SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Irrigation is the artificial application of water for the success of crop production in
the field. Irrigation has been a central feature of agriculture for over 5,000 years
worldwide. In the field of irrigation has reached a rapid development of mechanization. In
modern times, irrigation efficiency has become important because of groundwater
depletion.

Therefore, adequate planning for irrigation is required. In Bangladesh, the flood

irrigation method was selected mainly for its simplicity. But in this method, water is
wasted about 50% to 60% in Evapo Transpiration, infiltration, infiltration and
percolation, dead storage, additional water consumption of weeds. To improve irrigation
efficiency, an intelligent irrigation system has been introduced. In recent days, smart
irrigation is the subject of popular discussion for researchers.

The irrigation system is the smart climate monitoring system, soil conditions,
evaporation, using plant water and automatic irrigation program. Intelligent irrigation
systems beautify watering schedules and automatically running times to meet the specific
needs of the landscape. The controllers significantly improve the efficiency of outdoor
water use. There are several options for smart irrigation controllers, such as climate-based
soil moisture sensors on the site. Time Based controllers also known as Evapo
Transpiration (ET) controllers, using local meteorological data to regulate irrigation
schedules. Evapo Transpiration is the combination of soil surface evaporation and the
transpiration of Current global technology plays an important role in the field of
agriculture.

Automation is the technology with which a procedure or process is executed

without human assistance. The main objective of this work is to determine how a person
can use the automatic irrigation system of his own moderately economical facilities in a
few hours to connect some electronic components and other materials. An automatic
irrigation system based on sensor-based systems has been designed and implemented as
one of the most widely used and advantageous automatic systems. This will help people
in their daily activities, thus saving them time and hard work.

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 SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

This system uses sensor technology with the microcontroller, relay, DC motor and
battery. Behave as an intelligent switching system that detects the soil moisture level and
irrigates the plant if necessary. The ON / OFF motor will automatically be based on the
dryness level of the soil. In general, this system applies automatically for small and large
gardens, nurseries, greenhouses and green roofs. This will also save time and energy, as
well as minimize water loss. It will also help the farmer to benefit from the plantation
without solving irrigation planning problems.

Developing a Smart Irrigation System Using Arduino 32 International Journal of

Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology plant materials these drivers
collect local weather information and make irrigation water adjustments to the landscape
receive the right amount of water. Forecast evaporation data use four meteorological
parameters such as temperature, wind, solar radiation and humidity. It is the most
accurate way to calculate the climatic needs of the landscape. There are three basic forms
of these ET drivers based on time. The user's signal-based controller uses weather data
from an available audience. The source and value of ET are calculated for a grassy area at
the site. The ET data is sent to the controller via a wireless connection. Historical ET
controllers use a pre-programmed water usage curve based on historical water usage in
different regions. The curve can be adjusted for temperature and solar radiation. Those
responsible for on-site climate measurement use the climatic data collected on the site to
calculate the continuous measurements of ET and water.

When buried in the root area of the lawn, trees or shrubs, the sensor accurately
determines the level of moisture in the ground and transmits this reading to the controller.
Two different systems are available based on soil moisture sensors: suspended cycle
irrigation systems configured as traditional timers, with irrigation programs, start time
and duration. The difference is that the system will interrupt the next irrigation program
when there is enough moisture in the ground. The water system on request does not
require the scheduling of the irrigation duration. It has a user-defined lower and upper
threshold, which initiates irrigation when soil moisture level does not reach those levels.

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CHAPTER 2

MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

1). Arduino UNO Board:

Arduino is a single card microcontroller designed to make the application more

appreciable, that is interactive objects and the surrounding environment. The UNO board
of Arduino is a microcontroller based on ATmega328. It has 14 digital input and output
pins in which 6 can be used as PWM outputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, an ICSP
header, a USB connection, 6 analog inputs, a power connector and a reset button.

