ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SEMESTER VIII
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT402 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
PCC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: This course aims to introduce students to basic theory and principles of wireless
communication systems in general, and cellular systems in particular. It also introduces basics of
radio wave propagation.

Prerequisite: ECT 305 Analog and Digital Communication

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO1 Summarize the basics of cellular system and cellular design fundamentals.
K2
CO2 Describe the wireless channel models and discuss capacity of wireless channels.
K2
CO3 Analyze the performance of the modulation techniques for flat-fading channels and
K4 multicarrier modulation.

CO4 Illustrate how receiver performance can be enhanced by various diversity techniques.
K3
CO5 Identify advantages of various equalization techniques and multiple-access
K3 techniques in wireless communication.

CO6 Calculate system parameters such antenna height, range, maximum usable frequency
K3 in different modes of radio wave propagation.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO1 3 3 2 1 2 2

CO2 3 3 3 3 2

CO3 3 3 3 3

CO4 3 3 3 3

CO5 3 3 3 3

CO6 3 3 3 2
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment End Semester Examination

Tests
1 2
Remember
Understand K2 15 15 30
Apply K3 20 20 40
Analyse K4 15 15 30
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain
10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students
should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student
should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1) : Summarize the basics of cellular system and cellular design
fundamentals. (K2).

1. List certain challenges in the design of a cellular wireless communication system.

2. A total of 33MHz of bandwidth is allocated to an FDD cellular system which uses two
25kHz simplex channels to provide full-duplex voice & control channels. Compute the
number of channels available per cell if the system uses 7-cell reuse.
3. Describe methods to improve coverage and capacity of a cellular system.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Describe the wireless channel models and discuss capacity of
wireless channels. (K2)

1. Compare and contrast flat-fading and frequency-selective fading channels.

2. How are Doppler spread and coherence time related? What is their significance?
3. Consider a Rayleigh fading channel with average received power of 25dBm. Compute
the probability that the received power is below 10dBm.
4. Differentiate between ergodic capacity and capacity with outage.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Analyze the performance of the modulation techniques for flat-
fading channels and multicarrier modulation. (K4)

1. Under Rayleigh flat-fading, derive an expression for the required average SNR to ensure
that outage probability does not below Pout .
2. How can subcarrier fading be mitigated?
3. Why is cyclic prefix required in OFDM?

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Illustrate how receiver performance can be enhanced by various
diversity techniques. (K3)

1. Explain receiver diversity technique of maximal ratio combining technique.

2. Describe Almouti scheme for 2x2 MIMO.
3. Find the outage probability of BPSK modulation at Pb = 10-3 for a Rayleigh fading
channel with SC diversity for M = 1 (no diversity) M = 2. Assume equal branch SNRs of
15 dB.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Identify advantages of various equalization techniques and multiple-
access techniques in wireless communication. (K3)

1. Describe the steps for LMS algorithm.

2. Compare multiple-access schemes TDMA, FDMA and CDMA.
3. Consider a channel with impulse response h(t) = exp(-t/T) u(t). Find two-tap Zero-forcing
equalizer for this channel?

Course Outcome 6 (CO6): Calculate system parameters such antenna height, range, maximum
usable frequency in different modes of radio wave propagation. (K3)

1. Derive expression for critical frequency, maximum usable frequency and skip distance
(assuming flat earth’s surface) for sky wave propagation.
2. A communication system is to be established at a frequency of 50MHz with a transmitter
power 1.2kW. The field strength of the directive antenna is 3 times that of a half wave
antenna, ht = 50m , hr = 5m. A field strength of 80μV/m is required to give satisfactory
reception. Find the range of the system.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SYLLABUS

Module 1: Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems (8 Hours)

1.1 Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems (4): Generations: 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G.
Wireless LAN, Bluetooth and Personal Area networks, Broadband Wireless Access --
WiMAX Technology. Wireless Spectrum allocation, Standards.
1.2 Cellular System Design Fundamentals (4): Frequency Reuse, channel assignment
strategies, Handoff strategies, Interference and system capacity, trunking and grade off
service, improving coverage and capacity – cell splitting, sectoring, microcells.

Module 2: Wireless Channels (7 Hours)

2.1 Path loss and shadowing (1): Free space path loss, Two-Ray model, Shadowing,
2.2 Statistical Multipath Channel Models (4): Time-varying channel impulse response,
Narrowband fading, Wideband fading models, Delay spread and Coherence bandwidth,
Doppler spread and Coherence time, Flat fading versus frequency selective fading, Slow
fading versus fast fading, Discrete-time model.
2.3 Capacity of Wireless Channels (2): Review of Capacity in AWGN, Capacity of flat
fading channel – Ergodic capacity, Capacity with Outage, Capacity with CSI-R.
(Derivations of capacity formulae are not required; Only expressions, computations and
significance required.)

Module 3: Modulation techniques (7 Hours)

2.1 Digital Signaling for Flat fading Channels (4): Analysis of Average Error Probability
and Outage probability of BPSK in flat-fading channels.
2.2 Multi-carrier Modulation (3): Data transmission using multicarrier modulation for
frequency-selective fading channels. Overlapping subchannels, Mitigation of Subcarrier
Fading, Discrete Implementation of multicarrier – OFDM. Cyclic prefix, Peak-to-
average-power-ratio.

Module 4: Diversity, Equalization, and Multiple Access (8 Hours)

4.1 Diversity (3 hours): Receiver diversity – selection combining, maximal ratio combining.
Transmitter diversity – Alamouti scheme for 2x2 MIMO.
4.2 Equalization (3): Equalization – Linear and non-linear equalization, Zero forcing,
MMSE equalizers. LMS algorithm. Adaptive Equalization.
4.3 Multiuser Systems (2): Uplink and Downlink, Multiple Access, Frequency-Division
Multiple Access (FDMA), Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code-Division
Multiple Access (CDMA), Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA).
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Module 5 Radio Wave Propagation (7 Hours)

Ground wave propagation, Plane earth reflection, Space wave and surface wave, Spherical earth
propagation, Tropospheric waves, Ionospheric propagation, Effects of earth’s magnetic field,
Critical frequency, Maximum usable Frequency, Virtual height.

Text Books
1. Andrea Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2005
2. Theodore S. Rappaport, Wireless communication: Principles and Practice, 2/e, Pearson
Education, 1990
3. Aditya Jagannatham, Principles of Modern Wireless Communication Systems, Mc Graw
Hill, 2017.
4. Robert Collin, Antennas and Radiowave Propagation, McGraw Hill, 2016.

Reference Books

1. David Tse and Pramod Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication,

Cambridge University Press, 2005
2. Jochen Schiller, Mobile Communications, Pearson, 2008
3. Andreas F Molish , Wireless Communications, 2nd Edition , Wiley India Publications,
2013
4. W. C. Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular Telecommunication, McGraw Hill,
5. Gordon L. Stuber, Principles of Mobile Communication , Springer,2017
6. Rahim Thafazoli, Technologies for The Wireless Future , Volume 2 , Wiley and Sons ,
2004
7. Edward C Jordan and Keith G Balmain, Electromagnetic Wave and Radiating System,
Pearson.

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Introduction to wireless communication systems (8 Hours)

1.1 Generations: 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G. 2

1.2 Wireless LAN, Bluetooth and Personal Area networks, Broadband 1

Wireless Access -- WiMAX Technology.

1.3 Wireless Spectrum allocation, Standards 1

1.4 Cellular concept, Frequency Reuse, channel assignment strategies, 2

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Handoff strategies

1.5 Interference and system capacity, trunking and grade off service. 1

1.6 improving coverage and capacity – cell splitting, sectoring, microcells. 1

2 Wireless Channels (7 Hours)

2.1 Free space path loss, Two-Ray model, Shadowing 1

2.3 Time-varying channel impulse response, Narrowband fading 2

2.4 Wideband fading models – Delay spread and Coherence bandwidth, 1

Doppler spread and Coherence time

2.5 Flat fading versus frequency selective fading, Slow fading versus fast 1
fading, Discrete-time model.

2.6 Review of Capacity in AWGN, Capacity of flat fading channel – Ergodic 2

capacity, Capacity with Outage, Capacity with CSI-R.

3 Modulation Techniques (7 Hours)

3.1 Average Probability of error and outage probability 1
3.2 Performance evaluation of BPSK in flat fading channels 2
3.4 Multi carrier modulation in frequency-selective channel 1
3.5 OFDM – DFT/IDFT, Cyclic Prefix 2
3.6 PAPR 1
4 Diversity, Equalization and Multiple Access (8 Hours)
4.1 Receiver Diversity – Selection combining, Maximal ratio combining 2
4.2 Transmit Divesity – Alamouti for 2x2 MIMO 1
4.3 Equalization – linear and nonlinear, ZF and MMSE, LMS, Adaptive 3
4.4 Multiple access – FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA 2
5 Radio Wave Propagation (7 Hours)
5.1 Ground wave propagation, Plane earth reflection, Space wave and surface 2
wave
5.2 Spherical earth propagation, Tropospheric waves, Ionospheric 2
propagation
5.3 Effects of earth’s magnetic field, Critical frequency, Maximum usable 3
Frequency, Virtual height.
Total Hours 37
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Simulation Assignments:

1. Simulate flat fading and frequency-selective fading wireless channel models using
Python/MATLAB
2. Evaluate BPSK, QPSK, QAM in wirelss fading channels using Python/MATLab.
3. Evaluate zero-forcing and MMSE equalization techniques using Python/MATLAB.
4. Simulation of standard path loss models using Python/MATLab.
5. Simulation of Alamouti scheme using Python/MATLab
6. Students can undertake course projects based on following topics: (a) Channel Modelling
of wireless channels (b) Comparison of modulation schemes for wireless system (c) Multi
carrier modulation schemes (d) Comparison of equalization techniques (e)
Implementation of MIMO schemes.

Model Question paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH SEMESTER B. TECH. DEGREE EXAMINATION
Course Code: ECT402
Course Name: WIRELESS COMMNICATION
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
PART A
(Answer ALL Questions. Each Question Carries 3 Marks.)

