together with traditional landscape and forests of the Severn
Gorge. In addition, there also remain extensive collections of artifacts and archives relating to the individuals,
processes, and products that made the area so important. 【2020.11.13更新，所有干扰项均为真实考试出现的干扰
项】

Zika Virus #071228

Zika is more pernicious than public health officials anticipated. At present, it is circulating in more than 50
countries. And as of mid-May, seven countries or territories have reported cases of microcephaly or other
serious birth defects linked to the virus, which is transmitted by mosquito bite, blood transfusion or sexual
contact with an infected human. It can also be passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy.
Despite Zika’s vast range over almost 70 years, there is little genetic difference among the various strains,
according to an analysis by researchers at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. For example, the
strain currently in the Americas and another previously detected in French Polynesia are practically
indistinguishable from each other (group in white box). If the virus has changed so little over time, why is it
rearing its ugly head now? Scientists are not sure yet, but new experimental work in mosquitoes suggests that
the virus was capable of causing detrimental health effects and outbreaks all along. Therefore, it is unlikely
mutations enabled new abilities. Instead public health officials probably did not understand Zika’s potential
because the virus circulated mostly in remote locations until recently.

Good Schools Guide #071229

A big rise in state schools rated among the best institutions in the country is revealed in the latest edition of
the Good Schools Guide. Middle-class parents facing financial pressures in the downturn are increasingly
looking beyond the private sector to educate their children. The 23-year-old Good Schools Guide – a popular
reference book for fee-paying families set on the best private school – has increased the number of state
schools in this year’s edition to 251, pushing the figure to more than a quarter of its 1,000 entries for the first

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time. Explaining why the guide has more than doubled the number of schools it features outside the private
sector in only five years, Sue Fieldman, regional editor, told the Financial Times: “The parents we speak to want
more information on the state sector and the best it has to offer.

A Music Student #071235

A music student at the University of Salford who wrote a song in two weeks is celebrating after being featured
on a compilation album produced by Metropolis Studios.
Pop mega-stars including Adele, Michael Jackson and Sir Elton John have all recorded music at the world
famous Metropolis Studios.
Last year, the recording studios set about compiling an album called ‘Lost Songs’, which features songs from
relatively unknown musicians.
First year student Zak Taylor Fray decided to submit his song demo to be included in Volume Two of the Lost
Songs album which was released this year, after he saw how successful Volume One had been.
Zak 24, said: “I found this competition when simply searching the internet for songwriting competitions one
day, and was lucky that there was still time to enter. It amazes me that people who have worked with huge pop
stars thought my song was good and worth something."

Children’s music choices #071238

The general perception is that children are surrounded by a variety of musical experiences. There are often
fewer and fewer opportunities for children to actively engage in music making themselves. They are inundated
with music emitting from a wide array of electronic devices, toys, and computers offering a limitless number of
musical selections. However, much of the music in children’s lives is “unchosen,” in other words they are
passive recipients in much of the music in their lives, and not actively engaged in its selection. They experience
background music in computer games, cartoons, TV shows, films, on iPads, radios, and ringtones. They listen to
music choices of their parents or siblings, and even the schools they attend often play music before the school
day begins or in classrooms while students are working. Studies are being conducted on the effects of the
ubiquitous pre-recorded music they encounter and whether or not it is intruding on their desire to make their
own music or interact with each other on the playground.

Mechanical engineering #071239

Mechanical engineering was at the heart of Taylor’s theorizing, providing the context for its development, the
world view by which it was sustained and, finally, the justification for its widespread application. Scientific
management aimed to analyse and control the activities of people in the same way that engineers analysed and
controlled machines. Central to Taylor’s system was the desire to rationalize and standardize production
techniques in the interests of economy, efficiency and mutual prosperity. His primary point of interest was the
individual worker pursuing individual goals and motivated by incentive payments. Undoubtedly Taylor’s view
of human motivation was somewhat simplistic and his apprehension of the significance of groups was limited
and generally negative.

Fossil fuels #071242

But look beyond fossil fuels for the most intriguing trends. One is that the energy intensity of the world
economy - the amount of energy it takes to produce one dollar’s worth of income - keeps falling, at a rate of
about 2 percent. What this means is that even without any change in the relative shares of fossil-based and
fossil-free sources in the world’s energy mix, we could have 2 percent annual economic growth without
increasing carbon emissions from energy use. Of course that is not enough to address climate change and we
need more economic growth than that. It is nonetheless a stunning number, which refutes the claim by some
environmentalists that permanent economic growth is fundamentally incompatible with finite physical

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resources.

Color preferences #071244

Many tests have shown that, in a very broad way, people in most parts of the world have similar color
preferences. Blue is the most preferred and popular hue, followed in order by red, green, purple, yellow, and
orange. Overlaying this basic order of color preference, however, are the responses of individuals, which of
course vary widely and may also be very powerful. Children are likely to have strong preferences for some
colors and aversions to others, but sometimes will not admit to them, since outside factors may be influential in
determining both color preferences and the way that they are expressed or suppressed. Current fashions in
clothes and accessories, gender-stereotyping, and peer-group pressure may all play a significant part. Boys, in
particular, may be reluctant to admit to any strong preferences for colors other than those of favorite football
teams, because color awareness may be regarded by their peer group as feminine.

Circular tables #071247

UMN's ALCs features large circular tables that seat nine students and can accommodate laptop computers for
collaborative work. Typically, students bring their own computers to class and use the building's ubiquitous
wireless capability. The classrooms are designed to facilitate hands-on activities and problems that require
students to interact with each other to reach a solution. Students can display their work on large LCD screens
mounted around the room to promote small- and large-group discussion. Each table is allotted three
gooseneck microphones so that students can make themselves heard without shouting during group
discussions. Additionally, students can press a button on their table console to light a signal lamp to indicate
when they need help or wish to speak. To facilitate brainstorming and group reporting, the room is also lined
with erasable marker boards.

An abstract #071248

An abstract is an original work, not an excerpted passage. An abstract must be fully self-contained and make
sense by itself, without further reference to outside sources or to the actual paper. It highlights key content
areas, your research purpose, the relevance or importance of your work, and the main outcomes. It is a well-
developed single paragraph of approximately 250 words in length, which is indented and single spaced. The
function of the abstract is to outline briefly all parts of the paper. Although placed at the beginning of your
paper, immediately following the title page, the abstract should be the last thing that you write, once you are
sure of the conclusions you will reach.

Linda Finch #071252

Sixty years after Amelia Earhart vanished mysteriously in the Pacific during her attempt to become the first
person to circumnavigate the world along the equator, Linda Finch, a San Antonio businesswoman,
accomplished pilot, and aviation historian, recreated and completed her idol's last flight as a tribute to the
aviation pioneer's spirit and vision.

On March 17, 1997, Ms. Finch and a navigator took off from Oakland International Airport, California, in a
restored Lockheed Electra 10E, the same make and model aircraft that Earhart used on her last journey. The
mission to fulfill Amelia Earhart's dream was called “World Flight 1997.” Although Ms. Finch was not the first
to attempt Earhart's around-the-world journey, she was the first to do it in a historic airplane. Linda Finch
closely followed the same route that Earhart flew, stopping in 18 countries before finishing the trip two and a
half months later when she landed back at the Oakland Airport on May 28.

Over a million school children and others were able to follow the flight daily through an interactive website as

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part of a free multimedia educational program called “You Can Soar,” provided by the project's sponsor.

Proto-Indo-European (PIE) 原始印欧语系 #071253

No matter whether you speak English or Urdu, Waloon or Waziri, Portuguese or Persian, the roots of your
language are the same. Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the mother tongue – shared by several hundred
contemporary languages, as well as many now extinct, and spoken by people who lived from about 6,000 to
3,500 BC on the steppes to the north of the Caspian Sea. They left no written texts and although historical
linguists have, since the 19th century, painstakingly reconstructed the language from daughter languages, the
question of how it actually sounded was assumed to be permanently out of reach. Now, researchers at the
Universities of Cambridge and Oxford have developed a sound-based method to move back through the family
tree of languages that stem from PIE. They can simulate how certain words would have sounded when they
were spoken 8,000 years ago. Remarkably, at the heart of the technology is the statistics of shape. “Sounds
have shape,” explains Professor John Aston, from Cambridge’s Statistical Laboratory. “As a word is uttered it
vibrates air, and the shape of this soundwave can be measured and turned into a series of numbers. Once we
have these stats, and the stats of another spoken word, we can start asking how similar they are and what it
would take to shift from one to another.”

Men and women's retirement savings #071254

Men and women are making different choices about their retirement savings, which could lead to very different
investment outcomes, according to Dr Claire Matthews, Director of Financial Planning at Massey University's
Centre for Banking Studies. Speaking at the 2012 New Zealand Finance Colloquium, held at Massey University's
Albany campus last week, Dr Matthews said demographic characteristics had a substantial impact on the
choices people made about KiwiSaver funds and retirement savings more generally. When it comes to fund
selection, she found there were significant differences based on gender. Men are more likely to invest in
aggressive and growth funds, while women are more likely to choose conservative funds. "Males are risk takers,
whether it's in their choice of car or their investment fund," she says. "But when it comes to long-term savings,
risk taking can actually be an advantage." Dr Matthews also found that men are more likely than women to
have prior savings when joining KiwiSaver. Just over half of male respondents said they had savings already,
while only 38% of women did. "These figures reflect and confirm, quite disappointingly, the difference between
males and females and the level of interest they take in financial planning," Dr Matthews says. "It's important
for all New Zealanders to be better educated about their personal finances, but this is particularly so for
women." Other demographic factors, including age, ethnicity, education, and income, can also influence the
choices being made about retirement savings. Dr Matthews found that those with bachelor and higher degrees,
and those in households with a pre-tax income of $100,000 or more, were more likely to choose aggressive and
growth funds. On the other hand, both the youngest and oldest age groups were more likely to be invested in
conservative funds. While this might be appropriate for the life-cycle stage of older investors, it might not be so
appropriate for younger, longer-term investors.

Cells #071255

A cell is the smallest unit of structure and function. Thus, cells are the basic building blocks of all organisms.
Cells vary in size. With few exceptions, individual cells are so small that cannot be seen unaided. In 1665, a
British scientist named Robert Hooke observed cells for the first time using a microscope. A microscope is an
instrument that magnifies an object. Most images of cells are taken with a microscope and are called
micrographs.

APS #071256

The APS supports the development of an Australian curriculum for psychological science. The APS Division of

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Psychological Research, Education and Training, in consultation with teachers and curriculum representatives
from every State and Territory in Australia, has developed a proposed framework for senior secondary school
studies in psychological science. This framework is modelled on the current senior science curricula that were
developed and published by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. The APS hopes
that this framework will facilitate a dialogue between educators and their local curriculum authority, with the
aim of working towards a more consistent approach to the teaching of psychological science at the secondary
school level and optimizing the preparation for students going on to undergraduate psychology studies at
university, as well as the effective use of psychological principles in everyday life.

Golden Gate Bridge #071257

San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge, a stunning technological and artistic achievement, opens to the public
after five years of construction. On opening day - “Pedestrian Day” - some 200,000 bridge walkers marveled
at the 4,200-foot-long suspension bridge, which spans the Golden Gate Strait at the entrance to San Francisco
Bay and connects San Francisco and Marin County. On May 28, the Golden Gate Bridge opened to vehicular
traffic. On May 27, 1937, the Golden Gate Bridge was opened to great acclaim, a symbol of progress in the Bay
Area during a time of economic crisis. At 4,200 feet, it was the longest bridge in the world until the completion
of New York City’s Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in 1964. Today, the Golden Gate Bridge remains one of the
world’s most recognizable architectural structures.

Decline in marriage rates #071258

The decline in marriage rates and increase in divorce rates has led to a decrease in the proportion of the
population that is formally married. In 1986, 60% of the population aged 15 years and over were married; by
2001 this proportion had decreased to 55%. Conversely, the proportion of the population aged 15 years and
over who were never married increased from 29% in 1986 to 32% in 2001. At the same time, the proportion of
the population who were divorced increased, from 5% in 1986 to 7% in 2001, while the proportion of the
population who were widowed remained at around 6%.

Internet Use #071259

People are spending twice as much time online compared to 10 years ago, fuelled by increasing use of tablets
and smartphones. The biggest increase has been among young adults, with time spent online almost tripling
from 10 hours and 24 minutes each week in 2005 to 27 hours and 36 minutes in 2014.

In total, the average adult spends more than 20 hours online a week, which includes time spent on the internet
at work. Meanwhile the average person spends 2.5 hours every week “online while on the move” - away from
their home, work or place of study. This is a five-fold increase from 2005, when the figure was just 30 minutes.

Overall, the proportion of adults using the internet has risen by half - from six in ten in 2005 to almost nine in
ten today, according to Ofcom’s Media Use and Attitudes 2015 report, which questioned 1,890 adults aged 16
and over about their internet consumption habits.

Civil War #071260

A Civil War reenactment is in part a memorial service. It is partly, too, a leisure activity. Furthermore most
reenactors assert an educational import to the performance, and to develop their roles many pursue archival
research with a rare dedication. On the other hand Civil War reenactments are increasingly commercial
spectacles, with as many as fifty thousand Americans routinely gathering at (or near) historical Civil War
battlefields in order to stage performances that purport to recreate the conflict, while hundreds of thousands
more spectate (Hadden 1996:5). I will show how theoretical issues of authenticity arise as practical problems in

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the Civil War reenactment community by presenting my own observations from the 2006 Gettysburg
reenactment and by relying on a number of texts produced by participant-observers. In particular I will refer to
Robert Lee Hodge, who was made famous by Tony Horwitz's 1996 book, Confederates in the Attic, and who
served as a kind of Virgil to the author on his journey through a Confederate Valhalla. From these sources I will
argue that 'Living History' performances require an interpretive apparatus that takes genuine history as its
authority, while remaining external to both participants and tourists, who may well be unaware of how closely
their own involvement approximates genuine historical events.

Gunpowder and fireworks 火药与烟花 #071261

Gunpowder and fireworks might have been invented independently in Europe, but they probably reached
Europe via the Mongols, who spread west from China as far as central Europe by the mid-13th century. In 1267,
the English monk Roger Bacon recorded seeing what were very likely firecrackers, which he compared with the
flash of lightning and growl of thunder.
In 1377 fireworks accompanied a religious mystery play by the bishop's palace in Vicenza, and were soon used
to add sparks to figures of doves, representing the Holy Spirit, or angels, made to ascend and descend from the
heavens on ropes.
By the 15th century, rockets were being used in Europe for military and peaceful purposes. Italian and Spanish
cities in particular began to use fireworks for outdoor celebrations. The Italian metallurgist Vannoccio
Biringuccio described festivities in Florence and Siena for feast days. These included 'girandoles' or whirling
decorated wheels packed with fireworks which were suspended from a rope hung across a street or square.
Fireworks were also used in the German lands. An elaborate colour-painted book commemorates the
Schembart carnival of Nuremberg, which saw men dressed in brightly-coloured costumes parading through the
town. Often these included some kind of pyrotechnics. One image shows a man wearing a hat in the form of a
castle with fireworks and smoke shooting up from the towers, and interestingly, what looks like a smoking
artichoke.

Arlington Springs woman 艾灵顿泉女性骸骨 #071262

In 1959, the partial skeletal remains of an ancient woman estimated to be 10,000 years old were unearthed in
Arlington Springs on Santa Rosa Island, one of the eight Channel Islands off the southern California coast. They
were discovered by Phil C. Orr, curator of anthropology and natural history at the Santa Barbara Museum of
Natural History. The remains of the so-called Arlington Springs woman were recently re-analyzed by the latest
radiocarbon dating techniques and were found to be approximately 13,000 years old. The new date makes her
remains older than any other known human skeleton found so far in North America. The discovery challenges
the popular belief that the first colonists to North America arrived at the end of the last ice age about 11,500
years ago by crossing a Bering land bridge that connected Siberia to Alaska and northwestern Canada. The
earlier date and the location of the woman’s remains on the island adds weight to an alternative theory that
some early settlers may have constructed boats and migrated from Asia by sailing down the Pacific coast.

How fish travel #071263

Small lakes with a surface area of less than 100 square meters represent the majority of global freshwater
ecosystems. Many of these lakes are found in remote, often mountainous areas with no inflow and outflow. Yet
in most of these lakes, there are fish. So how do fish reach lakes and ponds that are not connected to other
bodies of water?
This question was already addressed by some of the leading natural scientists of the 19th century such as
Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Lyell, who all came to the same conclusion—water birds
must be responsible for fish dispersal.
And they had a plausible explanation for this: fish eggs of some species are sticky and can survive for some

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time out of water. The theory is thus that the fish eggs stick to water birds' feathers or feet; the birds then fly
from one body of water to the next, where the fish hatch from their eggs.

Supply and demand #071264

The supply of a thing, in the phrase "supply and demand," is the amount that will be offered for sale at each of
a series of prices; the demand is the amount that will be bought at each of a series of prices. The principle that
value depends on supply and demand means that in the case of nearly every commodity, more will be bought
if the price is lowered, less will be bought if the price is raised. Therefore sellers, if they wish to induce buyers to
take more of a commodity than they are already doing, must reduce its price; if they raise its price, they will sell
less. If there is a general falling off if in demand-- due, say, to trade depression -- sellers will either have to
reduce prices or put less on the market; they will not be able to sell the same amount at the same price.

Clean water in Rome #071265

Clean water was very important to the Romans. Cities, towns and forts were built near springs. However, as
Roman cities and towns grew, they needed to bring in water from further afield. As the population grew, so did
the need for clean water. Trying to shift large volumes of water underground in pipes was not possible as lead
pipes would be too weak and bronze pipes would be too expensive. The Romans could not make cast iron
pipes as the techniques for doing this were not known to them. If water could not be brought via pipes, the
Romans decided to bring it overland in what were conduits. When the water got to the city, it was fed off into
smaller bronze or ceramic pipes. To get the water to flow at an even (and slow) pace, conduits were built on a
slight slope. Valleys were crossed by using aqueducts. One of the most famous of these is the Pont du Gard
aqueduct at Nimes in southern France. Where possible, the Romans did take water through tunnels but the hills
needed to be relatively small for this to be successful.

