1

BUGNAY (Antidesma bunius) EXTRACT AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK

PHYSICAL SCIENCE TEAM CATEGORY

Ebenezer M. Maninang
Winnce B. Escobido
Lyra Angela N. Lazarte
Researchers

MAE B.RACELIS
Adult Sponsor

ZEFERINO ARROYO HIGH SCHOOL

San Agustin Iriga City

NOVEMBER 2022-MAY 2023

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page 1
Table of Contents 2-3
ABSTRACT 4
RESARCH PLAN 5
I. Question or problem 6
Background and rationale 6
Main problem 7
Specific problem 7
II. Goals/Expected outcomes/Hypothesis 8
III. Methodology 9
Research Design and Treatment
Preparation of materials
Preparation of the extract
Testing the Bugnay Ink
Storing of Bugnay Ink 10
Application of Bugnay Ink 10
IV. Risk and Safety 11
V. Data Analysis 12-13
Research paper 14
I. Introduction 15
Main problem 16
Specific problem 16
II. Goals/Expected outcomes/Hypothesis 17
III. Methodology 18
Research Design and Treatment
Preparation of materials
Preparation of the extract
Testing the Bugnay Ink 19
 3

Storing of Bugnay Ink

Application of Bugnay Ink
IV. Results and Discussion 20
Result 20-25
Discussion 26-28
V. Conclusion 29
VI. Recommendation 30
VII. Acknowledgment 31
VIII. Photo Documentation 32
IX. References 33
 4

ABSTRACT

Commercial ink is manufactured to be used in pens, markers, and anything used

to write on paper. Recently, researchers had discovered that bugnay ink can be used as an
alternative ink. A survey was conducted if Bugnay ink was comparable to commercial
ink. The ink was extracted by firstly, slicing the Bugnay into smaller pieces. Secondly, it
was boiled in a pot with 64g of water, 4.2g of white vinegar, and 1g of salt. Lastly, it was
strained and stored for future use. The results found was that the Bugnay ink was more
viscous than the commercial ink and had significant differences in terms of color
intensity, color consistency, and longevity. This research is impactful in terms of being:
environmentally friendly, significantly cultural, cost-effective. Overall, using Bugnay as
an alternative ink is a practical, eco-friendly, and culturally significant option that has
various benefits.
 5

RESEARCH PLAN
 6

I.
QUESTION OR PROBLEM

The researchers want to know if Bugnay extract can be used as an alternative ink. Ink
is a source for pens and markers, it has variety of colors but, the most commonly used are
black, blue, and red. In this research the researchers will only focus on making red ink
since bugnay has a red extract. Red ink is not only for checking but it is also used for
signing checks and marking important details. In addition, red was considered a warning
color because during the cold war it was associated with communism.
Banks proofers used red ink to mark circles in checks if they think the check is
fraud, as a result, the color stays stigmatized in the financial industry olden times.
Nowadays, red inks are prevalent and are commercially used everywhere. As time goes
by, products become more expensive, manufacturers are now using new modern
technology and improved materials to produce such products. Ink can be considered a
necessity for everyday use yet the kind we use are more costly than the ink used in older
times. (Roberts-Grey, 2021)
Nature can bestow common essentials such as ink, over many years Bugnay has
been one of the many most under utilized plants with vast potential to be used as
alternative ink.
 7

MAIN PROBLEM
Can Bugnay (Antidesma bunius) extract be used as an alternative ink?

SPECIFIC PROBLEM
1. What are the characteristics of bugnay ink in terms of :
a. Color intensity
b. Color consistency
c. Longevity

2. Is there a significant difference between bugnay ink and commercial ink in terms
of:
a. Color intensity
b. Color consistency
c. Longevity
 8

II.
GOAL/EXPECTED OUTCOMES/HYPOTHESIS

MAIN GOAL
This research aims to determine the significant difference between bugnay ink and
commercial ink in terms of:
a. Color intensity
b. Color consistency
c. Longevity

H0
There is no significant difference between commercial ink and bugnay ink in terms of
color intensity, color consistency and longevity.

