Application Note 42

June 1991

Voltage Reference Circuit Collection

This application note is a guidebook of circuits featuring positive and negative polarities, in voltage and current
voltage reference ICs in various configurations. The cir- boosted versions. Additional circuit information can be
cuits shown are both basic as well as complex and employ located in the references listed in the index. The reference
many popular IC references. Included are 2-terminal and works as follows, i.e., AN8, page 2 = Application Note 8,
3-terminal references in series and shunt modes, for page 2; LTC1044 OS = LTC1044 data sheet.

FIGURE TITLE
2-Terminal Reference
1.2V Output, Micropower Reference from 1.5V Battery .... Figure 44 ...... 10. .. LT1004 OS
1.2V Output, Micropower Reference from 9V Battery .... Figure 45 . ..10 LT1 004 OS
1.2V Output, Micropower Reference with Wide Input Voltage Range Figure 46 .... 11
1.24V Output, Micropower, Current Boosted Reference (100mA) .. Figure 52 . .11 .LT1004 OS
2.5V Output, Micropower Reference .. Figure 47 .. ...... 11 .Ln004 OS
2.5V Output, Micropower Reference with Wide Input Voltage Range Figure 48 ..... 11
3-Terminal Reference
2.5V Output, Temperature Independent Trim Figure 7 5 LM336 OS
2.490V Output, Trim for Minimum TC Figure 8 5 LM336 OS
2.5V Output Reference, ±5% Trim Range.... .. Figure 4.. ...5 Ln009 OS
2.5V Output with Wide Input Range .. Figure 49 11 Ln009 OS
Basic Hookup for LT1019 Series Reference .. Figure 18 7 LT1019 OS
Basic Hookup for Ln 021 Series Reference Figure 19 7 LT1 021 OS
Basic Hookup for Ln 027 Series Reference .. Figure 20 7 LT1 027 OS
5V Output Reference, +5%, -13% Trim Range Figure 5 5 LT1 029 OS
5V Output Reference, Narrow Trim Range .. Figure 6 5 Ln 029 OS
5.120V Output, Trimmed Reference .. Figure 9 6 Ln029 OS
Basic Hookup for LT1031 Series Reference .. Figure 21 7 LT1 031 OS
Bipolar Reference
±10V Output, Precision Reference .. Figure 39 10
±1.25V Output, Logic Programmable Reference Figure 43 10
+1.227V, +2.45V Output, Self-Buffered, Micropower Reference Figure 51 ..11 Ln178 OS
±10V Output Reference . Figure 42 10
±5V Output Reference . Figure 40 .. .. 10 .. LT1 029 OS
±2.5V Output Reference .. Figure 41 .10 .. LT1 029 OS
+1.2V, +7V Output, Pre-Regulated Reference .. Figure 50 11
Application Note 42
DRAWING INDEX (Continued)
FIGURE TITLE FIGURE # PAGE REFERENCE/SOURCE
Boosted Reference
1.24V Output, Micropower, Current Boosted Reference (100mA) Figure 52 11
Current Boost Negative Reference (LT1019-2.5, -5. -10) Figure 37 9 LT1019 OS
-10V Output, Current Boosted Reference Figure 38 10 LT1 031 OS
10V Output with VIWVOUT Shunt Resistor for Greater Current Figure 53 12 LT1031 OS
10V Output with External PNP for Boosted Output (100mA) Figure 54 12 LT1031 OS
10V Boosted Output with Current Limit (1 OOmA) ,.......................... .. Figure 55 .... 12 LT1031 OS
Series Reference with PNP Boost Figure 56 12 LT1021 OS
Buffered Reference
2.5V Output. Low Noise Reference Figure 64 15 LT1009 OS
Precision High Current Reference (1.5A) Figure 57 12 AN2. page 7
-10V Output, Low Noise Reference Figure 62 14
Single Supply, -10V Output, Trimmed Low Noise, Low TC Reference Figure 63 14
-5V Output, Current Boosted Negative Reference with Overload Protection Figure 60 13
10V Output, Low Noise Reference Figure 61 14 LT1031 OS
7V Output, Low Noise. Low Drift Reference Figure 65 15 LTZ1000 OS
Buffered Standard Cell Figure 58 13 LT1012 OS
Standard Grade Variable Voltage Reference Figure 59 13 LTC1052 OS
Micropower Reference
1.2V Output, Micropower Reference from 1.5V Battery Figure 44 10 LT1004 OS
+1.236V, 2.45V Output, Self-Buffered, Micropower Reference (100mA) Figure 51 11 LT1178 OS
1.24V Output, Micropower, Current Boosted Reference Figure 52 11 LT1004 OS
2.5V Output, Micropower Reference Figure 47 .. 11 LT1004 OS
2.5V Output, Micropower Reference with Wide Input Voltage Range Figure 48 11
Negative Output Reference
Shunt Operation of a Series Device (LT1019-2.5, -5. -10) Figure 36 9
Current Boost Negative Reference (LT1019-2.5. -5, -10) Figure 37 9 LT1019 OS
Shunt Mode Operation of a Series Device (L T1021-7, -10) Figure 32 9 LT1021 OS
-5V Output Reference (LT1021-5) Figure 33 9 LT1021 OS
-10V Output for a Series Device Figure 34 9 LT1 031 OS
-10V Output, Wide Input Range Figure 35 9 LT1 031 OS
-10V Output, Current Boosted Reference Figure 38 10 LT1 031 OS
Power Reference!Regulator Circuits
Programmable Negative Output High Stability Regulator Figure 83 22 LT1033 OS
High Current Variable Output Supply....................... . Figure 88 23 LT1004 OS
Simple High Stability Regulator Figure 77 19 , LT1004 OS
High Stability Negative Regulator .. Figure 78 ...19 LT1 033 OS
Regulator with Reference .. Figure 79 20
Negative Output Regulator with Reference . Figure 80 20
Low Temperature Coefficient Regulator Figure 84 22
Precision High Current Reference (1.5A) Figure 57 12 AN2, page 7
5V Output, Low Dropout, Micropower Regulator with 2.5V Reference Figure 85 22 LT1 020 OS
Programmable High Stability Regulator Figure 82 21 ,
High Current Regulator with Reference Figure 87 23 LT1 086 DS
 Application Note 42
DRAWING INDEX (Continued)
FIGURE TITLE FIGURE # PAGE REFERENCE/SOURCE
Power Reference/Regulator Circuits (Continued)
5V Output, Low Oropout, Micropower Regulator with 2.5V Reference and Shutdown Figure 86 .. 23 LT1120 DS
Simple Stacked Reference/Regulator Figure 81 21
Series Reference
Wide Trim Range (±5%) Figure 25 8 .. LT1019 DS
Narrow Trim Range (±0.2%) Figure 26 8 LT1 019 DS
10V Output, Trimmed to 10.240V Figure 29 8 LT1019 DS
5V Output, Trimmed to 5.120V Figure 28 8............. . LT1 019 DS
10V Output, Full Trim Range (±O.7%) Figure 22 7 LT1 021 DS
