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UNIT 3: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS 3. d block elements

AND PERIODICITY IN ELEMENTS 4. f block elements
Q. Who proved that atomic number is the basic
property of elements and how? s block elements: include Group 1 and 2.
A- Henry Moseley proved that atomic number is Elements in which valence electrons enter in s
the basic property of elements. He proved with subshell are called s block elements.
help of an experiment that square root of Eg: 3Li = 1s2, 2s1
2 2
4Be = 1s , 2s
frequency of x-ray emitted by the element is
2 2 6 1
11Na = 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s
directly proportional to atomic number and not
Characteristics:
atomic mass. √𝑣 ∝ z
• Their outer electronic configuration is ns1 or
Q. What is the basis of classification in modern
ns2.
periodic table?
A- Atomic number • They are highly reactive metals (all s block
Q. Define Modern Periodic Law. elements).
A- Physical and chemical properties of elements are • They can be characterized by flame
a periodic function of their atomic numbers colouration test.
i.e., when elements are arranged in the increasing • They have low ionization energy.
order of atomic number, elements with similar • They have high reducing property.
properties are repeated after regular intervals. • They form basic oxides
PERIODIC TABLE: p block elements: elements in which valance
 Modern periodic table contains 18 groups and electron enter in p subshell is called p block
7 periods. Elements , p block elements include Group 13 to
 The shortest period – Period 1 – two elements. Group 18.
 The longest period – Period 6 – thirty two Characteristics:
elements. • Their outer electronic configuration is
 Period 7 – incomplete. ns2np1-6.
Names of some groups: • p block elements include metals, non-
- Group 1 – alkali metals. metals, metalloids and noble gases.
- Group 2 – alkaline earth metals. • p block elements show variable
- Group 15 – Nicogens. oxidation state.
- Group 16 – Chalcogens. • Most of them form acidic oxides
- Group 17 – Halogens. Extra points
- Group 18 – Noble gases/Inert gases • Group 18 in p block are called noble gases
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS IN DIFFERENT or inert gases because they are chemically
BLOCKS: inert due to stable, completely filled
Based on the electronic configuration, elements electronic configuration.
are classified into blocks: • p block elements and s block elements are
1. s block elements collectively called representative elements.
2. p block elements
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d block elements: include Group 3 to Group 12.

involves filling of inner d orbitals Extra point
Characteristics: • f block elements are called inner transition
• All d block elements are metals. elements. Because they are arranged in
• Their outer electronic configuration is between transition elements
ns1-2(n-1)d1-10.
• They show variable oxidation states VARIATION OF PERIODIC PROPERTIES:
• Most of the compounds of d block elements Variation of atomic size:
are coloured. • On moving down, the group the atomic size
• Most of the d block elements are increases. This is due to increase in number
paramagnetic. of shells.
• They have comparatively higher melting • On moving left to right along a period,
points than s block elements atomic size or atomic radii decreases. This
Extra points is due to increase in nuclear charge (no. of
• d block elements are called transition protons).
elements because they show a transition
from highly metallic s block to less metallic
p block.
• Zn, Cd and Hg are not considered as d block
element because they have completely
filled d orbitals in atomic or ionic form

f block elements: include Lanthanoids and

Atomic radii can be measured in three different
Actinoids. They involve the filling of inner f orbitals
ways:
• Lanthanoids :- 14 elements coming
• Covalent radii
after Lanthanum are called
• Vander Waal’s radii
Lanthanoids.
• Metallic radii
• Actinoids:- 14 elements coming after
Covalent radii:-
Actinium are called Actinoids.
Half of the distance between nuclei of two identical
• f block elements or Lanthanoids and
atoms joined by single covalent bond
Actinoids are also called inner transition
elements.
Characteristics:
• all f block elements are metals. Some are
radioactive.
• Their outer electronic configuration is
ns2(n-1)d0-1(n-2)f1-14.
• They show variable oxidation states.
• Most of their compounds are coloured.
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• it is measured for non-metals like F2, O2,N2, measuring covalent radii. Vander Waal’s
Cl2, Br2,H2,I2 etc. radii is bigger than covalent radii.
Vander Waal’s radii • increasing order of reactivity among
Half of the distance between nuclei of two adjacent group-1 element is Li < Na< K< Rb <Cs
molecules in solid state whereas that among group-17 elements F
>Cl >Br> I Explain why?
• Li.Na, etc.. are Group -1 elements, they are
metals, reactivity of metals / metallic
character increases with increasing atomic
size or on moving down the group.
F,Cl etc.. are halogens or nonmetals,
reactivity of nonmetals / nonmetallic
• Normally measured for noble gases like character decreases with decrease in
Helium, Neon, Argon, etc. atomic size or on moving down the group.
• It is bigger than all other raidii Ionic Radii:
Metallic radii :- Cationic – positive ion.
Half of the distance between nuclei of two adjacent Anion – negative ion.
metal atoms in metallic crystal • Cationic radii are smaller than parent atom
Reason :- Cations contain more number of
protons than electrons. So effective nuclear
charge and attractive force in more which
in turn decreases the radii.
Na+ < Na
Radii