H1
There is a significant difference between commercial ink and bugnay ink in terms of
color intensity, color consistency and longevity.
 9

III.
METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN AND TREATMENT

The Static Group design will be used in the study. The researchers will
study the extract of bugnay if it can be used as an alternative ink.

Commercial Bugnay Ink

Ink

PREPARATION OF MATERIALS

In conducting this experiment prepare 256 grams of bugnay , ½ cup of

water, 4.2 grams of white vinegar, 16 grams of gum Arabic, 0.5 grams of
wintergreen essential oil, 1 gram of salt and for the equipment prepare a pot,
spoon, paper, bottle/jar, mesh strainer, coffee filter, and an empty marker
container.

PREPARATION OF THE EXTRACT

Start by slicing the bugnay into smaller pieces, in a pot put 256 grams of
bugnay, 4.2 grams of white vinegar ½ cup of water and 1 gram of salt. Place on
the stove medium-low heat to simmer, never allow mixture to boil, let it cook for
atleast an hour.

TESTING THE BUGNAY INK

Check the color by dipping a strip of white paper in the pot.

Continuous boiling will evaporate the water and will result in a more concentrated
color. When the ink has reached the desired color turn off the stove little by little.
 10

STORING OF BUGNAY INK

Use a coffee filter in a funnel or mesh strainer to strain liquid into a wide
mouthed bottle or jar. Fill the ink-filled bottles with air at the top. Add one part of
gum Arabic and ten drops of wintergreen essential oil for every 10 parts of ink.

APPLICATION OF BUGNAY INK

Fill an empty marker container with ink, then securely cap it to use. The
grade 9 students at STE Lavoisier will be polled to determine how satisfied they
are with the commercial and bugnay inks by asking them to select a number
between 1 and 5.
 11

IV.
RISK AND SAFETY

Ask your parents or other responsible adults to help you trim the plant to prevent
mishaps, and always have an adult nearby while handling boiling water. Hold the jar
securely and watch out not to drop it.
 12

V.
DATA ANALYSIS
5 point Likert Scale will be used to rate the color intensity, color consistency, and
longevity of the ink.
This study will also utilize weighted mean and t-test for two independent groups.

For the color intensity:

Frequency (f) Weighted Value Fx
(x)
Very weak or 1
faded color
Slightly weak 2
color
Moderate color 3
intensity
Strong color 4
intensity
Vibrant and 5
intense color
n= Fx=
WM=
Description=

For the color consistency:

Frequency (f) Weighted Value Fx
(x)
Uneven color 1
distribution
Some patches of 2
uneven color
Generally 3
consistent color
Mostly even color 4
Completely 5
uniform color
n= Fx=
WM=
Description=
 13

For the longevity:

Frequency (f) Weighted Value Fx
(x)
Color fades within 1
a few days ago
Color lasts for a 2
few week or two
Color remains for 3
a few weeks
Color lasts for a 4
month or more
Color remains 5
vibrant for several
months
n = 10 Fx=
WM=
Description=
 14

RESEARCH PAPER
 15

I.
INTRODUCTION

The researchers want to know if Bugnay extract can be used as an alternative ink.
Ink is a source for pens and markers, it has variety of colors but, the most commonly used
are black, blue, and red. In this research the researchers will only focus on making red ink
since bugnay has a red extract. Red ink is not only for checking but it is also used for
signing checks and marking important details. In addition, red was considered a warning
color because during the cold war it was associated with communism
Banks proofers used red ink to mark circles in checks if they think the check is
fraud, as a result, the color stays stigmatized in the financial industry olden times.
Nowadays, red inks are prevalent and are commercially used everywhere. As time goes
by, products become more expensive, manufacturers are now using new modern
technology and improved materials to produce such products. Ink can be considered a
necessity for everyday use yet the kind we use are more costly than the ink used in older
times. (Roberts-Grey, 2021)
Nature can bestow common essentials such as ink, over many years Bugnay has
been one of the many most under utilized plants with vast potential to be used as
alternative ink.
 16

MAIN PROBLEM
Can Bugnay (Antidesma bunius) extract be used as an alternative ink?