10V Output, Restricted Trim Range for Improved Resolution Figure 23 7 LT1021 DS
10V Output, Trimmed to 10.24V Figure 27 8............. .. LT1021 DS
Low Noise Statistical Voltage Standard Figure 31 9
5V Output, Fast Settling. Trimmed Reference Figure 30 8 LT1027 DS
10V Output, Trimmed Reference .. Figure 24 8 LT1031 DS
Shunt Reference'
Precision Divide by Two .. Figure 15 6 LTC1043 DS
Precision Multiply by Two Figure 16 6......... .... LTC1043 DS
Ultra-Precision Voltage Inverter Figure 17 6 .. LTC1043 DS
2.5V Reference (LT1431Z) Figure 10 6 LT1431 DS
2.5V Reference (LT1431) Figure 11 6 LT1431 DS
5V Reference Figure 12 6 LT1431 DS
Increasing 5V Reference Figure 13 6 LT1431 DS
Programmable Reference with Adjustable Current Limit Figure 14 6 LT1431 DS
Basic Operation of Shunt Reference Family Figure 1 5 LT1004 DS
Current Source Stabilized Reference Figure 2 5 LM334 DS
Low TC Current Stabilized Reference Figure 3 5
Temperature Stabilized Reference
Buffered Standard Cell Replacement Figure 69 17
10V Output, Self-Biased Temperature Stabilized Reference Figure 70 .17... .. LM399 DS
Ultra-Precision Variable Voltage Reference........... .. Figure 71 18 AN6. page 6
10V Output, Temperature Stabilized Reference Figure 72 18 .. LM399 DS
Temperature Stabilized 10V Buffered Reference Figure 73 18 LT1012 DS
6.95V Output, Temperature Stabilized Reference (VIN = ± 15V) Figure 74 19 LM399 DS
6.95V Output. Temperature Stabilized Reference (VIN = 9V to 40V) Figure 75 19 LM399 DS
6.95V Output. Temperature Stabilized Reference (VIN = -9V to -33V) Figure 76 19 LM399 DS
10V Output, Temperature Stabilized Reference Figure 66 15 .... LT1019 DS
Low Noise, Ultra Low Drift. Long Term Stable 7V Positive Reference Figure 67 16 LTZ1 000 DS
Low Noise, Ultra Low Drift. Long Term Stable Negative Voltage Reference Figure 68 16 LTZ1000 DS
AppendiX
Precision Resistor Selection Appendix A 24
Capacitor Selection Appendix B 27
Trimming Techniques Appendix C 29
'See also 2-Terminal References
Application Note 42
VOLTAGE REFERENCE SELECTION GUIDE*
VOLTAGE MAXIMUM
VOLTAGE TOLERANCE OPERATING DYNAMIC
Vz MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE DRIFT, CURRENT RANGE IMPEDANCE
(VOLTS) TA = 25°C DEVICE ppm/oC OR mV CHANGE (OR SUPPLY CURRENT) (0) MAJOR FEATURE
1.235 ±0.32% LT1 004C-1.2 20ppm (typ) 10JlA to 20mA 1.5 Micropower
±0.32% LT1 004CS8-1.2 20ppm (typ) 10JlA to 20mA 1.5 Micropower
±1'10 LT1034BC-1.2 20ppm (max) 20jlA to 20mA 1.5 Low TC Micropower with
7V Aux. Reference
±1'10 LT1034C-1.2 40ppm (max) 20jlA to 20mA 1.5 Low TC Micropower with
7V Aux. Reference
±2% LM385-1.2 20ppm (typ) 15jlA to 20mA 1.5 Micropower
+1% LM385B-1.2 20ppm (typ) 15jlA to 20mA 1.5 Micropower
2.5 ±0.5% LT1 004C-2.5 20ppm (typ) 20jlA to 20mA 1.5 Micropower
±0.8% LT1004CS8-2.5 20ppm (typ) 20JlA to 30mA 1.5 Micropower
±0.2% LT1009C 6mV (max) 400jlA to 10mA 1.4 Precision
±2.5'10 LT1009S8 25ppm (max) 400jlA to 20mA 0.6 Precision
±0.2% LT1019C-2.5 20ppm (max) 1.2mA N/A Precision Bandgap
±4'10 LM336-2.5 6mV (max) 400jlA to 10mA 1.4 General Purpose
±2'10 LM336B-2.5 6mV (max) 400jlA to 10mA 1.4 General Purpose
±3'10 LM385-2.5 20ppm (typ) 20JlA to 20mA 1.5 Micropower
±1.5'10 LM385B-2.5 20ppm (typ) 20JlA to 20mA 1.5 Micropower
±3'10 LT580J 85 (max) 1.5mA N/A 3 Terminal Low Drift
±1'10 LT580K 40 (max) 1.5mA N/A 3 Terminal Low Drift
±O.4% LT580L 25 (max) 1.5mA NlA 3 Terminal Low Drift
±0.4% LT580M 10 (max) 1.5mA NlA 3 Terminal Low Drift
4.5 ±0.2% LT1019C-4.5 20ppm (max) 12mA N/A Precision Bandgap
5.0 ±0.2% LT1019C-5 20ppm (max) 1.2mA N/A Precision Bandgap
±1% LT1021BC-5 5ppm (max) 1.2mA 0.1 Very Low Drift
±0.05% LT1021CC-5 20ppm (max) 1.2mA 01 Very Tight Initial Tolerance
±1'10 LT1021 DC-5 20ppm (max) 1.2mA 0.1 Low Cost, High Performance
±1'10 LT1021CS8 20ppm (max) 1.2mA 0.1 Low Cost, High Performance
±0.02% LT1027A 2ppm (max) 2.0mA N/A Low Drift, Tight Tolerance
±0.05% LT1027B 2ppm (max) 2.0mA N/A Low Drift, Tight Tolerance
±0.05% LT1027C 3ppm (max) 2.0mA N/A Low Drift, Tight Tolerance
±0.05% LT1027D 5ppm (max) 20mA N/A Low Drift, Tight Tolerance
±0.1% LT1027E 7.5ppm (max) 2.0mA N/A Low Drift, TightTolerance
±0.2% LT1029AC 20ppm (max) 700jlA to 10mA 0.6 Precision Bandgap
±1% LT1029C 34ppm (max) 700jlA to 10mA 0.6 Precision Bandgap
±0.3% REF02E 8.5ppm (max) 1.4mA N/A Precision Bandgap
±0.5% REF02H 25ppm (max) 1.4mA N/A Precision Bandgap
±1'10 REF02C 6.5ppm (max) 1.6mA N/A Precision Bandgap
±2'10 REF02E 250ppm (max) 2.0mA N/A Bandgap
6.9 ±3'10 LM329A 10ppm (max) 600jlA to 15mA 1.0 (typ) Low Drift
±5'10 LM329B 20ppm (max) 600JlA to 15mA 1.0 (typ) Low Drift
±5'10 LM329C 50ppm (max) 600jlA to 15mA 1.0 (typ) General Purpose
±5% LM329D 100ppm (max) 600jlA to 15mA 1.0 (typ) General Purpose
±4'10 LTZ1000 0.1 ppml°C 4mA 20.0 Ultra Low Drift,
2ppm Long Term Stability"
6.95 ±5'10 LM399 2ppm (max) 500jlA to 10mA 1.5 Ultra Low Drift
±5'10 LM399A 1ppm (max) 500jlA to 10mA 1.5 Ultra Low Drift
7.0 ±O.?% LT1021 BC-7 5ppm (max) 10mA 0.2 Low Drift/Noise, Exc. Stability
±0.7% LT1021 DC-7 20ppm (max) 1.0mA 0.2 Low Cost, High Performance
10.0 ±0.2% LT1019C-10 20ppm (max) 1.2mA N/A Precision Bandgap
±0.5% LT1021 BC-10 5ppm (max) 1.7mA 0.25 Very Low Drift
±0.05% LT1021CC-10 20ppm (max) 1.7mA 0.25 Very Tight Initial Tolerance
±0.5% LT1021DC-10 20ppm (max) 1.7mA 0.25 Low Cost, High Performance
±0.5% LT1031BC 5ppm (max) 1.7mA 0.25 Very Low Drift
±0.1% LT1031CC 15ppm (max) 1.7mA 0.25 Very Tight Initial Tolerance
±0.2% LT1031DC 25ppm (max) 1.7mA 0.25 Low Cost, High Performance
±0.3% LT581J 30ppm (max) 1.0mA N/A 3 Terminal Low Drift
±0.1% LT581K 15ppm (max) 1.0mA N/A 3 Terminal Low Drift
±0.3% REF01 E 8.5ppm (max) 1.4mA N/A Precision Bandgap
±0.5% REF01 H 25ppm (max) 1.4mA N/A Precision Bandgap
±1'10 REF01C 65ppm (max) 1.6mA N/A Precision Bandgap
 Application Note 42

