‫ﻋﻣﺭﻭ ﻗﻧﺩﻳﻝ‬.

‫ﺻﺩﻗﺔ ﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻹﺑﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻭﻡ ﺑﺄﺫﻥ ﷲ ﺩ‬

IGCSE

Chemistry final revision

Paper 6

By Mrs. MAHA FARIED

1
 Revision for paper 6

• Test for water chemical test

a) White anhydrous copper sulfate
White blue
b) Blue anhydrous cobalt II chloride
Blue pink
N.B Effect of heat on hydrated copper sulfate is the formation of anhydrous copper
sulfate – blue powder turned white

• Test for purity of a substance physical test

a) Solid sharp fixed m.p
If impure lower m.p over a range
b) Liquid sharp fixed b.p
If impure higher b.p over a range

• Test for alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbon C=C)

- Bromine water
From brown to colorless

• Test for:
Alcohol burning splint burns with clean( yellow/blue) flame ie.(flammable)
- Acidified pot. manganate (VII) purple to colorless
N.B Hydrocarbons burn with smoky ( sooty ) flame

• Test for acid:

- Turns blue litmus paper red
PH < 7 universal indicator (Red - Orange -Yellow)

• Test for alkali:

- Turns red litmus paper blue
PH > 7 universal indicator (Blue – Indigo -Violet)

• Most of salt solutions and pure water are neutral.

PH = 7 universal indicator green

2
• Test for gases acidic or alkaline:
- Acidic gases (non-metal oxides) using damp universal indicator paper
CO2 yellow[weak] SO2 red P2O5(s) red
NO2 red HCl red
- Alkaline gas universal indicator (NH3 blue )

N.B. Most of metal oxides are basic oxides.

Water soluble (alkalis) Water insoluble

(White solids) Transition metal oxides (coloured)

[Group I] [Group II]

Completely dissolve Partially dissolve

• Some metal oxides are amphoteric oxides: (test for oxides)

MgO SiO2 (s) Al2O3 &ZnO
Basic Acidic Amphoteric
Reacts × ×
× ×
HCl NaOH
HCl NaOH

Titration: Indicators Acid Neutral Alkali

Litmus Red Violet Blue
Ph.Ph. Colourless Colourless Pink
Methyl orange Red Orange yellow

Lab precautions:
1. Wear safety eye goggles.
2. Fume cupboard (toxic gases).
3. Gloves – overall – medical masks
4. Disconnect the system of collecting gas over water before you stop heating to avoid
back-suction and cracking of tube.

3
 Gas collection:

Upward delivery Over water Downward delivery

- Over water the gas has same density as air ex. O2

- Upward delivery the gas must be less dens than air ex. H2 , NH3
- Downward delivery the gas must be more dens than air ex.Cl2, NO2, CO2, HCl, SO2

Colours:
• Non-metals
Carbon black Sulfur yellow Phosphorous pale yellow
Iodine dark grey solid Bromine red-liquid Fluorine yellow gas
Chlorine yellowish green
• Metals All are silvery grey except:
Copper Reddish brown Gold Yellow

- Brown Iron III compounds

Iodine solution in water

- Green Iron II compounds , Chlorine gas or in water

Copper II Carbonate ( Crystals )

- Blue Copper Sulfate, Copper Chloride, Copper Hydroxide

- Purple Potassium Permanganate(VII)

Iodine (Vapours) and Iodine in organic solvents

- Black Manganese dioxide , Copper Oxide

4
 Oxidation – Reduction:
• Oxidizing agents: gain electrons / lose oxygen
reduction
- Acidified pot. dichromate (VI) orange green
reduction
- Acidified pot. Permanganate (VII) purple colourless
- Nonmetals & metal ions

• Reducing agents: lose electrons / gain oxygen

- Carbon , Carbon monoxide , Hydrogen , Sulfur Dioxide , Ethanol
- Metals & nonmetal ions

Oxidation Reduction
- Gain of O2 - Loss of O2
- Loss of H2 - Gain of H2
- Loss of electrons - Gain of electrons
(O I L) (R I G)
-Oxidation state increases -Oxidation state decreases

oxidation
Ethanol + O2 Ethanoic acid

If excess oxygen and heat, combustion takes place producing CO2 and H2O

Drying agent or dehydrating agent:

• Solid:
- Anhydrous calcium chloride ( CaCl2 )
- Calcium oxide Anhydrous
- Silica gel( Al2 O3 + SiO2 ) CaCl2
- Soda lime

• Liquid:
- Conc. Sulfuric acid H2SO4
Sulfuric
acid
- Used to remove water from the substance.
- Sulfuric acid removes water and impurities.

N.B. The drying agent used to dry a gas must not react with it.

5
 Observations of Chemical Reactions

I) Displacement reaction: [Exothermic]

- More reactive element replaces less reactive one in its salt solution.

(a) CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) ZnSO4(aq ) + Cu(s)

blue colourless red

Observation:
1. Rise in temperature (exothermic).
2. Blue colour changes to colourless.
3. Reddish-brown substance deposits.
N.B. The type of reaction is also Redox .

(b) Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq) 2KCl + Br2

Coulorless brown
Observation:
- The colour changes from colourless to reddish-brown.
- If Chlorine water, the colour changes from green to reddish-brown

N.B. The type of reaction is also Redox .

(c) Group I metal + Water Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen

Observation:
1. The metal floats, skies on the surface of water.
2. Fizzing (may catches fire).
3. Alkaline solution (turns litmus blue).
4. PH = 13

(d) Group II metal + Water

Observation:
1. The metal sinks.
2. Fizzing. (moves up& down due to the hydrogen bubbles)
3. Cloudy solution (hydroxides of group II metals are slightly soluble).
4. Alkaline (PH = 11).