Contains all the necessary support controller required. It is presented by ATmega16U2

(Atmega8U2 up to R2 version) programmed as USB serial converter. It is a simple USB
interface system. This allows the interface. This allows the USB interface since it is like a
series. The chips on the card connect directly to the USB port and are compatible with the
computer as a virtual serial port. The advantage of this configuration is that serial
communication is an extremely simple protocol that has been proven over time and that
USB connects to modern computers and makes it comfortable. It is easy to find the
microcontroller brain that is the Atmega328 chip. It is an open source project and there is
an advantage to be open source, since it has a large community of people who use it and
solve it. This facilitates the help in debugging projects. It is very convenient to manage
the energy inside and has an integrated voltage regulation function. This can also be
powered directly from a USB port without an external power supply. It is connected to an
external power supply up to 12v and adjusts the digital pins of the 5v and 3.3v.13 and 6
analog pins. This type of pin allows you to connect the hardware to the UNO board of
Arduino externally. Simply connect the electronic devices and sensors to the plugs that
correspond to each of these pins and are ready to work.

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 SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

2) Moisture Sensor:

The humidity sensor is used to measure the water content (moisture) of the soil.
This sensor reminds the user to irrigate their plants and also controls the moisture content
of the soil. It has been widely used in agriculture, irrigation and the land botanical garden.
The ground moisture operating voltage is 5v, the current required is less than 20mA, the
interface is analog type sensors and operate between 10 and 20℃. The soil moisture
sensor uses capacitance to measure the dielectric permittivity of the surrounding soil. In
the soil, dielectric permittivity is a function of water content. The sensor creates a voltage
proportional to the dielectric permittivity and, therefore, to the water content of the soil.
The sensor calculates the average water content over the entire length of the sensor. The
soil moisture sensor is used to measure the loss of moisture over time due to evaporation
and plants. Monitor soil moisture content to control irrigation in greenhouses and improve
bottle biology experiments. The hardware and software needed for the soil moisture
sensor is Arduino IDE humidity sensor software, and the Arduino Uno board.

The soil moisture brings connected to the VCC% v of Arduino UNO, GND soil
moisture and interconnected sensor Arduino UNO and the last door of the A0 sensor
connected to the 0 Arduino analogue board. The program will generate the sensor value
as output. Take different types of terrain and insert the sensor into the ground. As a result,
you will get the value of moisture present in the soil. For demonstration purposes, the
user can keep the sensor on the ground. On the serial monitor The LM393 comparator
compares the sensor output value and the threshold value and then exits through the
digital pin which will give 5v and the display in the sensor will turn on when the sensor
value is lower than this threshold value, the digital pin will it will give 0v and the light
will go down.

3) Relay:

A relay is an electrical main voltage switch. This means that it can be turned on
or off, letting the current flow or not. Controlling a relay with Arduino is as simple as
controlling an output like a motor. A type of relay able to handle the high power required
to directly control an electric motor or other loads called contractors. Relays with
calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to
protect electrical circuits from overloads or failures. In relation to the mains voltage, the

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 SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

relays have 3 possible connectionsWe activate the relay to connect the COM pin and the
power supply is supplied to a load. There is a contact between the COM pin and the NC
pin. A connection between the COM and NC pins is always required, even when the relay
is switched off. When we activate the relay, the circuit opens and there is no power
supply for a load. All the pins of the forwarding. The connection between the relay
module and the arduino is really simple. The GND of the relay goes to ground. IN1 relay
port connected to the Arduino digital pin. Check the first channel of the relay.

4) Water Pump (DC, 12V)

For this study a water pump is required, which must be DC, 12V. The DC motor
is the commonly used motor and has DC power distribution systems. Some rotors carry
magnets and the stator grabs the conductors. The supports are used to allow the rotor to
rotate continuously towards its axis.

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 SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

CHAPTER 3

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION USING

ARDUINO UNO

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram of Automatic Irrigation Using Arduino UNO

The required connection of the automatic irrigation system is

(1) indicates the power supply

(2) indicates the relay module

(3) indicates microcontroller

(4) indicates the soil moisture sensor

(5) indicates the humidity probes of the soil

(6) indicates the plant in the pot

(7) indicates the water pump and

(8) indicates the water container or the water source.

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 SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

In the first cable of 3 bridges connected to the soil moisture sensor, 3 jumper
cables, one connected to GND, one connected to the VCC and the last one connected to
the A0 port.