LM334 RSEl
Iz RSET
Iz ~ VOUT 10~A 6.82k
(I, < Iz) 100~A 6.82Q
1mA 68.2Q
-= 10mA 6.82Q

V,. ~ 5.0V +
(BOO~+ldR

•.••• -- •..••• -\VREf = 2.500V

l' "BOO"A

LT1009 r;,.J__ .~~~~~ VREf = 5.000V

25k

• DOES NOT AFFECT

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT
±5'10 TRIM RANGE

Figure 4. 2.5V Output Reference, Figure 5. 5V Output Reference,

±5% Trim Range +5%, -13% Trim Range
I Z :; 67mV + 667mV
RSET Rl
• TRIM Rl FOR MIN Te OF Iz (IF NECESSARY)
AN4:>·03

Figure 3. Low TC Current Stabilized

Reference

V,. ~ 5.0V +
(700~+ldR

!'" 700"A

~
LM336-2.5/ ~,6./.----- ~10k'
TRIM

TRIM RANGE
0.4% - LT1029A, R1 = 750k
1.2% - LT1029, R1 =250k

Figure 6. 5V Output Reference, Figure 7. 2.5V Output, Temperature Figure 8. 2.49DV Output,
Narrow Trim Range Independent Trim Trim for Minimum TC
 Application Note 42
V'N~5.12V+
(700~+ III R

~I" 700,.A

t----,.:-- .•..- V REF= 5.120V

I,

Figure 9. 5.12DV Output,

Trimmed Reference

Figure 14. Programmable Reference with

Adjustable Current Limit

v· - O.3V $
V1N :s;
v· + O.3V

VOUT=V'N/2 ± lppm VOuT=2V'N±5ppm VOUT= -V'N±2ppm

OSV1NSV+ O",V'N<V+/2 V-<V'N<V+
3sV+.s18V 3",V+",18V v+ = +5V, v- = -5V

Figure 17. Ultra-Precision Voltage

Inverter
 Application Note 42

Figure 18. Basic Hookup for Figure 19. Basic Hookup for Figure 20. Basic Hookup for
LT1019 Series Reference LT1021 Series Reference LT1027 Series Reference

