The Impact of Share Buybacks On IBM's Value
The Impact of Share Buybacks On IBM's Value
The Impact of Share Buybacks On IBM's Value
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/ The Impact of hare uacks on IM's Value
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The Impact of hare uacks on IM's Value
(/welog/2016/03/21/impact-share-uacks-ims-value/)
Written Jin Won Choi (/welog/authors/admin/) on March 21, 2016 (2016-03-21T08:15:39) in Compan
Analsis (/welog/categories/fundamental-analsis/compan-analsis/).
Last update on March 21, 2016 (2016-03-21T08:15:54.689079).
Image credit: majestic (http://www.shutterstock.com/galler-3324944p1.html?cr=00&pl=edit-00) /
hutterstock.com (http://www.shutterstock.com/editorial?cr=00&pl=edit-00)
On the third Monda of each month, I’ll comment on the performance of the premium portfolios and
provide some additional analsis related to individual stocks. In this article, I will also present and
explain m valuation model for IM, paing particular attention to the impact that share uacks have
on the stock.
Premium Portfolio News
The performance of MoneGeek's premium portfolios for the month of Feruar 2016 were as follows:
ecause the premium portfolios consist of U.. and Canadian stocks, it makes sense to compare the
results against the &P 500 and the TX Composite, which are the most widel used U.. and
Canadian stock market enchmarks, respectivel. In Feruar, a hpothetical portfolio of 50/50
Canadian and U.. stocks would have returned -1.6%, so premium portfolios outperformed the market
during the month.
There wasn’t one overarching reason wh the premium portfolios did well. tillwater Mining (Ticker:
WC) went up 28% last month as platinum and palladium prices recovered. These metals went up
along with other industrial metals such as copper on news that China will increase infrastructure
spending to support the economic growth.
The uckle (Ticker: K) and ed ath & eond (Y) went up 12% and 11% respectivel, on the
ack of a strong retail sales report. The U.. government estimated that retail sales had grown 3.4%
in Januar compared to a ear ago, which was the strongest growth seen in a ear. The data made
investors optimistic that retail stocks such as these would increase sales soon.
Other than the three stocks I mentioned aove, all of the other premium portfolio stocks had returns in
the -5% to +5% range. These include oil and gas stocks for which we’re now accustomed to seeing wild
price swings. The oil and gas stocks of course still make up the majorit of m own TFA portfolio,
which looks as follows, as of the time of this writing.
T & T.TO: 31%
MG: 24%
X: 17%
IM: 17%
COH: 12%
Note that the increase in the allocation of oil stocks is due to their recent price increases - i.e. I didn’t
sell a single IM or COH share to u oil stocks in the past month.
I made a commitment some time ago to explain m valuation model for each stock in the premium
portfolios. In this article, I’ll do so for IM.
IM is an interesting case ecause share uacks have a huge impact on the compan’s valuation.
Most companies don’t u ack enough stock, or else the don’t do it consistentl enough for it to have
a similarl large impact, which is wh I haven’t modelled uacks in m valuation models efore.
You can access m valuation model of IM using the link elow.
Valuation Model of IM
(https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1l2cG84L33_rK4dH3dwHHe4veAz11x0Y5jYRgWwAhU/edit?
usp=sharing)
As I normall do with other companies, I reak the value of IM down into two components:- liquidation
value and future earnings.
IM’s Liquidation Value
Liquidation value refers to the amount of cash that IM shareholders would receive if the compan sold
all its assets and distriuted the proceeds. I estimated IM’s liquidation value using the compan’s
latest alance sheet, which shows all its assets and liailities.
If the reported value of the assets/liailities on the alance sheet matched the liquidation value of those
assets/liailities, estimating IM’s liquidation value would e trivial - it would just involve sutracting
total reported liailities from total assets. Unfortunatel, this is often not the case. As I’ve explained in
previous articles (http://www.monegeek.ca/welog/2016/01/18/vse-corporation-stock-geopoliticall-
uncertain-times/), some assets such as “intangile assets” and “goodwill” carr no liquidation value at
all, and other assets carr less liquidation value than reported.
Thus, estimating IM’s liquidation value involves some judgment. I won’t go into too much detail here,
ut m model shows that IM’s liquidation value is negative $36 illion. In other words, if IM sold all its
assets to close shop, it wouldn’t even e ale to pa the $36 illion of what it owes to its creditors, let
alone have mone to distriute to its shareholders.
As I’ve explained in previous articles, this is far from unusual. In fact, I elieve that more companies
have negative liquidation values than not. Instead, all of the value of these companies lie in their future
earnings potential.
We estimate the value of IM’s future earnings potential in three steps. First, we project what IM is
likel to earn next ear. econd, we estimate the rate of growth of IM’s earnings. Third, we discount
the future earnings of each ear and sum them up.
