6 00201011707114

Topics for paper 6:

1- Measurement and Density

Apparatus:
Balance – measuring cylinder – suitable amount
of water

Taking reading:
1. Measure the mass of the irregular object
(check zero error of the balance)
2. place some amount of liquid in the measuring
cylinder and record its volume to be V1
3. gently insert the object inside the measuring
cylinder, and record the new level of water to be
V2
4. Find the volume difference V2 – V1
5. Find the density using equation of

Precautions to avoid errors:

1. Check zero error of the balance
2. Select a measuring cylinder wider than the object and with scale close to the volume of
required object.
3. The measuring cylinder should be placed on a flat horizontal surface .
4. Look perpendicular to the scale of the cylinder to
avoid parallax error.
5. Read water level at the lower level o[f meniscus
6. The object must be completely submerged in water. If
it floats on water , tie it with a metal sinker using a
thread lowering it carefully to avoid splash of water.
7. Use thin thread not to affect the reading
8. Place the object gently to avoid splash of water.
9. For rock volume check air bubbles.

1
 6 00201011707114
2- Measure diameter of a Can or beaker
Apparatus:
Thin Wire or rope - meter rule – A can
Procedure :
1. Measure the length of the wire
2. Turn the wire around the beaker many turns
3. Count the number of turns
4. Find the length of one turn by the following formula:
L of one turn = total length of wire / number of turns
L = 2 𝜋𝑟
D = 2r
3- Measure diameter or radius of wire
Apparatus:
Thin Wire or rope - meter rule – cylindrical rod or pencil
Procedure:
1. Wound the wire around the pencil
2. Measure the length of the part pencil that is
wounded
3. Count the number of turns
4. Divide the length of the wounded part by number of turns to get the diameter .
Another set up : using micrometer
screw gauge

2
 6 00201011707114
Precautions to avoid errors in experiment 2 and 3
1- Use thin wire
2- No spaces between turns
3- Thin marks
4- Look perpendicular to the scale of ruler
5- Take more number of turns
Reasons for inaccuracy
1- Using of thick wire
2- Spaces between turns
3- Parallax error.

3
 6 00201011707114

4- spring
Investigating the relationship between the force and extension for a spring

Apparatus :
1.Two posses 2.two clamps 3.a clamp stand 4.A spring
5. a meter rule 6.a pointer 7. Suitable weights
Precautions
- set up the tools as shown and place heavy weight on the clamp stand to stop it fal ling
over then attach a meter rule and a spring.
- the top of the spring must be at zero point on the meter rule
- meter rule must be vertical to avoid inaccurate reading
- the bottom of the spring has a wooden splint attached as a pointer
- do not use too heavy weight not to exceed the proportionality limit.
- And inelastic deformation is obtained which means that when the load is removed
the spring will not be able to return to its original length.
- Wait until the spring stop to vibrate
- Set square to ensure that the ruler is vertical

4
 6 00201011707114

Procedure:
1. Measure the unstretched length of the spring (LENGTH WHERE NO WEIGHT IS
ATTACHED).
2. Hang 1N on the spring (mass of 100g) and read the new position of the pointer on the
meter rule.
3. Add another 1N weight and read the new position of the pointer on the meter rule.
4. Repeat this 5 times and record your result for weight and new position of the pointer.
5. Subtract the unstretched length of the spring from each reading you obtained.
6. Plot the extension against weight where extension on y-axis and load on x-axis.

7. Link the obtain points with line of best fit data

8. Get the gradient of this line

Then find the value of K

5
 6 00201011707114

To find the weight of unknown mass, hang it to the spring, get its extension then
get the reading of the weight from the graph.

Comment on results
this pointer must be horizontal to avoid inaccurate reading
- the graph is a straight line must passes through the origin , since the relationship is
linear.
- for a rubber band the graph is not a straight line because the relation in not linear

To make fair comparison between springs of

different materials
- Same diameter
- Same number of coils
- Same loads
- Same thickness of spring
- Same thickness of wire
- Same length of wire

6
 6 00201011707114
- Same coil spacing
5- Simple pendulum:

Precautions to avoid errors:

- reaction time---- can be decreased by taking time of 20swings and take the average
- measure the length of rope from the point of suspension OR bottom of the clamp to
the center of the bob.
- Look perpendicular to the scale of the ruler while measuring the length of the ruler.