1. Give important features of 5G system.

2. Discuss different handoff strategies.
3. Explain the notion of delay spread and coherence bandwidth.
4. Give the expression for capacity of flat fading AWGN channel with CSIR. Describe how
it is obtained assuming AWGN capacity.
5. Define outage probability.
6. What is the purpose of using cyclic prefix in an OFDM system?
7. Consider a channel with impluse response h(t) = exp(-t/T) u(t). Find tap coefficients of a
two-tap zero-forcing equalizer for this channel.
8. Why do we say that maximal ratio combining achieves full diversity?
9. Distinguish between critical frequency and maximum usable frequency.
10. Define virtual height in antennas. [10 X 3= 30]

PART – B

(Answer one question from each module; each question carries 14 marks)

Module I
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

11. (a) How are co-channel signal-to-interference ratio, cluster size and system capacity are
related to one another in a cellular system ? Explain with necessary equations. [07 Marks]
(b) Explain the architecture of wireless LAN (WLAN). [07 Marks]

OR

12. (a) List three differences between 2G and 3G systems. [03 Marks]
(b) A total of 33MHz of bandwidth is allocated to an FDD cellular system which
uses two 25kHz simplex channels to provide full-duplex voice & control
channels. Compute the number of channels available per cell if the system uses 7-
cell reuse. [03 Marks]
(c) What is cell splitting? How does it improve system performance? [08 Marks]

Module II

13. (a) Explain the effect of multipath propagation using 2-ray model. [07 Marks]
(b) Assuming narrow band fading model, derive statistical characterization of in-phase
and quadrature components of a received signal when an unmodulated carrier is
transmitted. [07 Marks]

OR

14. (a) Derive time-varying impulse response of multipath wireless channel. [07 Marks]

(b) Consider a flat-fading channel with iid channel gains g[i] which can take on values
g1=0.05 with probablity p1=0.1, g2=0.5 with probability p2=0.5, and g3=1 with
probability p3=0.4. The transmit power is 10mW, noise spectral density N0 = 10-9 W/Hz,
and channel bandwidth is 30kHz. Assume instantaneous CSI-R, but transmitter does not
have CSI. Compute the capacity of the channel. [07 Marks]

Module III

15. (a) Derive expression for average probability of error in BPSK under Rayleigh flat-
fading when symbol duration is roughly equal to channel coherence time. [07 Marks]

(b) What is Peak-to-Average Power-Ratio (PAPR) in OFDM system? How can it be

reduced ? [07 Marks]

OR

16. (a) Determine the average SNR per bit of BPSK modulation in Rayleigh slow-fading
channel such that 95% of the times, average probability of bit error is less than 10-4 .
[05 Marks]

(b) Explain multi-carrier modulation in OFDM. [09 Marks]

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Module IV

17. (a) Explain Least-Mean-Square algorithm for equalization. [09 Marks]

(b) Compute the average probability of bit error of BPSK under maximal-ratio-
combining two-branch diversity with iid Rayleigh fading. Average SNR on each
branch is 10dB. [05 Marks]

OR

18. (a) Describe Alamouti scheme for 2x2 MIMO. [07 Marks]

(b) Describe how multiple-access works on uplink and downlink in CDMA.[07 Marks]

Module V

19. (a) Derive an expression for the LOS distance in km when the antenna heights above
ground are ht and hr respectively for the transmitter and receiver antennas. [07 Marks]
(b) A receiving antenna is located at 80km from the transmitting antenna. The
height of the transmitting antenna is 100m. What is the required height of the
receiving antenna? [07 Marks]

OR

20. (a) An HF radio communication is to be established between two points on the earth’s
surface. The points are at a distance of 2600km. The height of the ionosphere layer is
200km and critical frequency is 4MHz. Find maximum usable frequency. [07 Marks]

(b) Derive expression for critical frequency, maximum usable frequency and skip
distance (assuming flat earth’s surface) for sky wave propagation. [07 Marks]
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

COMPREHENSIVE COURSE CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT404
VIVA PCC 1 0 0 1

Preamble: The objective of this Course viva is to ensure the basic knowledge of each student in the
most fundamental core courses in the curriculum. The viva voce shall be conducted based on the
core subjects studied from third to eighth semester. This course helps the learner to become
competent in placement tests and other competitive examinations.

Guidelines
1. The course should be mapped with a faculty and classes shall be arranged for practicing
questions based on the core courses listed in the curriculum.
2. The viva voce will be conducted by the same three member committee assigned for final
project phase II evaluation. It comprises of Project coordinator, expert from
Industry/research Institute and a senior faculty from a sister department.
3. The pass minimum for this course is 25.
4. The mark will be treated as internal and should be uploaded along with internal marks of
other courses.
5. Comprehensive Viva should be conducted along with final project evaluation by the three
member committee.

Mark Distribution
Total marks: 50, only CIE, minimum required to pass : 25 Marks
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECD416 PROJECT PHASE II
PWS 0 0 12 4

Preamble: The course ‘Project Work’ is mainly intended to evoke the innovation and invention
skills in a student. The course will provide an opportunity to synthesize and apply the knowledge
and analytical skills learned, to be developed as a prototype or simulation. The project extends to
2 semesters and will be evaluated in the 7th and 8th semester separately, based on the achieved
objectives. One third of the project credits shall be completed in 7th semester and two third in 8th
semester. It is recommended that the projects may be finalized in the thrust areas of the
respective engineering stream or as interdisciplinary projects. Importance should be given to
address societal problems and developing indigenous technologies.

Course Objectives
 To apply engineering knowledge in practical problem solving.
 To foster innovation in design of products, processes or systems.
 To develop creative thinking in finding viable solutions to engineering problems.

Course Outcomes [COs]: After successful completion of the course, the students will be able to:

Model and solve real world problems by applying knowledge across domains
CO1
(Cognitive knowledge level: Apply).
Develop products, processes or technologies for sustainable and socially relevant
CO2
applications (Cognitive knowledge level: Apply).
Function effectively as an individual and as a leader in diverse teams and to
CO3
comprehend and execute designated tasks (Cognitive knowledge level: Apply).
Plan and execute tasks utilizing available resources within timelines, following ethical
CO4
and professional norms (Cognitive knowledge level: Apply).
Identify technology/research gaps and propose innovative/creative solutions
CO5
(Cognitive knowledge level: Analyze).
Organize and communicate technical and scientific findings effectively in written and
CO6
oral forms (Cognitive knowledge level: Apply).

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2

CO2 2 2 2 1 3 3 1 1 1 1

CO3 3 2 2 1

CO4 2 3 2 2 3 2

CO5 2 3 3 1 2 1

CO6 2 2 2 3 1 1
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Abstract POs defined by National Board of Accreditation

PO # Broad PO PO# Broad PO

PO1 Engineering Knowledge PO7 Environment and Sustainability
PO2 Problem Analysis PO8 Ethics
PO3 Design/Development of solutions PO9 Individual and team work

Conduct investigations of
PO4 complex problems PO0 Communication

PO5 Modern tool usage PO11 Project Management and Finance

PO6 The Engineer and Society PO12 Lifelong learning

PROJECT PHASE II

Phase 2 Targets

 In depth study of the topic assigned in the light of the report prepared under Phase - I;
 Review and finalization of the approach to the problem relating to the assigned topic.
 Preparing a detailed action plan for conducting the investigation, including teamwork.
 Detailed Analysis/ Modeling / Simulation/ Design/ Problem Solving/Experiment as
needed.
 Final development of product/ process, testing, results, conclusions and future
directions.
 Preparing a paper for Conference Presentation/ Publication in Journals, if possible.
 Presenting projects in Project Expos conducted by the University at the cluster level
and/ or state level as well as others conducted in India and abroad.
 Filing Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) if applicable.
 Preparing a report in the standard format for being evaluated by the Department
Assessment Board.
 Final project presentation and viva voce by the assessment board including the
external expert.

Evaluation Guidelines & Rubrics

Total: 150 marks (Minimum required to pass: 75 marks).

 Project progress evaluation by guide: 30 Marks.
 Two interim evaluations by the Evaluation Committee: 50 Marks (25 marks for each
evaluation).
 Final evaluation by the Final Evaluation committee: 40 Marks
 Quality of the report evaluated by the evaluation committee: 30 Marks

(The evaluation committee comprises HoD or a senior faculty member, Project coordinator
and project supervisor. The final evaluation committee comprises of Project coordinator,
expert from Industry/research/academic Institute and a senior faculty from a sister
department).
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Evaluation by the Guide

The guide/supervisor must monitor the progress being carried out by the project groups on
regular basis. In case it is found that progress is unsatisfactory it should be reported to the
Department Evaluation Committee for necessary action. The presence of each student in the
group and their involvement in all stages of execution of the project shall be ensured by the
guide. Project evaluation by the guide: 30 Marks. This mark shall be awarded to the students in
his/her group by considering the following aspects:

Project Scheduling & Distribution of Work among Team members: Detailed and extensive
Scheduling with timelines provided for each phase of project. Work breakdown structure well
defined. (5)

Literature survey: Outstanding investigation in all aspects. (4)

Student’s Diary/ Daily Log: The main purpose of writing daily diary is to cultivate the habit of
documenting and to encourage the students to search for details. It develops the students’ thought
process and reasoning abilities. The students should record in the daily/weekly activity diary the
day to day account of the observations, impressions, information gathered and suggestions given,
if any. It should contain the sketches & drawings related to the observations made by the
students. The daily/weekly activity diary shall be signed after every day/week by the guide. (7)

Individual Contribution: The contribution of each student at various stages. (9)

Completion of the project: The students should demonstrate the project to their respective
guide. The guide shall verify the results and see that the objectives are met. (5)
 EVALUATION RUBRICS for PROJECT Phase II: Interim Evaluation - 1
No. Parameters Marks Poor Fair Very Good Outstanding
Good evidence of an implementable
Some of the aspects of the proposed
The project is not addressing any project. There is some evidence for The project has evolved into incorporating
idea can be implemented. There is
useful requirement. The idea is the originality of the work done by the an outstandingly novel idea. Original work
still lack of originality in the work
Novelty of idea, and evolved into a non-implementable team . There is fresh specifications/ which is not yet reported anywhere else.
done so far by the team. The project
Implementation scope one. The work presented so far is features/improvements suggested by Evidence for ingenious way of innovation
2-a 5 is a regularly done theme/topic
[CO5] lacking any amount of original work the team. The team is doing a design which is also Implementable. Could be a
without any freshness in terms of
[Group Evaluation] by the team. from fundamental principles, and patentable / publishable work.
specifications, features, and/or
there is some independent learning
improvements.
and engineering ingenuity.

(0 – 1 Marks) (2 – 3 Marks) (4 Marks) (5 Marks)

Good evidence of task allocation Excellent display of task identification and

being done, supported by project distribution backed by documentary
No task distribution of any kind. Task allocation done, but not journal entries, identification of tasks evidence of team brainstorming, and
Effectiveness of task
Members are still having no clue on effectively, some members do not through discussion etc. However, the project journal entries. All members are
2-b distribution among 5 what to do. have any idea of the tasks assigned. task distribution seems to be skewed, allocated tasks according to their
team members. Some of the tasks were identified but and depends a few members heavily capabilities, and as much as possible in an
[CO3] not followed individually well. than others. Mostly the tasks are being equal manner. The individual members are
[Group Evaluation]
followed by the individual members. following the tasks in an excellent manner.