Therefore, another part of the jumper cables connected to the Arduino board, i.e.
the VCC of the bridge cable is connected to the Arduino 5v, the GND connected to the
GND and the ground moisture sensor port A0 is connected to the analog port 0 of the
Arduino board. These connections are shared between the soil moisture sensor and the
Arduino board. Therefore, the connection between the relay module and the Arduino
board has been established. The GND port of the relay goes to ground. The first IN port is
connected to an Arduino digital pin and this connection controls the first relay channel.

When we connect the battery to the relay, a supply is supplied to a load. There is
always a connection between the COM pin and the NC pin even when the relay is
switched off. After connecting all the equipment, the main operation begins. The
measurement of soil moisture is carried out by the sensor that sends the information and
parameters relating to soil moisture to the microcontroller that controls the pump. If the
soil moisture levels fall below a certain value, the microcontroller sends the signals to the
relay module, which then drives a pump and a certain amount of water is delivered to the
system. Once the water has been delivered to the system, the water pump is automatically
shut down.

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CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTAION

Figure 4.1 shows the results of our experiment in the form of a general
representation of our automatic irrigation system tested on the basis of the microcontroller
and the Arduino sensor technology. When the program was loaded onto the Arduino, the
soil moisture sensor began to show the value of soil dryness. Figure 4.1. Automatic Plant
Watering System If the drying value is higher than the given value 400, the pump will
turn on and start to irrigate in the system, when the value is equal to or lower than the
given value, the pump will switch off and irrigation in the field will be completed. If we
want to flood the system or the field, the humidity sensor remains at a higher level or the
programming value must be lower than the previous fixed value. The graph shows that
when the dry value is higher, the engine starts to irrigate and, sometimes later, in a
saturated state, the engine switches off to reach a balanced position.

Previous humidity sensor system, connected to Arduino and humidity sensor. At

the beginning, we measure the specific volume of water from the measuring cylinder that
the water in a vessel in which we place the engine. Before starting to irrigate in the plant,
we must observe the time by means of a stopwatch to see the time difference between
automatic irrigation and manual irrigation in the plant. Therefore, as soon as the engine
starts at the same time, we start to see the time on the stopwatch after 3.23 minutes, the
plant reference point will be satisfied. So we stopped watering the plant. So, we see that
more water than sensor-based is needed.

Fig 4.1 Automatic Plant Watering System

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 SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

If we want to a water level in the plant then we need to change the defined value
400 to 250 in the program. The first dryness value was 680 then watering 2min it fulfills
the demand of saturating water level then we need to change the defined value 400 to
250. Then the motor will be started again and watering the plant 1min and meet the
demand of flooding water level then the motor will be stopped automatically (Figure 4.3).
Few seconds later when the dryness value exceed the defined value then the motor started
again and watering few seconds then again stopped and given a constant value. Irrigation
in the plant. The moisture value before and after obtained from an Excel file.

Figure 4.2. Graphical representation of dryness level of soil for saturation watering

Data Calculation

From the previous calculation, we observed that the water requirement is high
when we irrigate the plant manually. But when we use the sensor, we save 300ml of water
and can save about 21 seconds. The efficiency of irrigation is greater when we use the
pump sensor due to the reduction of water loss. In the Arduino-based sensor system, the
extra water does not go to the stove because the engine switches off when a quantity of
vital water is flushed.

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Calculation for Sensor-Based Watering System

Area of the circular vessel (tank of the plant), = πr2 = 0.045 m2 Total discharge
by saturation,

Q1 = [V (volume) / T (time)] ml / sec.= 7.67 ml/sec Total discharge for flood,

Q2 = 7.42 ml / sec.

Here we find that when we put the sensor on the ground, the dryness value is 669
and irrigation started as a drying value higher than the maximum dry level we defined in
the program. After irrigating 1 minute when it satisfied the demand, the engine stopped
automatically, therefore, a few seconds later, the plant environment was dry and the
drought was 420, the engine restarted and irrigation stopped automatically and a constant
value has been given.