- Take the time of 20 oscillations then take

the average.

- Set square is used for the horizontal

reference
- Fans should be switched off to avoid the effect of air current
- On repeating the experiment there are conditions must kept the same to make a
fair test like :
1. The same stop watch
2. The same pendulum
3. Raise the pendulum to the same height each beginning
4. Same number of swings
5. Same shape and size of the bob

7
 6 00201011707114

6- Moment

Difficulties
of these experiments:
Difficulty - solution :

The center of mass of the object may not - Measure the width of the object or the
exactly above the mark diameter
- Place the object on the ruler and mark
a line the two sides to be R 1 and R2
- The position of the center of mass is the
average (R2 – R1)/2

The mass slips over the ruler Stick the mass on the ruler

Balance the ruler on the pivot Use uniform ruler and repeat many times

Sources of errors:
1- Parallax error
2- Use suitable range of masses
3- Repeat to take the average.

8
 6 00201011707114
How to determine the center of mass of the ruler?
A point around the half of reading of the ruler if the ruler is uniform around this point the
ruler is balanced.

Estimation of mass of ruler?

The mass of ruler from 100 to 200 g
 6 00201011707114

Thermal experiments
- Reasons for errors:
- Loss of heat to the surrounding.
- Parallax error(look perpendicular to the scale)
- Thermometer needs time to heat up and it will not rise immediately.do if we using
a stop watch for rate of cooling or heating we have to wait a while till the
thermometer starts to rise up.
To improve the results:
- Use insulation (cotton wool)
- Use mat surface
- Foil lid
- Avoid parallax error look perpendicular to the scale.
- Wait till the thermometer get the max reading
- Stir water
- Use sensitive thermometer
- If the experiment is repeated in different countries the difference will be because of
the room temperature and draughts.
Things must be the same in experiments of heat transfer depending on the quantity
being investigated.
- Same beaker, surface area
- Same thermometer
- Same room temperature
- Same amount of liquid
- Starting temperature
- Type of insulation if exist
To reduce the rate of evaporation:
- Use lid
- Initial temperature near to room temperature
- Lag container with insulator

10
 6 00201011707114

- Suggest material for lid: Card

- Estimate the volume of liquid that test tube can hold?
From 5 -50 Cm3
The rate of evaporation depends on :
- Presence of lid
- Surface area
- Temperature difference between object and room temperature
- Movement of air
- dryness

Set up of some experiments:

1. specific heat capacity
Apparatus: 1.solid block
2. drill
3. thermometer
4. heater of known power
5. cotton wool
Procedure:
1. drill two holes in the block
2. measure the mass of the block
3. place the heater in one hole and the themometer in the other
4. use cotton wool to properly insulate/lag the block
5. record the initial temperature of the block and turn the heater on for certain time
6. measure the time of heating in seconds
7. record the final temperature of block
8. calculate the energy supplied by heater where
E=Pxt

11
 6 00201011707114
Precautions in this exp.
1. Add some oil in the hole of thermometer to ensure thermal conduction between the block and
the thermometer
2. The block must have made of good heat conductor to ensure the reading of thermometer is the
temperature of whole block not only that part of block
 6 00201011707114
2.coolong rate of a liquid
Apparatus :
1. Heater 2. Thermometer 3. Beaker 4. Stop watch

Procedure:
1. Place certain amount of liquid in the beaker and record its initial temperature.
2. Turn the heater on to raise the temperature of liquid to certain degree (60 oC).
3. Stir the liquid and place thermometer into the beaker
4. Measure the starting temperature and turn on the stop watch
5. Take the reading of thermometer every 60s
6. Draw table and plot the graph
The obtained graph :

The cooling rate is high at the beginning .Explain why?

Because the cooling rate depends on
1. The initial temperature of the liquid
2. The temperature difference between the liquid and the surrounding.