• anionic radii is bigger than parent atom.

Anions contain a smaller number of protons
• it is measured for metals. compared to electrons. So attractive force
is weaker which in turn increases the
Order of different radii atomic radii.
Cl < Cl –
Covalent radii < Metallic radii< Van der Waals radii radii
ISOELECTRONIC SPECIES/IONS:
Ions containing same number of electrons are
Application of atomic radii called isoelectronic ions.
• Noble gases have bigger atomic radii than Eg: Al3+, Mg2+, Na+, F- and O2- are isoelectronic
halogens. Why? species.
For noble gases we are measuring Vander - + -
11Na = 11 e 11Na = 10 e
Waal’s radii and for halogens we are - 2+ -
12Mg = 12 e 12Mg = 10 e
- 3+ -
13Al = 13 e 13Al = 10 e
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8O = 8 e- 2-
8O = 10 e
-
4 quad q
- - -
9F = 9 e 9F = 10 e 5 pent p
For isoelectronic ions
6 hex h
1 7 sept s
𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑖 ∝ ∝ 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 8 oct o
9 enn e
For iso electronic ions
• radius of isoelectronic ions decreases with
increase in positive charge. • Write the symbol and IUPAC names of
• Radius of isoelectronic ions ion increases elements with following atomic numbers:
with increase in negative charge z = 104
• Some ions are given below: ( Al3+, Mg2+, o Name: Unnilquad + ium =
Na+, F- and O2-) Unnilquadium
i) What is common in them? Symbol: Unq
ii) Arrange these ions in the • z = 112
increasing order of ionic radii. o Name: Ununbi + ium = Ununbium
i) They have same number of electrons – Symbol: Uub
they are isoelectronic. • z = 108
ii) Al3+< Mg2+< Na+< F- < O2- o Name:
[ all have 10 electrons each ] Unniloct + ium = Unniloctium
• Arrange Cl-, S2-, K+, Ca2+ in the increasing Symbol: Uno
order of ionic radii. • z = 103
• Ca2+ < K+ < Cl- < S2- o Name:
ionic radii Unniltri + ium = Unniltrium
[All have 18 electrons] Symbol: Unt
ISOELECTRONIC SPECIES: • z = 114
• Species having same number of electrons o Name:
are called isoelectronic species. Ununquad + ium = Ununquadium
Eg: CO and N2 are isoelectronic species. Symbol: Uuq
METHOD TO GIVE IUPAC NOMENCLATURE OF • z = 109
ELEMENTS: o Name:
• Elements with atomic number more than Unnilenn + ium = Unnilennium
100 are named using IUPAC name. Symbol: Une
IONISATION ENERGY / IONISATION ENTHALPY
Number Name Symbol
(∆iH or I.E):
0 nil n
• Energy required to remove electron from
1 un u the outermost shell of a free gaseous atom
2 bi b is called ionization energy.
3 tri t
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• I.E1 and I.E2 : Energy required to removed • High screening effect means outermost
first electron from the outermost shell of electron will experience less attraction –
free gaseous atom is called I.E1. low ionization energy.
• Energy required to remove second electron • If screening effect is less, outermost
is call I.E2. electron will experience more attraction –
• Normally I.E2 is greater than I.E1. high ionization energy.
1
I. E ∝ 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
Factors affecting ionization energy: • Order of screening effect of different
1. Atomic size: orbitals are:
• Smaller atoms will have high ionization f<d<p<s
energy because outermost electron in screening effect
smaller atom is very close to nucleus and
experience more attraction. 4.Penetrating Power:-
• Bigger atoms will have low ionization • Order of penetrating power of different
enthalpy because the outermost electron in orbitals in same energy level are
bigger atom is far away from nucleus and f<d<p<s
experience weak attractive force.
1
I. E ∝ 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 s orbital closer to the nucleus –more
2. Nuclear charge: attractive force - difficult to remove
• Nuclear charger indicates number of because of high penetrating power
protons. When number of protons
increases attractive upon the outermost VARIATION OF IONISATION ENTHALPY ALONG A
electron increases which in turn increases GROUP AND PERIOD:
the ionization energy. • On moving down, a group, ionization
I. E ∝ nuclear charge enthalpy decrease because of increasing
3. Electronic configuration: atomic size.
• If an atom has stable electronic Eg: Cs (Cesium) has very less ionization
configuration, it is difficult to remove enthalpy compared to Li (Lithium).
electron from the outermost shell and
hence will have high ionization energy. • On moving left to right along a period,
• s2, p6, d10, f14 completely filled, stable ionization enthalpy increases due to
electronic configuration [high I.E] increase in nuclear charge.
• p3, d5, f7 half-filled, stable electronic Eg: F (Fluorine) has high ionization
configuration [high I.E] enthalpy than N ( nitrogen) because of
4. Screening effect or Schielding effect: more effective nuclear charge.
• The inner electrons hinder the attractive
force between nucleus and outermost
electron. This hindrance is known as
screening effect or Schielding effect.
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o 4Be = 1s2, 2s2 ⇒ stable E.C. = difficult

