the user input is first converted and transt esth Pres and OFF, The ON state may be represented by a “1” and the off state of ON'S and OFFS forms the electrical signals thet the computer can understand. Peete certs tock ditern isthe ppeerance aoc ht they repeat ihemslves at eoual ine intervals. Electrical signals or waveforms of this nature are said to be periodic, Generally,a periodic wave Tepresenting a signal can be described using the following parameters ‘Amplitude(A) Frequeney(t) ‘periodic time(T) die(A); this is the meximum displacement that the waveform of an electric signal can attain. ney (0): is the number of cycles made by a signal in one second, It is measured in hertz. there is 10 1 eyele/second, the time taken by a signal to complete one eyele is called periodic time, Periodic time is she formula T=1/t, where fis the Frequency of the wave “+ Whien a digital signal isto be sent over analog telepbone lines e.g. e-mail, it has to be converted to analog Signal, This s done by connecting a device called 8 modem tothe digital computer. This process of converting a digital signal to an analog signal is known as modulation. On the receiving en, the incoming "analog signal is converted back to digital form in a process known as demodulation. Data and instrotions cannot be entered and processed direty into computers using human language, Any ‘Type of data be it numbers, letters, special symbols, seund or pictures must first be converted into maching- feadable form is, binary form. Due to this reson, itis important to understend how a computer together ‘with its peripheral devices handles data in its electronic circuits, on magnetic media and in optical devices, tion in digital cirewits He components, such as microprocessor, are made up of millions of electronic circuits. The ‘of high voltage(on) in these circuiis is interpreted as *1* while alow voltage (off) is interpreted pr ean be compared to switching on end off an electric cireult. When the switch is closed ireult causes the bulb to light ('1" state).on the other hand when the switch is open, ¢). This forms a basis for describing data rearesentatior ors using. n in digital computers usingto develop devices thet can understand natural language cirectly de Tangunges. However, itis essier to construct electric cireuits : logic. Al forms of data can be represented in binary system format. Other ressom for Fare that digital devices are more relisble, small and use fess energy as compared 10 =1}08 & bits, bytes, nibble and word are used widely in reference to computer memory and data si2s. Ibe defined as either 2 binary, which cant It isthe besic unit of data or information in Byte: & group of bits (S bits) used to represent 2 charact considered as the basic unit of speasaring memory size in co Ishalf'a byic, which is usually a grouping of 4 bytes. numbers, letters and special symbols but sico complex types of dita a ee ec ko hcs cl casa) ed eset oeserentiate the number systems. jumber can be considered using these parameters, fonal value lute value is the magnitude ofa digit ina number. for example the digit S in 7458 has an absolute according to its value in the number line, Place value of a digit in a number refers to the position of the digit in that number i.e, whether; tens, hundreds, thousands ctc, “The total value of a number is the sum of the place value of each digit making the number, » The base vatue of a number also k known as the radix, depends on the type of the number systems that is ‘being used “The value of any number depends on the radix, for example the number 10010 is not equivalent fis namely, 1 and O torepresent numbers. unlike tn debimal numbers where the place value oesup in “system, the place values increase by the factor of 2.binary numbers are written as “number such as 101 1.The right most digit has a place value of 1x2? while the left most has a ‘base 16 number system that consisis of sixteen digits ranging from 0-9 and letters A-F where A is {10 10,B 10 | up to F which is equivalent to 15 in base ten system, The place value of hexadecimal S goes up in factors of sixteen, A hiexadecimal number can be denoted using 16 as a subscript or capital letter H to the right of the number t ‘example, 94B can be written as 94816 or 94BH,imply group the digits of the binary number into xt step is to write the hexadecimal equivalent of each imal numbers to decimal and binary numbers, >.3portant to note that the maximum absolute value of @ octal digit is ‘valid octal number because digit 9 is not an octal digit, but 736sis valid range 0-7.Example shows how to convert an ocial number to a decimal number. —inary numbers to their binary equivalents, simply group the digits ofthe binary number into htto lefte.g, 11010001. The next step is to write the hexadecimal equivalent of each group e.g. of 11010001 is DIH or Dive decimal numbers to decimal and binary numbers. itiply each hexadecimal digit with its corresponding plage value and then add the prodvets| ws The following examples illustrate how to convert hexadecimal number to a decimal numberpper character depends on the coding scheme used. amon coding schemes are: 2oded Decimal (BCD), id Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) and an Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), ‘Coded Decimal is a 4-bit code used to represent numeric data only, For exemple, a number like 9 € represented using Binary Coded Decimal as 10012. Coded Decimal is mostly used in simple electronic devices like calculators and microwave makes it easier'to process and display individual numbers on their Liquid Crystal Pere 1 eclal, an enhanced format of Binary Coded Decimal is a ae 2 as car ‘can represent ee ‘harsclers, Tis allows 64 characters t0 be sented. Pot letter A can be represented as 1100012 using standard Binary Coded Decimal ‘Coded Decimal Interchange code (EBCDIC) Extended Binary Coded Decimal Intershange code (EBCDIC) is an &-bitcheracter-soding schemeused ‘primarily on IBM computers. A total of 256 (2) characters can be eoded using this scheme, For example, saymbolie representation of letter A using Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange eode is, eriean standard code for information interchange (ASCII) is a 7-bit code, which means that only 128 icters ie. 2” can be represented, However, manufactures have added an eight bit to this coding scheme, can now provide for 256 characters, socling scheme is referred to as an 8-bit American standard code for information interchange, nbolic representation of letter A using this scheme is 1000001.