6
II)Decomposition reaction: [Endothermic]

• Metal chlorides no decomposition

• Group I carbonate no decomposition (except Lithium)

• Metal carbonate metal oxide + carbon dioxide

• CuCO3 CuO + CO2
green black turns lime water milky

• Group I metal nitrate metal nitrite + oxygen

2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2

white yellowish white

• Metal nitrate Metal oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen

2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
blue crystals black reddish brown

• Metal hydroxide metal oxide + water

Cu(OH)2 CuO + H2O
blue black

• N.B. Effect of heat on iodine: sublimation

Iodine(s) Iodine(g)
dark grey crystals purple vapours

7
III) Electrolysis: [Endothermic electric energy chemical energy]

• Electrolysis of molten lead bromide.(Inert electrode)

At anode (+ve electrode) reddish-brown bubbles (Br2)

At cathode ( - ve electrode) silvery coloured metal deposit (Pb)

• Electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride. (Inert electrode)

At anode yellowish green (Cl2)

At cathode colourless bubbles (H2)
NaOH solution is left (alkaline)

• Electrolysis of copper sulfate solution. (Inert electrode)

At anode colourless bubbles (O2)

At cathode reddish-brown deposit (Cu)
The solution changes from blue to colourless

• Electrolysis of acidified water (water + drops of sulfuric acid). (Inert electrode)

At anode colourless bubbles (O2)

At cathode colourless bubbles (H2)
The acid is left [PH decreases]
The volume of H2 is double volume of O2 H2 : O2 2:1

N.B. If there is an electric bulb , it gives out light.

• Electroplating is covering a metal with another one by

electrolysis. (active electrode)
Ex. Covering iron ring with silver
Anode silver plate
Cathode iron ring
Electrolyte silver nitrate solution
* Silver changes to silver ions and attracted to cathode then discharged

N.B. The electrolyte keeps the level of Ag+ constant and conduct electricity.
8
• Purification by electrolysis (Refining) (active electrode)

Anode impure metal thinner

Cathode pure metal thicker
Electrolyte metal salt solution
* The residue is left

Electric cell containing 2 metals with different reactivity.

[Exothermic where Chemical energy changes to Electric energy ]
* More active metal (Zn) becomes thinner (Cathode)
* The less active metal is (Anode)

Solubility of some salts:

All nitrates are soluble.

All sulfates are soluble except Calcium, Lead, Barium. [ Ca ,Pb , Ba]
All chlorides are soluble except Silver , Lead , Mercury. [Hg, Ag , Pb]
All carbonates are insoluble except NH4 + and group I metal carbonates are soluble.

9
Preparation of salts:

1. Soluble salts:
Excess method:
Acid + Solid [metal – metal oxide – metal carbonate – hydrogen
carbonate] (excess)

N.B. To detect the end of reaction: no fizzing, the solid deposits, indicator
[universal indicator turns green]
To detect crystallization point: dip a glass rod in the solution, crystals appear.
Avoid overheating, dry between filter papers to avoid loss of crystallization water.
Cool at room temperature to get large crystals.

By titration:
Acid + soluble base (alkali) salt + water
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O (Neutralization)

use indicator to detect end point as:

a) The chemicals are colourless
b) No deposit
c) No gas given off
N.B Starch can be used as indicator in case of iodine.
Heating has no effect on the end point or concentration, only increases rate
of reaction

2. Insoluble salts by precipitation:

Soluble salt + Soluble salt Insoluble salt + Soluble salt
Ex. to prepare BaSO4
BaCl2 (aq) + Na2 SO4 (aq) BaSO4 (s) + 2 NaCl (aq)
The insoluble salt is filtered, wash with distilled water to remove any soluble
substances, then dry.
Precipitate is a solid formed due to reaction between two salt solutions.
N.B Solubility of gases decreases by heating

10
 Use of acid to prepare gases in lab:
1. Hydrogen:
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2(g)

Sulfuric acid

Hydrogen

Zinc

Hydrogen gas is
1- Colourless- odourless
2- Less denss than air
3- Insoluble in water
4- Flammable

The first jar does not contain pure H2 gas [mixed with air]
To collect dry H2 gas, we pass the gas through a drying agent.
a) Solid ( silica gel, anhydrous CaCl2 or CaO)
b) Liquid concentrated H2SO4

2. Carbon dioxide:
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

Hydrochloric
acid
Carbon
dioxide

11
 Carbon dioxide is :
1- Colourless - Odourless
2- More dense than air
3- Acidic
4- Soluble in water

Carbon dioxide can be collected by downward delivary or over water as it dissolves in

water forming carbonic acid which breaks down forming carbon dioxide and water.

3. Oxygen:
Hydrogen peroxide MnO2 Water + Oxygen
2 H2O2 MnO2 2H2O + O2

Oxygen gas is :

1- Colourless- odourless
2- More dense than air
3- Less dense than water
4- Sparingley soluble in water

12
4. Hyrogen chloride gas [HCl]:

Conc.
NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl (g)

Hydrogen chloride gas is:

1- Colourless
2- More dense than air (downward delevary )
3- Pungent odour
4- Very soluble in water

To prepare hydrochloric acid from hydrogen chloride gas.