to remove electron = high ionization
enthalpy
• N has high ionization enthalpy than O and
less than F. Why?
N has high ionization enthalpy than O due
to stable half-filled electronic
configuration.
2 2 3
7N = 1s , 2s , 2p ⇒ stable half-filled E.C. =
high ionization enthalpy
2 2 4
8O = 1s , 2s , 2p ⇒ unstable E.C. = low
ionization enthalpy
F has more ionization enthalpy than N due
to more effective nuclear charge.
• I.E1 of Sodium is less than that of
Magnesium whereas I.E2 of Sodium is more
than that of Magnesium. Explain why.
• 2 2 6 1
11Na = 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s ⇒ unstable E.C. =
low I.E
Na+ = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6 ⇒ stable E.C. = high I.E
2 2 6 2
12Mg = 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s ⇒ stable E.C. =
high I.E
Mg+ = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1 ⇒ unstable E.C. =
low I.E
• Give reason for the following:
Gallium has smaller atomic radii than
Aluminium.
OR
Gallium has higher ionization enthalpy that
Aluminium.
• Ionization enthalpies of second period
• In Gallium inner shall contains d electrons.
elements are given in the order:
They have poor screening effect. So
Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne
outermost electron will experience strong
∆iH
attraction.
• Be has high ionization enthalpy than B. 2 2 6 2 1
13Al = 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p
Why? 1 10 1
31Ga = [Ar]4s , 3d , 3p
o Be has high ionization enthalpy
than B due to stable electronic
configuration.
2 2 1
5B = 1s , 2s , 2p
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• first ionization enthalpy values in KJ/ mol • One moving left to right along a period
of group-13 elements are electronegativity increase because of
B Al Ga In Tl
decrease in atomic size as well as increase
801 577 579 558 589
• How do you explain this deviation from in nuclear charge.
general trend? • Halogens have high electronegativity in
• on moving down, the group normally
each period because of smaller atomic size
ionization enthalpy decreases. Gallium has
high ionization enthalpy than Aluminium and more effective nuclear charge.
due to poor screening effect ofinner d • Out of all elements highly electronegative
electrons. elements are given below:
• Thallium has high ionization enthalpy than
I < Br < Cl < = N < O < F
Indium due to poor screening effect of
inner f electrons. Electronegativity
ELECTRONEGATIVITY: • Name the highest electronegative
• Ability of an atom to attract shared pair element.
electron present in a covalent bond Fluorine.
towards its side is called electronegativity.
• It is not an experimental quantity. obtained ELECTRONGAIN ENTHALPY (∆egH):
by comparing one element with other • When an electron is added to free gaseous
• values can’t be negative. atom, the atom will absorb or release
Eg: 𝐻 𝛿+ – Clδ here Cl is more energy. This energy change is called
electronegative electrongain enthalpy.
Factors affecting electronegativity: • (∆egH) has positive value or negative value
• Atomic size – depending upon whether the energy is
1
E.N ∝ 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 absorbed or released.
• For noble gases (∆egH) is found to be
positive whereas for all other elements
• Nuclear charge –
(∆egH) is found to be negative,
E.N ∝ nuclear charge
• Eg: 9F = 2, 7 = unstable = high energy
F + 1e- = F--
• Electronegativity depends upon electronic
F-- = 2, 8 = stable = low energy
configuration of elements.
ie, energy is released during gaining of
Eg: 10Ne = 2, 8 = stable E.C, E.N = 0
electron.
Variation of electronegativity
Hence (∆egH) has negative value.
• On moving down the group
• 10Ne = 2, 8 = stable = low energy
electronegativity decreases because pf Ne + 1e- = Ne-
increasing atomic size. Ne- = 2, 8, 1 = unstable = high energy
ie, energy is absorbed
Hence (∆egH) has positive value
 Page |8

