24th August 2021

Dr Suraj
Wireless Systems

- There are two major wireless systems

1. Microwave system
2. Satellite system

- Satellite System: usually positioned 800 miles above the earth.

- GPS: global navigation satellite system that provides location and time
synchronization. It helps you find a place or monitor a place or person. It is the global
series of connected earth orbiting sequences.
- GPS Uses
1. For locating a place or person
2. For navigation
3. Mapping
4. Tracking
5. Timing

- NavTrack GPS: Vehicle GPS tracker for personal or fleet use.

- Location Position System: a GPS type that uses RFIT(Radio Frequency Identification
Technology) to track people, vehicles inside an interior area.
- Pagers: used mostly by doctors and drug dealers. They are simple radio receivers to
which data is sent through a special radio transmitter.
- Beepers
- Cellular Phones: either analog or digital which are wireless
- Packets: wireless system of which the 'internet' makes use of

Factors Affecting Communication Devices

1. Transmission Rates: the higher the 'frequency', the wider the 'bandwidth', the faster
the data transmission.
- Frequency: the amount of data that can be transmitted on a channel. It is
expressed in 'hertz', one circle per second equals one hertz. The more
circles, the more hertz, the more data that will be transmitted.
- Bandwidth: it is the difference between the highest and lowest frequency

2. Line Configuration: makes use of point to point or multiple points through principal
configuration(ways of connecting)
- Point to Point: connect the sender to the receiver of data, like a terminal to a
personal computer.
- Multiple Point: connect several computers to a terminal.
3. Serial vs Parallel Transmission: data is transmitted either serially or in parallel.
- Serial Data Transmission: data is transmitted sequentially, in beats i.e one
after the other. Most computer data follows this way.
- Parallel Data Transmission: data is transmitted in two separate lines
simultaneously. It is faster than serial, more efficient e.g from a PC processor
to a printer.
 4. Direction of Transmission: when two computers are in communication of which data
can follow in 3 ways which are:
a. Simplex Transmission: data can travel in only one direction e.g Traditional TV
broadcast from the station to an antenna. There's no return signal.
b. Half Duplex: data travels in two directions but only one direction at a time e.g
it is used in marine radios where both parties take turns in talking.
c. Full Duplex: data is transmitted back and forth at the same time e.g two
people talking and listening on a mobile phone at the same time

5. Packet Switching: data takes some many routes at the same time.

6. Multiplexing: a means of enhancing communication efficiency and it is very expensive. It

is the transmission of multiple signals over a single communication channel e.g using data
for multiple apps at the same time on a mobile device.
- 3 types of devices that achieve multiplexing.

a. Multiplexer: devices that matches serial low signals to one high speed signal.
b. Concentrators: a piece of hardware that enables several devices connect to a single
device and it collects data in a temporary storage.
c. Front-End Processor: a smaller computer that is connected to a larger computer and
assists with communication functions. It transmits and receives messages over the
communication channels, corrects errors and relieves the larger computer of routine
tasks.

7. Protocols: they are sets of conventions governing the exchange of data between
hardware or software components in a communication network. They are used in diplomatic
areas and if there's no organization, data will be lost, jammed or not delivered to the
receiver.
- Types of Protocols
a. Physical: when connecting a computer to a light source and it charges.
b. Data Link: data transmission from node to node.
c. Network: routes data to different networks
d. Transport: ensures delivery of complete messages
e. Session: it gives a timeline and order to data transmission.
f. Presentation: rules of data transmission
g. Application: purpose of communicating