Large surface area prevents back suction Do not use this way , bakcsuction
of water may cccures

Test for HCl(g):

1- blue litmus changes to red

2 – glass rod wet with ammonia solution white fumes are formed

5. Ammonia:
Base + ammonium salt NH3

NaOH + NH4Cl NaCl + H2O + NH3

13
 Sodium hydroxide

Anhydrous
CaCl2

Ammonium chloride

Ammonia gas is:

1- Colourless
2- Less dense than air
3- Soluble in water
4- Alkaline
5- Pungent smell

To test for NH3 :

a) Damp red litmus paper to blue.
b) Glass rod wet with HCl white fumes.
To prepare aq.ammonia :

14
• On measuring rate of reaction:
Volume/ min. or mass/min. means rate of reaction

Heat of reaction:

- To know the type of reaction from the reading of thermometer initial temp. (Ti) and
final temp. (Tf).

Exothermic Endothermic
- (Ti) < (Tf) - (Ti) > (Tf)
- Heat is given off - Heat is absorbed
- ∆H = –ve - ∆H = +ve
- Rise in temp. - Drop in temp.

- The chemical reaction is done in a polystyrene (plastic - insulator) cup to avoid loss or
gain of heat.
- The mixture is left after the reaction finishes, the temperature falls and the chemicals
regain the room temp.
Temp.

Volume of
acid added

15
• Possible sources of error:

- Recording error.
- Qualified timing error
- Qualified measurement error.
- Heat lost by instruments.
- Heat lost by evaporation.
- Temperature variation.
- Plotting error.
- Contamination from previous experiment ( burette ) .

• To minimize heat loss:

- The instruments can be surrounded by insulators.

- Cover the beaker or can.
- Stir before readings to ensure distribution of heat.
- The thermometer bulb should not touch the hot walls.
- Repeat the experiment; calculate the average to get reliable results.

• For more accurate results.

- Use a burette or a pipette to measure the volume.

- Crush the solid.
- Use smaller time intervals.
- On recording temperature or volumes, one decimal place is preferable.

N.B For measuring cylinder Quick - easy - fairly accurate – convenient but
not accurate.

Use burette to measure volumes till 50 cm3 and remamber the measurments must
be taken from top to bottom .

16
• Greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen dioxide& water vapour.
• Greenhouse gases cause global warming.
• Methane is found in atmosphere due to vegetative decomposition, animal wastes&
garbage, and digestion of animals.
• Warm to speed up the reaction
• Stirring fast dissolving / reacting.
• Glass rod does not react.
N.B Do not forget the units cm3 , °C

Please revise:
– Hazard signs & Lab. Rules
– Glass wear
– Rf of the chromatography

17
18
 EXPERIMENTS OF PAPER 6

1. You are provided with samples of three metals: N. 1993

Copper, zinc and magnesium. Outline experiment that could be carried out to show their
order of reactivity. Mark will be awarded for practical details and expected observation.

Answer:

Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen

- Set the apparatus as shown in the figure.

- Place certain mass of magnesium in the test tube and known volume of sulfuric acid.
Leave the thread, and start the stop clock ,then record the volume of gas in gas
syringe per constant time Interval.
- Repeat the experiment using zinc and copper metals under same conditions of
surface area, mass of metal and volume and concentration of acid.
- The metal that produces more volume of gas per unit time is more reactive.

Or:

Displacement is an exothermic reaction, we can measure the temperature change per unit
time

19
2. J. 199
Cerussite is a naturally occurring form of lead (II) carbonate . Lead (II) carbonate is
insoluble in water.
Outline how a sample of lead metal could be obtained from Cerussite.
Lead is of similar reactivity to copper. Your answer should include any chemicals used
and conditions.

Answer:

- Crush a sample of Cerussite with pestle and mortar, put it in a crucible then heat till
constant mass, lead oxide is formed.
- Add a suitable amount of carbon ( reducing agent ) to the lead oxide in the crucible,
then continue heating.
- Carbon will reduce lead oxide to lead, carbon dioxide gas escapes and grey lead is
left.

Or:

- Crush a sample of Cerussite with pestle and mortar and put it in a beaker
containing
- dilute nitric acid, where the carbonate must be in excess.
PbCO3 + 2 HNO3 Pb(NO3) 2 + H2O + CO2
- Fizzing occurs and carbon dioxide escapes, filter to remove the excess
carbonate salt
- Add powdered zinc to the filtrate, stir till the grey deposit of lead appears
- Filter and dry, the residue is the lead.
[5]

3. N. 1996
Saucepans can be made from copper, aluminium or steel .You are provided with
samples of the three different metals . Outline chemical experiments that could be
carried out to show which would be most suitable to make saucepan . Marks will be
awarded for practical details and expected observations.

Answer:

- Place a known mass of copper in a beaker, add a known volume of sulfuric acid to
the beaker, heat and stir for one hour .
- Leave to cool one more hour then filter, dry the residue and weigh it,
then find the mass change.
- Repeat the same experiment using aluminium sample having
same mass and surface area.
- Compare the mass difference, the sample which loses less mass is better one.

N.B. We can use salty water instead of acid.

[5]
20
4. N. 1997
When lemonade is heated , carbon dioxide gas is given off.
(a) Draw a labeled diagram of apparatus that could be used to find the volume of
carbon dioxide dissolved in 100 cm3 of lemonade

Answer:

Lemonade

Heat

(3)

(b) How could it be shown that all of carbon dioxide gas had been removed from
the lemonade ?

Answer:

When the fizzing stops, the total volume becomes constant, measure the volume of gas in
gas syringe

(2)

Total [5]

21
 5. J. 1998
The label on the bottle of lemon drink gave the following information:
“Contains two yellow colourings , E 102 and E 105”
Describe a sample experiment you could do to prove that only two substances are
present in the lemon drink. A diagram may help your answer this question.

Answer:

Solvent
front

Sample of Base line

Lemon
drink
Solvent

- Apply a drop of lemon drink on the base line drawn in pencil on a chromatography
paper.
- Put the chromatography paper in a beaker containing water such that the level of
water is2 cm below the base line, leave.
- 2 spots are formed = 2 colours.