TC IN ppm/oC
DEVICE VOUT (TYP/MAXI
LT1031B 10V±5mV 3/5
LT1031C 10V±10mV 6/15
Figure 21. Basic Hookup for LT1031 D 1OV ±20mV 10/25
LT1 031 Series Reference lT1021 PERFORMANCE
TC IN ppm;oC
DEVICE VOUT (TYP/MAX)
LT1021C-5 5V ±2.5mV 3/20
LT1021 B-5 5V ±50mV 2/5
LT1021B-7 7V ±50mV 2/5
LT1021D·7 7V±50mV 3/20
LT1021C-10 10V±5mV 5/20
LT1021 B-1 0 10V ±50mV 2/5

• LOW TC CERMET
TC IN ppm/oC
(CAN BE RAISEO TO 20kn FOR
LESS CRITICAL APPLICATIONS)
DEVICE VOUT (TYP/MAX); C = COM, M = MIL
LT1019A-2.5 2.5V ±1.25mV 3/5 (Cl, 5/10 (M)
Figure 22. 10V Output, Full LT1019-2.5 2.5V ±5mV 5/20 (C), 8/25 (M)
Trim Range (±0.7%) LT1019A-5 5V±2.5mV 3/5 (C), 5/10 (M)
LT1019-5 5V±10mV 5/20 (C), 8/25 (M)
LT1019A-10 10V±5mV 3/5 (C), 5/10 (M)
LT1019-10 10V ±20mV 5/20 (C), 8/25 (M)

TC IN ppm/oC
DEVICE VOUT (TYP/MAXI
LT1027A 5V±1mV 1/2
R1
75k R2 LT1027B 5V ±2.5mV 1/2
50k
LT1027C 5V±2.5mV 2/3
LT1027D 5V±2.5mV 3/5
LT1027E 5V±5mV 517.5

Figure 23. 10V Output, Restricted Trim

Range for Improved Resolution
Application Note 42
LT1031

-IN OUT

GND
R2- OUT
OUT
4.3k R3
VIN IN LT1019 -IN LT1019 R2-
50 1.5M
R1-- R1
GND TRIM GND TRIM 10
50
I
-
-CAN BE INCREASED TO 5.6k FOR
LT1031B AND LH0070-2
--INCREASE TO 100 FOR LT1031D

Figure 24. 10V Output, Trimmed

Reference

VOUT VOUT

OUT 41.2k OUT 90.9k

LT1019-5 1% LT1019·10 1%
VIN IN VIN IN

-MUST BE WELL REGULATED

dVOUT 15mV
-.w=- --.:r
=

Figure 27. 10V Output, Figure 28. 5V Output, Figure 29. 10V Output,
Trimmed to 10.24V Trimmed to 5.120V Trimmed to 10.240V

7.5VTO 35V

2
V1N

LT1D27

I 4.7~F
TANTALUM
 Application Note 42
+15V

IN IN IN

LT1021-10 LT1021-10 LT1021-10

f"'
330
OUT OUT OUT

GNO GND GND

-= -= -= -=

10.00V
OUTPUT

+
T 100~F
LOW LEAKAGE

LT1021
(7 AND 10 ONLY)

OUT

--
Rl
-VOUT

lLOAO R1 = VOUT - (V-)

ILOAD+ 1.5mA
Rl
-VOUT

Rl ILOAD

Figure 32. Shunt Mode Operation of a Figure 33. -5V Output Reference Figure 34. -10V Output for a
Series Oevice (LT1021-7, -10) (LT1021-5) Series Device

LT1031

OUT

LT1019 LT1019
(2.5, 5, AND 10)
IN OUT
OUT

R1 15V-VOUT
R1 =
I LOAD + 1.5mA

Figure 35. -10V Output, Wide Figure 36. Shunt Operation of a Series Figure 37. Current Boost Negative
Input Range Device (LT1019-2.5, -5, -10) Reference (LT1019-2.5, -5, -10)
Application Note 42

+15V

3.3k
OUT1
10.000V
5% 10k

13 10k

0.1%
OUT2
-10.000V

3.3k

1%

+15V

~ ~6k
dcn~.. ~
LT1029
R1
25k
0.1%

R2
+5V

25k
-=- LT1029 0.1%

R3
1k
5%

-5V

R1= 1-15VI-10V
ILOAD+ 1.5mA

It -5
5k
+15V' +9V

~ 3k ~ 510k

r1.235V r1.235V

.t LT1004-1.2 .t LT1004-1.2

'OUTPUT REGULATES
DOWN TO 1.285V
FOR lOUT = 0

Figure 43. ±1.25V Output, Logic Figure 44. 1.2V Output, Micropower Figure 45. 1.2V Output, Micropower
Programmable Reference Reference from 1.5V Ballery Reference from 9V Ballery
 Application Note 42

t LT1004-1.2

Figure 46. 1.2V Output, Micropower Figure 47. 2.5V Output, Figure 48. 2.5V Output, Micropower
Reference with Wide Input Voltage Range Micropower Reference Reference with Wide Input Voltage Range

1. 236SV
OUTPUT
4V TO 9V

2.470V
OUTPUT

O.1"F VOUT = 1.235V

'MAX = 100mA
2M
10 = 50~A

1M' 1M'

'=0.1 % FILM RESISTORS

TOTAL BAITERY CURRENT=28~
OUTPUT ACCURACY = ±0.4% MAX
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT =20ppm/oC
LOAO REGULATION =2Sppm/mA, IL"SmA, V + ~SV
LINE REGULATION = IOppmIV

Figure 51. +1.227V, +2.45V Output, Sell-Buffered, Figure 52. 1.24V Output, Micropower, Current Boosted
Micropower Reference Reference (100mA)
Application Note 42
V I ,,12 8V
V+ "11.8V

R1·
Rl L~t~
220fl
IN 169fl

LT1031

GNO
OUT

r -, Vour lOV

I ~~~~:~TL~~~mA lOV
I RL
lOV

L .J @100mA

2"F
@100mA
2"F
SOLID SOLID
':" ':" TANT TANT
·SELECT Rl TO DELIVER TYPICAL LOAD CURRENT.
LT1031 WILL THEN SOURCE OR SINK AS NECESSARY
TO MAINTAIN PROPER OUTPUT. DO NOT REMOVE LOAD
AS OUTPUT WILL BE DRIVEN UNREGULATED HIGH. LINE
REGULATION IS DEGRADED IN THIS APPLICATION.