Desert ant #071266

There comes a time in a desert ant’s life when a piece of food is too large to ignore, but too heavy to lift, and
the only way to get it home is to adopt a new style of walking.
The long-legged and speedy Cataglyphis fortis normally covers ground with a three-legged stride that moves
two legs forwards on one side, and one on the other. For the next step, the insect mirrors the move with its
other three legs.
But recordings of ants in the Tunisian desert reveal that when faced with oversized lumps of food 10 times their
own weight, the forward “tripod” walking style is abandoned. Unable to lift the morsels in their mandibles,
the ants drag the food backwards instead, moving all six legs independently. “This is the first time we have
seen this in any ants,” said lead author Sarah Pfeffer at the University of Ulm in Germany.
The ants’ long legs already help keep their bodies away from the scorching desert floor and enable them to
speed around at up to 60cm per second.
“Think of Usain Bolt, who has very long legs compared to body size. The desert floor is also very hot, so the
further away their bodies are from the surface, the better,” said co-author Matthias Wittlinger. The ants have
also evolved to function at body temperatures of 50C in a desert where temperatures can soar to 70C.
“They’re basically just trying to get out of the heat,” he added.

Superhighway #071269

Even after thousands of years exploring Earth, we're still uncovering new things like an ancient 'superhighway'
in the Guatemalan rain forest. Hidden beneath a thick layer of vegetation, the network of roads stretches over
150 miles and was most likely built by the Mayan empire some 2,000 years ago. The newly mapped roads are
connected to the ruins of El Mirador (sometimes called the Kan Kingdom) in northern Guatemala.
Archaeologists believe El Mirador was founded around the 6th century BCE, and was at its most powerful

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around the early first century CE. At that time, it had a population of as many as a quarter of a million, a quarter
the size of Rome itself at the time. It also has some of the largest pyramids in the world. It was the heart of the
Mayan civilization, and naturally needed some major roadways. The roads of El Mirador have been known
about since 1967, but scientists had no idea how extensive they were until now. The thick jungle obscured the
remnants of the road, making it difficult to see from the air.

Roman army #071270

Over many centuries and across many territories the Romans were able to win an astonishing number of
military victories and their success was due to several important factors. Italy was a peninsula not easily
attacked. There was a huge pool of fighting men to draw upon, a disciplined and innovative army, a centralized
command and line of supply, expert engineers, effective diplomacy through a network of allies, and an inclusive
approach to conquer people, which allowed for strengthening and broadening of the Roman power and
logistical bases. Further, her allies not only supplied, equipped and paid for additional men but they also
supplied vital materials such as grain and ships. On top of all this Rome was more or less in a continuous state
of war or readiness for it and believed absolutely in the necessity of defending and imposing on others what
she firmly believed was her cultural superiority.

Paraphrasing #071068

Paraphrasing is often defined as putting a passage from an author into your own words. However, what are
your own words? How different must your paraphrase be from the original? The answer is it should be
considerably different. The whole point of paraphrasing is to show you have read and understood another
person's ideas and can summarise them in your own writing style rather than borrowing their phrases. If you
just change a few words or add some bits in your own words to an otherwise reproduced passage, you will
probably be penalized for plagiarism. You should aim to condense and simplify a writer's ideas and describe
them using different sentence structures and expressions. It is also important to credit the original writer by
referencing.

Serving on a Jury #071087

Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are qualified for jury service. A jury is intended to
be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict. There are often procedures and requirements, including a
fluent understanding of the language and the opportunity to test juror’s neutrality or otherwise exclude jurors
who are perceived as likely to be less than neutral or partial to one side.

The speech of alchemy #071158

To learn the speech of alchemy, an early form of chemistry in which people attempted to turn metals into gold,
it helps to think back to a time when there was no science: no atomic number or weight, no periodic chart no
list of elements. to the alchemists the universe was not made of leptons, bosons, gluons, and quarks. Instead it
was made of substances, and one substance-say, walnut oil-could be just as pure as another-say, silver-even
though modern scientists would say one is heterogeneous and the other homogeneous. Without knowledge of
atomic structures, how would it be possible to tell elements from compounds?

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Fill in the Blanks (R)
命中率：中 优先级：高
共 4-5 题，命中 1-4 题

备战策略
预测押题＞机经总题库
不要死记硬背，知其所以然更重要

当前趋势
题库稳定，
每周少量新题添加

本次更新
新增 1 题：#081169 Assessments of language
learning
重回 2 题：#081053（考试时变成下拉），081118
Teenage daughter #081001

Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and volunteers at a shelter for
homeless people. But while driving the family car, she text-messages her best friend and rear-ends another
vehicle.
How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible-and reckless at the same time? Easily, according to
two physicians at Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who have been exploring the
unique structure and chemistry of the adolescent brain. "The teenage brain is not just an adult brain with fewer
miles on it," says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of neurology. "It's a paradoxical time of development. These are
people with very sharp brains, but they're not quite sure what to do with them."

Plainness #081002

Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you should become a slave to spare,
unadorned writing. Formality and ornateness have their place, and in competent hands complexity can carry us
on a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most students, most of the time, should striveto be sensibly simple,
and to develop a baseline style of short words, active verbs, and relatively simple sentences conveying clear
actions or identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the chances a busy reader will
bother to pay attention, and it lets you focus more attention on your moments of rhetorical flourish, which I do
not advise abandoning altogether.

Advertisement #081005

Almost all public spaces nowadays have advertisements in sight, and all forms of media, from newspapers to
the cinema to the Internet, are filled with adverts. This all-pervasive presence reflects the value of advertising to
us. Without it, businesses of all types and sizes would struggle to inform potential customers about the
products or services they provide, and consumers would be unable to make informed assessments when
looking for products to buy and services to use. Without advertising, the promotion of products and practices
that contribute to our physical and psychological well-being-medicines to treat minor ailments, insurance
schemes to protect us, clothes and cosmetics to make us look and feel better- would be infinitely more
problematic than it is. And without advertisements and the aspirations represented in them, the world would be
a far duller place.

Reality #081006

Surely, the reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To one extent or another,
this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I certainly find myself thinking this way in day-to-
day life; it's easy to be seduced by the face nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since the
first encountering Camus' Text, I've learned that modern science tells a very different story.

Ikebana #081007

More than simply putting flowers in a container, ikebana is a disciplined art form in which nature and humanity
are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a particolored or multicolored arrangement of blossoms, ikebana
often emphasizes other areas of the plant, such as its stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape, line, and
form.

Though ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its form. The artist's intention behind each
arrangement is shown through a piece's color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the implied
meaning of the arrangement.

Kashmiri #081008

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Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of the annual
influx of tourists. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted
Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travelers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-sellers
honed their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the house boats initiated by the
British Raj provided unusual accommodation. Then, in 1989, separatists and Islamist militancy attacked and
everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed
in a decade, the lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their lives,
proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped and murdered.

Orchestra #081009

Away from the rumble of Shanghai's highways and the cacophony of the shopping districts, stroll down side
streets filled with rows of tall brick houses. In the early evening or on a weekend morning, you'll hear the sound
of classical music drifting from a piano, played by a 10-year old or a grandmother in her seventies. wander
down another alley toward concrete skyscrapers and you'll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing from a violin, or
perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In China, classical music is booming as mightily as the 1812 Overture.

Planes #081010

By 2025, government experts' say, America's skies will swarm with three times as" many planes, and not just the
kind of traffic flying today. There will be thousands of tiny jets, seating six or fewer, at airliner altitudes,
competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help avoiding mid air collisions, and with
commercially operated rockets carrying satellites and tourists into space.

Ice Storm #081016

An ice storm is a type of weather when icy rainfall comes down into the cold air and the water turned into ice .
Once there is a serious ice storm when more than 16,000 households had a blackout during the ice storm as
the ice storm would smash the cables.

Kids Distinguish Commercial Ads #081019

From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on TV done to give actors the
opportunity to take a rest or practice their lines? Or is it done to make people buy things? Furthermore, is the
main difference between programs and commercials that commercials are for real, whereas programs are not,
or that programs are for kids and commercials for adults? As has been shown several times in the literature
(e.g. Butter et al. 1981 Donohue, Henke, and Donohue 1980 Macklin 1983 and 1987 Robertson and Rossiter
1974 Stephens and Stutts 1982), some children are able to distinguish between programs and commercials
and are aware of the intent of TV advertising, whereas others are not.

Genius #081020

Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity-doing something truly creative, we're
inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy of youth. Orson Welles made his
masterpiece, "Citizen Kane," at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year through his late twenties,
culminating, at age thirty-two, with "Moby-Dick." Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E-
Flat-Major at the age of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the importance of precocity has
hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" ("I grow
old . . . I grow old")? Twenty-three. "Poets peak young," the creativity researcher James Kaufman maintains.
Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the author of "Flow," agrees: "The most creative lyric verse is believed to be that
written by the young." According to the Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading authority on
creativity, "Lyric poetry is a domain where talent is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an

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early age."

Shark's Personalities #081024

Down the road, the study authors write, a better understanding of sharks' personalities may help scientists
learn more about what drives their choice of things like prey and habitat. Some sharks are shy, and some are
outgoing; some are adventurous, and some prefer to stick close to what they know, information that could
prove useful in making sense of larger species-wide behavior patterns.

Truancy #081032

In reality, however, the causes of truancy and non-attendance are diverse and multifaceted. There are as many
triggers of non-attendance as there are non-attenders. Each child has her own uniquestory, and whilst there
may often be certain identifiable factors in common, each non-attending child demands and deserves an
individual response, tailored to meet her individual needs. This applies equally to the 14-year-old who fails to
attend school because a parent is terminally ill, the overweight 11 -year-old who fails to attend because he is
embarrassed about changing for PE in front of peers, the 15-year-old who is 'bored' by lessons, and to the
seven-year-old who is teased in the playground because she does not wear the latest designer-label clothes

Surface Water #081034

Chemicals used to control weeds in crops such as corn and soybeans may sometimes run off farmland and
enter surface water bodies such as lakes and streams. If a surface water body that is used as a drinking water
supply receives excess amounts of these herbicides, then the municipal water treatment plant must filter them
out in order for the water to be safe to drink. This added filtration process can be expensive. Farmers can help
control excess herbicides in runoff by choosing chemicals that bind with soil more readily, are less toxic, or
degrade more quickly. Additionally, selecting the best tillage practice can help minimize herbicide pollution.

Australia and New Zealand #081035

Australia and New Zealand have many common links. Both countries were recently settled by Europeans, are
predominantly English speaking and in that sense, share a common cultural heritage. Although in close
proximity to one another, both countries are geographically isolated and have small populations by world
standards. They have similar histories and enjoy close relations on many fronts.

In terms of population characteristics, Australia and New Zealand have much in common. Both countries have
minority indigenous populations, and during the latter half of the 20th century have seen a steady stream of
migrants from a variety of regions throughout the world. Both countries have experienced similar declines in
fertility since the high levels recorded during the baby boom, and alongside this have enjoyed the benefits of
continually improving life expectancy. One consequence of these trends is that both countries are faced with an
ageing population, and the associated challenge of providing appropriate care and support for this growing
group within the community

Volcanoes #081036

Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year but the gas is
usually harmless. When a volcano erupts, carbon dioxide spreads out into the atmosphere and isn't
concentrated in one spot. But sometimes the gas gets trapped underground under enormous pressure. If it
escapes to the surface in a dense cloud, it can push out oxygen-rich air and become deadly

Microorganism #081037

Although for centuries preparations derived from living matter were applied to wounds to destroy infection,

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the fact that a microorganism is capable of destroying one of another species was not established until the
latter half of the 19th century. When Pasteur noted the antagonistic effect of other bacteria on the anthrax
organism and pointed out that this action might be put to therapeutic use

Symbiosis #081039

Symbiosis is a general term for interspecific interactions in which two species live together in a long-term,
intimate association. In everyday life, we sometimes use the term symbiosis to mean a relationship that benefits
both parties. However, in ecologist-speak, symbiosis is a broader concept and can include close, lasting
relationships with a variety of positive or negative effects on the participants

Steven Pinker #081046

Steven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist best known for his book "The Language Instinct", has called music
"auditory cheesecake, an exquisite confection crafted to tickle the sensitive spots of at least six of our mental
faculties." If it vanished from our species, he said, "the rest of our lifestyle would be virtually unchanged."
Others have argued that, on the contrary, music, along with art and literature, is part of what makes people
human; its absence would have a brutalising effect. Philip Ball, a British science writer and an avid music
enthusiast, comes down somewhere in the middle. He says that music is ingrained in our auditory, cognitive
and motor functions. We have a music instinct as much as a language instinct, and could not rid ourselves of it
if we tried.

Children who skip school #081053

Children who skip school are increasingly on family holidays, government figures revealed today. fewer children
played truant this spring term compared with the spring term last year. Children missed 3m unauthorised days
of school last term, compared with 3.7m days of school in the same period last year.
But a hardcore group of truants - 6% of the school population - who account for more than three-quarters of
all those on unauthorised absence, are more likely to be on a family holiday than they were in the same period
last year.
Some 1.2% of all absence was for family holidays not agreed by their school last term, compared with 0.9% for
the same term last year. More than 60% of all absences were for illness, the same figure as last year.

Lake Turkana #081056

Lake Turkana is a large lake in Kenya, East Africa. This part of Africa was home to some of the first humans.
Here, archaeologists have found piles of bones (both human and animal) and collections of stones that humans
used as tools. By carefully uncovering and examining these remains, scientists have started to put together the
story of our earliest ancestors. In 2001, a 4 million year-old skeleton was uncovered in the area. Although a link
between it and modern-day humans has not been established, the skeleton shows the species was walking
upright.

Milky Way System #081069

Stars and the material between them are almost always found in gigantic stellar systems called galaxies. Our
own galaxy, the Milky Way System, happens to be one of the two largest systems in the Local Group of two
dozen or so galaxies. The other is the Andromeda galaxy; it stretches more than one hundred thousand light-
years from one end to the other, and it is located about two million light-years distance from us.

Shanghai International Studies University #081076

Upholding the motto of “Integrity, Vision and Academic Excellence”, Shanghai International Studies
University (SISU) is an internationally recognized, prestigious academic institution distinctive for its

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multidisciplinary and multicultural nature, committed to preparing innovative professionals and future global
leaders for a wide range of international expertise to address the critical challenges of our times. Drawing on
our strengths in multi-language programs and multi-disciplinary resources, while responding to national and
regional strategies, we operate more than 70 research institutes and centers serving as academic think tanks to
provide advisory services on language policies, diplomatic strategies and global public opinion of China. These
academic entities have contributed landmark research and are also dedicated to promoting the development of
social sciences in China.
We have now established partnerships with more than 330 universities and institutions from 56 countries and
regions, and have maintained close connection with international organizations, including the United Nations
and the European Union.

Plates #081077

In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes from the Greek root “to
build.” putting these two words together, we get the term plate tectonics, which refers to how the Earth’s
surface is built of plates. The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth’s outermost layer is fragmented
into a dozen or larger and small plates that are moving relative to one another.

Neuroscientists #081080

We now know through the work of neuroscientists that the human brain is wired to mimic other people, and
this mimicry involves actual involuntary physiological experience in the observer. Human beings tend to imitate
actions that they see. Physiologically, our brains include mirror neurons, which react to actions that are seen as
if we are doing the action ourselves. It is largely an unconscious and automatic experience. When we hear
people speak, observe their vocal nuances, watch their posture, gestures, and facial expressions, etc, neural
networks in our brains are stimulated by the”shared representations” generating feelings within us that
reflect the experience of those we are observing.

Electorate #081087

It would be reassuring to think that the electorate choose who to vote for based on the candidates' track
records and future policy promises. In truth, many of us are swayed simply by the way that politicians look.
Consider a 2009 study that asked Swiss students to look at multiple pairs of unfamiliar French political
candidates and in each case to select the one who looked most competent. Most of the time, the candidate
selected by students as looking the most competent was also the one who'd had real life electoral success, the
implication being
that voters too had been swayed by the candidates' appearance (there’s little evidence that appearance and
competence actually correlate). Unsurprisingly, being attractive also helps win votes, especially in war time (in
peacetime, looking trustworthy is more of an advantage). Other research has shown that were more likely to
vote for male and female candidates with deeper voices.

Fresh water #081090

Everybody needs fresh water. Without water people, animals & plants cannot live. Although a few plants and
animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a constant supply of fresh water to stay fit & healthy. Of
the total supply of water on the Earth, only about 3% of it is fresh, most of that is stored as ice snow at the
poles, or is so deep under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it. Despite so much of the water being
out of reach, we still have a million cubic miles of it that we can use. That's about 4, 300,000 cubic kilometers of
freshwater to share out between most of the plants, animals people on the planet.

Material culture studies #081096

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The study of objects constitutes a relatively new field of academic enquiry, commonly referred to as material
culture studies. Students of material culture seek to understand societies, both past and present, through
careful study and observation of the physical or material objects generated by those societies. The source
material for study is exceptionally wide, including not just human-made artefacts but also natural objects and
even preserved body parts (as you saw in the film 'Encountering a body’).
Some specialists in the field of material culture have made bold claims for its pre-eminence. In certain
disciplines, it reigns supreme. It plays a critical role in archaeology, for example, especially in circumstances
where written evidence is either patchy or non-existent. In such cases, objects are all scholars have to rely on in
forming an understanding of ancient peoples.
Even where written documents survive the physical remains of literate cultures often help to provide new and
interesting insights into how people once lived and thought, as in the case of medieval and post-medieval
archaeology. In analyzing the physical remains of societies, both past and present, historians, archaeologists,
anthropologists and others have been careful to remind us that objects mean different things to different
people.

Enigma #081099

And if the voice of an animal is not heard as a message but as art, interesting things start to happen: Nature is
no longer an alien enigma but something immediately beautiful, an exuberant opus with space for us to join in.
Bird melodies have always been called songs for a reason. As long as we have been listening, people have
presumed there is music coming out of those scissoring beaks.

Walt Disney World #081101

Walt Disney World has become a pilgrimage site partly because of the luminosity of its cross- cultural and
marketing and partly because its utopian aspects appeal powerfully to real needs in the capitalist society.
Disney’s marketing is unique because it captured the symbolic essence of childhood but the company has
gained access to all public shows, comic books, dolls, apparels, and educational film strips all point to the parks
and each other.