SPECIFIC PROBLEM
1. What are the characteristics of bugnay ink in terms of :
a. Color intensity
b. Color consistency
c. Longevity

2. Is there a significant difference between bugnay ink and commercial ink in terms
f:
a. Color intensity
b. Color consistency
c. Longevity
 17

II.
GOAL/EXPECTED OUTCOMES/HYPOTHESIS

MAIN GOAL
This research aims to determine the significant difference between bugnay ink and
commercial ink in terms of:
a. Color intensity
b. Color consistency
c. Longevity

H0
There is no significant difference between commercial ink and bugnay ink in terms of
color intensity, color consistency, and longevity.
H1
There is a significant difference between commercial ink and bugnay ink in terms of
color intensity, color consistency, and longevity.
 18

III.
METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN AND TREATMENT

The Static Group design was used in the study. The researchers studied
the extract of bugnay if can be used as an alternative ink.

Preparation of Preparation of
the materials the Extract

Application of
Bugnay Ink
Figure 1

PREPARATION OF MATERIALS

In conducting this experiment prepare 256 grams of bugnay , ½ cup of

water, 4.2 grams of white vinegar, 16 grams of gum Arabic, 0.5 grams of
wintergreen essential oil, 1 gram of salt and for the equipment prepare a pot,
spoon, paper, bottle/jar, mesh strainer, coffee filter, and an empty marker
container.

PREPARATION OF THE EXTRACT

Start by slicing the bugnay into smaller pieces, in a pot put 256 grams of
bugnay, 4.2 grams of white vinegar ½ cup of water and 1 gram of salt. Place on
the stove medium-low heat to simmer, never allow mixture to boil, let it cook for
atleast an hour.
 19

TESTING THE BUGNAY INK

Check the color by dipping a strip of white paper in the pot.

Continuous boiling will evaporate the water and will result in a more concentrated
color. When the ink has reached the desired color turn off the stove little by little.

STORING OF BUGNAY INK

Use a coffee filter in a funnel or mesh strainer to strain liquid into a wide
mouthed bottle or jar. Fill the ink-filled bottles with air at the top. Add one part of
gum Arabic and ten drops of wintergreen essential oil for every 10 parts of ink.

APPLICATION OF BUGNAY INK

Fill an empty marker container with ink, then securely cap it to use. The
grade 9 students at STE Lavoisier will be polled to determine how satisfied they
are with the commercial and bugnay inks by asking them to select a number
between 1 and 5.
 20

IV.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

mo
Frequency (f) Weighted Value fx
(x)
Very weak or 1 1 1
faded color
Slightly weak 3 2 6
color
Moderate color 5 3 15
intensity
Strong color 1 4 4
intensity
Vibrant and 0 5 0
intense color
n = 10 Fx= 26
WM= 2.6
Description=Moderate
color intensity

Majority of the respondents rated the color intensity of our bugnay ink to be
moderate color intensity.
Table 2. COLOR INTENSITY RATING
Respondents Bugnay Ink Commercial Ink
1 3 4
2 3 5
3 2 4
4 3 5
5 3 5
6 2 5
7 1 4
8 3 4
9 4 3
10 2 4
WM=2.6 WM=4.3

Table 3.
 21

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Variabl Variabl
  e1 e2
Mean 2.6 4.3
0.71111 0.45555
Variance 1 6
Observations 10 10
0.58333
Pooled Variance 3
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
Df 18
-
t Stat 4.97709
4.88E-
P(T<=t) one-tail 05
1.73406
t Critical one-tail 4
9.76E-
P(T<=t) two-tail 05
2.10092
t Critical two-tail 2  

