6

Cosmos College of Management &Technology

(AFFILIATED TO POKHARA UNIVERSIRTY)

Lalitpur-Tutepani,Nepal

Subject :RCC,Semester:7th

GROUP NAME : A3

Submited by:

1. Niraj Bariyati (180519)

2. Nitika bhattrai (180523)
3. Nitesh Kumar Pandit (180521)
4. Sumit Kumar Jha (180538)
5. Nitesh Kumar Yadav (180522)
6. Nisha Ray {180520)
7. Neha Yadav (180518)
8. Mahesh Nayak (180517)

1|Page
Table of Contents

Contents
1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Introduction to reinforced concrete structure.......................................................................3
1.2 Limitation of reinforced cement concrete.............................................................................3
1.3 Design method.......................................................................................................................3
1.4 Types of concrete beam section............................................................................................4
1.5 Mode of failure of RC beam...................................................................................................5
2 Objective........................................................................................................................................6
2.1 General objective...................................................................................................................6
2.2 Specific objective...................................................................................................................6
3 Methodology.................................................................................................................................7
3.1 Material properties................................................................................................................7
3.2 Design and drawing of specimen...........................................................................................8
3.3 Material estimation...............................................................................................................8
4 Concrete production......................................................................................................................9
4.1 Batching of concrete..............................................................................................................9
4.2 Mixing of concrete.................................................................................................................9
4.3 Casting (Placing and compaction) of specimen......................................................................9
4.4 Curing of specimen................................................................................................................9
5 Testing and Results......................................................................................................................10
5.1 Sample preparation for test.................................................................................................10
5.2 Loading arrangements.........................................................................................................10
5.3 Test result of sample 1.........................................................................................................10
5.4 Test result of sample 2.........................................................................................................11
5.5 Test result of sample 3.........................................................................................................12
6 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................14

2|Page
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to reinforced concrete structure
Plain cement concrete have low tensile strength. To improve the tensile strength some
reinforcement is provided that take tensile strength. Reinforced steel is placed in the form and
fresh concrete is poured around it. This solidified composite mass is called Reinforced
concrete structure. Steel reinforcement generally in the form of steel bars and are placed in
tension zone to take tensile stress. RCC is composite material, strong in both compression and
tension. Example of rcc structure consist building, stadium, rcc truss, bridge etc.

1.2 Limitation of reinforced cement concrete

 RCC structure are heavier than other structure such as steel structure.
 RCC needs lots of formwork, centering and shuttering to be fixed,thus required lots site
space and skilled labour.
 Concrete takes time to attain its full strength. Thus, RCC structure can’t be use d
immediately after construction unlike steel structures.
 Very less scrap value.

1.3 Design method

Design of RCC member comprises in following

 To decide the size of member and the amount of reinforced required.

 To check whether the adopted section will perform safely and satisfactory during the
life time of structure.

Various method used for design of RCC structure are as follows,

 Working stress method

 Load factor or ultimate load method
 Limit state method

1.3.1 Working stress method

 Based on elastic theory and assume both steel and concrete are elastic and obeys
hooks law,
 Stress is directly proportional to strain upto point of collapse.

1.3.2 Load factor or ultimate load method

 Ultimate or collapse load is used for design,
 Ultimate load is obtained by increasing working load suitably by some factor called
load factor,
 Ultimate load =Working load *Load factor

1.3.3 Limit state method

 Combination of both working stress and ultimate load method,
 Based on the concept of safety at ultimate load (ultimate load method) and
serviceability at working load (working stress method)
 Two important limit states to be considered in design are
 Limit state of collapse (flexure, shear and bond, torsion compression)
 Limit state of serviceability (deflection, cracking, Vibration)

3|Page
  This method takes account the uncertainties associated with both loads and material
property,

1.4 Types of concrete beam section

 Balanced section (Xu /d=Xu max/d)
0.87∗fy
 Steel reinforcement reaches the yield strain i.e. +0.002 at the same time
Es
as the concrete reach ultimate strain value 0.0035.
 Percentage of steel is equal to limiting percentage of steel
 Moment of resistance is equal to limiting moment
0.42∗Xu max
 Mu lim = 0.87*fy*A st *d*(1- )
d
 Under reinforced section (Xu /d < Xu max/d)
 In this case, steel fails first by reaching its yield strain value, although in concrete
ultimate strain has not reached
 Percentage of steel is less than maximum or limiting value
0.87∗fy
 Strain in steel reach its yield value first i.e. +0.002 but at same time strain
Es
in concrete is less than 0.0035
 Section fails in ductile manner.
 Moment of resistance is calculated as
0.42∗Xu
 Mu = 0.87*fy*A st *d*(1- )
d
 Over reinforced section (Xu /d > Xu max/d)
 strain in concrete reach its ultimate value i.e. 0.0035 at first and strain in steel at
0.87∗fy
same time is less than +0.002
Es
 Percentage of steel is greater than balanced section
 Failure is sudden without warming
 Moment of resistance is calculated as
Xumax 0.42∗Xumax
 Mu lim = 0.36*fck* *d*(1- )*b*d2
d d
Indian standard IS 456:2000 recommend that over reinforced should be redesigned.