Folklore #081104

Folklore - A modern term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions, stories, dances, and songs that
have been adopted and maintained within a given community by processes of repetition not reliant on the
written word. Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad category of cultural forms embraces all kinds of
legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens, spells, and rituals, especially those of pre-literate
societies or social classes. Those forms of verbal expression that are handed on from one generation or locality
to the next by word of mouth are said to constitute an oral tradition.

Clones #081110

Clones of an Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) in the Bronx and other city spots grew to double the
biomass of clones planted outside small towns upstate or on Long Island, says Jillian Gregg, now of the
Environmental Protection Agency's western-ecology division in Corvallis, Ore. The growth gap comes from
ozone damage, she and her New York colleagues report.
Ozone chemists have known that concentrations may spike skyscraper high in city air, but during a full 24
hours, rural trees actually get a higher cumulative ozone exposure from urban pollution that blows in and
lingers. A series of new experiments now show that this hang-around ozone is the overwhelming factor in tree
growth, the researchers say in the July 10 Nature. "This study has profound importance in showing us most
vividly that rural areas pay the price for urban pollution," says Stephen P. Long of the University of Illinois at
Urbana- Champaign. "This work should be a wake-up call," he adds.

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Coffee #081114

Coffee is enjoyed by millions of people every day and the 'coffee experience' has become a staple of our
modern life and culture. While the current body of research related to the effects of coffee consumption on
human health has been contradictory, a study in the June issue of Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and
Food Safety, which is published by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), found that the potential benefits of
moderate coffee drinking outweigh the risks in adult consumers for the majority of major health outcomes
considered.

Shrimp Farm #081115

However, proper accounting shows that for each hectare government subsidies formed $8,412 of this figure
and there were costs, too: $1,000 for pollution and $12,392 for losses to ecosystem services. These comprised
damage to the supply of foods and medicines that people had taken from the forest, the loss of habitats for
fish, and less buffering against storms. And because a given shrimp farm only stays productive for three or four
years, there was the additional cost of restoring them afterwards.

Biological systems #081118

Since biological systems with signs of complex engineering are unlikely to have arisen from accidents or
coincidences, their organization must come from natural selection, and hence should have functions useful for
survival and reproduction in the environments in which humans evolved.

Morality of the welfare state #081121

The morality of the welfare state depends on contribution and responsibility. Since some people don’t
contribute and many are irresponsible, the choices of those who do contribute and are responsible are either to
tolerate the free riders, refuse to pay for the effects of their irresponsibility or trust the state to educate them.

Can dogs tell our emotions? #081122

Can dogs tell when we are happy, sad or angry? As a dog owner, I feel confident not only that I can tell what
kind of emotional state my pets are in, but also that they respond to my emotions. Yet as a hard-headed
scientist, I try to take a more rational and pragmatic view. These personal observations seem more likely to
result from my desire for a good relationship with my dogs.

Australia’s Dwelling #081134

The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving, with current homes having more bedrooms on average than
homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller on average with decreasing proportions
of couple families with children and increasing couple only and lone person households. This article examines
the changes in household size and number of bedrooms from 1994–95 to 2003–04. It also looks at the types of
households with spare bedrooms and the size of recently purchased new homes compared with existing stock.

Teacher's Response #081137

The casual observer does not necessarily recognise the skill in how a teacher, for instance, responds to a
thoughtful question from a normally quiet student and how that may be very different from the 'standard
response' to a commonly inquisitive or talkative student. Expert teachers are aware of what they are doing; they
monitor and adjust their teaching behaviors to bring out the best in their students.

Coral Reefs #081139

Coral reefs support more marine life than any other ocean ecosystem and are, not surprisingly, a favorite
pursuit for many divers. But as well as being physically and biologically spectacular, coral reefs also support the

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livelihoods of over half a billion people.
What is more, this number is expected to double in coming decades while the area of high-quality reef is
expected to halve. In combination with the very real threat of climate change, which could lead to increased
seawater temperatures and ocean acidification, we start to arrive at some quite frightening scenarios.

Lithium #081144

The lightest of any solid element, lithium has, until now, played a modest role in industry. Silvery in color, and
softer than lead, it has been used mainly as an alloy of aluminum, a base for automobile grease, and in the
production of glass and ceramics. It is so unstable that it is never found in its pure form in nature. Lithium floats
on water—or, rather, it skitters wildly about, trailing a vapor cloud of hydrogen, until it dissolves.

Private Schools in the UK #081147

Private schools in the UK are redoubling their marketing efforts to foreigners. Almost a third of the 68,000
boarding pupils at such schools already come from overseas. But now, with many UK residents unwilling or
unable to afford the fees and a cultural shift away from boarding, many schools are looking abroad to survive.
Overseas students now account for about £500m of fee income a year for boarding schools in the UK.

Class Attendance #081151

Because instructional methods, expected class participation, and the nature of the courses vary, no fixed
number of absences is applicable to all situations. Each instructor is responsible for making clear to the class at
the beginning of the semester his or her policies and procedures in regard to class attendance and the reasons
for them.

Critical thinking #081156

Critical thinking involves looking at something you may have seen many times and examining it from many
different angles and perspectives. It involves going beyond the obvious or beyond “easy” to seek new
understanding and rare solutions. It involves looking at common issues with uncommon eyes, known problems
with new skepticism, everyday conflicts with probing curiosity, and daily challenges with greater attention to
detail.views, new, curiosity, ideas, solutions

Medicare #081161

It is understandable that the government would look outside of Medicare to get the efficiency-related changes
it wants . If Medicare was capable of delivering those changes, it would have already done so. Finding another
organisation that can deliver these services at a reduced cost with increased functionality, especially to the
consumer of these services, makes absolute sense.The objections to making such a move will be about the
potential loss of jobs from Medicare. Given how labour-intensive the current system is, this will be a genuine
concern, but one that is facing all industries dealing with modernisation through improved technology.

Roman Army and Britain #081162

The transitions which occurred in Britain around 100BC, and after 43 AD, when the Roman Army invaded
Britain, represent the key points of socio-economic trend in Britain's past. During the first century BC, the
traditional communal form of life shifted rapidly to a world where certain individuals become more important.
During the first century AD, Britain became fully a part of the Roman Empire.

Modern human nature #081163

Modern developments in areas such as neuroscience, artificial intelligence and evolutionary psychology have
resulted in new ways of thinking about human nature. Can we explain the mind and consciousness in terms of

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brain function? Can we understand modern human behavior as our evolutionary heritage? Is science even the
right place to start if we want to understand human nature? Come along to the Great Debate, hear the
arguments and have your say.

Supply and demand #081165

The supply of a thing, in the phrase “supply and demand,” is the amount that will be offered for sale at each
of a series of prices; the demand is the amount that will be bought at each of a series of prices. The principle
that value depends on supply and demand means that in the case of nearly every commodity, more will be
bought if the price is lowered, less will be bought if the price is raised. Therefore sellers, if they wish to induce
buyers to take more of a commodity than they are already doing, must reduce its price; if they raise its price,
they will sell less. If there is a general falling off if in demand - due, say, to trade depression - sellers will either
have to reduce prices or put less on the market; they will not be able to sell the same amount at the same price.
Similarly with supply. At a certain price a certain amount will be offered for sale, at a higher price more will be
offered, at a lower price less. If consumers want more, they must offer a higher price; if they want less, they will
probably be able to force prices down. That is the first result of a change in demand or supply.

Electric eels #081166

Electric eels are born to shock. Thanks to cells called electrocytes which, stacked like batteries, make up 80% of
their bodies, these cunning South American hunters can deliver debilitating blows of up to 600 volts to their
prey. But they’ve harnessed their electricity to pack even bigger punches. Last year, Vanderbilt University
biologist Kenneth Catania revealed electric eels bring their positively charged head and negatively charged tail
closer together to generate a more powerful current.

Genetically modified corn #081167

Almost no one regards corn with suspicion. But the same can’t be said for humans’ ingenious ability to
engineer the plants we eat. Genetically modified (GM) crops are viewed with such hostility that they are barely
grown in Europe. However, a new study by an independent group of scientists, who have done the most
comprehensive review of the evidence so far, shows that our aversion to GM food is pointless, unscientific and
harmful to farmers.

Private schools in the UK #081168

Private schools in the UK are redoubling their marketing efforts to foreigners. Almost a third of the 68,000
boarding pupils at such schools already come from overseas. But now, with many UK residents unwilling or
unable to afford the fees – top boarding schools are edging towards £30,000 ($49,759) a year – and a cultural
shift away from boarding, many schools are looking abroad to survive.

Overseas students now account for about £500m of fee income a year for boarding schools in the UK. They
come from Hong Kong, China, Germany, Russia and Spain, as well as from Africa, South Korea and other parts
of Europe.

Assessments of language learning #081169

Assessments of language learning in 18-month-olds suggest that children are better at grasping the names of
objects with repeated syllables, over words with non-identical syllables. Researchers say the study may help
explain why some words or phrases, such as 'train' and 'good night', have given rise to versions with repeated
syllables, such as choo-choo and night-night. The researchers say such words are easier for infants to learn, and
may provide them with a starter point for vocabulary learning. A team from the University of Edinburgh
assessed the infants' language learning behavior in a series of visual and attention tests using pictures on a

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computer screen of two unfamiliar objects. The two objects were named with made-up words which were
communicated to the infants by a recorded voice — one with two identical syllables, for example neenee, and
the other without repeated syllables, such as bolay. The infants were then tested for their recognition of each
word. Recordings of their eye movements showed they looked more reliably at the object labeled with
repeated syllables, than the other object. Researchers validated their results with a control test, in which the
infants responded to pictures of familiar objects — such as a dog or an apple.

Affordable Childcare #081112

Affordable early years education and childcare potentially enables parents, particularly mothers, to be in paid
employment. International studies have found that countries with greater enrolment rates in publicly funded or
provided childcare also have higher maternal employment rates, although untangling causal relationships is
complex. From the point of view of the household, additional income, especially for the less well-off, is itself
associated with better outcomes for children, as child poverty has been shown to be a key independent
determinant of children’s outcomes. From the point of view of the public purse, as mothers enter employment
they are likely to claim fewer benefits and to generate extra revenues through income tax and national
insurance.

How to invest #081164

To invest, you need to draw up a clear plan, do your own research, build in a margin of safety by always
thinking about the valuation and, ultimately, be patient. By all means include some speculative picks if you wish
, but ensure they are only a small part of your portfolio. Looking for an oil explorer whose shares double, treble
and double again is exciting but such firms are very rare. There are a lot more companies that have a consistent
record of paying out the dividends which really make the markets work for you, once they are reinvested.

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Summarize Spoken Text
命中率：99% 优先级：高

备战策略
中文梳理 + 三分钟课堂 + 逻辑梳理图（网站+App）

当前趋势
极少量新题。当前极高频【66】

本次更新
修补 1 题：#111232 Cigarette package
（补充回忆）
Sound Receptors 声音接收器 #111001
Sound receptors are small devices that are floppy and spiky in the ears. These receptors can
translate vibrational energy that hits your eardrum into a vibration of the fluid in your ears.
Then the physical motion of these receptors will be translated into electrical signals that go
into your ear. MIT students are invited to learn more about sound receptors, who would find
sound receptors remarkable.

简易答案：
Sound receptors are small devices in the ears. These receptors can translate vibrational
energy into the fluid. The energy will hit your eardrum. In the following step, the physical
motion of the receptors will be translated into electrical signals. Therefore, the speaker
invites MIT students to learn more about sound receptors, and they will find them
remarkable.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
声音接收器(sound receptors)是一种耳朵中蓬松又多刺(floppy and spiky)的小装置(small
devices)。
【解释 - 工作原理】
声音接收器的工作原理：
· 首先，它先将来自外耳(coming from your ear)，打在鼓膜上(hitting your eardrum)的振动
能(vibrational energy)转换成为内耳中淋巴液的振动，即液波(a vibration into the fluid in
your ear)。
· 接下来，液波将会被转换成物理运动(physical motion)，而这些物理运动又会被进一步转换
为电信号(electrical signals)。
【引申】
麻省理工学院的学生(MIT students)被邀请学习更多关于声音接收器的知识，他们会发现这些声音接
受器的卓越(remarkable)之处。

Talent War 人才之争 [V1 男声版 人才最重要] #111015

完美答案：
There is intense competition to hire the most talented people. Now it is not the bosses’
world, but the talent’s world. We have a talent shortage both within countries and
between companies. Now countries are trying to lure bright young immigrants to their
universities. So, talent is at a premium on many levels, which is due to the aging of baby
boomers and the more sophisticated economy.

简易答案：
There is intense competition to hire the most talented people. Now it is not the bosses’
world, but the talent’s world. We have a talent shortage both within countries and
between companies. Now countries are trying to lure bright young immigrants to their
universities. So, talent is at a premium on many levels. The reasons include the aging of baby
boomers and the more sophisticated economy.

中文逻辑梳理（叙事类）：
【以前】
曾经的世界是由大公司主导的世界(the bosses’ world)，许多有才的年轻人想进入大公司却求而不
得，想移民到其他国家也是处处碰壁。

【现在】
现象：现在的世界，是以人才为主导的世界(the talents’ world)。各个国家都在想方设法吸引更多
优秀的移民人才，让他们来本地读大学，最后移民留下来(lure bright young immigrants to their

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universities)，各大公司之间也有非常激烈的人才竞争。
原因：因为新生儿潮的族群逐步老龄化(the aging of baby boomers)，经济结构变得更加成熟
(sophisticated economy)了。

【结论】
所以，在社会的各个层面我们都不难发现：人才是最重要的（at a premium）。

University competition 高校竞争 #111021

完美答案：
Universities have to acknowledge that there is not only a competition for the best students,
but also staff in the academic job market, too. Especially when English has become the new
Latin, universities in English speaking countries are exposed to more intense competition.
We are in a competition for government funding, research contracts, and philanthropy. This
competitive environment is particularly visible to a vice-chancellor.

简易答案：
There is a competition for the best students and staff in the academic job market. When
English has become the new Latin, universities in English-speaking countries are exposed to
more intense competition. We are in a competition for government funding, research
contracts, and philanthropy. This competitive environment is particularly visible to a vice-
chancellor.

中文逻辑梳理（现象）：
大学(Universities)之间的竞争非常的激烈(intense competition)。

【表现 - 竞争方面】
1) 人员的竞争
主要体现在竞争到海内外的优秀学员(students)，和优秀的学术职工(staff in the academic
job market)这两个方面上。
尤其是因为英文(English)就像拉丁语(the new Latin)一样成为了新的国际流行语言之后，这种
竞争在英语国家(English speaking countries)尤其激烈。

2) 资金的竞争
这些学校在政府资金(government funding)、研究合同的订立(research contracts)和慈善事
业(philanthropy)上也存在互相竞争。

【影响】
这些大学之间的竞争环境，对于管理大学的大学校长(vice-chancellor)来说，是非常重要的。
*课外知识补充：在英国的大学里，chancellor指名誉校长，vice chancellor是指校长。

Drug Advertisements 药品广告 #111025

完美答案：
The amount of money drug companies spend on TV ads has doubled recently. Although the
information in the ads was technically accurate, the tone was misleading. The ads portrayed
that the character’s life was out of control before taking the drug but magically regained
complete control after taking the prescriptions, without mentioning lifestyle changes could
help. Buying prescription medications is not like buying soaps.

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简易答案：
Drug companies have doubled the amount of money spent on TV ads. The information in
the ads was technically accurate, but the tone was misleading. Before taking the drug, the
character's life was out of control. After taking the prescriptions, he regained complete
control magically. The ads didn’t mention that lifestyle changes could help. Buying
prescription medications is not like buying soaps.

中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【表现 - 关于广告的调研结论】
一些机构针对药品公司(drug companies)的广告做了一些调查(studies)，得出三大结论，包括：
1) 因为打广告能有效提高销售(commercials work)，所以药品公司在广告方面的投资(the
amount of money drug companies spent on TV ads)在近些年来已经翻倍了(has doubled)
；
2) 这些广告都提供了相对准确的信息(technically accurate information)，但是广告的语气和表
现方式都极具有误导性(misleading tone)：这些广告都会夸大药物对病人的作用
3) 这些广告都对生活方式辅助病情好转的作用(lifestyle changes could help)三缄其口。

【建议】
虽然说，打广告是为了宣传药物，但是毕竟买药(buying prescriptions)和买肥皂(buying soaps)是不
一样的(弄不好是会出人命的！)。

Artificial intelligence 人工智能 #111031

注：此音频仅为近似音频，是根据考生回忆出的关键词在网络上搜索到的相关话题音频，并非真实考
试原题。（近似音频是为了让大家提前熟悉该话题的词汇与背景。）
若想记忆真题，请以“参考答案”与“逻辑梳理”为准。

完美答案：
Humans used to tell a computer what to do and how to do it. When given the meaning of
certain words, computers can operate as programmed and develop systems and symbols. In
other words, computers turn messages into bytes. Computers function similarly to human
brains since they are both symbol processors. Therefore, computers may have the potential
to bring artificial intelligence.

简易答案：
Humans used to tell a computer what to do and how to do it. When a human gives a
computer a message, the computer will develop systems and symbols, as programmed. In
this case, we can say that computers have similar functions to human brains because they
are both symbol processors. Therefore, it is possible that computers may be able to bring
artificial intelligence in the future.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
人们(Human)告诉电脑(computer)要做什么并且如何去做

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【解释 - 具体指令】
· 人给电脑下达具体的文字指令(the meaning of certain words)
· 电脑就会按照程序去完成这个指令(operate as programmed )
· 最终产生出来一些系统(systems)和符号(symbols)。
· 换句话说：电脑会把人给出的指令信息转换为字节( messages to bytes)

【总结评价】
· 这个过程跟人脑的功能是相似的(function similarly to human brains)， 因为人脑和电脑都是
一种符号处理器(symbol processors)。
· 所以，电脑是可以实现人工智能的(have the potential to bring artificial intelligence)。

Kids' Museum Campaign 儿童博物馆 #111041

完美答案：
A mother, a journalist with The Guardian newspaper, wrote an article in the newspaper
complaining about her experience of being thrown out of a museum because of her kids
shouting in the museum. Surprisingly, she received over 500 emails about the same
experience. So, they set up the Kids' Museums campaign, advocating family-friendly
museums.