The t-computed value of 4.97 is greater than the t-tabular value of 2.10 at .05
level of significance with 18 degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor
of the research hypothesis. Commercial ink has a rating of 4.3 while the Bugnay ink has
only 2.6 rating which means that the commercial ink has the highest rating than bugnay
ink. This means that there is a significant difference between bugnay ink and commercial
ink in terms of color intensity.
 22

Table 4. Rating for the color consistency of Bugnay ink:

Frequency (f) Weighted Value fx
(x)
Uneven color 1 1 1
distribution
Some patches of 4 2 8
uneven color
Generally 1 3 3
consistent color
Mostly even color 4 4 16
Completely 0 5 0
uniform color
n = 10 Fx= 28
WM=2.8
Description=generally
consistent color

Majority of the respondents rated the color consistency of the bugnay ink to be in
generally consistent color.
Table 5. COLOR CONSISTENSY RATING
Respondents Bugnay Ink Commercial Ink
1 4 5
2 4 4
3 2 5
4 2 4
5 2 4
6 2 5
7 1 4
8 3 5
9 4 4
10 4 3
WM= 2.8 WM=4.3
 23

Table 6.

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Variabl Variabl
  e1 e2
Mean 2.8 4.3
1.28888 0.45555
Variance 9 6
Observations 10 10
0.87222
Pooled Variance 2
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
Df 18
-
t Stat 3.59139
0.00104
P(T<=t) one-tail 3
1.73406
t Critical one-tail 4
0.00208
P(T<=t) two-tail 7
2.10092
t Critical two-tail 2  

The t-computed value of 3.59 is greater than t-tabular value of 2.10 at .05 level of
significance with 18 degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the
research hypothesis. Commercial ink has a rating of 4.3 while the Bugnay ink has only
2.8 rating which means that the commercial ink has the highest rating than bugnay ink.
This means that there is a significant difference between bugnay ink and commercial ink
in terms of color consistency.
 24

Table 7. Rating for the longevity of Bugnay ink:

Frequency (f) Weighted Value (x) fx
Color fades within 7 1 7
a few days ago
Color lasts for a 1 2 2
few week or two
Color remains for a 0 3 0
few weeks
Color lasts for a 2 4 8
month or more
Color remains 0 5 0
vibrant for several
months
n = 10 Fx= 17
WM=1.7
Description= color
lasts for a few
weeks or two

Majority of the respondents estimated the longevity of the bugnay ink to be lasts
for a few weeks or two.
Table 8. COLOR LONGETIVITY RATING
Respondents Bugnay Ink Commercial Ink
1 1 5
2 1 5
3 1 5
4 1 5
5 1 4
6 1 4
7 1 5
8 2 5
9 4 5
10 4 5
WM=1.7 WM=4.8
 25

Table 8.

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Variable Variable
1 2
Mean 1.7 4.8
Variance 1.566667 0.177778
Observations 10 10
Pooled Variance 0.872222
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
Df 18
t Stat -7.42221
P(T<=t) one-tail 3.5E-07
t Critical one-tail 1.734064
P(T<=t) two-tail 7.01E-07
t Critical two-tail 2.100922

The t-computed value of 7.42 is greater than t-tabular value of 2.10 at .05 level of
significance with 18 degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the
research hypothesis. Commercial ink has a rating of 4.8 while the Bugnay ink has only
1.7 rating which means that the commercial ink has the highest rating than bugnay ink.
This means that there is a significant difference between bugnay ink and commercial ink
in terms of its longevity.
 26

DISCUSSION

In most countries bugnay or Antidesma bunius is known with a lot of names such as
bignay, bugnay, bignai, queensland cherry, currant tree and many more because of its
appearance which is a small round red fruit, it can be eaten by living things and can also
be an antidote for snake venom. This species is dioecious, with male and female flowers
growing on separate trees. They are arranged in small bunch and grow on a long strands
of fruits, different colors different juice, the skin of the fruit has red juice, while the white
pulp has colorless juice. The researchers used bugnay because of its red extract which can
employ for making red inks and also to test if these type of fruit can be used as an
alternative ink.