[6]

22
6. N. 1998
Alcohols are liquid fuels which burns in air to produce heat energy. Provided with the
following apparatus, plan an experiment to investigate which alcohol , methanol and
ethanol, produces more energy. You may draw diagram to help your answer.

Answer:

- Using a measuring cylinder, take 25 cm3 of water and place it in a copper can.
- Using the thermometer , record the initial temperature of water [T1].
- Set the apparatus as shown and fill the spirit burner with a known mass of ethanol
measured by the balance.
- Light the burner till complete combustion of the fuel in a well ventilated lab.
- Stir with the thermometer and record the final temperature[T2].
- Calculate the rise in temperature = T2 –T1
- Repeat the experiment using methanol under the same conditions.
- Compare to find the fuel that cause more rise in temperature.

Copper
can

[5]
23
6. N. 1999
Indigestion tablets contain calcium carbonate. The tablets work by neutralizing
the excess of acid in the stomach.

Calcium + hydrochloric Carbon + Calcium + water

Carbonate acid dioxide chloride

You are provided with two different brands of indigestion tablet, F and G , dilute
hydrochloric acid and common laboratory apparatus.

Plan an investigation to find which brand of indigestion tablet is the best at neutralizing
acid. Your answer should include details of the apparatus to be used and the main
practical steps in the indigestion .

Apparatus : Thistle funnel - conical flask – clock - gas syringe - stopper

Plan of investigation:

Answer:

- Set the apparatus as in figurer.

- Work the experiment with tablet F having known mass.
- Add excess acid and record the volume of carbon dioxide per one minute till stop fizzing.
- Repeat the experiment with tablet G having same mass and surface area as F ,under
same conditions of concentration of acid and temperature.
- Compare, the tablet which produces more volume of carbon dioxide per minute,
will be the better one.

[5]

24
7. J. 2000
A student used the pieces of equipment shown below to compare the concentration
of alkali in two oven cleaners .
Oven cleaners contain the alkali sodium hydroxide.

C D

(a) Name the pieces of equipment :

C: Pipette
D: Burette

(b) Outline how these pieces of equipment could be used in the investigation to compare
the concentration of alkali in the two liquid oven cleaners.

Answer:

- Take 25 cm3 from the first oven cleaner using

pipette, then transfer it to a conical flask.
- Add 2 drops of phenol phethaline indicator.
- Fill the burette till zero mark with sulfuric acid.
- Titrate the acid drop by drop until the colour just
changes from pink to colourless.
- Record the volume of acid used.
- Repeat the experiment with the second oven
cleaner under the same conditions.
- The one which is neutralized by more volume
of acid, will be the more concentrated one.

25 cm3oven cleaner + few

drops of indicator
[5]

25
8. Are egg shells pure calcium carbonates? N. 2000

Calcium carbonate is found in the egg shells. All carbonates react with hydrochloric acid to
form chlorides. Calcium carbonate is insoluble in water but calcium chloride is soluble. Most
impurities in egg shells are insoluble. Plane an experiment to find out if egg shells are 100 %
calcium carbonate.

Answer:

- Weigh 100 g of the egg shell using a balance.

- Crush the sample using mortar and pestle and put it in a conical flask.
- Using a measuring cylinder, add excess hydrochloric acid to the powder in the conical
flask.
- Stir until fizzing stops. Filter, wash with water, dry the residue, then weigh it if found.
- If there is no residue , the egg shell is pure calcium carbonate.

[6]

9. J. 2001
When iron nails rust, the mass of the nails increase as the iron reacts with oxygen and
water. You are provided with the following apparatus . Plan an experiment to investigate if
iron rusts more quickly in sea water or fresh water.
Clean iron nails
Test-tubes
Beakers
A balance
An oven
Measuring cylinder

Answer:

- Weigh some of clean iron nails (m1) and place them in a test tube.
- Add specific volume of fresh water measured by measuring cylinder to the nails.
- After a week remove the nails, wash with distilled water then dry the nails in oven.
- Weigh the nails again (m2) and determine the increase in weight (m2 – m1).
- Repeat the experiment using sea water under same conditions.
- The higher increase in mass will be with sea water [ faster rusting].

[5]

26
10. You are provided with cans of a fizzy drink – Koola cola. N. 2001

Plan tests to investigate the cola so that you can answer the following four questions.
(a) What is the pH of the cola?

Answer: Measure the pH, record the reading. The pH = 6

[2]
How many coloured pigments does the cola contain?

Answer: Put a drop of cola solution on the base line drawn in a pencil on a
chromatography paper. Put the paper in a water beaker so that the level of water is 2 cm
below the base line, leave. Number of spots = number of coloured
pigments.
[3]

(c) What volume of gas is released when a can of cola is opened? [Note: The can will have
to be opened under water.]

Answer:

Put the can in a graduated beaker containing water so that the water covers the can. The
beaker is connected with a gas syringe and tightly covered. When fizzing stops, record the
volume of carbon dioxide gas in syringe.
[2]

(c) Is the gas released carbon dioxide?

Answer: Pass in lime water, turns milky

[2]

[Total 9]

27
11. ELECTROPLATING A COPPER KEY J. 2002

Electroplating is when a metal is coated with another metal using electricity.

To electroplate a metal a very clean surface is needed.

Describe an experiment to nickel plate a copper key. You are provided with the
following items.

6 V bulb and holder

6 V battery and connecting wires
250 cm3 beaker
steel wool/sandpaper
copper key
distilled water
nickel rod
solid nickel(II) sulfate, NiSO4

You can use a labelled diagram to help you answer the question.