Figure 53. 10V Output with VIN-VOUT Figure 54. 10V Output with External PNP Figure 55. 10V Boosted Output with
Shunt Resistor for Greater Current for Boosted Output (100mA) Current Limit (100mA)

V+ 2:.

(Vour+2.8V)
GLOWS IN R1
CURRENT LIMIT LED 220fl
(DO NOT OMIT) ~~

"LT1 OXX· OUT

PER TABLE
GNO
IN LT31n OUT
ADJ

DEVICE VOUT
Ln01 9-2.5 2.5V
LT1019-5 5V
LT1021-5
LT1009

1
LT1027 2.5V
LT1021-7
LT1019-10
LT1021-10

Figure 56. Series Reference with PNP Boost

 Application Note 42

SATURATED
STANDARD
CELL
#101
EPPLEY LABS
NEWPORT, R.1.

THE TYPICAL 30pA BIAS CURRENT OF THE LTl012 WILL DEGRADE THE
STANDARD CELL BY ONLY 1ppm/YEAR. NOISE IS A FRACTION OF A
ppm. UNPROTECTED GATE MDSFET ISOLATES STANDARD CELL ON
POWER DOWN.

r---...,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
L ~
227k"" 99.95k""
"TRW MAR·6 TYPE. (SELECT) 5011"
USE SINGLE POINT GROUNDING TECHNIOUE
""JULIE RESEARCH LABS, TYPE NB·l.

R1
3.6k

--
.2mA LT1027

Zl
Vz ~ IVOUT I + 2.5V 1N758
10V

.1mA t VOUT"
-5V
10DmA
Application Note 42

LT1031 Rl +VREf
36k 10V
15V IN OUT

GND f=10Hz TOTAL NOISE

:52p.Vrms
1Hzsfsl0kHz

I
I
I
I
I
R1 I
75k J; R2
.;- 50k
I

IN
LT1021-7
OUT

-15V
25k 25k 25k
~=R2

~_Rl

1% 25k ARRAY
 Application Note 42

LTZ1000
r--'
I
I 30k

I
I
I
L._,
120 I

OUTPUT

IN OUT
01 LT1019-10
2N3904
HEAT

TEMP GND
lk
R3 Rl·
D.lpF 75k lMll

·SELECT FOR DESIRED TEMPERATURE. VALUES '="

GIVEN SET CHIP TEMPERATURE TO = 70°C
WITH VOUT = 10V.
Application Note 42

GROUNO
ZENER-
FORCE

HEATER
RETURN
(TIEO TO
·PROVIOES TC COMPENSATION, OELETE FOR LTZ1000A. GROUNO)

APPROXIMATE CHANGE IN REFERENCE VOLTAGE FOR A 100ppm (0.01%) CHANGE IN

RESISTOR VALUES:
6R(0) 6Vz
Rl 0.0120 lppm
R2 7ll 0.3ppm
R3 70 0.2ppm
R4/R5 RATIO 6R=0.01% lppm
BOTH Al ANO A2 CONTRIBUTE LESS THAN 2~V OF OUTPUT ORIFT OVER A 50·C RANGE.

·PROVIOE TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION, OELETE FOR LTZ1000A.

APPROXIMATE CHANGE IN REFERENCE VOLTAGE FOR A l00ppm CHANGE IN
RESISTOR VALUES:
l00ppm = 6R(0) 6VZ
Rl 0.0120 lppm
R2 7ll 0.3ppm
~ 7ll ~.pm
R4/R5 RATIO 6R=0.01% lppm
BOTH Al ANO A2 CONTRIBUTE LESS THAN 2~V OF OUTPUT ORIFT OVER A 50·C RANGE.
 Application Note 42

LT1086 ,,
,-------- VOUT=+15V

IN OUT

OUTPUT
ADJUST
lOOk

6.95V

LM399
Application Note 42

OUTPUT
100,N TO 10V
2SmA

OUTPUT
lmVTO 100V
2SmA

1SV

+1
l.Bk

Sk
22
T
-
+
+lSV
lS0

CLAMP
SET.". lN414B

OUT
10V

6.Sk lk'
'THE 1k PRELOAO
MINIMIZES GLITCHES
INOUCED BY TRANSIENT
LOADS

Figure 73. Temperature Stabilized 10V

Buffered Reference
 Application Note 42

6.95V

LM399

Figure 74. 6.95V Output, Temperature Figure 75. 6.95V Output, Temperature Figure 76. 6.95V Output, Temperature
Stabilized Reference Stabilized Reference Stabilized Reference

VOUT = 5V@5A

R1
300n
1%

VOUT =VR(TOT)(1+~)+IAOJ R2

WHERE VRITOT) IS 1.25V + EXTERNAL REFERENCE

Application Note 42

LT10BS"

IN OUT VOUT = SV @ 1.5A

DEVICE FEATURES
+
I
VOUT=VRA(1+ M)+IAOJR2+VRB
LT1086 1.5A, Low Dropout
1O~F ILOAO = 10mA MIN LT1085 3A, Low Dropout
LT1084 5A, Low Dropout
R2
1.74k
-= LT1083 7.5A, Low Dropout
1%
__________ VRB LT317A 1.5A

t LT1009
2.5V LT350
LT338A
LT1038
3A
5A
10A

LT1009
n -

-- - -- - -- -2.5V
R2
2.49k
1%

AOJ

LT1033"
IN OUT VOUT = -7V @ 3A

"LT1033 FOR 10 = 3A
LT337 FOR 10 = 1.5A
 Application Note 42

Z1{l2 Vz VR VOUT
LT1034 1.225 1.225 2.475
LTl086 LT1004 1.235 1.235 2.485
IN OUT LT1009 2.500 2.500 3.750
LT1034 + LT1 009 1.225 + 2.5 3.725 4.975
~~k + GOUT
T150~F LT1 004 + LT1 009 1.235 + 2.5 3.735 4.985
LT1029 5 5 6.250
------- VR LT1034 + LT1029 6.225 6.225 7.475
7.485
1Zll VR = 13.8V
LT1 004 + LT1029
LM329
6.235
6.9
6.235
69 8150
8.750
1 z)
Zl, Z2 = LM329
LT1009 + LT1 029
LT1 034 + LM329
LT1 004 + LM329
2.5 + 5.0
1.225 + 6.9
1235 + 6.9
7.500
8.125
8.135
9.375
9.385
LT1 009 + LM329 2.5 + 6.9 9.400 10.650
2 x LT1029 5+5 10.000 11.250
LT1 029 + LM329 5 + 6.9 11.900 13.250
2 x LM329 6.9 + 6.9 13.800 15.050