简易答案：
A mother was a journalist with The Guardian newspaper. She wrote an article and
complained about her experience. She was thrown out of a museum because her kids
shouted in the museum. Surprisingly, she received 500 emails about the same experience.
So, they set up the Kids in Museum’s campaign to advocate family-friendly museums.

中文逻辑梳理（叙事类）：
【起因】
一个妈妈(a mother)兼卫报(The Guardian)记者(a journalist)带孩子去博物馆，结果因为孩子太吵
(kids shouting )被赶出博物馆(being thrown out of a museum )。

【经过】
记者在卫报上发表长文斥责(complaining)该行为。记者收到了500多封邮件(500 emails)，都来自有
相同遭遇的家庭，他们都曾因为孩子的吵闹声被赶出博物馆。

【结果】
记者发起了一场“博物馆欢迎孩子”的运动(Kids in Museums campaign)，倡导博物馆接纳并包容
有孩子的家庭访客(advocating family-friendly museums)。

Wildlife as food and income 野生动物 #111046

完美答案：
Wildlife has an important role in livelihood, especially in most east and west Africa. All
humans rely on wildlife as the source of food and income. Fish is the primary source of
animal protein for billions of people in poverty. Therefore, the management of the fish
resource is incredibly important to livelihoods and health. Besides, wildlife tourism can be
the top source of income in many countries.

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简易答案：
Wildlife has an important role in livelihood in Africa. All humans rely on wildlife as the
source of food and income. Fish is the primary source of animal protein for poor people.
Therefore, the management of fish resources is important to livelihoods and health. Besides,
wildlife tourism is the top source of income in many countries.

中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
野生动物(wildlife)对于全人类的生活和生命(livelihoods)是至关重要的，尤其是针对于非洲来说(east
and west Africa)。

【原因】
野生动物的重要性主要来自于两方面。
1) 方面1 - 食物
野生动物是人类的食物来源(source of food)。尤其是对于穷人(people in poverty)来说，鱼
肉(fish)是他们主要摄取动物蛋白质(animal protein)的来源。因此，更好的鱼类养殖业的管理
(the management of fish resources)会让食用鱼的质量更好，让人们能摄取更好的营养，从
而变得更健康(health)。
2) 方面2 – 经济
野生动物为人类带来了更好的经济收入(income)。特别是在非洲和南美洲，野生动物旅游业项
目(wildlife tourism)能够吸引更多的外国人到这些地方去旅游，从而刺激当地的经济
(economy)，为那些地方的人们带来更多的收入。

The decline of Bees 蜜蜂数量减少 #111050

完美答案：
One of the various conclusions is that bees are in decline, which is well-documented,
supported only by good strong scientific evidence. The drivers of decline vary depending on
species. Although the effectsof pollinator loss are not catastrophic now, it could be.
However, the positive side is that people are aware of the problem and are taking action to
fix the recognized problems.

简易答案：
This lecture gives information about the decline of bees. This conclusion is well-documented
with strong scientific evidence. The drivers of decline are different between different species
. The effects of pollinator loss are not severe now. But it can be severe in the future.
However, the positive side is that people are aware of the problem. We are taking action to
fix the problems.

中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
蜜蜂的数量正在减少(bees are in decline)，这是由一系列强有力的科学证据支撑和记录的(well-
documented, supported only by good strong scientific evidence)。

【根源】
从原因上看，蜜蜂数量减少的驱动因素(drivers)会因为蜜蜂种群的不同而不同(vary depending on
species)。

【影响】
考虑到其影响，蜜蜂这类传粉昆虫的减少(pollinator loss)目前不是一个大灾难(not

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catastrophic)，但是长期来看肯定会带来很大的影响。

【解决】
但是，乐观的一面是我们已经知晓了这个问题(aware of the problem)，并且正在采取措施解决这个
问题(taking actions to fix the recognized problems)。

Earthquake and Faults 地震 #111051

完美答案：
Faults are breaks in the earth's crust, constructing a fault plane. An earthquake starts at a
particular point on the fault plane, called the focus of the earthquake. The rocks propagate
out from the focus, creating the rupture that is in that particular earthquake. The epicenter
is a point vertically above the focus on the earth’s surface. So, this is the relationship
between the faults and the earthquakes.

简易答案：
The lecture gives information about the relationship between faults and earthquakes. Faults
are breaks in the earth's crust. An earthquake starts at a particular point on the fault plane,
and this point is called the focus of the earthquake. The epicenter is another point vertically
above the focus on the earth’s surface. The rocks propagate out from the focus in that
particular earthquake.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
地震与断层之间的关系需要涉及到以下几个概念及其定义：
· 断层(Faults)
断层是地壳( the earth’ s crust)中的断裂(breaks)，断层构成了断层平面(fault plane)
· 震源(focus)
断层平面上的震源是地震(earthquake )开始的地方
· 震中(epicenter)
垂直于震源向上(vertically above the focus)位于地球表面(on the earth’s surface)的点叫做
震中(epicenter)
· 破裂(rupture)
岩石(rocks)从震源向外传播(propagate out)地震波，造成地震中的破裂

Smart Consumers and Brand 品牌与顾客需求 #111053

完美答案：
A brand is essential to smart consumers because they make decisions based on brands and
would pay morefor a better brand. However, the Second Moment of Truth is also important,
which means after they went home with products bought, the product must be of great
quality. However, there are fundamental engineering contradictions as consumers want
products that are both strong and soft, or both light and strong.

简易答案：
A brand is essential to smart consumers. People make decisions based on brands.
Consumers would pay more for a better brand, but the product must have great quality. If
consumers went home with the products, the Second Moment of Truth is important.
However, there are fundamental engineering contradictions for the products to be both
strong and soft, or both light and strong.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：

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【第一步】
顾客购买商品时，第一眼，看重品牌(brands)，顾客愿意为了一个名牌而花更多的钱(pay more for a
better brand)。

【第二步】
但是，第二眼(SMOT)也很重要，花重金买名牌回家后，就要看商品质量好不好了。

【例外】
但是总是存在“鱼与熊掌不可兼得”(engineering contradictions)的情况，比如顾客希望卫生纸又柔
软又有韧性，希望飞机零件可以又轻又耐用。

Human Rights Act in UK 英国人权法案 #111055

完美答案：
The Human Rights Act is far-reaching and controversial in the UK's history of rights,
providing the starting pointfor a wider application of the law to rights. The 1998 Act
introduces 15 specific rights and freedoms, which are also called positive and negative
rights. The Human Rights Act does not expand on the provisions made by the European
Convention but follows a baseline or minimum standards for human rights.

简易答案：
The Human Rights Act is far-reaching and controversial in the UK's history. The Act provides
the starting pointfor a wider application of the law. The 1998 Act introduces 15 specific
rights and freedoms, which are also called positive and negative rights. The Human Rights
Act does not expand on the European Convention but follows a baseline for human rights.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【概念介绍】
主体：人权法案(The Human Rights Act)
两个形容词：意义深远(far-reaching)，但也颇具争议(controversial)
一个名词：起点(the starting point)
【具体内容】
主体：The 1998 Act (也就是The Human Rights Act人权法案的另一种称呼)
总数：15个
两大方面：
1. 权力(rights) = positive rights（指“有权做某事”）
2. 自由(freedom) = negative rights（指“有权不做某事”）
【对比】
将《英国人权法案》和《欧洲公约》(the European Convention)对比：
并没有对《欧洲公约》进行扩充(expand on)；只是遵循了人权的基准(baseline)/最低标准(the
minimum standards)。

Australian housing price 澳洲房价 #111056

完美答案：
Australia has been through a long period of uninterrupted economic growth over the past
15 years when themortgage rate was halved. Everyone could afford to borrow money from
banks. Secondly, the increasing immigration and the falling size of household average led to
a higher demand for accommodation withincreased purchasing power. With the additional
purchasing power and the stable supply of housing, thehousing price has been pushed up.

简易答案：Australia has experienced economic growth over the past 15 years. At that time,
the mortgage ratewas halved, and everyone could afford to borrow money. Therefore,
people had a higher demand for accommodation. The reasons included the increasing
immigration and the falling size of household average. In conclusion, with the additional

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purchasing power and the stable supply of housing, the housing price has been pushed up.

中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
澳洲房价上涨。

【原因】
1) 经济原因
澳大利亚在过去15年经历了持续不间断的经济增长(uninterrupted economic growth), 抵押
贷款利率(mortgage rate)减半，每个人都能够从银行贷款。
2) 人口原因
增加的移民(increasing immigration)和平均家庭规模的减小(decreasing size of the average
household), 伴随着增长的购买力( with increased purchasing power), 导致对住房的需求
(demand for accommodation)增加。
由于买家的购买力不断增长，而供给一直没怎么变，所以澳大利亚住房价格已大幅上涨。

HTML 互联网内容 #111057

完美答案：
During the 1990s, thanks to Tim Berners Lee, normal people could get online. There was
extraordinarycreativity during the 90s. People created all sorts of content on the internet,
such as webpages, social experiments, and lessons. They did it without a profit motive,
religious factors, advertising, fears, or motivational schemes. People did it because they
simply enjoyed it and it was a good idea.

简易答案：
Thanks to Tim Berners Lee, normal people could get online. During the 1990s, there was
extraordinary creativity. People created enormous content on the Internet, including
webpages, social experiments andlessons. They did it without profitable motives, religious
factors or advertising. People did it because theysimply enjoyed it and it was a good idea.

中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
1990年代(the 1990s)，极具创意(creativity)的人们开始在互联网上制作多样的线上内容(online
content)，例如：
· 学习资源(lessons)
· 网站网页(webpages)

【否定原因】
那个时候的网上内容制作者和现在不一样，做这些事情没有任何利益的驱使，例如：
· 不是为了广告收入(no advertisings)
· 不受任何利益驱使(no profitable motive)
· 也不受任何宗教的影响(no religious factors)

【真正原因】
他们做这些事，就只是单纯地因为他们喜欢这件事(simply enjoy)。

Genes affect human behaviors 基因影响人类行为 #111059

（注：故事框架和老师录音基本一致，但具体细节以考试听到录音为准）

完美答案：

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Since the discovery of DNA structure, people have believed that genes have an impact only
on people’s physical structure. However, the study of mapping of genes in 2001 found that
there is a genetic responsibilityto human’s physical and psychological behaviors, which has
changed the way we understand our behaviors. The research on genes has provided
integrated information, and the findings can benefit biology, psychology, and neuroscience.

简易答案：
People used to believe that genes only have an impact on people’s physical structure.
However, the study found that there is also a genetic responsibility to human psychological
behaviors. It has changed the way we understand our behaviors. The research on genes has
provided integrated information. In the future, the findings can benefit biologists,
psychologists, and neuroscientists.

中文逻辑梳理（叙事类）：
【以前】
人们以为DNA只是单纯地影响我们的生理特征(physical structure)，比如我们的肤色(skintone)、头
发的颜色(hair color)或是眼睛的颜色(eye color)。

【现在】
2001年的一项研究(mapping of genes)表明，DNA不仅影响我们的外貌特征，还会影响我们的心理
行为(psychological behaviors)。

【展望未来】
这个发现未来将为多个领域带来深远影响：生物学(biology)、心理学(psychology)、神经科学
(neuroscience)。

National wealth and Adam Smith 国家财富与亚当斯密 #111062

Before the Industrial Revolution, British economists previously believed a nation’s wealth
was how much money people can pile up, but Adam Smith in 1776 believed that a nation’s
wealth included not onlyagriculture but also manufacture, and the nation’s wealth was the
ability to provide outputs. Overall, national wealth is equal to the nation’s income since
national income measures and equals national output.

简易答案：
Before the Industrial Revolution, British economists believed a nation’s wealth was how
much money people can pile up. But in 1776, Adam Smith believed that a nation’s wealth
included not only agriculture but also manufacture. He believed the nation’s wealth was
the ability to provide outputs. Overall, national wealth is equal to the nation’s income that
measures and equals national output.

（注：故事框架和老师录音基本一致，但具体细节以考试听到录音为准）

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
国家财富在工业革命之前(industrial revolution)的定义包括：
· 英国的经济学家(British economist)原先认为国家财富(nations’ wealth)等于所有人民积累
起来的钱财(how much money people can pile up)
· 但是亚当斯密(Adam Smith)认为，国家财富不仅仅包含农业(agriculture)也包含工业

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 (manufacture)，而且国家的财富是产出(output)
总而言之，国家财富相对于国家的收入(is equal to nations’ income)因为国家的收入衡量并且等于
国家的产出。

Market Economy 市场经济 #111064

完美答案：
The notions of pragmatism and democracy had succeeded in tempering the market
economy in developed countries. The Industrial Revolution had negative effects on the
living standards of the working classes. However, legislation about working conditions and
better environment conditions was passed to circumscribe the worst behaviors, which
reversed some damages. Nowadays, the benefits of the market economy are shared far more
widely than 100 years ago.

简易答案：
This lecture gives information about the market economy. The ideas about pragmatism and
democracy have tempered the market economy in developed countries successfully. The
Industrial Revolution negatively influences the living standards of the working classes.
However, legislation about working conditions and better environment conditions reversed
some damages because it restrained the worst behaviors. Now, thebenefits of the market
economy are wider than 100 years ago.

（注：故事框架和老师录音基本一致，但具体细节以考试听到录音为准）

中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
实用主义(pragmatism)和民主(democracy)概念的普及成功缓和(tempering)了发达国家(developed
countries)的市场经济(market economy)(所带来的问题)：

【现象】
工业革命(industrial revolution)对工人阶级(working classes)的生活质量(living standards)带来了
负面的影响。

【解决】
但是，对于改善工作条件和更好工作环境的立法(legislation)的通过，限制了(circumscribe)一些不好
的行为，从而扭转了一些损失(reversed some damages)。

【影响】
现在，我们所享受的市场经济所带来的好处(benefits)比100年前的范围广泛多了。

What makes people happy 快乐的原因 #111065

完美答案：
Although people are skeptical about it, this survey on what makes people happy can be used
as a validexample of happiness economics, because it found a consistent pattern that
determines people's wellbeingacross the world, including income, health, marital status, and
employment status. Apart from that, other factors can affect people's wellbeing more,
including the environment and equality, and the nature of original living.

简易答案：
This lecture introduces a survey on what makes people happy. It is an example of happiness
economics. There is a consistent pattern that determines people's wellbeing across the

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world, including income, health, marital status, and employment status. Apart from that,
there are also other factors, including the environmentand equality, and the nature of
original living.

中文逻辑梳理（实验类）：
【调查介绍】
研究领域：幸福经济学
可信度：高，因为调查结果发现，影响幸福感的因素有一致的模式(consistent pattern)

【核心因素（四个）】
收入(income)，健康(health)，婚姻状况(marital status)，就业状况(employment status)

【其它因素（三个）】
环境(environment)、平等(equality)、本质原始的生活方式(the nature of original living)

Climate change predictions 气候变暖预测 #111072

完美答案：
People are questioning how panic we should be about the reality of global climate change.
Although the prediction of the population bomb in 1968 was criticized because some of the
predictions didn’t come about, the world cannot afford to take the risk that the climate
scientists have wrong predictions, because major precipitation changes are taking place on a
global scale.

简易答案：
People are questioning how panic we should be about the reality of global climate change.
The prediction of the population bomb in 1968 was criticized because some of the
predictions were wrong. However, the world cannot afford to take the risk because major
precipitation changes are happening all over the world.

中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
由温室气体导致的全球气候变化(the reality of global climate change)正在让人们逐渐感到恐慌
(panic)。

【表现 - 理论上】
理论上，有一个新的预测把人口爆炸的预测(prediction of population bomb)和气候变化的预测合并
在了一起，这个理论收到了广泛的批判，因为预测里的情况并没有发生。

【表现 - 实质上】
但是事实上，我们承担不起对于气候变化错误预测的结果，因为气候变化的表现之一——降水量的变
化(precipitation changes)，已经在全球范围(on a global scale)开始呈现了。

Children Literature 儿童文学 #111091

完美答案：
Although Britain has the longest tradition of creating children’s literature, people often
take it for granted and fail to realize that children’s literature is a remarkable cultural
resource for adults and that it can do lots of cultural work for children. For individual
children, books are the first place where children can learn vocabulary and learn how the
world works. Because of this, children’s books are often very direct.

第 95 页 /共 128 页
简易答案：
Britain has the longest tradition of children’s literature. But people often take it for granted
and fail to realize it.Children’s literature is a remarkable cultural resource for adults. Also, it
can do lots of cultural work for children. For children, books are the first place to learn
vocabulary and how the world works. Because of this, children’s books are often very direct.

中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
虽然英国(Britain)有创造儿童文学的悠久传统(tradition)，但是人们总是把它当做理所当然。
【根源】
人们没有意识到儿童文学对成年人来说是卓越的文化资源(remarkable cultural resources)，并且
，它可以给儿童提供很多的文学作品(cultural work)。
【真实影响】
对每一个儿童来说，书本(books)是他们学习词汇(vocabulary)和了解世界(how the world work)的
初始地，正因为如此，儿童文学的表达通常会很直接(direct)。

Therapeutic Environment 治愈性环境 #111092

【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
A long time ago, people began to study the therapeutic environment. They found that fresh
air and sunlight can have positive impacts on patients’ recovery, and architecture has the
same positive impact, too. Viewing hospital yards can help people rest well and sleep well,
and can also help release their stress and pain easily. 90% of nurses in hospitals agreed that
the designed hospital environment links to patients’ recovery.