13
 6 00201011707114
Better insulation Experiment
Apparatus:
1. Two large cans 2. Two small cans 3. Cotton wool 4. Polystyrene beads
5. Boiling water 6. Thermometer 7. stop watch
Procedure:
1. Place the small cans into the large cans and insulate one of them by cotton wool and the
other with polystyrene beads
2. Pour some water into small cans and place a thermometer in them.
3. Start the stop watch and take reading of temperature at regular intervals.
4. Record the reading of insulation for each insulator.
5. The can which has higher temperature over the fixed period is better insulated.

Results: less temperature loss means better insulation .

M is more insulated than L

L is more insulated than k

14
 6 00201011707114

15
 6 00201011707114

16
 6 00201011707114

17
 6 00201011707114

18
 6 00201011707114

Optics
Experiment 1 reflection of light

1. Shine beam from raybox to mirror

2. Use a pencil to mark two dots in the center of the
incident and reflected rays.
3. Join the dots to complete the ray.
4. Draw a normal line and measure the angles.
Prove that the angle of incidence i = r angle of
reflection.

If the results that angle of reflection is slightly different from angle of

incidence . suggest a reason ?
1. Thickness of mirror , lines, protractor or pins
2. Double refraction of glass

19
 6 00201011707114

Experiment 2
Refractive index
apparatus
1. card board 2. White sheet of paper 4.Rectangular glass block 4.Pins ( 4 pins) 5. Pencil
Procedure
1. Fix the white sheet of paper on the card board
2. Place the rectangular block on the white paper sheet and
draw the rectangular base of the glass block
3. Draw a ray to represent the incident light ray at certain
angle (30o)and place two pins on this ray
4. Look through the rectangular prism at the two pins and
gently rotate the card board or rotate yourself till you see
the two pins as one inside the rectangular block
5. Add a third pin on the other side of the glass block and
look through the glass block such that you can see the 3
pins as one pin.
6. Add a fourth pin on the same side of the third pin, where
you can see the four pins as one .
7. Remove the rectangular prism and the pins.
8. Connect the points of pin3 and pin 4 to represent the emergent ray
9. Connect point of pin 2 to point of pin 3 to
represent the refracted ray.
10.Measure the angle of refraction.
11.Repeat using different angles of incidence
and the corresponding angle of refraction
12. Tabulate your data between sin i on the y-
axis and sin r on the x- axis
13. Plot the graph
14.Find the gradient to be the refractive index
15. Use Snell’s law to get the refractive index

20
 6 00201011707114

On placing the pins consider the following :

1. Place them as far as possible
2. Draw thin lines
3. Look perpendicular to the scale to avoid parallax error
4. Look from the base of pins they must lie on the ray and no concern about being
vertical

21
 6 00201011707114
Experiment 3
Image formation by lens

Precautions:
1- The object, lens and screen all in the same horizontal level
2- The object, lens and screen all in the height from the table.
3- Make a mark in the lens holder to identify its center
4- Experiment is done in a dark room.
5- Look perpendicular to take the reading
6- the source ,the lense and the screen should be perpendicular to the bench
to ensure focused sharp image
one difficulty of the experiment is measuring the height of image
by using translucent screen and measure fro behind

22
 6 00201011707114

Experiments on electricity
General notes:
- The current causes heating of wires how this affect the resistance of the wire and how to
solve this problem?
 Use less emf source
 Swich the circuit on and off between readings
 Check zero error for ammeter or voltmeter
 Tap the ammeter and voltmeter gently to check the pointer is free to move
 Look perpendicular to the scale during take the reading of ammeter or voltmeter.
 take many reading then take the average
 check polarity before closing the switch
 check allcnnections
 when measuring resistance uses low current or voltage to avoid overheating
 6 00201011707114

24
 6 00201011707114

Resistance
The effect of the length of the wire on the resistance
Apparatus
1. battery 2. crocodile clips 3.Ammeter 4.voltmeter
Connect the circuit as shown
procedure:
1. attach the wire to a meter rule by using a tape.
2. The wire is connected to the circuit with
crocodile clips
3. One crocodile fixed at one terminal of the
wire position through all the experiment
4. Connect the other crocodile at distance L1
from the first crocodile.
5. Take the reading of Ammeter and voltmeter and calculate the resistance
6. Repeat the steps 4 and 5 with longer length L2 then find the resistance.
7. Tabulate your results
8. Plot the relation between the resistance and the length of the wire

25