(0 – 1 Marks) (2 – 3 Marks) (4 Marks) (5 Marks)

Little or no evidence of continued There is some improvement in the Good evidence of planning done and Excellent evidence of enterprising and
planning or scheduling of the primary plan prepared during phase I. being followed up to a good extent extensive project planning and follow-up
project. The students did not stick to There were some ideas on the since phase I. Continued use of project
after phase I. Materials were listed
Adherence to project the plan what they were going to materials /resources required, but not and thought out, but the plan wasn't management/version control tool to track
schedule. build nor plan on what materials / really thought out. The students have the project. Material procurement if
2-c 5 followed completely. Schedules were
[CO4] resources to use in the project. The some idea on the finances required, prepared, but not detailed, and needs applicable is progressing well. Tasks are
[Group Evaluation] students do not have any idea on the but they have not formalized a budget improvement. Project journal is updated and incorporated in the schedule.
budget required even after the end of plan. Schedules were not prepared. presented but it is neither complete A well-kept project journal showed
phase - I. No project journal kept or The project journal has no useful nor updated regularly. evidence for all the above, in addition to
the journal. details on the project. the interaction with the project guide.

(0 - 1 Marks) (2 - 3 Marks) (4 Marks) (5 Marks)

 The team showed some interim The interim results showed were good
There were significant interim results
Interim Results. results, but they are not complete / and mostly consistent/correct with
There are no interim results to show. presented which clearly shows the progress.
2-d [CO6] 5 consistent to the current stage, Some respect to the current stage. There is
[Group assessment] corrections are needed. room for improvement.
(0 - 1 Marks) (2 - 3 Marks) (4 Marks) (5 Marks)
Very poor presentation and there is Presentation is average, and the Good presentation. Student has good Exceptionally good presentation. Student
Presentation
no interim results. The student has student has only a feeble idea about idea about the team's project. The has excellent grasp of the project. The
2-e [Individual 5 no idea about the project proposal. the team work. overall presentation quality is good. quality of presentation is outstanding.
assessment]
(0 - 1 Marks) (2 - 3 Marks) (4 Marks) (5 Marks)

Phase-II Interim Evaluation - 1 Total Marks: 25

 EVALUATION RUBRICS for PROJECT Phase II: Interim Evaluation – 2
No Parameters Marks Poor Fair Very Good Outstanding

The student does not show any The student appears to apply some The student is able to show some Excellent knowledge in design procedure
Application of evidence of applying engineering basic knowledge, but not able to evidence of application of engineering and its adaptation. The student is able to
engineering knowledge on the design and the show the design procedure and the knowledge in the design and apply knowledge from engineering
knowledge methodology adopted. The student's methodologies adopted in a development of the project to good domains to the problem and develop
2-f [CO1] 10 contribution in application of comprehensive manner. extent. solutions.
[Individual engineering knowledge in the project
Assessment] is poor.

(0 – 3 Marks) (4 – 6 Marks) (7 - 9 Marks) (10 Marks)

The individual contribution is evident.

Involvement of No evidence of any Individual There is evidence for some amount Evidence available for the student acting
The student has good amount of
individual participation in the project work. of individual contribution, but is as the core technical lead and has excellent
5 involvement in core activities of the
members limited to some of the superficial contribution to the project.
2-g [CO3] project.
tasks.
[Individual
Assessment] (0 - 1 Marks) (2 - 3 Marks) (4 Marks) (5 Marks)

None of the expected outcomes are Many of the expected outcomes are Most of the stated outcomes are met.
Only a few of the expected outcomes
Results and achieved yet. The team is unable to achieved. Many observations and Extensive studies are done and inferences
are achieved. A few inferences are
inferences upon derive any inferences on the failures/ inferences are made, and attempts to drawn. Most of the failures are addressed
5 made on the observed failures/issues.
execution [CO5] issues observed. Any kind o f identify the issues are done. Some and solutions suggested. Clear and valid
2-h No further work suggested.
[Group Assessment] observations or studies are not made. suggestions are made for further work. suggestions made for further work.

(0 - 1 Marks) (2 - 3 Marks) (4 Marks) (5 Marks)

Documentatio n and The individual student has no idea on The individual's presentation is done
Presentation's overall quality needs The individual’s presentation
presentation. the presentation of his/her part. The professionally and with great clarity. The
5 to be improved. performance is satisfactory.
2-i .[CO6] presentation is of poor quality. individual’s performance is excellent.
[Individual assessment]
(0 - 1 Marks) (2 - 3 Marks) (4 Marks) (5 Marks)

Phase-II Interim Evaluation - 2 Total Marks: 25

 EVALUATION RUBRICS for PROJECT Phase II: Final Evaluation
No Parameters Marks Poor Fair Very Good Outstanding
The team is able to show evidence of Excellent knowledge in design procedure
Engineering The team does not show any evidence The team is able to show some of the
application of engineering knowledge and its adaptation. The team is able to
2-j knowledge. [CO1] of applying engineering knowledge design procedure and the
10 in the design and development of the apply knowledge from engineering
[Group Assessment] on the design and the methodology methodologies adopted, but not in a
project to good extent. There is scope domains to the problem and develop an
adopted. comprehensive manner.
for improvement. excellent solution.

(0 – 3 Marks) (4 – 6 Marks) (7 - 9 Marks) (10 Marks)

Relevance of the The project has some relevance with The project is relevant to the society The project is exceptionally relevant to
project with respect to The project as a whole do not have respect to social and/or industrial and/or industry. The team is mostly society and/or industry. The team has
2-k societal and/or any societal / industrial relevance at application. The team has however successful in translating the problem made outstanding contribution while
5 all.
industrial needs. made not much effort to explore into an engineering specification and solving the problem in a professional and/
[Group Assessment] further and make it better. managed to solve much of it. or ethical manner.
[CO2]
(0 - 1 Marks) (2 - 3 Marks) (4 Marks) (5 Marks)
Some of the aspects of the proposed Good evidence of an implementable
The project is not addressing any The project has evolved into incorporating
idea appears to be practical. There is project. There is some evidence for the
useful requirement. The idea is an outstandingly novel idea. Original work
still lack of originality in the work originality of the work done by the
evolved into a non-implementable which is not yet reported anywhere else.
done. The project is a regularly done team. There is fresh specifications/
Innovation / novelty / one. The work presented so far is Evidence for ingenious way of innovation
theme/topic without any freshness in features/improvements suggested by the
lacking any amount of original work which is also Implementable. Could be a
2-i Creativity 5 terms of specifications, features, and/ team. The team is doing a design from
[CO5] by the team. patentable publishable work.
or improvements. fundamental principles, and there is
[Group Assessment] some independent learning and
engineering ingenuity. Could be
translated into a product / process if
more work is done.

(0 - 1 Marks) (2 - 3 Marks) (4 Marks) (5 Marks)

Only a few of the expected outcomes
None of the expected outcomes are are achieved. A few inferences are Many of the expected outcomes are Most of the stated outcomes are met.
Quality of results / achieved. The team is unable to made on the observed failures/issues. achieved. Many observations and Extensive studies are done and inferences
conclusions / 10 derive any inferences on the No further work suggested. inferences are made, and attempts to drawn. Most of the failures are addressed
2-m solutions. [CO1] failures/issues observed. Any kind of identify the issues are done. Some and solutions suggested. Clear and valid
[Group Assessment] observations or studies is not made. suggestions are made for further work. suggestions made for further work.

(0 – 3 Marks) (4 – 6 Marks) (7 - 9 Marks) (10 Marks)

 Presentation slides follow a good style
Presentation slides follow professional The presentation slides are exceptionally
The presentation slides are shallow style formats to some extent. However, format and there are only a few issues.
Organization of the slides is good. Most good. Neatly organized. All references
Presentation - Part I and in a clumsy format. It does not its organization is not very good.
of references are cited properly. The cited properly. Diagrams/Figures, Tables
Preparation of slides. 5 follow proper organization. Language needs to be improved. All and equations are properly numbered,
flow is good and team presentation is
[CO6] references are not cited properly, or and l i s ted. Results/ inferences clearly
neatly organized. Some of the results
[Group Assessment]. acknowledged. Presentation slides highlighted and readable.
are not clearly shown. There is room
needs to be more professional.
for improvement.

2-n (0 - 1 Marks) (2 - 3 Marks) (4 Marks) (5 Marks)

Good presentation/ communication by
Presentation - Part The student is able to explain some of Clear and concise communication
the student. The student is able to
II: Individual The student is not communicating the content. The student requires a lot exhibited by the student. The
explain most of the content very well.
Communication 5 properly. Poor response to of prompts to get to the idea. There are presentation is outstanding. Very
There are however, a few areas where
[CO6] questions. language issues. confident and tackles all the questions
the student shows lack of preparation.
[Individual without hesitation. Exceptional traits of
Language is better.
Assessment]. communicator.
(0 - 1 Marks) (2 - 3 Marks) (4 Marks) (5 Marks)

Phase-II Final Evaluation, Marks: 40

 EVALUATION RUBRICS for PROJECT Phase II: Report Evaluation
Sl.
No. Parameters Marks Poor Fair Very Good Outstanding

The prepared report is shallow and not Project report shows evidence of
Project report follows the standard The report is exceptionally good. Neatly
as per standard format. It does not systematic documentation. Report is
format to some extent. However, its organized. All references cited properly.
follow proper organization. Contains mostly following the standard style
organization is not very good. Diagrams/Figures, Tables and equations
mostly unacknowledged content. Lack format and there are only a few issues.
2-o Report [CO6] 30 Language needs to be improved. All are properly numbered, and listed and
of effort in preparation is evident. Organization of the report is good.
references are not cited properly in the clearly shown. Language is excellent and
References are not cited. Mostly consistently formatted. Most of
report. There is lack of formatting follows professional styles. Consistent
Unprofessional and inconsistent references/sources are cited/
consistency. formatting and exceptional readability.
formatting. acknowledged properly.

(0 - 11 Marks) (12 - 18 Marks) (19 - 28 Marks) (29 - 30 Marks)

Phase - II Project Report Marks: 30

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SEMESTER VIII
PROGRAM ELECTIVE III
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BIOMEDICAL CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT414
ENGINEERING PEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: This course will introduce aspects of biomedical engineering as applied to

biologicalsystems described using engineering principles and the use of modern diagnostic and
therapeutic equipment.