简易答案：
People began to study the therapeutic environment. They found that fresh air, sunlight and
architecture can have positive impacts on patients’ recovery. To be more specific, viewing
hospital yards can help people rest well and sleep well. Also, it can help release stress and
pain easily. 90% of nurses in hospitals agreed that the designed hospital environment is
related to patients’ recovery.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【引入概念】
人们开始研究环境治疗法(therapeutic environment)有很长一段时间了。
【解释】
他们发现新鲜空气(fresh air)和阳光(sunlight)对病人的康复(patients’ recovery)有积极的影响，建
筑(architecture)也有同样的积极影响。
【作用】
参观医院的后院可以帮助人们更好地休息(rest)和睡眠(sleep)，也可以帮助他们轻松地释放压力和减
缓疼痛(release their stress and pain )。
【数据支撑】
医院90%的护士同意，设计的医院环境与病人的康复有关。

Lost childhood 遗失的童年 [V1] #111094

（此音频仅为近似音频，并非真实考题音频）
【下方参考答案根据学生回忆编写，有可能和 Version 2 是同一题，待确认】
完美答案：
Children have been losing childhood both in the past and now. In the 19th century, the
reason for losing childhood was that children needed to work at an early age with high risks
of staying around the streets. However, the reasons why children are losing childhood vary

第 96 页 /共 128 页
according to the change of society, such as the changing aspects of gender and commercial
advertisements.

简易答案：
Children have been losing childhood both in the past and now. In the 19th century, children
lost their childhood because they needed to work at an early age, and there were high risks
of staying around the streets. Nowadays, the reasons why children are losing childhood are
different. It depends on the change of society, such as gender and commercial
advertisements.

中文逻辑梳理（叙事类）：
无论在过去还是现在，儿童们(children)都有童年的缺失(losing childhood)，而童年缺失的原因有所
不同：
【19世纪】
童年缺失的原因主要是儿童需要在很小的年龄开始工作(work at an early age)，这样会使他们有更高
的流浪街头(staying around the streets)的风险(risks)。
【现在】
儿童们缺失童年的原因(reasons)随着社会的变化(change of the society)而发生改变(vary)，例如性
别(gender)和商业广告(commercial advertisements)方面发生的变化。

Newspapers Industry 新闻业下滑 #111096

【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真实考题内容请看“中文逻辑梳理”。参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
The economic models of newspapers are crumbling. The newspaper industry has been
shrinking dramatically in the last half of the 20 century. Some newspaper publishers’ cash
th

flows were in red or just maintained at the breakeven point due to the decreasing number
of advertising and buyers. Some newspapers are no longer published daily, and some are
online only. The staff in the newspaper industry have dropped by 30% to 40%.

简易答案：
The newspaper industry has been shrinking dramatically in the last half of the 20th century.
Firstly, some newspaper publishers’ cash flows were in red or just maintained at the
breakeven point. This is because of the decreasing number of advertising and buyers.
Secondly, some newspapers are no longer published daily, and some are online only.
Thirdly, the staff in the newspaper industry have dropped by 30% to 40%.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
根据经济模型(economic model)，在20世纪的后50年(last 50 years of the 20th century)，美国报
纸行业(the newspaper industry in the U.S.)一直在急剧萎缩(shrinking dramatically)。
【影响】
盈利状况：
由于广告量和购买者的减少(a decrease in advertising and buyers)，大多数报纸出版商
(newspaper publishers)现金流量(cash flow)：
- 有些报社呈赤字(in red)，即亏损
- 有些报社处勉强维持收支平衡 (the breakeven point)
- 有些报社虽然有盈利 (positive cash flow), 但他们已经没有多少读者了 (individual
readers/buyers).
发行状况：
很多报社不再每日发行报纸，而是改为一周三天(three days a week)，有些小报社直接转为线上发行
(publish online)，而有些报纸则消失了(disappeared)。
就业状况：

第 97 页 /共 128 页
在报纸行业工作的员工(staff)下降了30％至40％，甚至更多(even more)。

Automated Driving Systems 自动驾驶系统 #111097

【注意：本题音频为近似音频，并非真实考题音频，仅供听力练习。真题答案见下方】
完美答案：
Automated driving systems are safer technology, and are more fuel-efficient. Level three is
conditional automation, which means drivers must be ready to intervene under some
specific circumstances. Level four is completely under the control of the vehicle even under
specific circumstances, which means humans can be removed from driving. The speaker
thinks that level three would be more acceptable based on the above concerns.

简易答案：
Automated driving systems are safer technology, and they are more fuel-efficient. Level
three is conditional automation, which needs human control under specific circumstances.
Level four doesn't need any human control, which means humans can be removed from
driving. Google Car is a good example of level four car. According to the lecture, customers
would prefer level three due to these factors.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【优点】
自动驾驶系统（ADS）的两个优点：
1. 道路驾驶变得更安全
2. 节省燃料
【举例】
"三级"
有条件的自动驾驶，遇到特殊路况时需要人为干预
"四级"
基本上完全自动驾驶，特殊路况不需要认为干预，完全解放人力
【民众接受程度】
三级更好。

Chimpanzees Tommy 拯救大猩猩 #111100

完美答案：
Nonhuman Rights Project is an organization that fights for legal rights for nonhuman
animals. We chose Tommy as the plaintiff at the New York Court and asked to release him,
who was locked in a cage for research purposes. We proved to the court that chimpanzees
also have cognitive capacities, but the court didn't approve the appeal because they think
chimpanzees are not human even though they have cognitive skills.

简易答案：
Nonhuman Rights Project is an organization. It fights for legal rights for nonhuman animals.
They sued at the New York Court and asked to release Tommy. Tommy was a chimpanzee
who was locked for research purposes. They proved that chimpanzees also have cognitive
capacities. However, the court didn't approve the appeal because they think chimpanzees
are not human even though they have cognitive skills.
中文逻辑梳理（叙事类）：
【组织介绍】
非人类权力项目(Nonhuman Rights Project)：是一个为非人类动物(nonhuman animals)争取合法
权利(legal rights)的组织(organization)。
【诉讼过程】
原告：Tommy

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法庭：纽约法庭(the New York Court)
诉求：要求释放(release)用于研究被关在笼子里的黑猩猩(locked in a cage for research purposes)
理由：大猩猩也有认知能力(cognitive capacities)
【诉讼结果】
法院没有批准(didn't approve)我们的上诉(appeal)，
因为他们认为即使黑猩猩具有认知能力(cognitive skills)也不是人类(not human)。

The Separation of Power 三权分立 #111101

【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
The lecture talks about the separation of power which is related to the checks and balances
of the country. The Constitution is made up of the legislative branch that makes the law, the
president who is appointed by the Senate to carry out the law, and the judicial authorities
who interpret the law. However, there is a blurry linebetween the legislative and executive
roles in the past 100 years.

简易答案：
The lecture talks about the separation of power, as well as checks and balances of the
country. The Constitution is made up of three branches: the legislative to make the law, the
president to carry out the law, and the judicial authorities to interpret the law. However,
there is a blurry line between the legislative and executive roles in the past 100 years.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
三权分立(The separation of power)是指宪法(the Constitution)将国家权力分为立法(legislative)、
行政(executive)和司法三种(judicial authority).
【解释】
立法权(legislative)：负责制定法律(make the law )；
总统(president)：由参议(Senate)委任，负责执行法律(carry out the law )；
司法权(judicial authorities)：负责解释法律(interpret the law)。
【现状】
本来三权力分立是为了明确不同的角色(roles)，但是在过去的100年，立法(legislative)和行政
(executive)的界限是模糊的(a blurry line)。

Fight-or-flight response 迎战或逃跑反应 #111103

完美答案：
Understanding the fight-or-flight response can help us think about the role of emotions. Our
basic emotionsevolved as signals for the purpose of self-preservation and safety. The
primitive, reactive parts of our braincontrol instinctive responses without much thinking and
communicate with our body to create signals. Therefore, the fight-or-flight response is a
normal physiological response to fear or anxiety with appropriate actions, to run away or to
fight.

简易答案：
Understanding the fight-or-flight response can help us understand the role of emotions.
Our basic emotionscan create signals for our safety. The reactive parts of our brain control
instinctive responses. Then, they communicate with the body to create signals. Therefore,
when we face fear or anxiety, the fight-or-flight response is a normal physiological response.
It makes us run away or fight.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：

第 99 页 /共 128 页
【FFR和情绪的关系】
了解迎战或逃跑反应(Fight-or-Flight response )，可以帮助我们了解情绪的作用(the role of
emotions )。
【情绪的作用】
我们最基本的情感(basic emotions)是逐步形成信号(signals)来满足我们自我保护(self-
preservation)和安全(safety)的基本需求。
【情绪的步骤】
- 大脑中最初步做出反应的区域(the most primitive, reactive parts)控制本能反应(instinctive
responses)
- 然后传输(communicate)给身体其他部位
- 从而产生信号(signals)，让我们做出相应的动作
【FFR的定义】
- 面对：恐惧(fear) or 焦虑(anxiety)
- 动作：逃跑(run away) or 迎战(fight)
- 性质：正常的(normal)，生理上的(physiological)

Need 需要和需求 #111105

【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
There are several ways to use and interpret the word ‘need.’ When you say, ‘I need a
holiday,’ it is an expression of a strong desire but not a basic need. When you say, ‘the
plant needs water,’ it is an objective statement because it is essential, like sunlight and
water to plants. Also, there is a psychological use of ‘need’ when someone lacks
something.

简易答案：
There are several ways to use and interpret the word ‘need.’ When you say ‘I need a
holiday,’ it is an expression of a strong desire but not a basic need. When you say ‘the
plant needs water,’ it is an objective statement because it is essential, like sunlight and
water to plants. Also, there is a psychological use of ‘need’ when someone lacks
something.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
关于“需要(need)”一词，有不同的使用(use)和理解(interpret)的方式：
1) 表示强烈的愿望(a strong desire)，但不是基本需求(basic need)。例子：我需要放假。
2) 作客观的陈述(objective statement)，因为某个事物是必不可少的(essential)，例如植物需要
阳光(sunlight)和水(water)。例子：植物需要水。
3) 表示心理的(psychological)需求。当某人缺少(lacks)某物时，在心理上会有“需要”。

Two ways to address stress 两种缓解压力的方法 #111106

【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
The lecture introduces two key attitudes to address stress. Firstly, a little stress is not
necessarily a bad thing. We often feel stressed before exams or competitions, but stress can
be considered as a motivation for preparing and revising. Secondly, stress is finite as there is

第 100 页 /共 128 页
 always an endpoint on the calendar. Besides, we should keep a balance between work and
study, and effort and rest.

简易答案：
The lecture introduces two key attitudes to address stress. Firstly, a little stress is not a bad
thing. For example, we often feel stressed before exams or competitions. However, stress is
a motivation to prepare and revise. Secondly, stress is finite because there is always an
endpoint on the calendar. Besides, we should keep a balance between work and study, and a
balance between effort and rest.
【现象】压力
【解决】两种缓解压力的心态 (two key attitudes to address stress)：
1) 压力即动力(motivation)
压力并不一定是坏事(not necessarily a bad thing)。
举例：考试(exams)或比赛(competition前的压力可以转换成动力(motivation，鼓励我们备战
(preparing)和复习(revising)
2) 压力终将结束(finite)
带来压力的事情结束后，压力自然也就结束了(endpoint)。
利用日历(calendar)合理规划时间，标记完成事情的日子，也可以帮助缓解压力。
【备注】另外，也要注意两种平衡(balance)：
· 工作(work)与学习(study)均衡
· 劳(effort)逸(rest)结合

Globalization & Detraditionalization全球化导致传统文化丧失 #111107

完美答案：
The world is a global village with instant communications through the internet. The world is
also shrinking due to distance and speed. Globalization has brought detraditionalization
because of the erosion of traditional culture and conventional ways of doing things, as
young people are rejecting the culture in which they grew up and be keen on imitating the
Hollywood models.

简易答案：
The world is a global village. People can have instant communications through the internet.
The world is also shrinking due to distance and speed. Globalization has brought
detraditionalization. This is because of the erosion of traditional culture and conventional
ways of doing things. For example, young people are rejectingthe culture they grew up in.
They are keen on imitating the Hollywood models.

中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
我们的世界是一个地球村(a global village )：
· 通过因特网我们可以进行即刻的交流(instant communications through the internet)；
· 我们的世界也在全球化的进程中缩小(shrinking)，因为我们交流的速度(speed)正在提升并且人
际距离(distance)正在缩短。
【问题】
但是全球化(globalization)同时导致了我们传统文化的丧失(detraditionalization)：
· 年轻人正在盲目地模仿好莱坞的明星们(imitating the Hollywood models)，拒绝他们在成长
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 过程中接受的传统文化，这就削弱了传统文化(the erosion of traditional culture)和传统的行
为方式(conventional ways of doing things)。

What happened to Journalism 网络影响传媒 #111110

【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
The popularity of the Internet has great impacts on journalism in terms of how it’s
produced and how it’s consumed. However, it took steps for people to enthusiastically feel
the change in journalism. The internet has not only improved the speed of news spreading
but also helped people gain information in various ways. Nowadays, even a small piece of
ordinary video can be a new type of journalism.

简易答案：
The popularity of the Internet has a great impact on journalism. It influences how
information is produced and consumed. However, it took steps for people to feel the change
in journalism. The internet has improved the speed of news spreading. Also, it helped
people gain information in various ways. Nowadays, even a small piece of ordinary video
can be a new type of journalism.

中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【表现】
网络的普及(The popularity of the Internet)对传媒(journalism)的产生(produced)和消费
(consumed)有着巨大的影响，但是人们需要一点时间真切地感受到传媒的变化。
【根源】
网络不仅仅加快了新闻传播的速度(the speed of news spreading )，而且帮助人们通过不同的途径
获取信息(gain information )。
【举例】
现在，就算是一个小小的普通的视频(ordinary video)也可以成为传媒的新新式(new type)。

Cultural diversity in Australia 澳大利亚多元文化 #111111

完美答案：
Being a multicultural country, Australia has immigrants from all over the world, which makes
it the home to the world’s oldest continuous cultures. Cultural diversity is a significant
feature of Australian society. Cultural diversity can benefit the productivity, economic
performance and labor force of Australia. According to the statistics, nearly half of
Australians were born overseas or have a foreign-born parent.

简易答案：
Australia has immigrants from all over the world, so Australia is a multicultural country and
is the world’s oldest continuous cultures. Cultural diversity can benefit the productivity,
economic performance and labor force of Australia, which is a significant feature. According
to the statistics, nearly half of Australians were born overseas, or have a foreign-born parent.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【印子】澳大利亚 = 来自世界各地的移民(immigrants)
【亮相】澳大利亚的多元文化(cultural diversity)
【影响】三个影响：
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· 生产力 (Productivity)
· 经济表现 (Economic performance)
· 劳动力 (Labor force)
【数据】
一半的澳大利亚人在海外出生(were born overseas)，或有一个海外出生的父母(a foreign-born
parent)。

Manager 经理应该自我提升 #111112

【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文，主要内容点顺序不确定】
完美答案：
Although managers are busy, they should read more books and go back to university to
improve themselves. The best manager is not someone who knows his organization better,
but someone who is a professor in management and with broad perspectives. Experience is
not necessary, but management knowledge is much more important because learning
management is a highlighted point for being a manager.

简易答案：
Although managers are busy, they should read more books. They should also go back to
university to improvethemselves. The best manager is not someone who knows his
organization better, but someone who is a professor in management with broad
perspectives. Experience is not necessary, but management knowledgeis much more
important. Learning management is vital for being a manager.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
尽管经理(managers)很忙，但他们还是应该阅读更多书籍(books)，并回到大学(university)提升自我
(improve themselves)：
· 最好的经理应该是一个管理学专家(a professor in management)，并且具有广阔的视野
(broad perspectives)，而不只是一个对自己的组织有更好了解的人
· 经验(Experience)不是必需的，但是管理知识(management knowledge)更为重要，因为学习
管理(learning management)是成为经理的亮点(highlighted point)。

Moral Objectivism and Moral Absolutism 道德客观主义与道德绝对主义 #111113

完美答案：
In moral objectivism, there are some universal moral principles that are valid for all people
in all social environments and all situations. In moral absolutism, there is a firm and absolute
boundary between what is right and what is wrong. Therefore, in moral absolutism, there
are non-overridable principles that must be followed and never be violated. The notion of
right and wrong is not subject to different interpretations or situations.

简易答案：
【概念1】道德“客观主义” (moral objectivism)
【定义】普适性的 (universal)
【应用】所有人 (all people)、所有社会环境 (all social environments)、所有情况 (all situations)
【概念2】道德“绝对主义” (moral absolutism)
【定义】绝对的 (firm and absolute)，不可逾越的 (non-overridable)，必须遵守 (must be
followed)，绝不可违反 (never be violated)
【应用】不会因为任何解读 (interpretation) 或情况 (situation)而有所改变

Credit Card Experiment 信用卡实验 #111114

【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：

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In an experiment on customers’ behaviors, one group of inactive credit card users received
a message offering benefits that they could gain by using the cards, while the other group
received a message implying a penalty if it’s not used. The result shows that customers
are more motivated by a potential loss when not using this card than the benefit they could
gain by using the card.

简易答案：
The lecture talks about an experiment on customers’ behaviors. The samples are inactive
credit card users. One group received a message offering benefits by using the cards. The
other group received a messagewith a penalty if it’s not used. The result shows that
customers are more motivated by a potential loss than potential benefit.

中文逻辑梳理（实验类）：
【目的】
在一个研究客户行为的实验中(experiment on customers’ behaviors )。
【过程】
一组停滞使用信用卡的用户(inactive credit card users)收到信息说如果他们使用信用卡就可以得到福
利(a message offering benefits )，另一组收到信息说如果他们不适用信用卡就会得到罚款
(implying a penalty)。
【结果】
表明：相较于潜在的福利，客户更容易被潜在的损失所激发(more motivated by a potential loss)。

The history of software 软件发展史 #111116

完美答案：
The history of the software and IT industry is fairly new, but it has become a major new
discipline in a short time. Thanks to the rapid expansion in computing and the rapid fall of
computing costs and storage costs, IThas moved into all areas of life. Thus, there has been a
stampede, according to Moore’s Law, which will continue to guide the development in the
future.

简易答案：
The history of the software and IT industry is very new. But it has become a major new
discipline in a shorttime. IT has moved into all areas of life. The reasons include the rapid
expansion in computing and the rapid fall of the costs. Thus, there has been a stampede,
which will guide the development of software and IT in the future.