Figure 4.3. Graphical representation of dryness level of soil for flooding water
level
If we want a flooded water level in the plant, we must change the defined value
from 400 to 250 in the program. The first drying value was 680 and then the 2 minute
irrigation meets the water level saturation request, so we have to change the defined value
from 400 to 250. Then, the motor will restart and irrigate the plant for 1 minute and will
meet the flood-level demand. The motor will stop automatically (Figure 3). A few
seconds later, when the drying value exceeds the defined value, the engine resumes
irrigation for a few seconds, then stops again and is assigned a constant value.
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CHAPTER 5

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

5.1 ADVANTAGES

The advantages of the system are :

 firstly there is soil moisture sensor which allows for water use only when and
where needed which help in conservation of water. Generally speaking, traditional
watering method can waste as much as 50% of the water used due to inefficiencies
in irrigation, evaporations and overheating.
 After that the data are real-time data where farmer can visualize water level and
moisture of spores in real time.
 “Plant Communicator” system uses sensor for real time data to inform watering
routines and modify watering schedules to improve efficiencies.
 Automating process in irrigation can reduce resources consumption, human error
and overall costs which help the farmer to lower the operation costs. This will
result in energy conservation and it is one of the great solutions for water
depletion and water scarcity. The machine- to- machine interaction provides better
efficiency; hence accurate results can be obtained fast. This result in saving
valuable time.
 Instead of repeating the same task every day, it enables people to do other creative
jobs. This project helps the farmer to increase the productivity by providing the
required amount of water. At last this system help to reduce soil erosion and
nutrient leaching.
 This system is feasible and cost-effective for optimizing water resources for
agricultural production. This will allows cultivation in places with water scarcity
thereby improving sustainability. It proves that the wastage of water can be
reduced.

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5.2 DISADVANTAGES

 This system work under the condition of light.

 There will be two condition if the light is above the required value moisture
performs its task, but if the light is under the required system then the moisture
does not perform its task.
 This system targets small projects like mushroom farm and indoor farm so, if the
farmers try to implement in big farm some error may occurs.
 This system does not receive local weather which determine when a landscape
should water.

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CHAPTER 6

FUTURE SCOPE

The performance of the system can be further improved in term of the operating
speed, memory capacity and instruction cycle period of the microcontroller by using
another high-end controller. The number of channels can be increased to interface a
greater number of sensors which is possible by using advanced versions of controllers.
The system can be modified with the use of a data logger and a graphical LCD panel or
using Things Speak API to show the measured sensor data over a period of time. this
device can be made to perform better by providing the power supply with the help of
renewable sources. Time bound administration of fertilizer, insecticides and pesticides
can be introduced. A water meter can be installed to estimate the amount of water used
for irrigation and thus giving a cost estimation and a solenoid valve can be used for
varying then volume of water flow.

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

In this study, a Smart Irrigation System Using Arduino was developed. The
microcontroller circuit has been made with few components and the circuit is highly
reliable. This circuit consisted of Arduino UNO, relay, soil moisture sensor, motor (12 v)
and battery. This system uses information from soil moisture sensors to irrigate the soil,
which helps prevent excessive irrigation and insufficient irrigation. This system works as
a potential solution to the problems faced in manual irrigation in the plant. This intelligent
irrigation system was designed for flood saturation and irrigation. Both operations were
performed on clayey and sandy soil in a pot. From the result, for the saturation, the total
water required for0.045m2 was 7.67 ml / sec and for the irrigation from full the water
needed for the same area was 7.42 ml / sec and the time required was 3.02 min. But every
time the water applied manually in the same vessel with the same total capacity of the
engine was found in 8.12 ml / s and the time required was 3.23 minutes. Total water
losses were 0.70 ml / s and time losses were 23 seconds. This study revealed that the
sensor-based irrigation system required less water and less time than the manual irrigation
system. Increased irrigation efficiency. The sensor-based irrigation system is the most
reliable system and has worked automatically without help. It makes the system more
efficient and convenient. The main limitation of this study is that it is tested on a small
scale; further studies are needed for largescale agriculture.

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REFERENCES

1) https://create.arduino.cc

2) https://techatronic.com

3) https://researchgate.net

4) https://instructables.com

5) https://theengineeringprojects.com

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