Prerequisite:NIL

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO1 Understand basic bioelectric potentials and its implications in diagnostics

Understand the principles used for diagnosis of abnormalities in the cardiovascular
CO2
system
CO3 Explain the techniques used for diagnosis and therapy in the neuromuscular system
Understand the principle and working of different types of bio medical
CO4
equipment/device
CO5 Classify various diagnostic medical imaging techniques.

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 2
CO2 3 2
CO3 3 3
CO4 3 3
CO5 3 3

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Tests End semester

examination
I II
Remember 10 10 10
Understand 20 20 20
Apply 20 20 70
Analyze
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Studentsshould answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14
marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Understand basic bioelectric potentials and their implications in
diagnostics

1. Explain the different types of bio electric potential with diagrams?

2. How does depolarisation and repolarisation occur in a cell?
3. Explain different types of bio-potential electrodes?

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Explain the principles used for diagnosis of abnormalities in the
cardiovascular system

1. Explain ECG machine with a block diagram

2. A patient was subjected to non-invasive method of blood pressure measurement.
Which is the method used? What is the principle behind the method and how is it
done?

Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Explain the techniques used for diagnosis and therapy in the
neuromuscular system

1. Explain with adiagramthe 10-20 system of electrode placement to perform EEG analysis.
2. Explain instrumentation system for acquiring EMG?
3. Explain how functional activity can be elicited from the paralyzed limb of a spinal cord
injured patient using electrical stimulation.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Understand the principle and working of different types of bio medical
equipment/device

1. Explain ventilator parameters?

2. What is a cardiac defibrillator? With a neat diagram explain DC defibrillator.
3. With a neat block diagram explain single channel ECG telemetry transmitter
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Understand various diagnostic medical imaging techniques

1. Explain the principle of basic pulse echo system with necessary diagrams.
2. Compare NMR imaging and CT imaging.

Syllabus

Module 1

Introduction to bio-medical engineering, overview of anatomy and physiological systems of the

body.Sources of bio-electric potential: Resting and action potential, propagation of action
potentials. Bioelectric potentials examples (ECG, EEG, EMG, ERG, EOG, EGG concept only.)
Electrode theory: Nernst relation, Electrode skin interface, Bio potential electrodes:
Microelectrodes, skin surface electrodes, needle electrodes
Instrumentation for clinical laboratory: Bio potential amplifiers-instrumentation amplifiers, carrier
amplifiers, isolation amplifiers, chopper amplifiers

Module 2

Heart and cardiovascular system (brief discussion), electro conduction system of the heart.
Electrocardiography, ECG machine block diagram, ECG lead configurations, ECG recording
system, Einthoven triangle, analysis of ECG signals.
Measurement of blood pressure: Direct, indirect and relative methods of blood pressure
measurement, auscultatory method, oscillometric and ultrasonic noninvasive pressure measurements.
Measurement of blood flow: Electromagnetic blood flowmeters and ultrasonic blood flow meters

Module 3

The human nervous system. Neuron, action potential of brain, brain waves, types of electrodes,
placement of electrodes, evoked potential, EEG recording, analysis of EEG.
Electrical activity of muscles- EMG. Signal Acquisition and analysis. Applications of EMG -
myoelectric control system.Electrical stimulation of the muscle and nerve, Functional Electrical
Stimulation- Principle and applications.
Physiology of respiratory system (overview), Respiratory parameters, spirometer, body
plethysmographs, gas exchange and distribution.

Module 4

Instruments for clinical laboratory: Oxymeters, pH meter, blood cell counter, flame photometer,
spectrophotometer
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Therapeutic Equipments: Principle, block schematic diagram, working and applications of :

pacemakers, cardiac defibrillators, heart–lung machine, dialyzers, surgical diathermy equipment,
ventilators
Biomedical Telemetry system: Components of biotelemetry system, application of telemetry in
medicine, single channel telemetry system for ECG and temperature measurement.

Module 5

Medical Imaging systems (Basic Principle only): X-ray imaging - Properties and production of X-
rays, X-ray machine, applications of X-rays in medicine.
Computed Tomograpy: Principle, image reconstruction, scanning system and applications
Ultrasonic imaging systems: Basic pulse echo system, propagation of ultrasonic through tissues and
reflections, display types, A-Scan, B-Scan, M-Scan, applications, real-time ultrasonic imaging
systems and probes.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging – Basic NMR components, Biological effects and advantages of
NMR imaging
Patient Safety: Electric shock hazards, leakage current,safety codes for electro medical equipments

Text Books

1. R. S. Khandpur, Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation, Tata Mc Graw Hill

2. Leslie Cromwell, Fred J. Weibell, Erich A. Pfeiffer, Biomedical Instrumentation and
Measurements, PHI, 2nd Edition, 2004

References:

1. John G Webster, “Medical Instrumentation application and design”, John Wiley 3rde/d
2. J. J. Carr, “Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology”, Pearson Education 4th e/d.
3. Richard Aston, “Principle of Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurement”. Merrill
Education/Prentice Hall.
4. Barbara Christe, Introduction to Biomedical Instrumentation, Cambridge University
Press, 2008
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

MODULE NO. OF
TOPIC
NO LECTURES
Introduction to bio-medical instrumentation system, overview
2
of anatomy and physiological systems of the body.
Sources of bio-electric potential: Resting and action potential,
propagation of action potentials, Bioelectric potentials 2
examples (ECG, EEG, EMG, ERG, EOG, EGG concept only.)
I Electrode theory: Nernst relation, Electrode skin interface, 1
Bio potential electrodes: Microelectrodes, skin surface
1
electrodes, needle electrodes
Instrumentation for clinical laboratory: Bio potential
amplifiers-instrumentation amplifiers, carrier amplifiers, 2
isolation amplifiers, chopper amplifiers
Heart and cardiovascular system (brief discussion), electro
1
conduction system of the heart.Electrocardiography
ECG machine block diagram, ECG lead configurations, ECG
2
recording system, Einthoven triangle, analysis of ECG signals.
II Measurement of blood pressure: Direct, indirect and relative
methods of blood pressure measurement, auscultatory method, 2
oscillometric and ultrasonic noninvasive pressure measurements.

Measurement of blood flow: Electromagnetic blood flow

1
meters and ultrasonic blood flow meters
The human nervous system. Neuron, action potential of brain,
brain waves, types of electrodes, placement of electrodes, 2
evoked potential, EEG recording, analysis of EEG.
Electrical activity of muscles- EMG. Signal Acquisition and
2
analysis. Applications of EMG - myoelectric control system.
III
Electrical stimulation of the muscle and nerve, Functional
1
Electrical Stimulation- Principle and applications.
Physiology of respiratory system (overview), Respiratory
parameters, spirometer, body plethysmographs, gas exchange 2
and distribution.
Instruments for clinical laboratory: Oxymeters, pH meter,
2
blood cell counter, flame photometer, spectrophotometer
Therapeutic Equipments: Principle, block schematic diagram,
IV working and applications of : pacemakers, cardiac 2
defibrillators
heart–lung machine, dialyzers, surgical diathermy equipment,
2
ventilators
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Biomedical Telemetry system: Components of biotelemetry

1
system, application of telemetry in medicine
Medical Imaging systems (Basic Principle only): X-ray
imaging - Properties and production of X-rays, X-ray machine, 2
applications of X-rays in medicine.
Computed Tomograpy: Principle, image reconstruction,
1
scanning system and applications
Ultrasonic imaging systems: Basic pulse echo system,
propagation of ultrasonic through tissues and reflections,
V 2
display types, A-Scan, B-Scan, M-Scan, applications, real-
time ultrasonic imaging systems and probes.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging – Basic NMR components,
1
Biological effects and advantages of NMR imaging
Patient Safety: Electric shock hazards, leakage current,safety
codes for electro medical equipments 1
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
(Electronics & Communication Engineering)
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Max Marks : 100 Duration : 3 Hours
PART A

(Answer all questions. Each question carries 3 marks)

1 What is a microelectrode? List any two 3

2 List three typical features of a biopotential amplifier 3

3 Draw and explain the Einthoven triangle 3

4 List the various blood pressure measurement techniques 3

5 Explain action potential and Resting Potential of brain? 3

6 What is meant by nerve conduction velocity. What is its significance? 3

7 List three ventilator parameters and explain any one. 3

8 What is ventricular defibrillation. 3

9 What are the electric shock hazards? 3

10 Compare NMR imaging and CT imaging. 3

PART B

(Answer one full question from each module)

MODULE 1

Explain about electrode-electrolyte interface and the electrical activity associated

11a) 8
with one contraction in a muscle.

b) Explain isolation amplifier with a neat diagram? 6

OR

12a) How does depolarisation and repolarisation occur in a cell? 7

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

b) Explain chopper amplifier with a neat diagram? State applications 7

MODULE 2

13a) With necessary illustration, explain any two basic ECG lead configurations. 7

Explain ultrasonic blood flow meter with neat diagram? What are the advantages
b) 7
over other flow meters?

OR

14a) Explain electro conduction system of the heart with illustration 7

Compare direct and indirect blood pressure measurement. What is Korotkoff

b) 7
sound in blood pressure measurement?

MODULE 3

With necessary block schematic explain the principle of operation of a myoelectric

15a) 7
controlled prosthetic device.

With necessary illustration, explain the placement of electrodes for recording EEG
b) 7
signal.

OR

16a) Explain different respiratory parameters. Explain the working of a spirometer. 7

List six applications of Functional electrical stimulation and explain one application
b) 7
in detail.

MODULE 4

What is a pacemaker? What is its significance? Explain the working with illustration
17a) 7
of an atrio-synchronous pacemaker.

What is diathermy? With a neat block schematic diagram, explain the working and
b) 7
applications of surgical diathermy equipments.

OR

18a) What is dialysis? Explain any one type of dialyzer with necessary illustration 7

With the help of neat block diagram, explain the components of biotelemetry
b) 7
system
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MODULE 5

19a) With a neat block diagram, explain the technique of producing CT images. 7

Explain the principle and any one application of M-mode display in ultrasound
b) 7
systems.

OR

20a) Explain the components of an NMR imaging system with neat block diagram 8

Explain how electric shock is hazardous to human body. What changes it will bring
b) 6
in the body, when the current increases.

*****
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SATELLITE CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT424
COMMUNICATION PEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: This course aims to impart the basic knowledge of satellite communication and its
applications.

Prerequisite: ECT 305Analog &Digital communication

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO1 Define satellite communications& possible satellite orbits.