Ul
LT1086
V IN VOUT

R3
ADJ 1.21k

+ GIN IAOJ~ + GOUT

l~F 1O~ F VOUT
I
(MINI I (MIN)
::::::: CADJ
I
I
I

VOUT = VR + IR' R2
WHERE VR = VRA + VRB,
IR = VR /Rl + VRA /R3 + IAOJ
Application Note 42

+ 11lF
R3 R1 saLia
1.5k 1k TANTALUM
1% 1%

-VOUT

• R2 = ~ -908r!
908 X 10-3

AOJUST R2
FOR 3.75V
ACROSS R1

VIN>5.2V
lo=40,.A Your

LT1020
+ 11

'''J GND FB

':'
 Application Note 42

6
VIN> 5.2V REF 4
5 VIN VOUT
IO=40pA

LT1120
+

'"'1
FB

SHUTDOWN -::-

LT338A
V1N VOUT
ADJ
1200 +
1011F

T
Application Note 42

Thin-Film
Precision Resistor Selection In the thin-film process, typically metal film, Nickel-Chro-
mium (Nichrome) or Tantalum-Nitride is deposited on a
Resistors are commonly used in precision linear circuits. ceramic substrate by evaporation or sputtering tech-
Common precision resistor technologies include thin- niques. The sputtering process is preferred since it pro-
film, thick-film, metal foil, and wirewound. Selecting the duces a more stable device. The 750A-150oA film can be
appropriate resistor type for a given application requires applied to either a planar substrate or a ceramic cylindrical
some understanding of the capabilities of the various core. Resistor networks use the planar substrate with
devices available. discrete thin-film resistors utilizing the familiar cylindrical
In many applications resistor selection depends on resis- shape. Nichrome parts havetypical temperature coefficient
tance value, absolute accuracy, and power dissipation. of resistance (TCR) of 25ppm/oC for a planar substrate
However, when designing precision linear circuits other and 50ppm/oC for a ceramic core substrate. Tantalum-
performance parameters usually must be considered. Nitride resistors tend to be slightly higher.
These include temperature coefficient, load life stability, Bulk-Metal Foil
and voltage coefficient. The relative importance of any
parameter depends on the particular application. Table A1 Bulk-metal foil resistors are madewith a Nickel-Chromium
lists characteristics of different resistor types. Because alloy that is cemented to a planar ceramic substrate. The
individual processes vary, characteristics for the same Nichrome alloy, substrate, and adhesive material are care-
resistor technology vary between manufacturers. fully balanced to achieve an overall low temperature
sensitivity. The bulk-metal foil's 25,OooA thickness is
Package type can significantly influence stability. Some significantly less susceptible to humidity than thin-film
packages more effectively protect the resistive element types.
from stresses due to handling, packaging, insertion, and
lead forming. Also, manufacturing conditions including Bulk-metal foil resistors are ultra-precision components.
solder baths, cleaning solutions, and humidity can cause Generally, they offer tighter tolerance, better stability, and
shifts in a resistor's value. Common package choices lower TCR's than their thin-film counterparts. Their high
include conformal coating, molded and hermetic types. stability and uniformity makes them a good candidate for
Conformal coated parts are the most common types in precision networks. The networks use hybrid type con-
semi-precision applications. Hermetic sealing offers struction and offer extraordinary ratio stabilities (O.5ppm/
substantial stability improvements, regardless of resistor °C). Unfortunately, bulk-metal technologies may cost two
technology. Hermetically sealed metal cases also provide to five times that of film resistors.
electrostatic shielding and isolation from humidity and
other environmental effects. Wirewound