"For the viscosity test, all factors and their interactions were highly significant (p
0.000) except for glycerol, and for the color lightness test, all factors and their
interactions were highly significant (p 0.000) except for CMC. The contour plot showed
that the lowest amount of glycerol causes the lowest value of color lightness, while the
lowest amount of CMC causes the lowest viscosity. The ideal formulation of marker ink
can be achieved when the ratio of ferrous sulphate, and CMC is set at 5, 5, 1, and 3,
respectively. SEM micrographs revealed the greatest amount of cell wall structure
collapse in leaf samples boiled with the lowest amount of glycerol as compared to other
samples boiled in the lower amount of glycerol. Sample S35 recorded the highest
percentage of weight loss at 64.1% followed by sample S19 (55.8%) and S26 (53.4%).
Future research on a number of topics, such as color components, anthocyanin content,
and color saturation, has been identified”. (Novel Mangosteen-Leaves-Based Marker Ink:
Color Lightness, Viscosity, Optimized Composition, and Microstructural Analysis, n.d.)

The production of ink from underutilized fruit-bearing name bugnay could bring
hope and may serve as a non-expensive product capable of matching the performance of
the standard ink.

“The investigation has provided basic information on the production of brown

ink from Gmelina arborea fruit extract using ink floatation test. Based on the results
obtained, it was observed that 40% ink concentration is optimal with the best penetration
 27

time of 5.29±0.43 sec and 1.55±0.46 sec for cardboard and writing paper respectively.
The ANOVA results in Table 4 confirmed the significant effect of the diluent on ink
produced at different concentration levels, and these values compare favorably with the
penetration times of 5.700.71 sec and 1.500.42 sec for commercial ink on cardboard and
writing paper, respectively The ink produced from Gmelina arborea fruit extract was
found to be very effective on writing paper, but the "ink floatation test" method is
subjective because the time for the upper surface of the tested sample to become fifty
percent discolored by the penetrating ink is left to the discretion of the person performing
the test based on visual assessment. Due to the excessive penetration time of paperboard,
the test method is therefore of greater value for paper than for that material. To produce
increased ink yield and improved ink viscosity, as required by end-use applications, more
research should be conducted on innovative production techniques, use of other diluents,
and durable and non-leachable preservatives compatible with ink processing. Brown ink
production from extract of Gmelina arborea fruit at 40% concentration level using
ethanol as diluent should also be encouraged . (Preliminary Investigation on Production
of Brown Ink From Gmelina Arborea (ROXB) Fruit Extract, n.d.)

Ink in the olden times has traditionally been manufactured from natural materials
such as various colored fluids, plant mainly leaf extracts, and bark. Plants that has
tanning pigments can stand as a source of ink.

This study will benefit the environment as it will increase environmental

consciousness. Users will pay proper attention to the plant and the environment, this
study focuses on using the environment and its sources as an ingredient to generate a
nontoxic ink.

The outcome of this study is pertaining about bugnay extract as an alternative ink. It has
the color but its not red as the researchers expected, as the researchers go through the
research one of the researchers noticed that the bugnay extacted its color which produces
a red color. When the researchers are done preparing the extract the researchers added the
other ingredients which resulted into a more viscosity but still watery mixture .Putting the
ink into the marker container was a success but when the researchers try to write it on a
sheet of paper it was not that tinted. The letters you write on the paper are not spreading
 28

but as second it dries the color are also slowly fading, resulting to a light color when
written on the paper. When the ink is stored in a jar, the researchers can described its
color as a dark red but putting the ink to the marker change its color.
 29

V.
CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions are drawn

1. What are the characteristics of bugnay ink in terms of:

a. In terms of color intensity the weighted mean of Bugnay ink is 2.6 which
means the ink has moderate color intensity.
b. In terms of color consistency the weighted mean of Bugnay ink is 2.8 which
means the ink has a generally consistent color.
c. In terms of longevity the weighted mean of Bugnay ink is 1.7 which means that
the bugnay ink color lasts for two or a few weeks.