CO2 Describe satellite communication subsystems& launching mechanisms of satellites.

Calculate link budgets.Provide an in-depth treatment of satellite communication
CO3
systems operation and planning
CO4 Analyze the various methods of satellite access.
CO5 Discuss various applications of satellite communications

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 3
CO2 3 3
CO3 3 3 3
CO4 3 3 2
CO5 3 3

AssessmentPattern

Bloom’sCategory Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester Examination

1 2
Remember 15 15 20
Understand 15 15 20
Apply 10 10 30
Analyse 10 10 30
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Course Seminar &Assignment :15 marks

It is mandatory that a course seminar shall be undertaken by each student for this subject.
The courseseminar of 5 to 10 minute durationshall be presented by taking any topic
related with satellite communication approved by the faculty. Studentshall be awarded 5
marks for presentation of topic and a brief report. Thereport has
tobesubmittedforacademicauditing. In addition two assignments may be given for 5
marks each which can be a class or home assignment.

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each
question. Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each
module of which student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum of 2
sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Define satellite communications& possible satellite orbits.

1. Explain the different types of satellite orbits?
2. Describe various orbital elements
3. Describe the effect of orbits on satellite performance?

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Describe satellite communication subsystems& launching

mechanisms of satellites.
1. Describe the major subsystems of a communication satellite .
2. Describe the significance of antenna subsystem why uplink and downlink
frequency different in satellite communication are different.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Calculate link budgets. Provide an in-depth treatment of

satellite communication systems operation and planning
1. Calculation of total link loss for various sky condition
2. Calculation of Effective Isotropic Radiated Power required for various Sky
Conditions.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Analyze the various methods of satellite access

1.Describe various multiple Access Technique.
2. Compare the uplink power requirement for FDMA and TDMA

Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Discuss various applications of satellite communications

1. Explain the Basic Principle of navigation Satellite.
2. Explain Satellite Radio Broadcasting.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SYLLABUS

Module 1: Satellite Orbits:

Introduction to Satellite Communication,Historical background, Basic concepts of
Satellite Communications,Kepler’slaws of planetary motion, types of satellite orbits,orbit
determination.Definitions of terms for Earth-Orbiting Satellites, Orbital
Elements,Apogee and Perigee Heights,satellite stabilization,orbital effects onsatellites
performance. Antenna Look Angles, The Polar Mount Antenna, Limits of Visibility,
launch systems for geostationary satellites.

Module 2: Satellite System:

The Space Segment
Introduction, The Power Supply, Attitude&Orbit Control, Satellite stabilization, Station
Keeping, Thermal Control, TT&C Subsystem, Transponders, Antenna Subsystem
The Earth Segment
Types of earth station, architecture & design considerations .Transmit-Receive Earth
Station ,
Wideband receiver, the input demultiplexer, the power amplifier, Satellite tracking.

Module3: The Satellite Link design :

Introduction,Transmission Theory,System Noise Temperature and G/T Ratio, Design of
Downlinks
Ku-Band GEO Satellite Systems, Uplink Design , Design for Specified CNR: Combining
CNR and C/I Values in Satellite Links ,System Design for Specific Performance.
Regional &global satellite systems INSAT, INTELSAT& INMARSAT.

Module 4: Modulation & Multiple Access

Introduction,Digital Modulation techniques preferred in satellites, Multiple Access
,Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) ,
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Transmitter Power in TDMA Networks,
Demand Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA), Random Access (RA) , Packet Radio
Systems and Protocols, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Module 5: Satellite Application:

Introduction, Frequency bands, , Comparison between Satellite & terrestrial networks,
Satellite Telephony,SatelliteTelevision,DTH,Satellite Radio broadcasting,Remote
Sensing Satellite;Classification, orbits,payloads,Weather ForecastingSatellites:Orbits,
payloads.
Navigation Satellite:Basic principles of satellite navigation, GPS Position Location
Principle functional segments of GPS, Indian Contribution to positioning systems. NGSO
satellite systems.

Text Books
1. Dennis Roddy, Satellite Communications, 4th Edition, McGraw- Hill International
edition, 2006
2. Timothy Pratt,Jeremy E,Allnutt, Satellite Communications, Wiley, 3rd Edition,
October 2019

Reference Books
1. Gerard Maral,Michel Bousquet,Zhili Sun, Satellite Communications Systems:
Systems, Techniques and Technology,Wiley,6thedition,April 2020
2. Anil K. Maini, Varsha Agrawal, Satellite Communications, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.,
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2015
3. TRI.T. HA, Digital Satellite Communications, McGraw-Hill,second edition

Course Content & Lecture Schedule

Sr. No. Content Total Hrs

Satellite Orbits
Introduction to Satellite Communication, Historical background, 1
Basic concepts of Satellite Communication
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, types of satellite orbits, orbit 2
Module 1 determination
Definitions of terms for Earth-Orbiting Satellites, Orbital Elements, 1
Apogee and Perigee Heights,
Satellite stabilization, orbital effects on satellites performance. 1
Antenna Look Angles, The Polar Mount Antenna, Limits of Visibility 1

Launch systems for geostationary satellites. 1

Satellite System
The Space Segment 2
Introduction, The Power Supply, Attitude &Orbit Control, Satellite
stabilization, Station Keeping, Thermal Control,
1
Module 2 TT&C Subsystem, Transponders,
Antenna Subsystem, Antenna types & designequation(derivation not 1
required)
The Earth Segment 2
Types of earth station, architecture & design considerations Transmit-
Receive Earth Station ,
Wide band receiver, The input demultiplexer, The power amplifier, 1
Satellite tracking.
The Satellite Link design
Introduction, Transmission Theory , System Noise Temperature and 2
G/T Ratio , Design of Downlinks
Ku-Band GEO Satellite Systems
Module 3 2
Uplink Design , Design for Specified CNR: Combining CNR and C/I
Values in Satellite Links ,System Design for Specific Performance

Regional &global satellite systems INSAT,INTELSAT& 2

INMARSAT.
Modulation & MultipleAccess
Introduction, Digital Modulation techniques preferred in satellite 2
communication.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2
Module4 Multiple Access ,Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) ,Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Transmitter Power in TDMA
Networks, Demand Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA),

3
Random Access (RA) , Packet Radio Systems and Protocols, Code
Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Satellite Application:

Introduction, Frequency bands, , Comparison between Satellite & 1

terrestrial networks,
2
Satellite Telephony, Satellite Television, DTH, Satellite Radio
Module 5 broadcasting,
2
Remote Sensing Satellite; Classification, orbits, payloads, Weather
Forecasting Satellites: Orbits, payloads.

Navigation Satellite: Basic principles of satellite navigation, GPS 3

Position Location Principle functional segments of GPS. Indian
Contribution to positioning systems, NGSO satellite systems.

Total 35
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Model Question Paper

A P J ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Eighth Semester B Tech Degree Examination Branch: Electronics and Communication
Course: ECT424 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

PART A
(Answer All Questions. Each question carries 3 marks)

1. How do geostationary and geosynchronous orbit differ?

2. What are the limits of visibility of a satellite?
3. How thermal control achieved in space craft? Why is it necessary?
4. What is the need of tracking a spacecraft & how is it practiced?
5. Briefly describe the causes of interference and noise in a satellite link?
6. Why uplink and downlink frequency different in satellite communication?
7. State the advantages of demand assignment over preassigned access techniques?
8. Why synchronization is a must for TDMA?
9. Compare satellite & terrestrial networks?
10. State the orbital requirements & payload of a remote sensing satellite?Give one example of remote
sensing satellite.

PART B
(Answer one question from each module. Each question carries 14 mark.)

Module 1
11(a) State Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.Using these laws determine the height of
geostationary orbit (8)
11(b) Discuss the various satellite orbits and their applications. (6)

OR
12(a) Explain the need for stabilization of a space craft & methods to achieve it. (7)
(b) Briefly describe the launching methods & Launch vehicles used for putting a
spacecraft into geostationary orbit. (7)

Module 2
13. Discuss the major subsystems of a communication satellite. (14)
OR
14. With a block schematic describe a transmit receive earth station (14)

Module 3
15. Derive the uplink and downlink design of a geostationary Ku band satellite (14)

OR
16(a). Discuss the regional communication satellite of India (7)

16(b). How global coverage is possible using INTELSAT. What is the use of INMARSAT (7)
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Module 4
17. Discuss the digital modulation techniques used in satellite communication. (14)
OR
18(a). Discuss the Random-access techniques and the associated protocols. (7)
18 (b). Compare FDMA,TDMA,CDMA. (7)

Module 5
19(a) Discuss direct broadcast satellite & satellite radio enumerating their advantages (7)
19(b) Discuss the weather forecasting satellites explaining the orbits chosen and the payload,
and applications (7)
OR
20(a) Explain the functional system of a GPS. How position determined in GPS system
and methods to reduce error (8)
20(b) Explain NGSO satellite constellations. (6)
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT434 SECURE COMMUNICATION
PEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: This course aims to provide an insight into the theory and technology behind
secure communication.

Prerequisite:Nil

Course Outcomes:After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Explain network security services and mechanisms and the types of attacks they are
K2 designed for
CO 2
Model the symmetric encryption process and different encryption techniques
K3
CO 3 Apply the concepts of group, ring, field,modular arithmetic, Euclidean
K3 algorithm,Finite fields and polynomial arithmetic
CO4 Illustrate the principles of modern symmetric ciphers like the Data Encryption
K2 Standard and Advanced Encryption Standard
CO5 Outline the concepts of public key cryptography, RSA algorithm, key distribution and
K2 management for public key systems
CO6 Explain the requirements for authentication and the types of functions used to
K2 produce an authenticator

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO PO 3 PO PO PO PO PO PO PO1 PO11 PO1

2 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2
CO 3 3 2
1
CO 3 3 2
2
CO 3 3 2
3
CO 3 3 2
4
CO 3 3 2
5
CO 3 3 2
6

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment

End Semester
Tests
Examination
1 2
Remember
10 10 10
K1
Understand 20 20 20
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

K2
Apply
20 20 70
K3
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry
14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Explain network security services and mechanisms and the types
of attacks they are designed for

1. Describe the OSI security architecture

2. Differentiate between active and passive security threats

3. Define the categories of security services and security threats

Course Outcome 2 (CO2):Explain the general model for the symmetric encryption process
and some of the encryption techniques in use

1. Describe the five ingredients in a symmetric cipher model

2. Encrypt and decryptplaintext using Hill cipher.

3. Describe one time pad.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Apply the concepts of group, ring, field, modular arithmetic,
Euclidean algorithm, Finite fields and polynomial arithmetic

1. Define a group, ring and field

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2. Determine the gcd of 2 given numbers.