M definition of “earnings” is the amount which a compan’s liquidation value changes. This is often
different from the accounting definition of earnings as reported in the compan’s income statement.
The reason for this difference is that some items reported on the income statement don’t accuratel
portra the change in the compan’s liquidation value.
One ig item that consistentl causes prolems is “Depreciation and Amortization”. This item estimates
the deterioration over time of IM’s hard assets, such as office equipment. For example, if IM us
$10,000 worth of office chairs, it will not expense the $10,000 right awa. Rather, it will slowl record the
expense over 5 ears, and record a depreciation of $2,000 ever ear.
Depreciation and Amortization doesn’t accuratel reflect the the pace of deterioration of IM’s assets.
For example, the office chairs that IM ought will likel fetch significantl less than $10,000 just a
month after IM ought them. Furthermore, estimating depreciation and amortization is complicated
due to the fact that companies can sometimes choose how quickl the want to depreciate an asset.
Choosing to depreciate them slowl will increase their reported earnings, and vice versa.
Therefore, I usuall adjust a compan’s earnings for depreciation, and IM is not an exception to this
rule. Fortunatel, adjusting for depreciation and other items doesn’t appear to have a significant impact
on IM’s earnings. In other words, IM’s past reported earnings appear to e close to its change in
liquidation value.
In forecasting IM’s 2016 earnings, I assumed that the compan’s revenues and earnings would
decrease slightl from last ear, to $13.48/share. I’m forecasting a decrease ecause IM’s revenues
and earnings have decreased in recent ears. Note that m forecast is also close to the guidance that
IM’s own management gave of “at least $13.50/share”.
I elieve m estimate of IM’s 2016 earnings is conservative. Much of the recent decrease in earnings
can e lamed on the strengthening U.. dollar - IM generates much of its revenue from foreign
companies who pa in their local currencies, and those revenues will appear to e less in terms of U..
dollars when the U.. dollar is strong. This means that if the U.. dollar weakens, IM’s reported
earnings could go up.
o far in this discussion, I haven’t mentioned share uacks at all. Indeed, m analsis so far
disregards an impact due share uacks. We’ll continue to ignore uacks for now, and revisit
the suject later.
Forecasting IM’s arnings Growth
As the next step, we need to estimate how quickl IM’s earnings will grow in the future. Accuratel
estimating this numer is ver trick, and it’s the main reason wh investing is often considered an art.
Over the past 10 ears, IM’s earnings have grown 5.3% per ear. However, earnings have actuall
shrunk over 10% per ear over the last couple of ears for two ke reasons: one, the U.. dollar
strengthened in that time, which lowered IM’s earnings, as I’ve mentioned; two, revenues from IM’s
existing usinesses decreased.
Of the two reasons, I don’t think currenc fluctuations will continue to hamper IM’s earnings. In fact, I
expect the opposite. The U.. dollar has ecome ver expensive toda in relation to other currencies.
Investors have realized that, which is wh the U.. dollar has een weakening over the first few months
of this ear, and I personall expect the trend to continue. I think it’s reasonale to think that the
weakening U.. dollar will help IM’s earnings grow 1% per ear.
On the other hand, it’s difficult to forecast how quickl IM’s existing usinesses will grow on a constant
currenc asis. IM’s management divides the compan’s usinesses into two categories: continuing
operations and growth initiatives.
Continuing operations include the offering of IT services and the sale of certain tpes of software. Man
large corporations use IM managed servers to host their custom uilt dataases and applications. IM
helps keep those servers running and periodicall updates their software to keep them safe from
hackers, and so on. Unfortunatel, earnings from continuing operations have een declining in recent
ears.
IM’s growth initiatives include the cloud (servers availale to clients on a rented asis), moile
(development and maintenance of smartphone and talet applications) and ig data analtics (in-depth
analsis of large quantities of data to gain insight) among other areas. Growth initiatives have een
increasing rapidl, and have now come to represent over 35% of IM’s revenues.
In the past, IM’s earnings have shrunk as the decline in earnings from continuing operations have
outweighed the increase in earnings from growth initiatives. However, if the size of growth initiatives
continue to increase relative to continuing operations, we would expect IM’s earnings to grow.
However, the technolog sector is fraught with uncertainties, and the success of IM’s growth initiatives
is far from guaranteed. For this reason, I’m inclined to use a rather conservative assumption that IM’s
earnings, excluding the effect of currencies, will go up onl the expected rate of inflation of 2% per
ear. Together with m previousl stated expectation that currenc exchange rates will add 1% per ear
of growth, I’ve assumed that IM’s earnings will grow 3% per ear over the long run.