Answer:

Nickel rod
anod
Catho
de

Nickel
sulfate

- Polish the key with sand paper then clean it with steel wool.
- Add water to the solid nickel sulfate in 250 cm3 beaker.
- Construct the electrolytic cell as shown until the bulb glows.
- Rotate the key till complete plating.

[5]

28
12. FASTGROW FERTILISER N. 2002

Fertilisers are used to increase the growth of plants. Fertilisers have to dissolve in water if
they are to be used by plants.

Plan an experiment to find the solubility, in g/100 cm3, of FASTGROW fertiliser at 30 °C.

Answer:

- Put 100 cm3 of water using burette in a beaker.

- Add known mass of the fertilizer to the water ,warm till 30 °C and stir.
- Filter the mixture, dry the residue and weigh it.
- Mass of dissolved fertilizer = original mass – mass of residue.
Dissolved mass
- Solubility = X 100
Original mass
[6]

13. J. 2003
Beach sand is a mixture of sand and broken shells (calcium
carbonate).

Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form a solution of calcium
chloride.

Plan an investigation to find out the percentage of shell material in a given sample of
beach sand.

Answer:

- Weigh 100 g of the sand beach using a balance.

- Crush the sample using mortar and pestle and put it in a conical flask.
- Using a measuring cylinder, add excess aq. Hydrochloric acid to the powder in the
conical flask.
- Stir until fizzing stops. Filter using filter funnel and filter paper, wash with water, dry the
residue ( sand), then weigh.
- % of shell material = 100 – mass of residue

[6]

29
14. N. 2003
Sulfur dioxide gas is a common pollutant formed when fossil fuels burn in air. Sulfur
dioxide can be detected by using an acidic solution of potassium dichromate(VI). The
dichromate solution changes colour from orange to green when a certain amount of sulfur
dioxide has reacted with it.

Plan an experiment to investigate which of three different samples of coal produces most
sulfur dioxide.

Acidified
potassium
dichromate

Answer:

-Set the apparatus as in figure.

-Take equal mass and surface area of each type of coal.
-Burn the coal sample completely in a fume cupboard, and pass the gas produced
over a known volume of dichromate.
- Use stop clock to record the time taken for the colour change .
-Repeat the experiment using the other types of coal under the same conditions.
-The coal sample that turn the colour of dichromate from orange to green first is the one
which produces most sulfur dioxide

[6]

30
15. J. 2004
Is manganese(IV) oxide a catalyst?

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction and remains unchanged.

Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 breaks down to form oxygen. This reaction is very slow without a
catalyst. Describe an experiment to show that manganese(IV) oxide is a catalyst for this
reaction.

You are provided with the following items.

Hydrogen peroxide solution

Manganese(IV) oxide
Measuring cylinder
Balance
Beaker
Filtration apparatus
Splints/Bunsen burner
Distilled water

Answer:

Hydrogen
peroxide

Catalyst

- Add known mass of MnO2 to a known volume of peroxide in a beaker.

- Bubbles are formed, can be tested by a glowing splint. It relights.
- When the bubbles stop, the mixture is filtered, wash the residue with water, dry then weigh.
- The mass of catalyst does not change.
-

[6]
31
16. Forged Banknote N.2004

A fake banknote can be investigated by dissolving the ink off the paper.
You are provided with four different inks from four different criminals. Describe an
experiment to show which one of these inks is the same as the ink from the banknote.

You can use a labelled diagram to help you answer the question

.
Answer:

Samples of 4 criminals

Sample from fake

banknote ink

-The one whose sample has the same spots and height as the fake banknote will be the
criminal

[6]

32
17. J. 2005
An aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide decomposes very slowly to form oxygen. The
speed of decomposition can be increased by using a catalyst. Two possible catalysts are
the solids copper(II) oxide and chromium(III) oxide.

Plan an investigation to find out which of these two oxides is the better catalyst for this
decomposition.

The space below can be used for a diagram.

Answer:

Hydrogen
peroxide

Catalyst

- Set the apparatus as shown in figure.

- Use certain mass of copper oxide and known volume of peroxide.
- Measure the volume of oxygen per constant time interval.
- Repeat the experiment using chromium oxide under same condition of mess
and surface area of the catalyst, temperature and volume of peroxide.
- The one which produce more oxygen gas per time unit will be the better catalyst.

[6]

33
.18. Some plants do not grow well in acidic soil. N.05
A farmer gives you a small sample of soil from a corner of one of his fields.

(a) Plan an investigation to find out the pH of the soil sample.

You are provided with Universal Indicator solution and common laboratory apparatus.

Answer:

-Crush soil sample using mortar and pestle.

-Transfer some of the soil in a beaker , add barium sulfate (water insoluble salt to clump soil
particles together) and dissolve it in water
-Stir with gentle heating.
-Filter using filter funnel
-The clear filtrate is tested using pH meter [5]

(b) Why would further experiments be necessary to inform the farmer which plants should
be grown in each of his fields?

Many samples from different sites must be taken from each field, then the pH is tested for each
field. [2]

19. J. 2006
The diagram shows two bottles of liquid oven cleaner.

The oven cleaners contain sodium hydroxide solution. Plan an investigation to show which
oven cleaner contains the highest concentration of sodium hydroxide.

Answer:

- Take 25 cm3 from the first oven cleaner using pipette, then transfer it to a conical flask.
- Add 2 drops of phenol phethaline indicator.
-Fill the burette till zero mark with hydrochloric acid.
-Titrate the acid drop by drop until the colour just changes from pink to colourless.
- Record the volume of acid used.
-Repeat the experiment with the second oven cleaner under the same conditions.
-The one which is neutralized by more volume of acid, will be the more concentrated one. [6]
34
20. You are provided with a pot of paint as shown below. N.2006

The paint is a mixture of a liquid and a solid.