3. Find the multiplicative inverse using extended Euclidean algorithm

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Illustrate the principles of modern symmetric ciphers like the
Data Encryption Standard and Advanced Encryption Standard

1. Explain avalanche effect

2. Describe the DES encryption algorithm

3. Describe ShiftRows transformation in AES

Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Describe the concepts of public key cryptography, RSA
algorithm, key distribution and management for public key systems

1. Describe the key elements of a public key cryptosystem

2. Encrypt and decrypt using RSA algorithm

3. List the different schemes for distribution of public keys

Course Outcome 6 (CO6):Describe the requirements for authentication and the types of
functions that may be used to produce an authenticator

1. What types of attacks are addressed by message authentication?

2. Explain the basic uses of message encryption
3. Explain the basic uses of Message Authentication Code

SYLLABUS

Module 1: Introduction and Classic Encryption Techniques

OSI security architecture, Security attacks – Passive attacks, Active attacks, Security
services- Authentication, Access Control, Data Confidentiality, Data integrity,
Nonrepudiation, Availability service. Model for network security. Symmetric cipher model,
Cryptography, Cryptoanalysis, Substitution techniques- Hill Cipher, One time pad,
Transposition Techniques

Module 2: Finite Fields

Groups,Rings and Fields, Modular arithmetic, Euclidian algorithm, Finite Fields of the form
GF(p), Polynomial arithmetic
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Module 3: Block Ciphers. Data Encryption Standard, AES Cipher

Block Cipher Principles – Stream Ciphers and Block Ciphers, Feistel Cipher, Feistel
Decryption algorithm, The Data encryption standard, DES Decryption - Avalanche effect,
The AES Cipher, substitute bytes transformation, Shift row transformation, Mix Column
transformation

Module 4: Public Key Cryptography, RSA and Key Management

Principles of public key cryptosystems-Public key cryptosystems, Application for Public key
cryptosystem requirements, Fermat’s theorem, Euler’s Totient Function, Euler’s theorem,
RSA algorithm, Key management, Distribution of public keys, Publicly available directory,
Public key authority, public key certificates, Distribution of secret keys using public key
cryptography

Module 5: Message Authentication and Hash Function

Authentication requirements, Authentication functions- Message Encryption, Public Key
Encryption, Message Authentication Code, Hash function

Text Books
1. William Stallings, Cryptography and Network security: principles and practice", 4th
Edition, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2006

Reference Books:
1. Behrouz A. Forouzan, Cryptography and Network security Tata McGraw-Hill, 2008
2. David S. Dummit& Richard M Foote, Abstract Algebra, 2nd Edition, Wiley India Pvt.
Ltd.,2008.
3. Douglas A. Stinson, Cryptography, Theory and Practice, 2/e, Chapman & Hall, CRC
PressCompany, Washington, 2005.
4. Lawrence C. Washington, Elliptic Curves: Theory and Cryptography, Chapman &
Hall, CRCPress Company, Washington, 2008.
5. N. Koeblitz: A course in Number theory and Cryptography, 2008
6. Thomas Koshy: Elementary Number Theory with Applications, 2/e, Academic Press,
2007
7. Tyagi and Yadav, Cryptography and network security, Dhanpatrai, 2012
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Introduction
1.1 OSI system architecture, Security attacks – Passive attacks, Active attacks 1
1.2 Security services- Authentication, Access Control, Data Confidentiality, 2
Data integrity, Nonrepudiation, Availability service. Security Mechanisms
1.3 A model for network security 1
1.4 Symmetric cipher model, Cryptography, Cryptoanalysis, 1
1.5 Substitution techniques- Hill Cipher, One time pad 2
1.6 Transposition Techniques 1
8
2 Finite Fields
2.1 Groups, Rings and Fields 1
2.2 Modular arithmetic 2
2.3 Euclidian algorithm 1
2.4 Finite Fields of the form GF(p) 2
2.5 Polynomial arithmetic 2
8
3 Block Ciphers. Data Encryption Standard, AES Cipher
3.1 Block Cipher Principles – Stream Ciphers and Block Ciphers, Feistel 2
Cipher, Feistel Decryption algorithm
3.2 The Data encryption standard, DES Decryption – The Avalanche effect 3
3.3 The AES Cipher, substitute bytes transformation, Shift row transformation, 4
Mix Column transformation
9
4 Public Key Cryptography, RSA and Key Management
4.1 Principles of public key cryptosystems-Public key cryptosystems, 2
Application for Public key cryptosystem requirements
4.2 Fermat’s theorem, Euler’s Totient Function, Euler’s theorem, RSA 3
algorithm- Description of the algorithm
4.3 Key management, Distribution of public keys, Publicly available directory, 2
Public key authority, public key certificates, Distribution of secret keys
using public key cryptography
7
5 Module 5: Message Authentication and Hash Function
5.1 Authentication requirements, Authentication functions- Message 3
Encryption, Public Key Encryption, Message Authentication Code, Hash
function
3
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Simulation Assignments: (Using Matlab/Python or any suitable software)

1. Write a program that can encrypt and decrypt using a 2x2 Hill cipher
2. Write a program that can encrypt and decrypt a railfence cipher
3. Write a program to find the multiplicative inverse using extended Euclidean algorithm
4. Write a program for calculating Euler’s Totient Function

Model Question paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
Course Code: ECT434
Course Name: SECURE COMMUNICATION
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
PART A

Answer ALL Questions. Each Carries 3 mark.

1 Illustrate the categories of active attacks K2

2 Express Hill Cipher system in general terms. Describe the strength of the Hill K2
Cipher.

3 Determine whether the set of residue class modulo 3 forms a group with respect to K3
addition.

4 Determine the multiplicative inverse of each non zero element in Z5 K3

5 Differentiate between diffusion and confusion K2

6 Differentiate between block cipher and stream cipher K2

7 State and prove Fermats theorem K2

8 Explain the requirements for public key cryptography K2

9 Define the types of attacks which can be addressed by message authentication K2

10 Define the 3 classes of functions which can be used to produce an authenticator. K2

PART – B

Answer one question from each module; each question carries 14 marks.

Module - I

11 a. Describe specific and pervasive security mechanisms 7

CO1
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

K2
b. Decrypt the following message that was encrypted by using a railfence cipher with 7
4 rails. CO2
K3
TTTPT QDSYP RSHII XEDOH EIUNS ESLDY TEMES SERSE NELSC
NEAUC FLERE GAMAE BHDIH SCUCD NG

OR

7
12 a Describe a symmetric cipher model CO1
K2

5 1 7
Encrypt the message: “payransom” using Hill Cipher with the key � �.
b. 2 7 CO2
K3
Module - II

7
CO3
13 a. Define a field.
K2

7
b. Find the gcd (24140, 16762)
CO3
K3
OR

14 a. Using the extended Euclidean algorithm, find the multiplicative inverse of 7

1234 mod 4321 CO3
K3
b. Calculate using coefficients in Z10 7
(a) (7x+2) - (x2+5) CO3
(b) (6x2+x+3) x (5x2+2) K3
Module - III

15 a. Describe the internal structure of a single round of DES Encryption algorithm 8

CO4
K2
b. In an AES system, given the plaintext {000102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F} 6
and the key {01010101010101010101010101010101}, CO4
K3
(a) Show the original contents of State, displayed as a 4x4 matrix
(b) Show the value of State after initial Add Round Key
Describe the characteristics of the AES Cipher
OR
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

16 What are the parameters and design choices that determine the actual algorithm of 14
CO4
a FeistalCipher.Describe Feistel Encryption and Decryption.
K2
Module - IV

17 a. State and prove Euler’s theorem 6

CO5
K2
b.
Using Fermat’s Theorem, find(i) 3201 mod 11 (ii) a number a between 0 and 72
with a congruent to 9794 modulo 73 8
CO5
K3

OR

18 a. Describe the essential elements of a public key cryptosystem scheme 7

CO5
K2

b. Perform encryption and decryption using RSA algorithm for p = 3, q =11, e = 7, 7

CO5
M = 5. K3
Module - V

19 Describe a hash function. Illustrate the different ways in which hash function can 14
be used to provide message authentication. Describe the confidentiality and CO6
K2
authentication implications of the different approaches.
OR

20(a) Illustrate the basic uses of message encryption 7

CO6
K2
(b) 7
Explain authentication using message authentication code CO6
K2
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT444 PATTERN RECOGNITION
PEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: This course aims to impart the fundamentals of statistical pattern recognition and
neural network techniques.

Prerequisite: MAT 101 Linear Algebra and Calculus, MAT 204 Probability, Random Process,
and Numerical Methods, ECT 463 Machine Learning
Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO1 K2 Understand the basics of statistical pattern recognition

CO2 K3 Apply statistical methods in linear classification
Apply linear algebra and statistical methods in parameter and non-parameter
CO3 K3
estimation
CO4 K3 Apply statistical methods in non-linear classification and neural networks
CO5 K2 Understand the basics of deep learning networks, convolutional neural networks

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO1 PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO1 PO11 PO12

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
CO 1 3
CO 2 3 3 3 3 3
CO 3 3 3 3 3 3
CO 4 3
CO 5 3 3 3

Assessment Pattern

Continuous Assessment
Bloom’s Category Tests End Semester Examination
1 2
Remember
Understand K2 20 20 40
Apply K3 30 30 60
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Mark distribution

Total
CIE ESE ESE Duration
Marks

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry
14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Understand the basics of statistical pattern recognition (K2)

1. Describe the classification of pattern recognition systems

2. Describe statistical pattern recognition

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Apply statistical methods in linear classification (K3)

1. Describe linear classifiers

2. Obtain linear classifiers using statistical methods

Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Apply linear algebra and statistical methods in parameter and
non-parameter estimation (K3)

1. Explain different parameter estimation methods

2. Describe different non-parameter estimation methods

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Apply statistical methods in non-linear classification and neural
networks (K3)

1. Explain non-linear classifiers, neural networks and various associated terms

2. Using optimization techniques obtain the backpropagation algorithm

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Understand the basics of deep learning networks, convolutional
neural networks, and recurrent neural networks(K2)

1. Describe deep learning networks

2. Explain convolutional neural networks and its layers.

SYLLABUS

Module I
Basics of pattern recognition system, various applications, classification of pattern
recognition systems, design of Pattern recognition system. Statistical pattern recognition:
review of probability theory, Gaussian distribution, Bayes decision theory, optimal solutions
for minimum error and minimum risk criteria.