Variation of electrongain enthalpy: Ans: oxygen being smaller atomic size there
• On moving down, the group electron gain occurs electron-electron repulsion during the
enthalpy decreases. addition of extra electron, some energy will be
• On moving left to right along a period used to overcome the repulsion. Hence release
electrongain enthalpy increases. of energy will be less than expected. sulphur
• Electrongain enthalpy of second period being bigger in size no such repulsion occurs
elements is comparatively less than that of
third period elements. This is due to smaller Electopositivity or Metallic character
atomic size of second period elements, • Ability of an element to lose electron and
there occur electron-electron repulsion convert in to positive ion is called electro
during addition of extra electron. positivity or metallic character.
15 16 17 • It is directly proportional to size of the atom
• 2nd period N O F • On moving down the group metallic
• 3rd period P S Cl character increases
As Se Br • On moving left to right along a period
Sb Te I metallic character decreases.
• Metallic character is directly proportional
• I < Br < F < Cl to reactivity of metals.
• O <Te < Se < S
ANOMALOUS (ABNORMAL) BEHAVIOUR OF FIRST
• N<P ELEMENT IN A GROUP:
(∆egH) • First element in a group shows some
properties which are different from other
• Noble gases have positive electron gain members of the same family. This is known
enthalpy. Why? as anomalous behaviour.
Noble gases have stable electronic Eg: Carbon shows anomalous behaviour.
configuration. Addition of one electron • Reason for anomalous character:
makes them unstable. So, energy is o Due to small atomic size
absorbed. Hence (∆egH) has positive value. o Due to high electronegativity
• Chlorine has more negative electron gain o Due to absence of vacant d orbital
enthalpy than fluorine why? [BF6]3- does not exist why?
• fluorine being smaller atomic size there o Due to absence of vacant d orbital for boron
occurs electron-electron repulsion during can’t form more than 4 covalent bonds
the addition of extra electron, some
energy will be used to overcome the DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP:
repulsion. hence release of energy will be • First elements in a group show some
less than expected. Chlorine being bigger similarity in properties with second element
in size no such repulsion occurs. of the adjacent group on the right side. This
• Sulphur has more negative electron gain is known as diagonal relationship.
enthalpy than oxygen why? Eg: Li shows diagonal relation with Mg.
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Be shows diagonal relation with Al. • What is the formula of an oxide formed by
• 1 2 13 14 element from group 14?
Li Be B C Valency of M = 4
Na Mg Al Si Valency of O = 2
• Reasons for diagonal relationship: Formula = M2O4
o Due to almost similar size ▪ = MO2
o Due to almost same electronegativity VARIATION OF DIFFERENT PROPERTIES ALONG
o Due to almost same polarizing power or GROUPS AND PERIODS
charge/radius ratio - On moving down the group atomic size and
VALENCY AND VALENCE ELECTRONS: metallic character increases.
Electrons present in outermost shell of an atom are - On moving down the group ionization energy,
called valence electrons. electronegativity and electrongain enthalpy
By knowing valence electrons we can predict decreases.
valency. - On moving left to right along a period atomic
• Number of electrons lost or gained or size and metallic character decreases.
shared by an element during a chemical - On moving left to right along a period ionization
reaction is called valency. enthalpy, electronegativity and electrongain
Group number Valency enthalpy increases.
Method to predict group number
11Na = 2, 8, 1 1 1
s Block
12Mg = 2, 8, 2 2 2 1 S block No of electrons in
13Al = 2, 8, 3 13 3 valance s subshell
2 P block No of p electron + 10
14Si = 2, 8, 4 14 4
3 d block No of ns + (n-1)d
15P = 2, 8, 5 15 3 electrons
16S = 2, 8, 6 16 2
Method to predict period number
17Cl = 2, 8, 7 17 1
• period number = no of shells. or biggest
18Ar = 2, 8, 8 18 0
principal quantum number (n) value
• an element X has atomic number 23
• For a compound AxBy, predict group number and period
x = valency of B number
y = valency of A 2 2 6 2 6 2
23X = 1s ,2s ,2p ,3s ,3p ,4s ,3d
3