The liquid can be dissolved in water. The solids are insoluble in water but soluble in
organic solvents.
(a) How can a sample of the solid be separated from the rest of the paint?

Answer:

Dissolve Paint sample in water, then filter, will be the solid the residue.
[2]

(b) How would you determine the number of coloured substances contained in the solid
you separated in (a)?

Answer:

-Dissolve the solid in organic solvent , stir.

-Place a spot of the solution on the base line of paper chromatography drawn in pencil
then put it the solvent as its level is below the base line.
-Number of spots = number of colours.
[4]

(c) The label on the paint tin states

“Touch-dry in three hours”

(i) How could you check this value?

Answer:

-Apply Paint using, using stop watch.

-Start the timer , dry, touch the paint , record the time. [2]

(ii) Suggest how you could speed up this drying process.

Answer:

Fan – Hair drier [1]

35
21. J. 2007
When cement powder is added to water a reaction takes place.
(a) Describe an experiment to show that this reaction is exothermic.

Answer:
-Place a known volume of water in a beaker and leave it to have the room temperature.
-Add a known mass of cement, stir, record the temperature per constant time interval.
- Find the highest temperature, then calculate the temperature difference.
- there is a rise in temperature.
[4]
(b) How could you show that the solution contains calcium ions?
Answer:
Add few drops of sodium hydroxide solution, white precipitate is formed , insoluble in excess
[2]
[Total: 6]

22. N. 2007
Diesel is a liquid fuel obtained from crude oil. Biodiesel is a fuel made from oil obtained
from the seeds of plants such as sunflowers.
Using the apparatus below plan an experiment to investigate which of these two fuels
produces more energy.
Answer:

- Using a measuring cylinder, take 25 cm3 of water and place it in a test tube.
- Using the thermometer , record the initial temperature of water [T1].
- Set the apparatus as shown and fill the spirit burner with a known mass of diesel fuel
measured by the balance.
- Light the burner till complete combustion of the fuel in a well - ventilated lab.
- Stir with the thermometer and record the final temperature[T2].
- Calculate the rise in temperature = T2 –T1
- Repeat the experiment using biodiesel fuel under the same conditions.
- Compare to find the fuel that cause more rise in temperature. [6]

36
23. J. 2008
This label is from a container of ‘Bite Relief’ solution.

(a) Give a chemical test to show the presence of ammonia in Bite Relief solution.

Test: damp red litmus paper

Result: turns red [2]

b) What practical method could be used to separate the mixture of alcohol (b.p. 78°C) and
water (b.p. 100°C)?

Answer:

Fractional distillation, alcohol with lower b.p. will be collected first.

[2]
(b) Give a chemical test to show the presence of water.

Test: White anhydrous copper sulfate paper.

Result: The colour changes from white to blue. [2]

(c) What would be the effect of touching the alcohol with a lighted splint?

Answer:

Burn with clean blue flame

[1]
[Total: 7]
37
24. N. 2008
A solution of magnesium sulfate can be made by reacting magnesium oxide with warm
sulfuric acid.

(a) Describe how you could make a solution of magnesium sulfate starting with
magnesium oxide powder and dilute sulfuric acid.

Answer:

-Place 20 cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid in a beaker , and excess magnesium oxide, then stir.
-Filter , using filter funnel and filter paper to get rid of excess magnesium oxide.
- The filtrate is magnesium sulfate.
[3]

(b) Describe how you would obtain pure dry crystals of hydrated magnesium sulfate,
MgSO4.7H2O, from the solution of magnesium sulfate in (a).

Answer:

Evaporate the filtrate till point of crystallization, leave to cool, filter the crystals, dry between two
filter papers
[3]
[Total: 6]

25. J. 2009
Acid base indicators

Indicators are used to identify acids and bases.

Indicators can be obtained from berries and other fruits.

(a) Plan an experiment to obtain an aqueous solution of an indicator from some berries.

Answer:

-Crush the berries using mortar and pestle, add water, warm and stir.
-Filter, the filtrate is the indicator.
[3]

(b) Plan an experiment to use the indicator solution to show that it is an effective indicator.

Answer:

-Get two test tubes, one of them containing hydrochloric acid and the second contains sodium
Hydroxide.
- Add few drops of the indicator solution to each test tube, the colour should be different.
[3]

38
26. N. 2009
Leaves from trees contain o mixture of coloured pigments which are not soluble in water.
A student was given these two instructions to investigate the pigments in the leaves.
1. Crush some leaves to extract the coloured pigments.
2. Use the liquid extract to find the number of coloured pigments in the leaves.

(a) What would the student need in order to effectively carry out instruction one.

Answer:

-Cut the tree leaves into small pieces, then crush in pestle and mortar with sand.
-Dissolve in water, Stir then filter. [3]

(b)Describe an experiment to carry out instruction two

A space has been left below if you want to draw a diagram to help answer the question.
Answer:
-Place a spot of extract on the base line drawn with pencil Solvent
on a chromatography paper. front
-Put the paper in a beaker containing alcohol so that the level
of alcohol is 2 cm below the base line , leave.
-Number of spots = number of colours

Base line

[4]

Total [7]

27. J. 2010 (61)

Malachite is a naturally occurring form of copper carbonate. Outline how a sample of
copper metal could be obtained from large lumps of malachite in the laboratory.

Copper is one of the least reactive metals.

Your answer should include any chemicals used and conditions.

Answer:

- Crush a malachite sample using mortar and pestle.