4|Page
1.5 Mode of failure of RC beam
Failure modes in reinforced concrete beams are classified into two major types:

 flexural failure
 shear failure

1.5.1 Flexural failure

This failure mode occurs when the loads on the beam exceed its flexural capacity. The flexural
failure is divided into three types which are discussed below.

 Flexural Tension Failure

Flexural tension failure initiates by yielding of steel reinforcement followed by

crushing of concrete at compression side of the beam. It occurs when the beam is
under-reinforced. The signs of this type of failure are the development of cracks at the
tension side of the beam which further extend to the compression side. These cracks
are mostly vertical and located at the middle third of the beam. Great deflection is
another sign of flexural tension failure.

 Flexural Compression Failure

The flexural compression failure begins by crushing of concrete at compression side

followed by yielding of steel at tension side of the beam. It occurs when the beam is
over-reinforced which means the beam reinforcement ratio is greater than balanced
reinforcement ratio. This type of failure is sudden and does not provide warning i.e.
brittle failure. This type of failure can be prevented by avoiding over-reinforced
concrete beam design or increasing compression strength of concrete by introducing
steel reinforcement at the compression side or increasing the geometry of the beam.

1.5.2 Shear failure mode

Shear failure occurs when the beam has shear resistance lower than flexural strength and
the shear force exceeds the shear capacity of different materials of the beam. It is classified
into the following forms:

5|Page
  Diagonal tension failure

Diagonal tension failure begins with the development of vertical crack (flexural cracks)
at the bottom of the beam due to flexural tensile stress. Then, as the load on the
beam increases, this crack growth both in width and length and bends in a diagonal
direction as it moves to the upper part of the beam toward the loading point. After
that, the last stage of shear tension failure occurs which is a sudden failure of
concrete in shear. This mode of failure is common in beams with low or no web
reinforcement.

 Shear Compression Failure

Compression failure begins by initiation and development of cracks in the beam cross-
section. Then, these cracks propagate and penetrate the compression zone of the
beam, and the final stage of the failure occurs when the compressive strength of the
concrete is exceeded.

 Splitting Shear (True Shear) Failur

When the shear span to depth ratio of a beam is less than one, splitting shear failure
can be expected. Commonly, this type of beam is called deep beam in which loads are
directly transferred to supports, and shear strength is much higher than in ordinary
flexural beams.

 Anchorage failure

Anchorage failure is the splitting of concrete along the longitudinal reinforcement

(before compression failure can occur) due to small diagonal cracks. It occurs when
the main reinforcement is not adequately anchored beyond the crack.

2 Objective
2.1 General objective
The general objective of this study is determine the characteristics of RC beam of various types
under bending and shear.

2.2 Specific objective

I. For beam 1
 To observe the cracking load and yealding load ,ultimate load as well as crack
propragation and crusing of concrete
 To observe ductile response of reinforced concrete

II. For beam 2

 To observe failure mode over reinforced rcc beam .
 To compare theoretical and practical value.
=

6|Page
III. For beam 3
 To know the mode of shear failure in concrete.
 To compare practicle and theoretical value.

IV. For beam 4

 To compare theoretical value experimental value of shear taken by design section .
 To compare moment of resistance obtained theoretically and experimental.
 To analyse the mode of failure evaluating load criteria.

V. For beam 5

 To observe the bond failure pattern in rcc.

VI.

7|Page
3 Methodology
3.1 Material properties
Properties of fe 415 steel

 Density: - 7850 Kg/m2

 μ : - 0.3
 E = 2×105 N/mm2
 fy = 415 N/mm2
 fu = 485 N/mm2
 Elongation = 14.5

Fig: - stress strain curve of various types of steel

Properties of M15 concrete

 Mixing ratio 1:2:4

 μ=¿ 0.18 to 0.2
 E = 5000√ fck i.e. 19.36 KN/mm2
 σ ck =0.7 √ fck i.e. 2.71 mpa

Fig: - stress train curve of concrete

8|Page
3.2 Design and drawing of specimen

Calculate the bending capacity and shear capacity of each beam.

3.3 Material estimation

Determine the quantity of each materials, rebar and concrete.

Determine the qty of materials for concrete mix.