Ultra-stable time and temperature characteristics become Wirewound resistors are usually made by winding resis-
an issue when circuitry must hold calibration over ex- tive wire of a specific diameter and characteristic around
tended ranges of time and temperature. In these applica- a core or card. Performance depends on the alloy used,
tions an oil filled packagemay be required. Theoil integrates wire lengths, diameter, and annealing process. Wirewound
ambient temperature variations, preventing thermal gra- resistors can be ultra-precision components and are best
dients across the resistor. suited in applications that require absolute accuracy,
stability, power, or low resistance value. Wirewounds
Various technologies available offer a spectrum of price- have excellent overload handling capability, but are poor
performance tradeoffs. Because of this, a summary of candidates for high speed work due to inductive effects.
resistor types is useful. Special winding schemes can greatly reduce this parasitic
inductance, but never entirely eliminate it.
 CARBON THIN-FilM THICK-FilM THIN-FilM METAL FOIL METAL Foil
CHARACTERISTIC COMPOSITION CARBON FilM CERMET NiCr FilM WIREWOUND (MOLDED) (HERMETIC)
Ohmic Range 2.7M-l00M lM-4.7M 1M-3M 10M-3M 20k-468k 1k-250k 1k-250k
Absolute Standard 5% 5.0% 1.0% 0.1% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
Accuracy' Available 20%-5% 5.0%-0.1% 1.0%-0.01% 1.0%-0.005% 1.0%-0.005% 1.0%-0.001 %
Temperature Standard - 5000ppm/oC - 200ppm/oC 100ppmfOC 10ppm/oC 5ppm/oC
Coefficient' Available - 100ppm/oC--1500ppm/oC 25ppmfOC-200ppm/oC 5ppm/oC-25ppm/oC 1.0ppm/oC-20ppm/oC 2.5ppm/oC-8ppm/oC 06ppmoC
TCR Tracking' 1: (1-9), 1.0ppm/oC 1: (1-4), 0.5ppm/oC 1: (1-4), 0.5ppm/oC 1: (1-4), 0.5ppm/oC
1: (10-100), 2.0ppm/oC 1: (5-10), 2.0ppmfOC 1: (5-10), 1.0ppm/oC 1: (5-10), 1.0ppm/oC
1: (100-1000), 4.0ppm/oC
Ratio Matching' 1: (1-9), 0.005% 1: (1-4), 0.005% 1:(1-4), 0.005% 1: (1-4), 0.005%
1: (10-100),0.01% 1: (5-10), 0.1% 1: (5-10),0.01% 1: (5-10), 0.01%
1: (100-1000), 0.02%
load-life Stability' lkHRS,6% 3.0% 1.0% 1kHRS, 0.02% 10kHRS, 0.2% 2kHRS, 0.015% 2kHRS, 0.015%
-4% 10kHRS, 0.05%
Shelf-life' 2.0% 0.1% 30ppmIYR 100ppmIYR 25ppmIYR 5ppmIYR
Voltage Coefficient -0.02%N 0.05ppmN O.lppmN 0.1ppmN O.lppmN
Of Resistance
Resistor Classification General Purpose General Purpose Semi-Precision Precision Precision Ultra-Precision Ultra-Precision
Manufacturer's Part Number Allen-Bradley"
CB Series
International"
Resistive Co.
International"
Resistive Co.
International"
Resistive Co.
Vishay/Ultronix"
105A
Vishay"
Sl 02 Series
Vishay"
VHP1000 »
"D
MARS
, ± Unless otherwise stated "D
" Parameters may vary between manufacturers
% ; ppm x 0.0001 o
0.0001 % ; 1ppm o
-+
0.001 % ; 10ppm
0.01 % ; 100ppm o
0.1'1. ; 1000ppm ~
1%; 10000ppm
z
o
-+
<D
~
!')
Application Note 42
Thick-Film Resistor Manufacturers
Thick-film resistors are made from a paste mixture of 1. Vishay/Ultronix
Metal-Oxide (cermet) and binder particles, screen printed 461 North 22nd Street
onto a ceramic substrate and fired at high temperatures. P.O. Box 1090
They are semi-precision components, with standard 1% Grand Junction, CO 81502
tolerance and typical TC's of 1OOppm/oCto 200ppm/oC. (303) 242-0810
Carbon Composition/Carbon Film 2. Vishay Resistive Systems Group
63 Lincoln Highway
Carbon composition resistors are made from a large
Malvern, PA 19355
chunk of resistive material. They can handle large over-
(215) 644-1300
loads fora short period oftime. This istheir main advantage
over the other resistor technologies. They are general 3. International Resistive Company
purpose components, not precision. Carbon composition P.O. Box 1860
resistors do not have constant TC's. TC's can vary any- Boone, NC 28607
where between -2000ppm/oC to -8,000ppm/oC and have (704) 264-8861
shelf-life stabilities of 2% to 5% of resistance value
(20,000ppmlYr to 50,000ppmlYr ). 4. Julie Research Laboratories
508 West 26th Street
Carbon film resistors are manufactured using a thin-film New York, NY 10001
process. Initial tolerance and TC are similar to carbon (212) 633-6625
composition. However, they do not havethe high overload
capability. The sole advantage is their low cost. 5. Allen-Bradley Company, Inc.
Electronic Components Division
1414 Allen-Bradley Drive
EI Paso, TX 79936-4888
(800) 592-4888
 Application Note 42
APPENDIX B
Capacitor Selection
~ : I" V
REF
OUT

Capacitor selection for voltage reference circuitry requires C~ fRLEAKAGE OV

care. Capacitor parasitics can introduce errors. Typical

capacitors found in reference circuitry include aluminum
and tantalum electrolytics, ceramic, and polyester. Table
81 summarizes characteristics pertinent to reference -----, I
~
applications. It reveals that equivalent value capacitors C2 ~ RLEAKAGE V REF
have electical characteristics that vary widely between
different capacitor technologies. :----: I
Leakage current becomes an issue when an RC network EFFECTIVE VALUE OF
filters a reference voltage. The leakage combines with the C= .1• .1 = _1_

resistor to shift the output voltage. Leakage varies with C1 C2 C EfFECTIVE

1
time and temperature and varies from device to device. A e.g. 2 C1 FOR C1 = C2
low leakage capacitor must be used in these applications. Figure B2. Bootstrapping Technique Minimizes Leakage Effects
The problem is illustrated by considering Figure 81. With
R = 1M, a 1x10-12 leakage path in a capacitor creates a ences may cause oscillations. The capacitor introduces a
1ppm error. Figure 82 is another approach to minimizing feedback pole which reduces phase margin of the refer-
leakage induced errors. Here, the voltage across C1 is ence. Phase shift can be excessive with low effective
reduced to zero by bootstrapping via R1. Under these series resistance (ESR) capacitors. The phase shift can be
conditions C1's leakage current is effectively zero since reduced by placing a small value resistor in series with the
there is OVacross it. C2's leakage appears in series with capacitor. If the phase shift is significant the reference will
R1, rendering it harmless. ring during transient conditions or simply oscillate. This
Output capacitors provide low output impedance at high condition is particularly significant for SAR type AID
frequencies. Large capacitors at the output of some refer- converter applications. Here, the reference output must
settle quickly or conversion errors will result. Consult
manufacturers data sheet for recommended output by-
passing techniques. Also, all references are not stable with
all capacitive loads.
Leakage and AC effects are not the only sources of
problems. Some ceramic capacitors have a piezoelectric
response. A piezoelectric device generates avoltage across
it's terminals due to mechanical stress, similar to the way
Figure B1. Leakage in the Capacitor Divides VREF'S Output. a piezoelectric accelerometer or microphone works. For a
Introducing Error ceramic capacitor the stress can be induced by vibrations

