LESSON 1:

REAL NUMBER SYSTEM

MATH 10
Basic Arithmetic and Business
Mathematics
Real Number
System
FIGURE 1 Real Number
SystemNumbers
Real

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

Integers Fraction Decimal

s s
Proper Mixed Terminating Repeating
Zero

Positive Negative Improper

 Operation on
Addition
Integers
1. Add numbers having like signs and simply copy the sign.
2. Subtract numbers having unlike signs and copy the sign of the bigger value.

   

  6
25
-3   -
4 -5 6 9
 
2
 
10
-1
0 5
 Subtraction on
Integers
Subtraction
Keep the first number exactly the same.
Change the subtraction sign to an addition sign.
Change the sign of the last number to the opposite sign. If the number was positive change it to negative OR if it
was negative, change it to positive.

     
   
 
   
 
 
   
   
 
 Multiplication on
Integers
Multiplication
1. The product of two integers with the like sign is positive
2. The product of two integers with unlike sign is negative

   
  -225
24
15   -72
12

 
-25
-144
-12
 Division on
Division
Integers
1. The quotient of two integers with like sign is positive
2. The quotient of two integers with unlike sign is negative

   

 
6 -
3 5
  -36
6

 
-1
-2
-3
 Order of
Operations
Definition: Order of operations are the rules that state the sequence in which the multiple operations in an
expression should be solved.

A way to remember the order of the operations is PEMDAS, where in each letter stands for a mathematical operation.

Parenthesis - Work out all groupings from inside to out

Exponent - Work out all the exponential expressions.
Multiplication - Next, moving from left to right, and/or whichever comes first.
Division - Next, moving from left to right, and/or whichever comes first.
Addition - Lastly, moving from left to right, and/or whichever comes first.
Subtraction - Lastly, moving from left to right, and/or whichever comes first.
EXAMPLE Order of
 
Operations
 Operation on
Decimals
Addition/Subtraction
Line up the Decimal points, then Add/Subtract like whole numbers.

 
 
 
11
19 9 10
00
2 4 .1 2 1 4 .2 1
1 3 .2 5
 Operation on
Decimals
Multiplication
Simply multiply the numbers as if they were whole numbers. Then, count the total number
of places to the right of the decimal point of BOTH numbers you’re multiplying. Let’s call
this number (n). In your answer, start from the right and move n places to the left and put
a decimal point.
 

2 5
7 5
7 .7 5
 Operation on
Division
Decimals
Move the decimal point of the dividend and divisor evenly to make them whole number. Then
Divide.

   

45 144
15 120
=3 = 1.2
 Greatest Common Factor &
Least Common Multiple

The Greatest Common Factor is the largest number that divides evenly
into each number in a given set of numbers.

The Least Common Multiple is the smallest positive multiple that is

common to two or more numbers.

Prime Factorization
Technique
 Greatest Common Factor &
Least Common Multiple
Find the GCF and LCD of 12 and
18.
1 1
2 8
2 6 2 9

2 3
3 3
12 = 2 x 2 x 3
12 = 2 x 2 x 3
18 = 2 x3x3
18 = 2 x3x3
2 3 =6 2 2 3 3 = 36

6 is the 36 is the
GCF. LCM.
 Operation on
Fractions
Addition/Subtraction
Similar Fractions
Add/Subtract the numerator and copy the denominator.

 
 Operation on
Fractions
Addition/Subtraction
Dissimilar Fractions
1.) Change dissimilar fractions into similar fractions by finding the least common multiple,
then add/subtract like similar fractions.
2.) Butterfly Method

    2

6=3x2
9
4= 2x2
3 2 2 = 12
 
 Operation on
Fractions
Addition/Subtraction
Dissimilar Fractions
1.) Change dissimilar fractions into similar fractions by finding the least common multiple,
then add/subtract like similar fractions.
2.) Butterfly Method

 
4 1
  8
   

2
4
 Operation on
Fractions
Multiplication
Simply multiply the numerators, then the denominators. If possible, reduce to
lowest term.

   

   
 Operation on
Fractions
Division
Multiply the first term to the reciprocal of the second term.

       

         
 Word Problems
Mrs. Reyes bought a dress worth P 500. She used her credit card for her
purchases. The balance on her credit card is now -P 500. Mrs. Reyes
paid P 100 of her bill after a few days and then paid P 150 after a
week. After two payments, what was the balance of Mrs. Reyes’ credit
card?
 Word Problems
Kim ate 1/4 of a cake. Her friends Bree and Zarah ate 1/8 and 1/5 of the
cake, respectively. What fraction of the cake did the three of them eat
altogether?
 Word Problems
Ann has a dog and a cat. The cat weighs 3.6 kilograms and the dog is
2.8 kilograms heavier than the cat. How heavy is the two of them ?
 Word Problems
A library has 3,489 non-fiction books, 8,617 fiction
books and 1,240 reference books. Each patron can
borrow up to 6 books. If all the 564 patrons are
currently holding on to 6 books each, how many
books are left in the library?
 Word Problems
The average of four numbers is 47.5. Ten is added to the sum of the
four numbers and the new average is computed. What is the
difference between the old average and the new average?
 Word Problems
Tom had P750. He spent 3/5 of it for a pair of shoes and P99.50 for a
T-shirt. How much money had he left?