9|Page
4 Concrete production
4.1 Batching of concrete
Batching of concrete is the process in which the elements or ingredients required for
producing the concrete mix such as cement, sand, aggregate and water are measured in
quantity for correct mixing according to the mix ratio.

We made M15 (1:2:4) concrete by weight: -

Cement = 32.438 Kg

Sand = 69.83 Kg

Coarse aggregate = 132.9 Kg

For 3 cubes, 1 cylinder and 5 beams.

4.2 Mixing of concrete

Mixing operation consist essential of rotation or stirring to coat the surface of all aggregates
particles with cement paste and blend the ingredients of concrete in to a uniform mass. We
dry mix sand and cement at first and then mix it with aggregates before pouring water. All the
constituents of concrete should be uniformly mixed.

Mixing was done manually by using tools in impervious layer.

4.3 Casting (Placing and compaction) of specimen

Concrete thus made was placed on the mold of dimension 0.75×0.15×0.15 m. Placement and
cover of rebar was checked before placing the concrete. Hand Compaction was done by the
use of tamping rods during placing of concrete in every 15-20 cm layers.

4.4 Curing of specimen

Curing is done to keep the concrete moist and warm enough so that the hydration of the
cement continues at optimum level for best gain in strength without any adverse effects.

Water curing was done where it was submerged for 28 days.

10 | P a g e
5 Testing and Results
5.1 Sample preparation for test
For Compressive strength test of concrete, 3 cubes and 1 cylinder was prepared. We took the
samples out of water and wiped the surfaces of the sample before placing it in the testing
machine. Sample was placed between the plates of the testing machine.

For the test of different types of rcc beams, we made the markings according to the applying
load types. For uniformly distributed loading, we marked the sample beam at 3 points i.e. on
middle and 7.5 cm left and right of it. For point load, we only marked at the center of the
beam.

number of cured days of all samples: - 28 days

5.2 Loading arrangements

For beam 1,3 and 5 we applied uniformly distributed load and for beam 2 and 4, we applied
point load by beam universal testing machine

For 3 cubes, we applied compressive force to the surface of the cube and for cylinder, we
applied it on its lateral surface by test machine.

Discuss about loading arrangement for each sample and machine names and specifications

5.3 Test result of sample 1

Mention the measured data

Present appropriate plot / graphs

beam 1 (sample 1)
45
40
35
30
load (kn)

25
20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
displacement (mm)

11 | P a g e
crack Displacement (mm) load (kn)
Column1 Column2 Column3
0 0
1 1.5
2.5 1.5
3 1.5
4.2 1.5
5 1.5
6 1.5
7.9 1.5
8.6 1.5
11.9 1.5
13.4 1.6
13.8 2
15.5 3
16.3 5
16.7 7
17 8
17.1 9
17.2 10
17.2 11
17.2 12
17.5 13
17.5 14
17.5 15
17.7 16
17.8 17
17.8 18
17.9 19
17.9 20
18.1 21
18.2 22
18.4 23
18.5 24
18.7 25
18.7 26
18.8 27
18.9 28
18.9 29
19.1 30
19.6 31
1 19.6 31.4
20.1 32
20.6 33
20.8 34
21.1 35
2 21.3 35.6
21.8 36
22.3 37
22.7 38
23.8 39
3 24.4 39.5
24.9 40
4 25.2 40.6
5 26.6 40.7
27.5 40.8
6 28 40.9 12 | P a g e
28.6 40.9
29 40.9
Observation and calculation

Theoretical

Beam length (l) =750mm

Breadth beam (b) =150mm

D=150mm

D=130

Ast =3.1416*d2/d=50.26

Fck= 15mpa

Fy=415mpa

Neutral axis (x)=0.87*415*50.26/0.36*15*150 =22.40

Critical neutral axis

Xulimit/d=0.48 =131*0.48 =62.88

X<xulimit

So it under reinforced section

MOR =0.87*fy*ast*(d-0.416Xu)

=0.87*415*50.26*(130-0.416*62.88)

=1.88knm

13 | P a g e
5.4 Test result of sample 2
Mention the measured data

Present appropriate plot / graphs

beam 2 (sample 2)
90
80
70
60
load (kn)

50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
displacement (mm)

14 | P a g e
 crack displacement (mm) load(kn)
0 0
0.8 1
11.9 5
13.5 10
14.1 15
14.8 20
15.1 25
15.5 30
15.8 35
16.3 40
16.3 45
16.6 50
16.7 55
17.2 60
18.2 65
1 18.4 66.7
2 19.6 73.7
3 19.9 76.6
4 20.8 83.2
5 21.3 82
6 21.5 70.2
7 21.5 70.2