-put it in a crucible and strongly heat it.
-When the colour is completely changed from green to black add a suitable
mass of carbon and continue heating to reduce copper oxide to copper.
-Reddish brown copper is obtained.
39
 Or :
- Crush a malachite sample using mortar and pestle.
-Place an excess amount of the sample in a beaker, then add sulfuric acid.
- Stir till stop fizzing, filter, then add magnesium to the filtrate.
-Magnesium displaces copper in copper sulfate, and reddish brown copper is obtained.

[6]

28. J. 2010 (62)

Metal cooking containers, such as saucepans, can be made from copper or steel.

Outline experiments that could be carried out to show which of these metals would be
most suitable for a saucepan.

You are provided with pieces of copper and steel foil.

Common laboratory chemicals and apparatus are available.

Answer:

-Place a known mass of copper in a beaker, add a known volume of sulfuric acid to
the beaker, heat and stir for one hour .
- Leave to cool one more hour then filter, dry the residue and weigh it,
then find the mass change.
-Repeat the same experiment using steel sample having same mass and surface area.
-Compare the mass difference, the sample which loses less mass is better one.

N.B. We can use salty water instead of acid.

[6]

29. N. 2010 (61)

E numbers identify chemicals which are added to foods.

(a) E210 is benzoic acid. How could you show that a solution of benzoic acid is a weak
acid?

test : Universal indicator.

Result: pH = 5 - Yellow colour

[2]
(d) E211 is sodium benzoate. Name a suitable substance that would react with a solution
of benzoic acid to form sodium benzoate.

Answer:

40
 Sodium hydroxide [1]

(e) E110 is Sunset yellow.

Outline a method you could use to show the presence of E110 in a food colouring.
A space has been left if you want to draw a diagram to help you answer the question.

Answer:

Solvent
front

Sample of Base line

Food
colouring
Solvent

- Apply a drop of food colouring on the base line drawn in pencil on a chromatography paper.
- Put the chromatography paper in a beaker containing water such that the level of water is
2 cm below the base line.
- Leave, refer to the reference of E110, same spot and same height. [4]
[Total: 7]

30. Iron rusts when in contact with air and water. N.2010 (62)
You are provided with iron nails and three different samples of water:
tap water,
sea water,
distilled water.
Plan an investigation to find out which sample of water causes iron to rust the fastest.

Answer:

Tap Sea water Distilled water

water
41
-Get three test tubes, place three similar nails such that one / each,
-Add same volume of water in each test tube as show in figure.
-Leave for two days
-Compare which one will rust first.
[6]

31. The label shows the substances present in a bottle of orange fruit drink. N.2010 (63)

(a) A piece of pH indicator paper was dipped in the drink.

(i) Predict the pH value obtained.

Answer:

pH = 5 - yellow colour
[1]

(ii) Why does the pH indicator paper give a more reliable result than adding Universal
Indicator solution to the drink?

Answer:

Colour of orange drink interferes with indicator colour

[1]
(b) Describe an experiment you could carry out to show that only natural colours were
present in the drink.

A space has been left if you want to draw a diagram to help you answer the question.

Solvent
front

Sample of Base line

drink

Solvent

42
- Apply a drop of drink on the base line drawn in pencil on a chromatography paper.
- Put the chromatography paper in a beaker containing water such that the level of water is
2 cm below the base line.
- Leave, compare the height and position of spots , then refer to control

[6]

32. J. 2011
The label shows some information on a bottle of liquid sink and drain cleaner.

(a) Give a chemical test for the presence of sodium hydroxide.

test : pH meter

result: 13
[2]

(b) Suggest why it could be dangerous to pour fizzy drinks into a sink containing this liquid
cleaner.

Answer:
Fizzy drinks may be acidic , containing carbon dioxide .
Chlorine is formed which is toxic
[2]
(b) Why should the container be rinsed with water before throwing out?

Answer:
To clean it and being safe for the environment
[1]
(c) Give a chemical test for chlorine.

test : Damp litmus paper

result : Bleached

[2]
[Total: 7]

43
33. Petrol is a liquid fuel obtained from petroleum (crude oil). J. 2011 (62)

Bioethanol is a liquid fuel made by the fermentation of carbohydrates obtained from plants
such as sugar cane.
Using the apparatus below, plan an experiment to investigate which of these two fuels
produces more energy.
You may use the space below to draw a diagram to help you answer the question.

Answer:

- Using a measuring cylinder, take 25 cm3 of water and place it in a copper can.
- Using the thermometer , record the initial temperature of water [T1].
- Set the apparatus as shown and fill the spirit burner with a known mass of petrol
measured by the balance.
- Light the burner till complete combustion of the fuel in a well ventilated lab.
- Stir with the thermometer and record the final temperature[T2].
- Calculate the rise in temperature = T2 –T1
- Repeat the experiment using bioethanol under the same conditions.
- Compare to find the fuel that cause more rise in temperature.

[6]

[6]
34. N.2011 (61)
Seawater contains sodium chloride and other salts.

Plan an experiment to find the mass of salts in 1dm3 of seawater.

You will be provided with a small bottle of seawater.

You should include details of the method and any apparatus used.
(1dm3 = 1000cm3)

44
 Answer:
-Place 250 cm3 of sea water in a 500 cm3 beaker with known mass M1 .
- Evaporate the water from the beaker to dryness and reweight M2 till constant mass.
- Find the mass of the salt = M1 – M2
-The difference X 4 = total mass of salt in 1000 cm3 of sea water .
- Repeat the same steps and calculate the average.