中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
软件和IT行业并没有很悠久的历史(the history of the software and IT industry )，但是它们却在短
期内成为了最主流的行业(a major new discipline)。
【原因】
这种快速发展的原因是由于两点：
1) 计算的需求在各个行业迅速的提升(the rapid expansion in computing)
2) 软件和硬件开发的成本在急剧下降(the rapid fall of the costs)
【趋势】
因此，根据摩尔定律(to Moore’s Law)，IT行业的热潮在过去引领者人们，也将在未来继续引领人
们进行更多的软件开发。
*课外知识补充：摩尔定律是由Intel创始人之一Gordon Moore提出来的。其表达的内容简言之是
：每一美元所能买到的电脑性能，将每隔18-24个月翻一倍以上。这一定律揭示了信息技术进步的速
度。

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 Transportation Network in Paris 巴黎交通系统 #111117
【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
There are thousands of trips and too many travelers every day in Paris. The transportation
network in Paris provides thousands of public services and links them together. A good
network can help people with long-distance or multi-destination trips in cities with a high-
density population such as Paris. If carefully planned, we can also apply this network to
lower-density cities.

简易答案：
There are thousands of trips and travelers in Paris. The transportation network in Paris
provides public services and links them together. A good network can benefit long-distance
or multi-destination trips. Paris is an old city and has a high-density population. If we have a
careful plan, we can apply this network to low-density cities.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
在巴黎(Paris)每天都有成千上万的旅行(trips)和旅客(travelers)。
【解决方案】
· 巴黎的交通网络(transportation network)提供成千上万的公共服务(public services)，并将人们联系
(links)在一起。
· 良好的网络可以帮助人们进行长途(long-distance)或不同目的地的旅行(multi-destination trips)。
【应用推广】
像巴黎这样的人口高密度(high-density population)程度尚且如此，如果认真规划(carefully
planned)，人口低密度的城市(low-density cities)也可以使用这样的公交网络。

Identity Theory 同一论（哲学） #111118

完美答案：
In the 1950s, philosophers proposed a new idea that perhaps the mind is identical with the
brain, which is called the Identity Theory. In logic, when you have an identity between A and
B, you have actually one thinginstead of two things. Hence, when you talk about mental
events, you are talking about brain events, and vice versa.

简易答案：
In the 1950s, philosophers proposed a new idea, the Identity Theory. According to this
theory, the mind is identical to the brain. This theory has become quite popular. In logic,
when you have an identity between A and B, you don't have two things, but one. So when
you talk about mental events, you’re talking about brainevents. When you talk about brain
events, you’re talking about mental events.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
在1950年代，哲学家们(philosophers)提出了一个全新的理论
【理论内容】
这个理论主张“心(the mind )和脑(the brain)是完全相同(identical)的实体和属性，是一码事，这就
是著名的心脑同一理论(Identity Theory.)。
【理论基础】
在逻辑学当中，如果你在A和B之间能够建立起同一性(when you have identity between A and
B)，那么A和B就不是两个东西而是一个东西(you have one thing)。
【理论升华】
依据这个观念，我们的心理活动(mental events )就是头脑的活动，心理状态其实就是头脑的状态。
*课外知识补充：

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哲学家们对于心和身体是否是同一个事物，历来是持不同观点的。有些哲学家认为心和身体是独立存
在的；而17世纪英国唯物论哲学家霍布斯主张，快乐的感情实际上不过是心脏的运动，快乐的概念不
过是头脑中的运动，这是心脑同一论的思想先驱。

Effects of Crops on Climate农作物影响气候 #111119

完美答案：
Crops and the climate can affect each other. If we deforest the land and plant crops, it will
alterthe characteristics of the land surface and the way water and heat flow from the land
surface to the atmosphere, which will ultimately change the regional climate. It is a difficult
topic to understand because it requires crop scientists and climate scientists to work
together and to join their models.

简易答案：
Crops and the climate can affect each other. If we deforest the land and plant crops, it will
alterthe characteristics of the land surface. It will also change the way water and heat flow
from the surface to the atmosphere. This will finally change the regional climate. It is a
difficult topic to understand. It requires crop scientists and climate scientists to join their
models.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
农作物(crops)和气候(climate)是会互相影响(affect)的。
【影响方式】
农作物影响气候的方式主要是：种植的农作物会改变土壤表面的一些特征(characteristics of land
surface)，从而会引起水(water)和热(heat)的变化，而这样的变化漫延(flow)到空气(atmosphere)中
后就会改变大气的湿度和温度，从而改变了气候的。
【引申】
这个话题(topic)是比较难以理解的(difficult to understand)，因为整个过程的复杂性(complexity)比
较大。同时也因为需要农业科学家(scientists)和气候科学家要互相合作(work together)，要把二者的
模型结合在一起(join models)也让这个话题变得更难以研究。

Semantic Noise 语义噪音 #111120

完美答案：
Semantic noise in communication is a disturbance that interferes with the message due to
ambiguity, and some people argue that noise exists in all communication. The ambiguity is
caused because different people see different meanings in the same sentences. However,
people of the same age, cultural or educational background may have either similar or a
completely different interpretation of a message.

简易答案：
Semantic noise in communication is a disturbance that interferes with the message due to
ambiguity, and some people argue that noise exists in all communication. The ambiguity is
caused because different people see different meanings in the same sentences. However,
people of the same age, cultural or educational background may have either similar or a
completely different interpretation of a message.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
语义噪音是指由于在交流的过程当中(Semantic noise in communication)，介入了模棱两可
(ambiguity)的概念(interferes with the message )，而干扰(disturbance)了信息的传递。有些人认
为所有的交流都存在语义噪音。
【原因】

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这种模棱两可概念的产生是因为人们对于同一句话(the same sentences)会有不同的理解(different
meanings )。
【应用】
但是，有着相同年纪(age)，文化(cultural)和教育背景(educational background)的人，对于信息也
会产生相似或者完全不同的解读(interpretation )。

Roman city planning 罗马城市规划 #111122

完美答案：
Rome grew in an ad hoc way, meaning it wasn’t planned all at once but grew over time
since the 8th century. However, Romans structured their cities in a very methodical way
based on military strategy and planning. In this way, they built camps that were laid out in a
geometric plan, usually square or rectangular. That’s why ideal Roman cities are called
military camp design.

简易答案：
Rome grew in an ad hoc way. It wasn’t planned all at once but grew over time. Romans
structured their citiesin a very methodical way. It was based on military strategy and
planning. In this way, they built camps in a geometric plan. The shape was square or
rectangular. That’s why ideal Roman cities are called military camp design.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
罗马(Rome)以特别的方式(an ad hoc way)发展，这意味着它不是一次规划(planned)出来的，而是自
8世纪以来慢慢发展的：
· 罗马人(Romans)基于军事战略和规划(military strategy and planning)，以非常有条理的方
式(very methodical way)构建了自己的城市(heir cities)。通过这种方式，他们建造的营地
(camps)通常呈现出正方形或矩形这样几何图形式的平面布局(a geometric plan)。
这就是为什么理想的罗马城市(deal Roman cities)被称为军营设计(military camp design)的原因。

Mars and Earth 火星与地球 #111124

【本音频为近似音频，话题与考题相似，但并非完全一致。近似音频可用于培养自己对于相关话题的
听力能力】
【参考答案与考题内容一致】

完美答案：
Mars is an interesting neighboring planet to Earth with a similar geological surface and
landscape, such as the desert. Although there has not been evidence for the existence of
water yet, the trace of heavy gases has existed on Mars for billions of years. The low gravity
on Mars indicates that there may be a thin layer of the atmosphere on Mars. Therefore, Mars
might be the most ideal destination other than Earth.

简易答案：
Mars is a neighboring planet to Earth because Mars has a similar geological surface and
landscape, such as desert. There is no evidence of water on Mars, but heavy gases have
existed on Mars for billions of years. Gravity on Mars is very low, which means that a thin
layer of the atmosphere might be on Mars. Therefore, Mars might be the most ideal
destination if we do not live on Earth.

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中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：

【定义】
火星(Mars)是地球(Earth)一个很有趣的邻居(neighboring planet)。

【相似点】
1. 地表特征(geological surface) 地貌(landscape)：比如沙漠(desert)
2. 水文：暂无证明水的存在(the existence of water)
3. 大气：但是重气体(heavy gases)在火星上存在了很多年
4. 重力：极低的重力(low gravity)表明，火星外部可能存在一圈很稀薄的大气(thin layer of the
atmosphere)

【总结】
因此，火星可能是除地球外最适合我们生存的星球(the most ideal destination)。

Food crisis 粮食危机 #111128

【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
It is projected that people are going to suffer from a serious food crisis for the next 30 years
until 2030. We must double the yield of our production to feed a growing global
population. This is an urgent matter, and people should elevate food production now.
Scientists have predicted an increase in food production of 30% to 50% for developing
countries in the next three years.

简易答案：
There will be a serious food crisis for the next 30 years until 2030. We must double the yield
of our production to feed a growing global population. This is an urgent matter, and people
should elevate food production now. In developing countries, scientists have predicted an
increase in food production of 30% to 50% in the next three years.

中文逻辑梳理（叙事类）：
【未来30年】
预计(projected)在接下来的30年，直到2030年，人们将遭受严重的粮食危机(food crisis)。
我们必须将产量(yield of our production)提高一倍，以养活(feed)不断增长的全球人口(growing
global population)。这是当务之急(urgent matter,)，人们现在就需要提高粮食产量。
【未来3年】
科学家预测，未来三年发展中国家(developing countries)的粮食产量将增加30％至50％。

Great ideas 伟大的思想 #111129

【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。待补充真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
To be a successful entrepreneur, you should have good ideas, but the definition of a good
idea variesdepending on whom you ask. A great idea should have several features. For
example, good ideas should be novel and unique, which means no one has thought about it
before. Also, good ideas should be productive, and it is essential for the ideas to be
transformative.

简易答案：
To be a successful entrepreneur, you should have good ideas. The definition of a good idea
varies depending on whom you ask. A great idea should have several features. For example,
good ideas should be novel and unique, which means no one has thought about them

第 108 页 /共 128 页
before. Also, good ideas should be productive, and the ideas need to be transformative.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
要成为一名成功的企业家(a successful entrepreneur)，需要有好主意(good ideas)，但是对于好主
意的定义(the definition)取决于你问的是谁(whom you ask)。
【特点】
一个好主意应该具有几个特点(features)：
1) 好主意应该新颖独特(novel and unique)，这意味着以前没有人考虑过；
2) 同样，好主意应该富有成效性(productive)；
3) 而且必须具有改革性意义(transformative)。

Demolition of buildings 拆除建筑 #111130

完美答案：
Architecture is more than just the built environment, but also a part of our culture. In the
20th century, many old buildings with design flaws were demolished or modified. This is an
application of Darwin’s theory of natural selection, which means buildings should adapt to
the new world to survive. However, some people criticize the demolition as it’s important
to honor the cultural nuances in the built environment.

简易答案：
Architecture is not only the built environment, but also a part of our culture. In the 20th
century, many old buildings with design flaws were demolished or modified. This is an
application of Darwin’s theory of natural selection. It means buildings should adapt to the
new world to survive. However, some people criticize the demolition. Because they think
it’s important to honor the cultural nuances in the built environment.

中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【观点】
建筑设计（Architecture）不仅仅关于建筑环境（the built environment），也是构成文化的一部分
（a part of our culture）。
【现象】
20世纪(the 20 century)，许多有缺陷的建筑被拆除（be demolished）或改造（be modified）。
th

【解释现象】
遵循达尔文的自然选择理论（Darwin’s theory of natural selection），建筑应该适应（adapt
to）时代的改变，从而得以留存（survive）。
【批判现状】
有人批判拆除旧建筑的行为（criticize the demolition），认为我们应该尊重（honor）建筑环境的
文化差异（cultural nuances）。

Language and Basic Vocabulary 语言与基本词汇 #111132

完美答案：
According to the lecture, historical linguists compare languages at several levels, by looking
for basic vocabulary. Some languages may have words that other languages don’t. So, you
should look for a basicvocabulary, referring to the most comparable words, or the most
universal notions. You may also look forwords that sound corresponding.

简易答案：
According to the lecture, historical linguists compare languages at several levels, by looking
for basic vocabulary. Some languages may have words that other languages don’t. So, a
basic vocabulary is the most comparable words or the most universal notions. You may also

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look for words that sound corresponding.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【抛出概念】
语言历史学家(Historical linguists)通过寻找基本词汇(basic vocabulary)，从不同的层面比较语言
(languages)。
【概念特征】
因为有些语言里的词汇在其他语言里是不存在的，所以我们可以通过寻找以下单词类别来找基本词汇
(a basic vocabulary)：
1. 完全可比的词汇 (most comparable)，也就是全世界最通用的概念 (most universal notions)
2. 发音相似的词汇 (words that sound the same)

Water recycling at home 水的循环利用 #111134

完美答案：
We need to recycle the water because we don’t generate much new water, as the process
of generating water is difficult. Now there are lots of different technologies involved in
water recycling for industrial use, but there is very little water recycling technology in the
home. This is because in a modern home, people don’t think of recycling water when they
use water at home.

简易答案：
We need to recycle the water because we don’t generate much new water. The process of
generating water is difficult. Now there are lots of different technologies. They are involved
in water recycling for industrial use. However, there is very little water recycling technology
in the home. This is because people don’t think of recycling water when they use water at
home.

中文逻辑梳理（问答类）：
【Q1：为什么要循环利用水资源？】
因为我们很难自己产生新的水资源。因为生产新的淡水资源（new fresh water）的过程并不简单
，而且产出的水量赶不上人类消耗的水量。
【Q2：工业用水有许多循环技术，那么家庭用水呢？】
现在已经有很多工业用水的循环技术，但是家庭用水的循环技术非常少。人们平时在家里用水不会去
想要循环利用这件事。

Misunderstanding of Globalization 对全球化的误解 #111135

完美答案：
Globalization is an overused and often misunderstood concept. The starting point for
understandingglobalization is that it is a globalization process of industries and markets
instead of countries, so it’s helpful to think of globalization as ‘the integration of
economic activities across borders.’ Globalization matters because it means the rise of
interconnectedness between countries and markets across the world.

简易答案：
Globalization is an overused and often misunderstood concept. In the beginning, it is a
globalization process of industries and markets instead of countries. Therefore, it’s helpful
to think of globalization as ‘the integration of economic activities across borders.’
Globalization is very important because it means the rise of interconnectedness between
countries and markets across the world.

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中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【概念误解】
人们对于全球化(globalization)这个概念一直存在误解(an overused and misunderstood
concept)：
· 我们的错误地认为全球化起始于国家间的一体化，但正确的认知应该是是全球化起始于行业和
市场的一体化(process of industries and markets)，这个认知才能帮助我们理解全球化是国
家间经济活动的一体化(‘the integration of economic activities across borders)这个概念
。
【重要性】
全球化这个进程很重要，因为这意味着不同国家(countries)和不同市场(markets)间开始建立了内在的
联系(interconnectedness)。

Inequality in Children 儿童成长的不平等 #111136

【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
According to the professor’s sociology research, the capacity of well-educated parents will
remain in their prosperous children because these children have sufficient educational
capacity and support since they were born. According to studies, the life chance of a child
has been set by five years old, which is a compelling and disturbing fact. The professor
cannot find obvious ways to address this deep root of inequality in our society.

简易答案：
According to the professor’s sociology research, the capacity of well-educated parents will
remain in their prosperous children. This is because these children have sufficient
educational capacity and support since they were born. According to studies, the life chance
of a child has been set by five years old. This is a compelling and disturbing fact. The
professor cannot find ways to address this deep root of inequality in our society.

中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象1】
根据这位教授社会学的研究(the professor’s sociology research )，受过良好教育的父母(well-
educated parents)的能力(capacity)将保留在他们富裕的孩子(prosperous children)身上
【根源】
因为这些孩子从出生起就有足够的教育能力和支持(sufficient educational capacity and support
)。
【现象2】
研究还表明，一个孩子生命中的机会(the life chance)在五岁的时就会确定下来，这是一个不容置疑
却让人不安的事实。
【遗留问题】
这位教授找不到明确的方法来解决我们社会不平等的这个深层根源(deep root of inequality) 。

Travels of Sir John Mandeville 曼德维尔游记 #111138

完美答案：
The book ‘Travels of Sir John Mandeville” was popular in the 1300s and 1400s than the
book of Marco Polo. As guidance in the library, the book describes his supposed travels to
the Mid-East, Africa, and Asia. This book is valuable, although its descriptions about foreign
lands were not true. It only shows how European people thought about foreign lands and
their imagination of the unknown.

简易答案：
第 111 页 /共 128 页
The book ‘Travels of Sir John Mandeville” was popular in the 1300s and 1400s. It was more
popular than the book of Marco Polo. The book describes his supposed travels to the Mid-
East, Africa, and Asia. This book is valuable, although its descriptions about foreign lands
were not true. It only shows how European people thought about foreign lands and their
imagination of the unknown.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
《约翰·曼德维尔爵士游记》(Travels of Sir John Mandeville)一书在1300和1400年代比马可·波罗
(Marco Polo)的著作更受欢迎(popular)。
【书中内容】
· 根据图书馆的指导，我们了解到这本书描述了他想象中去往中东(Mid-East)，非洲(Africa)和亚
洲(Asia)的旅行。
· 这本书是有价值的(valuable)，尽管它对外国土地(foreign lands)的描述(descriptions)并不正
确。它只展现了欧洲人(European people)是如何看待外国土地的以及他们对未知世界的想象
(imagination of the unknown)。

Young students’ social communities 年轻人的社交群体 #111140

完美答案：
Research in the UK was conducted on children and young students. The research is to see
how young people participate, communicate, and get involved in society and how to form
values with character education. There are many factors affecting children, such as their
parents, friends, siblings, and schools. The research has also attracted attention and interest
from many politicians.

简易答案：
Research in the UK was conducted on children and young students. It investigated 70% of
the people in the UK. The research is to see how young people participate, communicate,
and get involved in society and how to form values with character education. There are
many factors affecting children, such as their parents, friends, siblings, and schools. The
research has also attracted attention from many politicians.