ALUMINUM SOLIO POLYESTER SOLID TANTALUM MULTILAYER ALUMINUM

CHARACTERISTIC ELECTROLYTIC FILM ELECTROLYTIC CERAMIC ELECTROLYTIC UNIT
Capacitance 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 IlF
ESR' 100kHz 0.198 0.456 4.5 0.062 5.4 n
Leakage Current' @ 5V 20 0.03 30 0.16 175 nA
Manufacturer's SANYO SANYO KEMET KEMET SANYO
Application Note 42
Capacitor Manufacturers
1. Nichicon (America) Corporation
927 East State Parkway
Schaumburg, IL 60195
(708) 843-7500
2. Sanyo Video Components (USA) Corporation
1201 Sanyo Avenue
San Diego, CA 92073
(619) 661-6322
Figure 83. A Ceramic Capacitor Responds to Light
Pencil Tapping 3. United Chemi-Con, Inc.
9801 West Higgins Road
in the system or thermal transients. The resulting voltages Rosemount, IL 60018
produced can causeappreciable referenceerrors. A ceramic
(312) 696-2000
capacitor produced Figure B3's trace in response to light
tapping from a pencil. Similar vibration induced behavior 4. Illinois Capacitor, Inc.
can masquerade as reference instabilities. 3757 West Touhy Avenue
Lincolnwood, IL 60645
(312) 675-1760
5. Kemet Electronics
P. O. Box 5928
Greenville, SC 29606
(803) 963-6300
 Application Note 42

With this method, the need for a bin of resistors on the

Trimming Techniques
production floor is eliminated.
It is often necessary to adjust a resistor's value in preci-
Often, the best solution is to have coarse and fine adjust-
sion circuits. The desired value may not be available or
ments. This can provide a more stable resistor value.
readily predictable. Either case necessitates a trim.
Figure C1(F) illustrates various ways to implement this
For optimum stability and adjustability, always use.the approach.
smallest value of trim resistance that gives the required
In many voltage reference circuits it is necessary to scale
range of adjustment. This reduces the stability and drift
and buffer the output of a reference to some calibrated
due to the poor matching characteristics between the
voltage. The trim sets the output voltage to the desired
fixed resistor and trim resistor. There seems to be a
degree of accuracy. Figure C2 shows various techniques
tendency for designers to use a 0.01 % resistor with a 1%
for trimming the buffered output. These examples utilize
trim adjustment. Don't pay for accuracy that isn't needed.
various resistor trimming techniques to set output
Avoid the extremes of resistance range when using a voltage.
trimmer. Although the entire range will meet the stated
Figure C2 (8) shows a simple voltage reference circuit. The
specifications, mid-range values tend to perform (TC,
reference is connected to the non-inverting input of an op
tracking, etc.) better than low and high values.
amp. The feedback resistors around the op amp scale the
Typical resistor trimming techniques are shown in Fi~ure output voltage to the approximate output voltage. The
C1. Selecting the appropriate method depends on various potentiometer fine tunes the output to the desired value.
factors including trim range, temperature stability, long
The temperature coefficient (TC) of the op amps gain
term stability, manufacturing processes, and calibration
setting resistors can add significant error to the reference
procedures. Figure C1(A) is a general purpose trim. This
technique has an extremely wide range. Equation 1 repre- output due to ambient temperature changes. The circuits
temperature coefficient is primarily set by the ratio matc~-
sents the percentage change in the desired resistor value,
ing characteristics of the resistors, as opposed to their
REQ,for a change in trim resistance. This equation is
absolute tolerance. Matched resistor sets provide a de-
useful when determining the optimum trimmer resistance
cadeor greater improvement in tempco performance than
and is provided for the various trimming schemes. If
increased stability is required, the circuit in Figure C1(8) individually specified resistors. Therefore, resistors that
can be used. In this case, increased stability is achieved at have relatively high TC's can be used if they track.
the expense of a narrower trim range. R1 must have a Another interesting characteristic of this circuit is the
tighter absolute tolerance than in the previous circuit for magnitude of output voltage drift with temperature caused
this technique to be useful. For improved resolution, a by the gain setting resistors. The drift error contributed by
resistor can be placed in series with this network, see the resistors is determined by multiplying their ratio (R1/
Figure C1(C). This approach is best suited for ultra- R2) by theirTCR tracking tolerance. Forexample, to obtain
precision applications, since it has the highest resolution. a 10V output from a 6.9V reference the gain setting
In some applications potentiometers may be unreliable. In resistors ratio needs to be about 0.45. This means that
these cases, resistor value can be trimmed by selecting 1Oppm/oCresistor TCRtracking effects output voltage by
the appropriate series resistor value, see Figure C1(D). only 4.5ppm/oC. Therefore, for minimum effect of the
However, this requires numerous resistors that must be resistor's TCR tracking, it is desirable to have the refer-
hand picked in production. An alternative approach is to ence voltage be a large percentage of the output voltage.
use a binary weighted trim as in Figure C1(E). The resis- The remaining circuits in Figure C2 show some alterna-
tance is trimmed by opening various links. With just four tives for trimming a reference voltage. The particular
resistors there are 16 different resistor values possible. circuit selected depends upon the required performance
specifications and manufacturing processes.
Application Note 42

REO

~Rl

qR2
o IIR3 Rl o Rl IIR3 R1
2) VoIlREa= (R2 + R3) 2 ·100 3) VoIlREO= (R1+R4) (R2+R3)2.100
R1« R2 + R3 R1« R2 + R3

(F) Coarse and Fine Adjustments

Figure C1. Resistor Trimming Techniques

 Application Note 42

VREf
VREf VREf

Rl

R2

':"

':" ':"

(A) (8) (e)

VREf

VREf

R
VREf

2R

4R
2R 4R 8R

R 2R 4R 8R
8R

':"
Application Note 42

If reliability is an issue, do not rely on the potentiometer components. With the unused portion of the trimmer tied
wiper contact. The open wiper condition is a common to the wiper (Figure C2 (8)) the output can only shift by the
trimmer failure. If this occurs the outputs in Figure C3will amount permitted by the total trimmer resistance, improv-
go to the supply rails, possibly damaging other system ing reliability.