[6]

35. N. 2011 ( 62)

Kleen Up is a colourless liquid used to clean work surfaces and glass windows.
Kleen Up contains ammonia solution, which is a weak alkali.
(a) State a chemical test to show the presence of ammonia in Kleen Up.

test : universal indicator

result: pH = 9 - blue colour

[2]

(b) Plan an experiment to determine the concentration of ammonia in Kleen Up.

You are provided with aqueous nitric acid of known concentration and common
laboratory apparatus

Answer:

-Take 25 cm3 from the first Kleen Up using pipette, then transfer it to a conical flask.
- Add 2 drops of phenol phethaline indicator.
-Fill the burette till zero mark with nitric acid.
-Titrate the acid drop by drop until the colour just changes from pink to colourless.
- Record the volume of acid used.
-Using the volumes of Kleen Up and acid , and the concentration of the acid ,
we can calculate the concentration of Kleen Up. [5]
[Total: 7]

36. J. 2012 (61)

STOP RUST!
Solutions of chemicals known as corrosion inhibitors are added to the water in steel
radiators to reduce rust.

You are provided with three different bottles of liquid corrosion inhibitors, R, S and T, and
some steel nails.

Plan an experiment to test if these inhibitors prevent the corrosion of steel and which of
these inhibitors is the most effective.

45
 Answer:

Water
Wate Wate Water
++S
r+R r+T only

-Get four test tubes, place four similar nails such that one / each,
-Add same volume of water in each test tube as show in figure.
-Known volumes of inhibitor are added to the first three tubes, and leave
the fourth with water only.
-Leave for four days
-Compare which one will take longer time to rust , it is the best inhibitor .
- The nail without inhibitor, will rust first.

[7]

37. Fizzy drinks J. 2012 (62)

The bubbles in fizzy drinks are bubbles of carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is dissolved
in the drink under pressure.

When a bottle of fizzy drink is opened the gas escapes and eventually the drink goes flat.
The gas is lost more quickly if the fizzy drink is heated.

(a) How could the acidity of the fizzy drink be checked?

Answer:

Use universal indicator paper, pH = 6 Yellow colour [1]

(b) Plan an experiment to find the volume of gas in a bottle of fizzy drink.
You may use common laboratory apparatus.

Answer:

Connect the closed can with a gas syringe using air tight connection .Open it quickly, heat
till fizzing stops, measur the volume of carbon dioxide gas in syringe. [6]
[Total: 7]

46
37. Fertilisers J. 2012 (63)

Grow-well and Plant strong are two different granular fertilisers.

Fertilisers improve the growth of plants.

A farmer decides to buy one of these fertilisers to improve the soil on his land.

Plan an investigation to find out which of these fertilisers would be best for the farmer to buy,
and use, to grow beans on his land.

Answer:

-Get two samples of the fertilisers having same mass.

-Put each sample in a beaker ,add same amount and kind of soil in each beaker.
-Add same number of bean seeds and same volume of water in each beaker .
-Leave for two weeks, compare the rate of plant growth.
- The fertiliser which cause better growth of plant is the better one.

[6]

38. Which is the more pure - limestone or marble? N. 2012 (61)

Calcium carbonate is found in limestone and in marble. All carbonates react with
hydrochloric acid to form chlorides.

Calcium carbonate is insoluble in water but calcium chloride is water soluble.

Most impurities in limestone and marble are insoluble.

Plan an experiment to find out which of limestone and marble contain most insoluble
impurities.

You are provided with common laboratory apparatus.

Answer:

- Weigh 100 g of the limestone using a balance.

- Crush the sample using mortar and pestle and put it in a conical flask.
- Using a measuring cylinder, add excess aq. Hydrochloric acid to the powder in the
conical flask.
- Stir until fizzing stops. Filter, wash with water, dry the residue, then weigh it.
- Repeat using a sample of marble having same mass and surface area,
and under same conditions of acid volume and concentration.

Compare the mass of residue . [6]

47
38. N. 2012 (62)

(a) Ethanoic acid can be prepared by heating ethanol with acidified potassium
manganate(VII).
Give a test to distinguish between ethanoic acid and ethanol.

test : litmus paper

result: with ethanoic acid, it turns red
with ethanol, no change [2]

(b) Coal is a fossil fuel. When heated strongly, sulfur dioxide gas is one of the products
formed.

Sulfur dioxide changes the colour of acidified potassium manganate(VII) from purple to
colourless.

Plan an investigation to show which of the two different types of coal produces the most
sulfur dioxide when heated. You are provided with one lump of each type of coal.

Answer:

Acidified
potassium
dichromate

- Set the apparatus as in figure.

- Take equal mass and surface area of each type of coal.
- Burn the coal sample completely in a fume cupboard, and pass the gas produced
- over a known volume of dichromate.
- Use stop clock to record the time taken for the colour change .
- Repeat the experiment using the other types of coal under the same conditions.
- The coal sample that turn the colour of dichromate from orange to green first is the one
- which produces most sulfur dioxide. [6]
[Total: 8]
48
39. Fats and oils N. 2012 (63)

Unsaturated fats and oils contain at least one carbon to carbon double bond.
These double bonds react with bromine water which changes colour from orange to
colourless.

Plan an experiment that could be carried out to compare samples of sunflower oil, olive oil
and butter to find out which of these contains the largest number of carbon to carbon
double bonds.

You are provided with common laboratory apparatus and an organic solvent to dissolve the
fats and oils.

Answer:

- Place a known volume of sunflower oil in a beaker with benzene

(organic solvent), stir well.
- Flow drops of bromine water from burette until the orange colour seen
- Record the volume of bromine water used.
- Repeat the experiment using olive oil.
- Compare the results, the oil which needs more volume of bromine water, is the one with
more carbon to carbon double bonds.

[6]

49