2. Is there a significant difference between bugnay ink and commercial ink in terms
of:
a. The mean rating for bugnay ink is 2.6 while for commercial ink the rating is 4.3
in terms of color intensity
b. The mean rating for bugnay ink is 2.8 while for commercial ink the rating is 4.3
in terms of color consistency
c. The mean rating for bugnay ink is 1.7 while for commercial ink the rating is 4.8
in terms of longevity
 30

VI.
RECOMMENDATION

Based from the results of the researchers study, the following recommendations are:
1. Identify other variables that can be used to make inks that has a darker extract.
2. Use more ripe fruit to be able to have a darker extract.
3. Only use wide mouthed bottle or jar when storing inks to avoid molding.
4. To acquire the most concentrated ink, blend the extract without additives.
 31

VII.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this research would not be possible without the participation,
guidance, and assistance of some people. Their contributions are highly appreciated and
gratefully acknowledged. They are as follows:

To our adult sponsor, Mrs. Mae B. Racelis for giving her time, effort, and
untiring support for helping and supervising in all our research activities from the start to
the end of this school year.

To our parents, for the undying love and support, patience, and consideration.

The De Lima’s Residence, for giving us the chance to gather materials needed for
this research.

Zeferino Arroyo High School, for giving the students a chance to experience
lifetime worth events that would astoundingly make a difference for the future.

And above all, the Almighty God, for giving us such talents that help us out a lot
today and for the wisdom and grace given to all of us.

We thank you.

-Researchers
 32

VIII.
PHOTO DOCUMENTATION

PREPARATION OF THE EXTRACT

Washing the bugnay 1 Putting the bugnay into the pot 2

Putting the ingredients 3 Putting the pot onto the stove 4

The
Putting
pot the
is inpot
medium
onto the
lowstove
heat 45 Straining the bugnay 6
 33

VII.
REFERENCES

Editors, M. S. (2022, September 26). How to make natural ink at home. Martha Stewart.
https://www.marthastewart.com/1516423/natural-ink-colors
Douglas, E. (2023, May 2). How to make recycled ink from fruits. Weekand.com.
https://www.weekand.com/home-garden/article/make-recycled-ink-fruits-18033772.php
Roberts-Grey, G. (2022, July 13). Don’t sign that! legal pitfalls of signatures. Investopedia.
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/061314/dont-sign- legal-pitfalls-
signatures.asp
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akpan-Noah/publication/

333319941_Preliminary_Investigation_on_Production_of_Brown_Ink_from_Gm

elina_arborea_ROXB_Fruit_Extract/links/5ce69a05458515712ebc1335/

Preliminary-Investigation-on-Production-of-Brown-Ink-from-Gmelina-arborea-

ROXB-Fruit-Extract.pdf

Basri, M. a. M., Ren, B. L. M., Talib, R. A., Zakaria, R., & Kamarudin, S. K. (2021b,

May 14). Novel Mangosteen-Leaves-Based Marker Ink: Color Lightness,

Viscosity, Optimized Composition, and Microstructural Analysis. Polymers.

https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13101581

Roberts-Grey, G. (2021). Major Legal Pitfalls of Signatures. Investopedia.

https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/061314/dont-sign-legal-

pitfalls-signatures.asp#:~:text=Long%20ago%2C%20bank%20proofers%20used

%20a%20red%20pen,before%20color%20copying%2C%20red%20didn

%E2%80%99t%20photocopy%20well%2C%20either.