Module II
Linear Classifiers, linearly separable classes, normal density, discriminant functions, decision
surfaces, linear discriminants, binary class, multiple classes, cost functions, perceptron
algorithm, SVM, Fisher’s linear discriminant.

Module III
Parameter estimation methods: Maximum-Likelihood estimation, Bayesian parameter
estimation, mixture models, mixtures of Gaussians, Expectation-maximization method.
Non-Parameter methods: Non-parametric techniques for density estimation - Parzen-window
method, K-nearest neighbour density estimation, nearest neighbor rule.

Module IV
Nonlinear classifiers, the XOR problem, two-layer multilayer perceptrons, multilayer
perceptrons, neural networks, feed-forward networks, hidden units, activation function,
weight vector, bias, cost functions, forward and backward propagation, learning by gradient
descent, backpropagation algorithm.

Module V
Introduction to deep learning networks, deep feedforward networks,ReLU, bias-variance
tradeoff, regularization, dropout, vanishing/exploding gradients, weight initialization for deep
networks, basics of convolutional neural networks, layers of convolutional neural networks.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Text Books:

1. Bishop, C. M. “Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning” Springer, New York,

2006.
2. Duda, R.O., Hart, P.E., and Stork, D.G. “Pattern Classification”. Wiley, New York,
2001.
References:
1. Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R. and Friedman, J. “The Elements of Statistical Learning”.
Springer. 2001.
2.Theodoridis, S. and Koutroumbas, K. “Pattern Recognition”. Academic Press, San
Diego, 2003.
3. Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio, Aaron Courville. “Deep Learning” MIT Press, 2016
4.Morton Nadier and Eric Smith P., Pattern Recognition Engineering , John Wiley &
Sons, New York, 1993.

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Module I
1.1 Basics of pattern recognition system, various applications, 1
1.2 types of pattern recognition systems, design of Pattern recognition system. 1
1.3 Statistical pattern recognition: review of probability theory 2
1.4 Bayes decision theory, optimal solutions for minimum error and minimum 2
risk criteria.

2 Module II
2.1 Linear Classifiers, linearly separable classes, normal density, 2
2.2 discriminant functions, decision surfaces, 1
2.3 linear discriminants, binary class, multiple classes, cost functions, 2
2.4 perceptron algorithm, SVM ,Fisher’s linear discriminant. 2

3 Module III
3.1 Parameter estimation methods: Maximum-Likelihood estimation, 2
3.2 Bayesian parameter estimation, 1
3.3 mixture models, mixtures of Gaussians, Expectation-maximization method. 2
3.4 Non-parametric techniques for density estimation - Parzen-window method, 2
3.5 K-nearest neighbour density estimation, nearest neighbor rule. 1
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

4 Module IV
4.1 Nonlinear classifiers, the XOR problem, two-layer multilayer perceptrons, 2
4.2 multilayer perceptrons, neural networks, feed-forward networks, 1
4.3 hidden units, activation function, weight vector, bias, cost functions, 1
4.4 forward and backward propagation, learning by gradient descent,
3
backpropagation algorithm.

5 Module V
5.1 Introduction to deep learning networks, deep feedforward networks, 2
5.2 ReLU, bias-variance tradeoff, regularization, dropout, 2
5.3 vanishing/exploding gradients,weight initialization for deep networks, 1
5.4 basics of convolutional neural networks, layers of convolutional neural
2
networks

Simulation Assignments (using Python or Matlab)

 Linear classifiers
 Maximum likelihood estimation,
 Bayesian estimation
 Expectation-maximization method.
 Multilayer perceptrons
 backpropagation
 Deep learning examples
 Basic CNN
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDULKALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

ECT444 PATTERN RECOGNITION

Time: 3 hours Max.Marks:100

PART A
Answer all questions. Each question carries 3 marks.
1. Explain different types of pattern recognition systems with examples.
2. Explain Bayes classification rule
3. Explain the significance of minimizing risk
4. Describe discriminant functions and decision surfaces
5. Explain Fisher’s linear discriminant.
6. Differentiate ML and MAP parameter estimation.
7. Explain the significance of Gaussian mixture models
8. Explain activation functions.
9. Explain vanishing and exploding gradients.
10. How weight initialization is done for deep networks.

PART B
Answer anyone question from each module. Each question carries 14 marks.
MODULE I
11. (a) Describe the design principles of pattern recognition system with an example(6 marks)
(b) Explain Bayes decision rule. Explain how it can be used for two class classification.
(8 marks)
OR
12. (a) Show that the Bayesian classifier is optimal with respect to minimizing the
classification error probability? (8 marks)
(b) Give any three applications of pattern recognition systems (6 marks)

MODULE II
13. (a)Give a description of minimum distance classifiers (8 marks)
(b) Explain Fisher’s linear discriminant. (6 marks)
OR
14. (a) Obtain the decision surface for an equi-probable two class system, where the probability
density functions of n-dimensional feature vectors in both classes are normally distributed.
(8 marks)
(b) Give step by step description of perceptron algorithm (6 marks)
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MODULE III

15. (a) Assuming a Gaussian distribution of the features, Explain the general principle of the
maximum likelihood estimation for the following cases
1. Unknown mean and known covariance matrix
2. Unknown mean and unknown covariance matrix (8 marks)
(b) Compare parametric and non parametric methods for probability density function
estimation. (6 marks)
OR
16. (a) Give step by step description of expectation maximization algorithm. (8 marks)
(b) How mixture models are created using Gaussian densities? (6 marks)

MODULE IV
17. (a) Explain the working principle of back propagation neural networks with neat
architecture diagram (8 marks)
(b) List different types of activation functions used in perceptron models. (6 marks)
OR
18. (a) How does a multi-layer perceptron solve the nonlinear XOR problem? (8 marks)
(b) Explain weight vector, bias, cost functions (6 marks)

MODULE V
19. (a) Explain convolutional layer, pooling layers and activation functions in convolutional
neural networks. (6 marks)
(b) Give the structure of deep neural networks with description of all layers (8 marks)

20. (a) Describe convolutional neural networks with detailed description of each layers
(8 marks)
(b) Explain i) ReLU, ii) regularization, iii) dropout (6 marks)
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT454 RF CIRCUIT DESIGN
PEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: This course deals with the analysis, design and simulation of Radio Frequency (RF)
Circuits and Components for wireless communication systems. The course provides
fundamentals of transmission lines, high frequency circuit behavior, impedance matching
networks, filters, active RF components, amplifiers, and mixers. The course will enable the
students to use CAD tools for simulating and designing RF circuits.

Prerequisite: ECT 302 Electromagnetics, ECT 202 Analog Circuits and ECT 205 Network
Theory

Course Outcome: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Explain the basic idea about RF networks and working of RF filter circuits
K2
CO 2 Describe the behaviour of RF components and application of Network analyser in
K2 parameter measurement
CO 3 Apply the principle of RF networks in the designing of RF amplifiers, RF
K3 Oscillators and Mixers

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 2 2 2
CO 2 3 3 2 3 2
CO 3 3 3 3 3 2 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment

Tests End Semester Examination
1 2
Remember K1 10 10 20
Understand K2 20 20 40
Apply K3 20 20 40
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain
10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students
should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student
should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1) :Explain the basic idea about RF networks and working of RF filter
circuits (K2)

1. Explain the high frequency behavior of inductors

2. What do mean by characteristic impedance of a transmission line ? Give expressions
3. Give the scattering matrix for a two-port network and define each element of the matrix.
4. Explain the steps involved in the design of a filter using insertion loss technique

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Describe the behaviour of RF components and application of

Network analyser in parameter measurement (K2)

1. Describe the different physical geometry structures for high frequency BJT fabrication.
2. Explain how impedance matching is done using Quarter-wave tranformers
3. Describe the steps involved in simulating an RF circuit using any EM Simulation
software
4. Explain the working of a Vector Network Analyzer

Course Outcome 3 (CO3):Apply the principle of RF networks in the designing of RF

amplifiers, RF Oscillators and Mixers(K3)

1. Explain the importance of stability circles in designing Microwave Amplifiers.

2. Design a single stage transistor for maximum gain
3. Describe the working principle of a negative resistance oscillator
4. Explain the working of a Dielectric resonator oscillator.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SYLLABUS

Module 1 : Introduction to RF System ( 07 Hours )

1.1 RF circuit introduction - Importance of radio frequency design, RF behavior of resistors

, inductors and capacitors.(02)
1.2 Transmission Lines-Equivalent Circuit representation-General Transmission Line
Equation- Terminated transmission lines- Input impedance, Standing waves, VSWR,
Return loss, Insertion loss, Characteristic impedance, Phase velocity.
Planar Transmission Lines – Microstrip lines and Striplines – Constructional Features (05)

Module 2 :RF Network Analysis (08 Hours)

2.1 Single and Multi-port Networks– Definitions-Impedance matrix, Scattering matrix,

Transmission (ABCD) matrix(02)
2.2 Impedance Matching Networks-Design of Matching Circuits using Lumped Elements,
Single Stub tuning, Quarter-Wave Transformers, Multi-Section Transformer – Binomial
Transformer(04)
2.3 RF Filter Design- Filter Design using insertion loss technique – (02)

Module 3 :RF Components (07 Hours)

3.1 Active RF components- Bipolar junction Transistor – Construction-Functionality-Power

Frequency Limitations of High Frequency transistors.GaAs devices - Familiarization of
RF Field Effect Transistors and High Electron Mobility Transistors–Constructional
details (04)
3.2 RF circuit measurements and characterization- Using Vector Network analyzer - S
parameter, Reflection Coefficient and Insertion lossMeasurement (02)
3.3 Modeling and Simulation of RF circuits using – Open source or Commercial EM
Simulation Softwares(01)

Module 4:Radio Frequency Amplifiers (07 Hours)

4.1 Amplifier design using S-parameters - Characteristics of Amplifier Power Relations,

Stability Considerations – Stability Circles, Tests for Unconditional Stability -(04)
4.2 High frequency amplifier design – Single stage amplifier Design – Design for
maximum gain, Low noise amplifier design (03)

Module 5: Radio Frequency Oscillators and Mixers (07 Hours)

5.1 Basic oscillator model -Feedback oscillator design—Negative Resistance Oscillator-
Dielectric Resonator Oscillator - YIG Tuned Oscillator (04)
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

5.2 Mixer - Basic characteristics – Single-Ended Mixer Design,Single-balanced and double-

balanced mixers (03)

Text Books

1. Ludwig, Reinhold. RF Circuit Design: Theory & Applications, 2/e. Pearson Education
India, 2000.
2. Pozar, David M. Microwave and RF design of wireless systems. John Wiley & Sons, 2000

Reference Books

1. Radmanesh, Matthew M. Advanced RF & microwave circuit design: the ultimate

guide to superior design. AuthorHouse, 2008.
2. Carr, Joseph J. Secrets of RF circuit design. McGraw-Hill Education, 2001.
3. Misra, Devendra K. Radio-frequency and microwave communication circuits:
analysis and design. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
4. Mathew M. Radmanesh, “Radio Frequency & Microwave Electronics”, 2nd
Edition, Pearson Education Asia, 2002.
5. Rohde, Ulrich L., and David P. Newkirk. RF/microwave circuit design for wireless
applications. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
6. Davis, W. Alan, and Krishna Kumar Agarwal. Radio frequency circuit design. John
Wiley, 2001.
7. Christopher, Bowick, Ajluni Cheryl, and Blyler John. RF Circuit Design. Newnes,
2007.
8. Abrie, Pieter LD. Design of RF and microwave amplifiers and oscillators. Artech
House, 1999.