中文逻辑梳理（实验类）：
【实验设计】
针对儿童(children)和年轻学生(young students)进行的研究在英国(Research in the UK)展开
(conducted)。
· 【目的】对于年轻学生而言
这项研究旨在了解他们如何参与(participate)，交流(communicate)和融入社会(get involved
in society)，以及如何形成(form)价值观(values)和品格教育(character education)。
· 【结果】对于儿童而言
该研究表明，影响孩子的因素(factors)很多，例如父母(parents)，朋友(friends)，兄弟姐妹
(siblings)和学校(schools)。
【影响】
该研究引起了许多政客(politicians)的关注(attention)和兴趣(interest)。

Drop out of school 辍学 #111141

【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
Low achievers are more likely to drop out of schools, especially boys. The two main factors
are push and pull. The pull factor is the economy because some jobs can be easily acquired
by boys. As for girls, they are less likely to leave school early because not many jobs prefer
girls. Girls will be facing only two options, being unemployed or doing part-time jobs.

第 112 页 /共 128 页
简易答案：
Low achievers are more likely to drop out of schools, especially boys. The two main factors
are push and pull. The pull factor is the economy because boys can acquire some jobs easily
. As for girls, they are less likely to leave school early because not many jobs prefer girls. Girls
will be facing only two options, being unemployment or doing part-time jobs.

中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
低成就者(Low achievers)更容易辍学(drop out of schools )，尤其是男孩(boys)。
【男生】
两个主要的因素(factors)是推力因素(push)和拉动因素(pull)。拉动因素是经济(economy)，因为有些
工作男孩很容易获得。
【女生】
至于女孩(girls)，她们不太可能早退，因为没有多少工作青睐女孩。
女孩们将面临两种选择(two options )，失业(unemployment)或做兼职(part-time jobs)。

Internet and Email system互联网与电子邮件 #111144

【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
The internet was invented by people who are good at programming, and people keep
optimizing it for different purposes. So the internet has been growing organically. The email
system was designed by a group of researchers who know and trust each other. Initially, the
email system didn't consider security because there was no suspicion among people at that
time, and there was no authentication process built into this system.

简易答案：
The Internet was invented by people who are good at programming. People keep optimizing
it for different purposes. So the internet has been growing organically. The email system
was designed by a group of researchers. They know and trust each other. Initially, the email
system didn't consider security because there was no suspicion among people, and there
was no authentication process built in this system.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
互联网(The internet)是由擅长编程(programming)的人发明的，人们为了不同的目的(purposes)不
断优化(optimizing)它。因此，互联网一直在有机地发展(growing organically)。
【展开】
电子邮件系统(The email system)是由一批科研人员(a group of researchers)设计的，他们彼此了解
，相互信任。最初，电子邮件系统没有考虑安全问题，因为当时人们之间没有猜疑(suspicion)，而且
系统中没有内置的认证过程(authentication process )。

Alternative energy替代性能源 #111145

【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
The natural resources we consumed are not sustainable, so we need to develop alternative
energy, such as wind power, biological energy, and hydropower. However, among all of
them, solar energy should be placed as the priority because it’s not only reusable and
renewable but also can be easily acquired from the land. However, these types of energy are
hard to store, so new technology is required.

第 113 页 /共 128 页
简易答案：
The natural resources are not sustainable, so we need to develop alternative energy, such as
wind power, biological energy, and hydropower. However, solar energy should be placed at
the first priority because it is reusable and renewable. Moreover, it can be easily acquired
from the land. However, these types of energy are hard to store, so new technology is
required.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【替代性能源的必要性和类型】
我们消耗的自然资源(The natural resources)是不可持续的(not sustainable)，因此我们需要开发替
代能源(develop alternative energy)，例如风能(wind power)，生物能(biological energy)和水力
发电(hydropower.)。
【替代性能源的优点】
然而，在这些替代能源中，应该将太阳能(solar energy)放在第一位(the first priority)。因为太阳能
不仅可重复使用(reusable)和可再生(renewable)，而且可以很容易地从土地上获取(easily acquired
from the land)。
【替代性能源的缺点】
但是，这些类型的能量很难存储(hard to store)，因此需要新技术(new technology)来对此进行改善
。

Industrial Revolution 工业革命 #111146

完美答案：
During the 1950s and 1960s, the idea of the Industrial Revolution was the creation of
machines, primarily in the textile and mining industries. Past analyses viewed
industrialization as a situation of winners and losers, which has been rejected because the
Industrial Revolution was the intensification of forms of production that were already there
, whose rapid rise was tied to traditional forms of production.

简易答案：
During the 1950s and 1960s, the idea of the Industrial Revolution was the creation of
machines, primarily in the textile and mining industries. Past analyses viewed
industrialization as a situation of winners and losers. These analyses had been rejected
because the Industrial Revolution was the intensification of forms of production that were
already there. The rapid rise was tied to traditional forms of production.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【错误的观点】
在20世纪50年代和60年代，大家觉得工业革命(Industrial Revolution)就是是发明机器(the
●

creation of machines )，消除流水线生产(assembly line production)的障碍(blocks )，主要集

中是在纺织和采矿行业
过去的分析认为工业化(industrialization)是一种赢家和输家的局面(a situation of winners and
●

losers)
【正确的观点】
但这种观点被否决了，因为工业革命

· 实际是将已经存在的生产形式高度集中化(the intensification of forms of production that

were already there)，它的迅速崛起(rapid rise)与传统的生产形式(traditional forms of
production)是密不可分的。

第 114 页 /共 128 页
Market Research 市场调查 #111152
【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
Market research is very important as it can help you to understand your target customers’
needs. Also, it gives you ideas about your customers’ age groups and their income.
Moreover, market research can offer you a practical way of pricing. But you should also
clarify your ideas, think about your competitors, and purchase raw materials in a practical
process.

简易答案：
Market research is very important as it can help you to understand your target customers’
needs. Also, it gives you ideas about your customers’ age groups and their income.
Moreover, market research can offer you a practical way of pricing. But you should also
clarify your ideas, think about your competitors, and purchase raw materials in a practical
process.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
市场研究(Market research)非常重要，因为它可以:
· 帮助您了解目标客户的需求(target customers’ needs)
· 让您了解(gives your ideas)客户的年龄段(age groups)和收入(income)
· 为您提供实用的定价方式(practical way of pricing)
· 尽管市场调研可以帮助制定可行的价格，但是在实际定价过程中您也还是应该思路清晰，考虑
到竞争对手(competitors)，以及实际过程中(practical process)购买原材料(purchase raw
materials)的因素。

English language in poem 诗歌语言 #111190

参考答案：
We often talk about the knowledge about the literature in the poem. The English language in
poems and poetry is difficult to understand, and often gives readers a feeling of frustration
and makes it hard for readers to enjoy poetry. This is because poems use literary
expressions. However, the speaker suggests that we should learn to simply enjoy it and to
know more about literature knowledge.

简易答案：
People often talk about the knowledge of literature in the poem. The English language in
poems and poetry is difficult to understand. It often gives readers a feeling of frustration
and makes it hard for readers to enjoy poetry. This is because poems use literary
expressions. However, the speaker suggests that we should learn to simply enjoy it. People
need to know more about literature knowledge.

中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
我们经常去谈论关于诗歌文学(the literature in the poem)的一些知识。
【现象】
诗歌里的英文通常都比较难以理解(difficult to understand)，所以会给读者带来无法读懂诗歌的挫败
感(frustration)，从而很难使得读者去欣赏诗歌。
【根源】
会出现这个现象的原因在于，诗歌中的语言通常会使用文学表达(literary expressions)，这样的表达
不贴近生活。
【解决】
作者就建议读者们应该不要太咬文嚼字，要学会简单地享受它(learn to simply enjoy it)，并且应该
学会去了解更多的文学知识(literature knowledge)，这样才能更好地读懂诗歌。

Nuts 坚果的优缺点 #111201

第 115 页 /共 128 页
完美答案：
Nuts can be both good and bad for our health. Nuts can do good because they have
minerals, vitamins, and proteins. On the other hand, they can be bad because nuts contain
high levels of energy and calories. The energy density of a handful of nuts is equal to two
chocolate bars. It is recommended that we take ten to twelve nuts at a time.

简易答案：
Nuts can be both good and bad for our health. Nuts can do good because they have
minerals, vitamins, and proteins. On the other hand, they can be bad because nuts contain
high levels of energy and calories. The energy density of a handful of nuts is equal to two
chocolate bars. It is recommended that we take ten to twelve nuts at a time.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【观点】
坚果对我们的健康有好有坏。
• 【好】坚果含有矿物质、维他命、蛋白质（Minerals + Vitamins + Proteins = MVP）
• 【坏】坚果是高热量食物（energy and calories）;
一把（a handful of）坚果的能量密度（energy density）等于两个巧克力棒。
【建议】
一次只吃10-12颗坚果即可。

Hook 议论文开篇 #111206

完美答案：
An essay can identify what you have read and learned. To attract your readers, it's important
to polish the introduction. Try to add an essay hook to build an emotional connection with
your reader from the start. A hook is a catchy sentence or paragraph that is a perfect method
to start a persuasive essay. An excellent hook often includes an interesting quote, a strange
fact or a statistic.

简易答案：An essay can identify what you have read and learned. To attract your readers, it's
important to polish the introduction. Try to add an essay hook to build an emotional
connection with your reader. A hook is a catchy sentence or paragraph. This is a perfect
method to start a persuasive essay. An excellent hook often includes an interesting quote, a
strange fact or a statistic.

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【论文的好处】
写论文可以明确你读过的或学过的内容。
【论文开篇】
好的开篇可以吸引你的读者。

论文开篇的hook可以在文章一开始，就建立起你和读者之间的情感联系。
【hook的定义】
1. 抓眼球
2. 通常是开篇第一句，或第一段
3. 常用于议论文
4. 可以包含：有趣的引言，新奇的事例，或数据。

Clone 克隆 #111209
【本音频为近似音频，话题与考题相似，但并非完全一致。近似音频可用于培养自己对于相关话题的
听力能力】

第 116 页 /共 128 页
【参考答案与考题内容一致】

完美答案：
The word "clone" is derived from an Ancient Greek word and it means a branch of a tree.
The process of cloning is just like grafting, by attaching the branch onto the root of another
tree and the mother treeprovides nutrients to it. Therefore, it can be concluded that grafting
uses the method of clone.

简易答案：
The word "clone" is derived from an Ancient Greek word. It means a branch of a tree. The
process of cloning is just like grafting. It attaches the branch to the root of another tree. And
then, the mother treeprovides nutrients to it. Therefore, it can be concluded that grafting
uses the method of clone.

（本题暂不完整，有待更多补充。）

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【词源】
“克隆”一词来自古希腊（Ancient Greek），古希腊语中意为“树枝”
因为克隆的过程（the process of cloning）就像植物嫁接的过程（grafting）——将树枝移植到另一
棵树上，让母树向新移植的树枝提供养分。
【类比】
所以也可以说植物嫁接就是一种克隆技术。

Speech-language therapy 语言治疗 #111211

本题回忆详见“原文”按钮，欢迎考到的同学提供回忆补充

参考答案：
A professor of speech-language therapy is introducing a speech-language course. According
to the speaker, they are using a different approach from clinical therapy. The best part of this
course is that you can study the message behind the speech-language. You can tell a
speaker's background and where he comes from based on his speech, just like handwriting.
This course has created contact between speech-language and professionals.

简易答案：
A professor of speech-language therapy introduced a course. They used a different
approach from clinical therapy. The best part of this course is that you can study the
message behind the speech, just like handwriting. You can tell a speaker's background and
where he comes from. This course has created contactbetween speech-language and
professionals.

Define Theory Literature 定义理论文学 #111214

【本音频为近似音频，话题与考题相似，但并非完全一致。近似音频可用于培养自己对于相关话题的
听力能力】
【若要记忆真题，请直接查看“参考答案”】

参考答案：
To define theory literature, we should understand the causes and effects of literature. We
should also ask ourselves several sub-questions, such as the definition of author and reader.
Theory literature has a lot in common with other types of literature, but there are still some
logical differences. How to define theory literature is the most fascinating thing. Literature
can be caused by language, and by social, historic and economic forces. (最后一句内容有待进

第 117 页 /共 128 页
一步确认)

中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：

【主要问题】理论文学的定义

【细分问题】
- 文学的因果
- 作者的定义
- 读者的定义

【对比】理论文学与其他类型的文学有许多共同之处，但也存在着逻辑上的差异。

【答案】由语言、社会、历史和经济力量产生（内容有待进一步确认）

Black Hole 黑洞 [待完善] #111231

由于回忆不全，以下内容无法保证准确性，因此只列出要点供大家参考。请大家在考场上结合真实听
到的内容，斟酌选用：
Black holes are stars. (存疑)
Black holes are made of hydrogen（氢气）, nitrogen（氮气）, helium（氦气）, and ……第四个
气体.
What matters are three things:
- mass（质量） (the most important),
- spin（自旋）, and
- electric charge（电荷）.
Black holes will be neutralized at last.（黑洞最终将被中和。）
Even if it is positively charged, it will attract negative atoms to become neutral.（即使它带正电
，它也会吸引带负电的原子变成中性。 ）

Tobacco/cigarette packaging 香烟包装 #111232

完美答案：
The government is pushing the tobacco/cigarette industries to change their packages.
Tobacco/cigarette packaging has been changing over the past 50 years since the 1950s.
Previously, the images on packages were only a small part, focusing more on the social
aspects of smoking. Nowadays, the image has become focal as an advertising method for
brands. Tobacco/cigarette companies should use plain packages as Australia and New
Zealand have changed their tobacco/cigarette packaging.
简易答案：
The government is pushing the tobacco/cigarette industries to change their packages.
Tobacco/cigarette packages are changing since the 1950s. In the past, the image on the
package was only a small part and was mainly about the social aspects of smoking.
Nowadays, the image is focal as an advertising method for the brand. According to the
speaker, tobacco/cigarette companies should use plain packages. Australia and New Zealand
have changed their tobacco/cigarette packages.

中文逻辑梳理（现象+叙事类）：
【现象】
• 政府正在呼吁香烟行业改变香烟盒的包装(tobacco/cigarette packaging)。
【描述现象过程】
• 1950年代至今的50年间，香烟的包装一直在变化
【过去】
• 占比：只占一小部分 (only a small part)

第 118 页 /共 128 页
• 功能：描述吸烟的社会影响 (the social aspects of smoking)
【现在】
• 占比：包装的焦点 (focal)
• 功能：为香烟品牌打广告 (advertising method for brands)
【解决】
• 呼吁香烟公司，应该改用更朴素的包装（plain packages）
• 举例：澳大利亚、新西兰
备注：
有同学反馈，这道题目全文有一两次提及tobacco一词，其余大量提及的是cigarette
package/packaging，所以请同学们注意练习cigarette的拼写！
有考生确认考场上最后听到了澳大利亚和新西兰。

Exercise 锻炼的好处 [待完善] #111233

【目前仅有零星回忆，下方答案仅为临时答案。欢迎大家补充】
临时答案：
The lecture elaborates on the topic of exercise. According to the speaker, exercise has two
conditions, and one of them is a healthy exercise. According to an investigation on exercise,
it is recommended to exercise for at least half an hour every day. However, it also depends
on how much exercise we can tolerate. Last, don't forget to put on sunscreen when you
exercise outdoors.
(其中被高亮的绿色单词，是考生回忆中确定出现过的单词)

Grammar of foreign language 外语语法 #111234

临时答案（有待进一步确认及补充）：
Foreign language study has become a compulsory subject in the United Kingdom.
Unfortunately, students feel dull and bored when studying foreign languages. In particular,
they are not able to learn grammar efficiently. There are a number of issues that lead to this
problem. First of all, there are few resources of grammar learning available. Secondly,
teachers have insufficient knowledge of grammar.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
在英国(UK)，外语学习(foreign language)成为了必修课(compulsory)。
但是，学生觉得枯燥(feel dull and bored)。
尤其是语法(grammar)。
【原因】
1. 外语的语法学习资料太少 (few resources)
2. 教外语的老师语法功底不扎实 (insufficient knowledge)

Taxi drivers' spatial navigation 出租车司机的方向感 #111235

主题：伦敦出租车司机的方向感（演讲者：女声）
大意脉络：伦敦道路错综复杂，但伦敦的出租车司机的方向感（spatial navigation）极佳。这是因为
他们在不断重复相同路线的过程中，大脑的后部海马区域（posterior hippocampus）比常人的大。
临时答案：
The female speaker is giving a lecture about the spatial navigation skills of taxi drivers in
London. Although London roads have the most complex routes, London taxi drivers have
never had any trouble finding the right way. To test why they have the perfect spatial
navigation, there was an experiment and they found that taxi drivers have larger posterior
hippocampus, which is related to a person's ability to navigate.

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Fill in the Blanks (Listening)
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进入“听写模式”，专门记忆高频词汇，命中率高！

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William Shakespeare #141001

For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards to personal
history. There are just two primary sources for information on the Bard: his works, and various legal and church
documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gaps in this body of
information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man.

Integrated Ticketing #141002

Well in 2004 we integrated ticketing in South East Queensland, so we introduced a paper ticket that allowed
you to travel across all the three modes in South East Queensland, so bus, train and ferry and the second stage
of integrated ticketing is the introduction of a Smart Card, and the Smart Card will enable people to store value
so to put value on the card, and then to use the card for traveling around the system.

Contract Patterns Generator (CPG) #141003

In animals, a movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord called the central contract
patterns generator (CPG). This produces signals that drive muscles to contract rhythmically in a way that
produces running or walking, depending on the pattern of pulses. A simple signal from the brain instructs the
CPG to switch between different modes such as going from a standstill to walking.

Ocean Currents #141004

For many years, the favorite horror story about abrupt climate change was that a shift in ocean currents could
radically cool Europe's climate. These currents, called the overturning circulation, bring warm water and warm
temperatures north from the equator to Europe.
Susan Lozier, an oceanographer at Duke University, says scientists have long worried that this ocean circulation
could be disrupted.

Financial Markets #141005

Financial markets swung wildly yesterday in the frenzied trading market by further selling of equities and fears
about an unraveling of the global carry trade. At the same time, trading in the US and European credit markets
were exceptionally heavy for a third consecutive day. London trading was marked by particularly wild swings in
the prices of credit derivatives, used to ensure investors against corporate defaults.