Observation and calculation

Theoretical

X= 0.87*415*226.154/0.36*15*150 =100.82 mm

Xulimit =62.88mm

x>xulimit

so over rein force section

MOR = 0.87*415*226.194*(130-0.416*226.194) =23.45 knm

Practically,

MOR= 83.2

15 | P a g e
Hence therotical <practical

5.5 Test result of sample 3

beam 3 (sample 3)
120

100

80
load (kn)

60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
displacement mm

16 | P a g e
crack displacement(mm) load (kn)
0 0
0.8 1
1.5 5
1.6 10
2.3 15
2.6 20
2.8 25
3.3 30
3.5 35
3.8 40
4 45
4.7 50
5 55
5.3 60
5.6 65
5.9 70
6.3 75
6.7 80
1 6.7 80.8
6.9 85
2 7.1 88.6
7.3 90
3 7.9 93.2
8.1 95
4 8.6 99.6
8.8 100
5 9.5 101.2
9.8 100
10.1 95
10.2 90
10.2 85
6 10.3 82.1
7 10.3 82.1

Observation and calculation

Theoretical

Dimension of beam =750*150*150mm

Effective depth (d)=130

Dead load of beam =25*0.15*0.15 =0.56 kn/m

Ast in tension =3.1416*102/4 =157.07 mm2

Ast in compression =100.53 mm2

Fy=415

Fck=15

% of steel =(157.07+100.53)/0.130*0150

17 | P a g e
 = 1.32%

By enterpolation from table 19

Vus (due to stirups )= 0.87*fy*asv*/sv =0.87*415*3.1416*(2*4.75*3.1416/4)/150

=11.08kn

Vuc =Tc*b*d=0.65*150*130=12.675kn

Combined =12.675+11.02=23.75kn

Practically,

V=101.2kn

Theoretical shear value <practical shear value

18 | P a g e
5.6 Test result of sample 4

beam 4 (sample 4)
90
80
70
60
50
load kn

40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

displacement (mm)

crack displacement (mm) load(kn)

0 0
0.2 1
4.3 5
4.7 10
5.1 15
5.5 20
5.7 25
5.9 30
6.3 35
6.7 40
6.9 45
7.4 50
7.9 55
8.1 60
8.6 65
1 8.8 68.2
9.1 70
9.5 75
2 9.8 78.9
10 80
3 10 80.1
4 10.5 81.5
5 11 82.6
6 11.5 79.4
7 12.4 65.9
8 12.4 65.9

19 | P a g e
Observation and calculation

Theoretical

Effective depth =130mm

Ast at tensile section =157.07mm2

Ast at compression section =100.53 mm2

Fy= 415 mpa

Fck =2.15mpa

% of steel = 157.07/150*150 =0.698 %

By enterpolation from table 19

0.69%=0.52

Permissible shear force =0.52*150*130 =1040N

Vuc =10.14 kn

Due to vertical stirrup

Vus = 0.87*415*(2*3.1416*4.752/4)*130/70

= 23.76

Combined value

V=10.14+23.76=33.9 kn

From experimental :

Experimental shear force n-failure =82.6 >33.9kn

Therefore,

experimental value is greater than theoretical value

for moment

theory,

mu =0.138*fck*b*d2=5.24kn-m

practical,

bend of bar =100mm

m=82.6*0.10 =8.26kn-m>mu

hence moment developed paractically >moment develop due to theoretically

20 | P a g e
from observation it can be said that the failure was due to combined shear and flexure .as designed
value of shear strength and bending moment was much below load applied in beam is safe in both
shear and bending.

21 | P a g e
5.7 Test result of sample 5

beam 5 (sample 5)
35
30
25
load (kn)

20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
displacement (mm)

crack displacement (mm) load(kn)

0 0
0.2 1
7.4 1.4
12.9 2
14.8 4
15.8 6
15.8 8
15.8 10
16.1 12
16.2 14
16.2 16
16.3 18
16.5 20
16.5 22
16.5 24
16.7 26
16.9 28
17.2 30
1 17.2 31.9
2 18.4 31.1
3 19.4 30.9
4 19.6 30.8
5 20.1 30.7
6 20.6 30.3
7 21.3 30.1
8 23.3 25.6
9 23.7 25.3
10 23.7 25.3

22 | P a g e
Observation and calculation

Theoretical

L=750mm

B=150mm

D=150mm

d=130mm

dead load =0.54kn/m

LD= 0.87fy*phie/4 Tbd=0.87*415*10/4*(1.6*1.2) =564.14mm

Lapping provided= 125mm

Lapping provided<Development length

Hence , the failure at bond is observed directly near lapping

5.8 Test result of sample 6

6 Conclusion

23 | P a g e