Value of IM With and Without Impact of uacks
Finall, I’ve chosen to use a discount rate of 10% per ear for IM. The discount rate represents the
minimum rate of return that I would like m investment in IM to generate. For a fuller explanation of
what a discount rate is, please read one of m previous articles, such as this one
(http://www.monegeek.ca/welog/2015/12/18/valuation-model-transcanada-corporation/).
When I comine all of this information together, m valuation model shows that IM’s fair value is aout
$184/share. ecause each IM share is trading at $143 as of the time of this writing, that means IM’s
shares are modestl undervalued. However, this valuation model doesn’t assume that it will u ack
an of its shares. Let’s now examine what the effects of such uacks might e.
First, let’s talk aout what a share uack is. If a compan us ack its own share, the share no
longer exists, and it allows other shareholders to own a higher portion of the compan.
For example, suppose compan XYZ has 100 shares outstanding, and XYZ us ack 20 of its shares
at $10/share each. efore the uack, each XYZ share would have claimed 1% (i.e. 1/100) of XYZ’s
assets and future profits. After the u ack, however, there would e onl 80 shares outstanding, so
each share would claim 1.25% (1/80) of XYZ’s assets and future profits.
Let’s think aout the impact of uacks on earnings per share. Let’s sa XYZ earns $500 oth in the
ear efore the u ack, and in the ear after. efore the u ack, each share of XYZ would have laid
claim to 1% of XYZ’s profits - i.e. $5/share. After the u ack, each share of XYZ would la claim to
1.25% of XYZ’s profits - i.e. $6/share.
From the perspective of the existing shareholder, XYZ’s earnings increased 20% ecause of the u
acks. uch an increase in earnings didn’t come for free, of course - XYZ did have to pa $200 to u
ack its shares, which means that XYZ’s liquidation value went down. ince we define earnings as the
change in liquidation value, this means XYZ’s “earnings” decreased in the ear XYZ ought ack its
stock. Therefore, to model share uacks, we should increase the compan’s earnings growth rate,
and ut also decrease its next ear earnings.
This is exactl what I did on m valuation model of IM. To illustrate the impact of uacks, I created
columns in the ‘arnings Potential’ sheet that shows IM’s revenues, expenses and earnings on a per
share asis. For comparison purposes, I’ve shown such per share numers oth with and without the
impact of uacks.
In the column without uacks, I showed that IM’s earnings per share would e $13.48/share. For the
column with uacks, I assumed that IM would spend aout $7 illion dollars to purchase 5% of the
compan, which is in line with historical norms. I treat this mone spent as an expense, which decreases
IM’s earnings $7.62/share. This reduces IM’s earnings per share to $6.77/share.
ecause IM is reducing the numer of shares outstanding 5%, this means each existing share of
IM will claim 5% more of its earnings. Therefore, IM’s earnings growth goes from 3%/ear to 8%/ear
in the model with uacks. Using the same discount rate as efore, ut using the new numers for
earnings per share and earnings growth, m model now shows that each share of IM is actuall worth
$394/share. This means that each share of IM is vastl undervalued toda.
ince IM will almost certainl u ack large quantities of its stock for ears to come, I elieve m
model with uacks gives a more accurate picture of IM’s true value, compared to the model without
uacks. However, there’s one thing to keep in mind.
hare uacks have such a large impact on IM’s valuation in part ecause IM’s stock is so cheap
toda. If IM’s stock were twice as expensive, the compan would onl e ale to u 2.5% of its shares
spending $7 illion. This would lower IM’s earnings growth rate and thus lower its fair value as well.
Indeed, if IM’s stock were expensive enough, share uacks could actuall reduce IM’s fair value.
Thankfull, we’re far from that point.
It’s rare to find a compan like IM that has the ailit, willingness and the opportunit to add significant
value to its stock through uacks. Indeed, uacks is one of the ig reasons wh Warren uffett
decided to invest in IM (http://www.cnc.com/id/100690842). Looking at m valuation model, it’s hard
to disagree with his thinking.
Tags : uacks (/welog/tags/uacks/) IM (/welog/tags/IM/)
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David • 7 months ago
I find this share buyback argument hard to swallow.
Suppose instead of buying back shares IBM returned the $7 billion via dividend.
The investor can always take the dividend and use the money to buy more shares. (Ignoring tax).
The buyback creates wealth only if the buyback price is below intrinsic value.
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›
Hi David,
You're absolutely right buybacks only create wealth only if the stock price is below intrinsic
value. But conversely, when the stock price is far below intrinsic value, buybacks are very
effective. That's why Buffett wished for IBM stock prices to stagnate. At current prices,
buybacks serve us shareholders better than dividend payments do. IBM's management
recognizes that, and that's part of the appeal of investing in IBM.
Jin
△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›
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