Online Dating #141006

Bruch and her colleague Mark Newman studied who swapped messages with whom on a popular online dating
platform in the month of January 2014. They categorized users by desirability using PageRank, one of the
algorithms behind search technology. Essentially, if you receive a dozen messages from desirable users, you
must be more desirable than someone who receives the same number of messages from average users.

Then they asked: How far "out of their league" do online daters tend to go when pursuing a partner? "I think
people are optimistic realists."

In other words, they found that both men and women tended to pursue mates just 25 percent more desirable
than themselves. "So they're being optimistic, but they're also taking into account their own relative position
within this overall desirability hierarchy."

And the study did have a few more lessons for people on the market: "I think one of the take-home messages
from this study is that women could probably afford to be more aspirational in their mate pursuit."

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Laurence Stephen Lowry #141042

Laurence Stephen Lowry was an English artist. Many of his drawings and paintings depict Pendlebury,
Lancashire, where he lived and worked for more than 40 years, Salford and its vicinity.

Lowry is famous for painting scenes of life in the industrial districts of North West England in the mid-20th
century. He developed a distinctive style of painting and is best known for his city landscapes peopled with
human figures, often referred to as ""matchstick men"". He painted mysterious unpopulated landscapes,
brooding portraits and the unpublished ""marionette"" works, which were only found after his death.

South Australia #141043

Now that the story's been scratched, it is only part of contingency planning. But it was a symptom of the
dramatic turn of events in South Australia, and it flushed out other remarks from water academics and people
like Tim Flannery, indicating that things were really much worse than had been foreshadowed, even earlier this
year. So is Adelaide, let alone some whole regions of South Australia, in serious bother? Considering that the
vast amount of its drinking water comes from the beleaguered Murray, something many of us outside the state
may not have quite realized. Is their predicament something we have to face up to as a nation?

Beautiful Buildings #141044

Along the way we have built unashamedly beautiful buildings, two of which have won and another was runner-
up in the prestigious United Nations World Habitat Award: the first time an Australian building has received
that international honour. We rely on older concepts of Australian architecture that are heavily influenced by
the bush. All residents have private verandhas which allow them to socialize outdoors and also creates some
"defensible space" between their bedrooms and public areas. We use a lot of natural and soft materials to build
beautiful landscape gardens.

Sunflowers by Van Gogh #141045

These two paintings, both called “Sunflowers,” are generally accepted as the finest of several depictions of
the thick-stemmed, nodding blooms that Van Gogh made in 1888 and 1889 during his time in Arles. The first is
now in the collection of the National Gallery in London, and the second is in the Van Gogh Museum in
Amsterdam. Van Gogh referred to this work as a “repetition” of the London painting. But art historians and
curators have long been curious to know how different this “repetition” is from the first. Should it be
considered a copy, an independent artwork or something in between? An extensive research project conducted
over the past three years by conservation experts at both the National Gallery and the Van Gogh Museum has
concluded that the second painting was “not intended as an exact copy of the original example,” said Ella
Hendriks, a professor of conservation and restoration at the University of Amsterdam, who was the lead
researcher on the project.

Nanotechnology #141046

What is nanotechnology? Well, a report that was put together by a combination of the Royal Society and the
Royal Academy of Engineering that came out last summer, identified two topics. Nano-science is the study of
phenomena and the manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where
properties differ significantly from those as a larger scale. Nanotechnologies are the design characterization,
production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer
scale. So I'll talk a little bit more in a moment about what a nanometer is, but loosely speaking people think of
nanotechnologies as being a sort of a hundred nanometers or less.

Carbon-rich soils #141047

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Rebuilding carbon-rich agricultural soils is the only real productive permanent solution to taking excess carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere. She's frustrated that scientists and politicians don't see the same opportunities
she sees. This year Australia will emit just over 600 million tonnes of carbon. We can sequester 685 million
tonnes of carbon by increasing soil carbon by half a per cent on only two per cent of the farms. If we increased
it on all of the farms, we could sequester the whole world's emissions of carbon.

Cars in America #141049

There are some 250 million cars in America, 250 million cars in the country with just over 300 million people.
And most of those vehicles, of course, are gas powered. This poses a huge challenge given the limited supplies
of oil and the growing urgency of the global warming crisis.

But there is good news, according to our guests today. And that is we have the know-how and the technology
to build sleek, fast automobiles that don't use gasoline. These vehicles of tomorrow are powered by hydrogen,
electricity, bio-fuels, and digital technology. And they already exist. So what's stopping us from putting them
on the roads? Our guests today will help answer that.

Beekeeper #141050

Dave Hackenberg, a beekeeper since 1962, can usually tell what killed his bees just by looking at them. If
they're lying on the ground in front of a hive, it's probably pesticides, he says. If the bees are deformed and
wingless, it's probably vampire mites. But last fall, Hackenberg saw something he had never seen before.
Thousands of his bee colonies simply disappeared. He was in Florida at the time, pulling the lids off some of his
commercial hives. To his horror, they were all empty.

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Diabetes and Blood Pressure #121001

No that was, and that’s an important aspect, as you alluded to earlier we’ve previously done work which has
proven that in some situations, even people whose blood pressure is not high, can benefit from blood pressure
lowering therapy. So in this study the main reason that we included the patients was because of diabetes, we
didn’t care what their blood pressure was, whether it was high or low. And our objective was to see whether
or not lowering average or below average blood pressure in diabetics was beneficial and the result suggested
that irrespective of whether your blood pressure was high or low, if you had diabetes you benefited.

Future of a Photon #121002

Oh, it’s very spooky. First of all, probability by itself is spooky. Give me… let me show you how probability
enters the system. You walk past a store window and you see an image of yourself in the store window, you
straighten the part, not so bad you know, for a man of my age. The guy in the store window who’s fooling
around with mannequins he sees you and you see yourself. What does that mean? A stream of photons from
sunlight leaves your face, heads for the store window – let’s consider one of them. It has a choice: it can go
right through, so that the guy behind the window can see you, or it can be reflected from the store window.
Some fractions of them are reflected, and some of them go through. What determines that? What determines
the future of that photon? And countless such examples teach us that it’s random, that it’s a throw of the
dice, and that’s where Einstein made his famous statement “God plays dice with the universe.” That every
instant of that single object, that quantum object we have probability, we do not have certainty.

Obligation of the Bank #121003

Well there… there… there’s a positive obligation on the bank to ensure that the people who are signing a loan
guarantee, know what they’re doing. Loan guarantees are er kind of unique in that… in that someone is giving
security or a guarantee and placing themselves at risk for someone else, and they receive nothing material in
return. So you’ve got to ask yourself why is this person doing this, do they know what they’re doing?
They’re risking a lot, and not really getting anything back for it. So the imperative is that the bank must ensure
that these people know what they’re doing, and that they fully understand the implications of what they’re
doing, and they know that their properties may be sold if another person doesn’t meet their obligations.

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1.I thought a good architectural structure should be useful, durable and beautiful.#131002
2.A person’s educational level is closely related to their economic background.#131005
3.We can all meet at my office after the lecture. #131006
4.You can make an appointment to meet the librarian. #131008
5.Agenda items should be submitted by the end of the day.#131010
6.All industries are a system of inputs, processes, outputs and feedback.#131012
7.All of the assignments must be submitted in person to the faculty office.#131013
8.Economic development needs to be supported by the government.#131014
9.All students are expected to attend ten lab sessions per semester. #131016
10.Leaving valuable possessions unattended in public place is risky.#131017
11.Most scientists believe that climate change threatens the lives on earth.#131021
12.Although sustainable development is not easy, it is an unavoidable responsibility. #131022
13.Animals raised in captivity behave differently than their wild counterparts. #131027
14.Students will develop confidence in their ability to think critically. #131033
15.Certain scientific principles need to be learned verbally or by a logical deduction.#131038
16.Climate change is now an acceptable phenomenon among reputable scientists.#131039
17.Clinical placements in nursing prepare students for professional practice. #131041
18.Despite their differences, all forms of life share certain characteristics.#131050
19.Economic problems caused a big rise in unemployment. #131052
20.He landed a job in a prestigious law firm.#131068
21.It is not possible to solve the problem easily. #131086
22.It was hard to anticipate how all the different characters would react.#131087
23.We are researching the most significant challenges we are facing in our society today. #131090
24.Library reference desks hold a lot of materials on academic history. #131091
25.Most university teaching takes place in lectures and seminars. #131101
26.Organizational failure is considered from various perspectives in academic literature. #131111
27.The university theater group will be performing in the concert hall. #131114
28.Packaging is very important to attract the attention of a buyer. #131116
29.Please check the information on the website for the opening times.#131120
30.Radio is one of the most popular forms of entertainment throughout the world.#131131
31.Review all your sources before drawing any definitive conclusions.#131138
32.The supposed benefit of space exploration has been frequently questioned.#131142
33.The speaker began by giving an outline of her presentation.#131145
34.She has made a significant contribution to the field of chemistry.#131146
35.Some departments have their own special book collections#131149
36.Some students find that true or false questions are harder than short answer questions. #131153
37.Statistical results should be expressed in different ways depending on the circumstances. #131154
38.Students have the options to live in college residences or apartments. #131159
39.Students requiring an extension should apply sooner rather than later.#131160
40.Student concession cards can be obtained by completing an application form. #131164

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41.A bar chart is a useful means of data comparison. #131173
42.The archeologist's new discoveries stand out in previously overlooked foundations. #131176
43.The business policy seminar includes an internship with a local firm. #131183
44.The cafeteria features soup, salads, sandwiches, fish and chicken.#131184
45.The designers will complete the plan later today.#131194
46.The college includes two branches, physical and social sciences.#131197
47.The island is located at the south end of the bay.#131213
48.The key difference between courses is the kind of assessment.#131214
49.The library holds a substantial collection of materials on the economic history.#131217
50.The paper challenged many previously accepted theories.#131227
51.The railway makes long-distance travel possible for everyone.#131231
52.The results of the study underscored the importance of early detection.#131235
53.The teacher asked the group to commence the task.#131248
54.The theme of the instrumental work exhibits more of a demure compositional style.#131251
55.Safety glasses should be worn while doing experiments in the lab.#131255
56.The visiting speaker used to be a lecturer in this department.#131259
57.There is clearly a need for further research in this field.#131265
58.This class will look at the structure of an essay.#131273
59. Our laboratory equipment is provided free of charge. #131277
60.Traveling by boat on the river is not possible in winter.#131285
61. It will be extremely beneficial to work together. #131286
62.This project is divided into four main sections. #131288
63.All students are expected to participate in all class activities. #131294
64.We can work together to achieve higher educational standards.#131295
65.You will need to purchase an academic gown for the commencement. #131317
66.Your lowest quiz grade has been omitted from the calculations.#131321
67.Manufacture can employ more people than agriculture and fishing combined.#131333
68.Education and training provide important skills for the labor force. #131334
69.Find out how to get resources before your research.#131336
70.Global connections thrived in academic communities, thanks to social media.#131339
71.Several candidates are qualified as the greatest scientists of all time.#131346
72.Students are advised that all the lectures today have been canceled. #131347
73.There are opportunities to receive grants in most artistic fields. #131351
74.There is a welcome party for all new students for each term.#131353
75.This course considerably emphasizes critical thinking skills.#131357
76.Those who are considering a career in marketing should attend the talk.#131358
77.Different factors affect the freezing time of water.#131368
78.New credit cards will soon use fingerprint technology.#131375
79.Collaboration between departments is a feature of successful companies.#131380
80.Geography is generally divided into two main branches, human and physical.#131384

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81.He was constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture closer together.#131385
82.Making mistakes is fine as long as you learn from them. #131388
83.This course provides the opportunity to get valuable industry experience.#131393
84.The ability to work with fellow students cannot be stressed enough.#131401
85.Archeologists discovered tools and other artifacts near the ancient tomb. #131402
86.Essays and assignments are spread out across the academic year.#131403
87.Continuing students will be sent the necessary application forms. #131405
88.Calculators may not be used during the examination. #131407
89.The elective course introduces engineering students to construction practices and concepts.#131409
90.The economy is now showing the first sign of recovery. #131412
91.The site is designed to be highly interactive.#131418
92.I am convinced that mathematical thinking is crucial for statistics study. #131425
93.University departments carefully monitored articles and other publications by faculty. #131433
94.You should submit your term papers to the general office.#131434
95.Scientists were unsure when the early men left Africa. #131462
96.The shipwreck of this year ruined some artifacts which were interested by historians.#131463
97.The printers automatically print on both sides of each page.#131471
98.Some vocational courses at institutions are funded by private enterprises. #131476
99.This book can be borrowed for a maximum of one week.#131477
100.Blue whales are the largest mammals that have ever lived.#131497
101.His appointment to the Minister of Culture is seen as a demotion. #131500
102.It takes a long time to walk to university. #131506
103.As student union members, you can influence and change our university.#131521
104.Many food crops require large amounts of water and fertilizer.#131535
105.Classical mechanics is sometimes considered as a branch of applied mathematics.#131542
106.This advanced course requires a basic knowledge of economic theory.#131545
107.New materials and techniques are changing the style of modern architecture.#131547
108.Sea levels are expected to rise during the next century.#131556
109.Major sports on campus include rugby, soccer and tennis. #131559
110.Information technology has changed the way we study today.#131571
111.There is an accounting assignment for finance students. #131584
112.Philosophy uses logic and reasons to analyze human experiences.#131590
113.Practical experiments are an essential part of the chemistry course.#131592
114.People have been dependent on using phones in their everyday life. #131605
115.The digital camera has some advantages over traditional film.#131611
116.The university provides excellent leisure facilities for students and staff. #131612
117.Students must attend the safety instruction course before entering the engineering workshop. #131616

118.Undergraduates may pursue their specific interests within certificate programs.#131619

119.Air pollution is a serious problem all over the world. #131621

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120.The commissioner will apportion the funds among all the authorities.#131625
121.Scholarship applications must be handed in by the end of this month.#131629
122.These three separate resources are not enough for this assessment.#131631
123.New media journalism is an exciting field of study.#131633
124.The extent of advertising to children is very much open to debate.#131687
125.The key witnesses to the event have conflicting recollections.#131695
126.The very basic definition of computing would be counting and calculating.#131709
127.You will write poetry and plays as well as scientific papers. #131724
128.Summer school programs allow some students to accelerate their studies. #131743
129.Please click on the logo above to enter the site.#131752
130.The untapped potential use of sun rays is phenomenal.#131782
131.Students are encouraged to think carefully about their accommodation needs.#131785
132.You will study two core and three optional modules.#131787
133.Peer review is an essential part of scientific methods. #131788
134.The north campus car park could be closed on Sunday.#131802
135.We aim to develop a partnership with the government and financial institutions. #131811
136.Lecture outlines are available on the college board and the internal website.#131821
137.The study center in the library has all the latest technologies.#131827
138.The poster of this play is hung in the largest lecture theatre.#131843
139.Banks charge interest on the money they lent to customers#131852
140.You will be tested by continuous assessments and examinations.#131861
141.When launching a product, researching and marketing are very crucial.#131862
142.Scientists have found all parts of society today.#131866
143.Novelists write about things that they know about.#131878
144.Physics is the key subject to understanding the world and the universe.#131879
145.Practical experience is a vital part of legal training. #131885
146.The new camera can identify your eyes and focus on them.#131896
147.Recession triggers exciting creativity and high rates of powerful entrepreneurialism.#131899
148.Students will focus on reporting news on changing the media world.#131903
149.The lecture today will cover all the main reasons for global warming.#131904
150.He began the outlines before his presentation.#131913
151.The other book isn't thorough, but it's more insightful.#131918
152.Many businesses near the campus offer student discounts.#131920
153.The director of the gallery was grateful for the anonymous donation.#131921
154.Studies showed there is a positive correlation between the two variables.#131922
155.You should have awareness of how the business operates globally.#131923
156.Art is an expression of creative skills and imagination. #131924
157.Humans use symbolic language to communicate plans and contentions. #131926
158.Building trust is not something that can be achieved overnight.#131927
159.We have sophisticated ways to study brain actions. #131928

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160.The dance department stages elaborated performances each semester.#131929
161.An architect is required to have problem-solving skills and an eye for design.#131930
162.Mathematics can be applied to various disciplines.#131931
163.Student representatives will be visiting the classrooms with voting forms.#131933
164.The article considered the leisure habits of teenagers in rural areas.#131934
165.To take this course, students should have basic economic knowledge.#131935
166.Read the first section before the next meeting.#131936
167.The lectures today were carried out in the field of global warming.#131938
168.Most penguins live in the South Atlantic. #131939
169.Keep your audience in your mind when writing an essay.#131940
170.Studying philosophy can help learners think in new ways.#131941
171.The university will seek a colossal renovation to the plain empty theater.#131942
172.A wide range of aspects are covered in this subject.#131943
173.University fees are a key factor when choosing a course.#131944
174.Application forms for sharing accommodations must be completed two months in advance.#131945

175.Scientists learned through observations and the analysis of human behavior.#131946

176.The police phones are difficult to call, so crime rates are high.#131947
177.It is not always possible to find patterns in data.#131948
178.The year when the ship of artifacts was wrecked interested historians.#131949
179.Understanding ancient poetry is efficient for the project.#131950
180.The rising temperature has led to lower agricultural outputs.#131951
181.The subject was complex and difficult to answer.#131952
182.In his lifetime, he composed a large number of works. #131953
183.Online courses enable people to improve their skills while employed.#131954
184.Joining the societies is a great way to meet new people. #131955
185.Assignments should be submitted to the department office before the deadline.#131028
186.Radio is a popular form of entertainment throughout the world.#131130
187.Most known oil reserves will only last for half a century.#131178
188.University fees are expected to increase next year.#131291
189.Speak to your tutor if you require further assistance.#131330
190.Farming methods across the world have greatly developed recently. #131335
191.It is an integrated course with several main elements. #131685
192.Doctoral writings have the structure in place as well as scientific papers.#131841
193.A typical part of the course involves the study of society.#131844
194.The college operates a system of continuous assessments.#131864
195.Three resources are not enough for this assessment.#131910
196.Reserved collection books contribute to the most achieved students. #131917
197.The library holds a miraculous collection of books on economic history. #131925
198.Background music can help students concentrate on their studies.#131937

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