A = less electronegative element groupnumber = 2 + 3 = 5

B = more electronegative element Period number = 4.
• Write the formula of a compound formed • explain why 4th period has 18 elements
by element A (group 13) and element B 4th period involves the filling of 4s, 3d,
(group 16). and 4p subshells, so total number of
Valency of A = 3 electrons will be 2+10+6 = 18 electrons
Valency of B = 2 , Formula = A2B3 respectively.
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Nature of oxides.
• Bigger atoms – basic oxides
• Smaller atom – acidic oxides
• Intermediate atoms – amphoteric oxides
Eg CaO , Na2O, BaO- Basic
CO2 ,SO2,SO3,Cl2O7 – Acidic
, ZnO, Al2O3 Ga2O3 - Amphoteric • The element which can form
binary halide with the formula
Method to identify some groups/ elements MX2 [ III ]
• Elements with high negative • The noble gas [ I ]
electron gain enthalpy is halogens. • The reactive metal [ II ]
• Element with very high ionization • Non reactive non metal [ IV ]
enthalpy is noble gas
• Element with positive electron gain 3. First ∆iH1 and second ∆iH2 ionisation
enthalpies in KJ/mol and the electron gain
enthalpy is noble gas
enthalpy in KJ /mol of few elements are
• Element with very low first given below.
ionization enthalpy is alkali metals
• Elements with higher IE- 2 among Elements ∆iH1 ∆iH2 ∆egH
metals are group-2 elements or
I 520 7300 -- 60
alkaline earth metals
• The metals which can form binary II 419 3051 -- 48
halide is alkaline earth metals. III 1681 3374 -- 328
1. Ionization enthalpy of some elements
IV 1008 1846 -- 295
are given below
V 2372 5251 + 48
VI 738 1451 -- 40

• Which of the element likely to be

o The least reactive element
• Identify o The most reactive metal
• A none metal [ III ] o The most reactive non metal
o The metal which can form stable binary
• Alkali metal [I]
halide of the formula MX2
• Alkaline earth metal [ II ] o The metal which can form a
2. Some ionization enthalpies are given predominantly stable covalent halide of
below answer the following the formula MX (X= halogen)
Answers
o The element V likely to be the least
reactive element because of highest first
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ionisation enthalpy and positive electron

gain enthalpy (noble gas)
o The element II is likely to be the most
reactive metal because of lowest first
ionisation enthalpy
o The element III is likely to be the most
reactive nonmental because of highest
fisrt ionisation enthalpy and more
negative elctron gain enthalpy.
o The element VI has lowest second
ionisation enthalpy compared to all others
so the element will be alkaline earth and
can form binary halide having the formula
MX2.
o The Element -1 has low first ionisation
enthalpy and high second ionisation
enthalpy can form covalent halide having
the formula MX