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Introduction to RF System07

1.1 Introduction to RF circuits- Importance of radio frequency design, RF 2

behaviour of resistors , Inductors and capacitors
1.2 Transmission Lines- Equivalent Circuit representation- General 1
Transmission Line Equation
1.2 Terminated transmission lines –Input Impedance 1
1.2 Standing waves, VSWR, Return loss, Insertion loss, Characteristic 1
impedance,
1.2 Planar Transmission Lines – Microstrip lines and Striplines – 2
Constructional Features
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2 RF Network Analysis 08

2.1 Single and Multi-port Networks- Impedance matrix, Scattering 2

matrix, Transmission (ABCD) matrix
2.2 Impedance matching Network- Design of Matching Circuits using 2
Lumped Elements, Single Stub Matching
2.2 Quarter-Wave Transformers, Multi-Section Transformer – Binomial 2
Transformer
2.3 RF Filter Design - Filter Design using insertion loss technique 2
3 RF Components 07
3.1 Active RF components - Bipolar junction Transistor – Construction - 2
Functionality-Power Frequency Limitations of High Frequency
transistor
3.1 GaAs devices - Familiarization of RF Field Effect Transistors and 2
High Electron Mobility Transistors – Constructional details
3.2 RF circuit measurements and characterization - Using Vector Network 2
analyzer - S parameter, Reflection Coefficient and Insertion loss
Measurement
3.3 Modelling and Simulation of RF circuits using – 1
Opensource/Commercial EM simulation software’s

4 RF Amplifiers 07
4.1 Amplifier design using S-parameters- Characteristics of Amplifier 2
Power Relations
4.1 Stability Considerations – Stability Circles, Tests for Unconditional 2
Stability
4.2 High frequency amplifier design– Single stage amplifier Design – 2
Design for maximum gain,
4.2 Low noise amplifier design 1
5 RF Oscillators and Mixers 07
5.1 Basic oscillator model-Feedback oscillator design—Negative
2
Resistance Oscillator
5.1 Dielectric Resonator Oscillator- YIG Tuned Oscillator 2
5.2 Mixer - Basic characteristics – Single-Ended Mixer Design 2
5.2 Single-balanced and double- balanced mixers 1
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Model Question paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
Course Code: ECT454
Course Name: RF CIRCUIT DESIGN
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
PART A
(Answer ALL Questions. Each Question Carries 3 Marks.)

1. Explain how the capacitor behave at high frequencies

2. Derive the expression for the input reflection coeff( Γin ), source reflection coeff( Γ s ),
and output reflection coeff ( Γ out ), of a loaded transmission line.
3. What is scattering matrix? Give the scattering parameters of a two port network.
4. How the impedance matching is performed with quarter wave transformer?
5. Describe the features of HEMT.
6. Explain how S-parameter measurement is done using vector network analyser
7. Explain how will you check whether a transistor is unconditionally stable or not
8. How the input VSWR and Output VSWR affects the design of amplifiers?
9. Explain the principle of negative resistance oscillators.
10. What is Inter Modulation Distortion (IMD)? [10 X 3= 30]

PART – B

(Answer one question from each module; each question carries 14 marks)

Module – I

11. (a) Explain the terms i)VSWR ii)Return loss iii) Characteristic impedance . [07 Marks]
(a) How the inductor coils behave at high frequencies ? [07Marks]

OR

12. (a)How the resistors behave at high frequency? Give the electric equivalent circuit
representation of a high frequency resistor. [07 Marks]
(b). What is lossless transmission line? Derive expression for Characteristic impedance
of a lossless transmission line [07 Marks]

Module – II

13. (a) Explain the steps involved in the design of filter using the Insertion Loss Technique ?
[08 Marks]
(b) What is transmission parameter matrix? Derive the same for a T network. [06 Marks]
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

OR

14. (a) With the help of neat sketches explain how single stub tuning is done. [07 Marks]

(b) Design a binomial transformer for to match 50 Ω to a 75 Ω line and calculate the
bandwidth for Γ m =0.03 . [07 Marks]

Module – III

15. (a) With the help of a neat block diagram explain the working of Vector network analyzer.
[07 Marks]
(b) What is power frequency limitation of high frequency power transistors? Explain.
[07 Marks]

OR

16. (a) Explain the steps involved in designing a circuit using any EM simulation software
[08 Marks ]

(b) Draw the cross sectional view of HEMT device and explain the working of the same
device. [06 Marks]

Module – IV

17. (a) Derive the expression for the Unilateral Power gain GTU of an amplifier. [07 Marks]

(b) Explain how a low noise amplifier is designed [07 Marks]

OR

18. (a)What is the radius and center of an output stability circle of a RF amplifier?
[07 Marks]
(b) How will you design a single stage amplifier for maximum gain ? [07 Marks]

Module V

19. (a) Explain the working principle of a negative resistance oscillator [07 Marks]
(b) With the help of neat sketches explain the working of YIG tuned Oscillator.
[07 Marks]
OR
20. (a) Derive the S matrix for the dielectric resonator oscillator . [07 Marks]

(b)Draw the neat circuit diagram for a double balanced diode mixer circuit and explain
the working of the same. [07 Marks]
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MIXED SIGNAL CIRCUIT CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT464
DESIGN PEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: This course aims to analyse various CMOS analog and digital mixed signal
circuits.

Prerequisite: ECT 202 ANALOG CIRCUITS, ECT 203 LOGIC CIRCUIT DESIGN

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to
CO1/K3 Implement various analog and digital CMOS subcircuits
CO2/K4 Analyse various CMOS amplifiers
CO3/K4 Analyse Data Converters

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO0 PO0 PO0 PO0 PO0 PO0 PO0 PO0 PO0 PO1 PO1 PO1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2
CO
3 3 2
1
CO
3 3 2
2
CO
3 3 2
3

Assessment Pattern
Continuous Assessment
Bloom’s Category Tests End Semester Examination
1 2
Remember K1 10 10 10
Understand K2 20 20 20
Apply K3 20 20 70
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution
Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration
150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry
14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1: Implement various analog and digital CMOS subcircuits
1. Analyse MOS with different load conditions.
2. Design of current mirror circuits

Course Outcome 2 Analyse various CMOS amplifiers

1. Analyse CMOS CS Amplifiers for various load conditions.
2. Explain various circuit technique for improving gain of Opamp
3. Design of Two stage opamp for different load condition

Course Outcome 3 Analyse Data Converters

1. Explain various non idealities in DAC and ADC.
2. Design of ADC’s for given specification (eg: 6 Bit 100 MHz Folding ADC).

SYLLABUS

Module 1:CMOS Amplifiers

Active load: MOS resistor, MOS current source, diode connected MOS.
CMOS Amplifiers: Common source amplifier with resistive and active loads, Common
source amplifier with source degeneration, Common gate and Common drain amplifier (only
voltage gain and input and output impedances of the circuits).

Module 2:CMOS Differential Amplifiers

MOS Current Mirror: Simple, Cascode and Wilson current mirror circuits.
CMOS Differential Amplifier: Differential Amplifier with resistive, current source, with
current mirror and cascode loads(only voltage gain and input and output impedance of the
circuits).

Module 3:CMOS Operational Amplifier

Opamp Performance parameters, Single stage and two stage op-amps with different types of
load. Gain Boosting in Opamp

Module 4:References and Switched Capacitor Circuits

References: Supply Independent Biasing, Temperature independent references– band gap
reference.
Switched Capacitor Circuits: Switched capacitor resistor, Switched CapacitorIntegrator,1st
order filter.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Module 5: Data Converters

DAC: Non-idealities in DAC, Types: Resistive, Charge redistribution, Voltage Scaling,
Cyclic and Pipelined.
ADC: Non-idealities in ADC, Sample and Hold circuit, quantization errors, Types of ADC :
Flash, two step, pipelined, successive approximation, Folding.

Text Books:
1.Behzad Razavi, “Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits”, McGraw-Hill, 2/e, 2002
2.Meyer Gray , Hurst, Lewis, “Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits”, 5th
Edition ,Wiley 2009

Reference Books:
1. Phillip E. Allen, Douglas R. Holbery, CMOS Analog Circuit Design, Oxford, 2004.
2. Razavi B., Fundamentals of Microelectronics, Wiley student Edition2014.
3. Baker, Li, Boyce, CMOS: Circuits Design, Layout and Simulation, PHI, 2000

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No. Topic Hrs.
1 CMOS Amplifiers
1.1 MOS basics. 1
1.2 MOS resistor, MOS current source, diode connected MOS. 2
Common source amplifier with resistive and active loads, Common source
1.3 3
amplifier with source degeneration.
1.4 Common gate amplifier. 1
1.5 Common drain amplifier. 1
2 CMOS Differential Amplifiers
2.1 Simple current mirror, Cascode and Wilson current mirrors. 1
2.2 Differential Amplifier with resistive load. 1
2.3 Differential Amplifier with current source and current mirror loads. 2
2.4 Differential Amplifier with cascode load. 2
3 CMOS Operational Amplifier
3.1 Opamp Performance Parameters 1
3.2 Single stage op-amp with resistive and active loads. 2
3.3 Two stage op-amp with resistive and active loads. 2
3.4 Gain Boosting in Opamp 1
4 References and Switched Capacitor Circuits
4.1 SupplyIndependentBiasing. 1
4.2 Temperatureindependent reference- Negative and Positive T C Voltage 1
4.3 Bandgapreference. 1
4.4 Switched capacitor resistor, Switched Capacitor Integrator 2
st
4.5 1 order filter. 1
5 Module 5: Data Converters
5.1 DAC non-idealities, Resistive DAC, Charge redistribution DAC. 1
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

5.2 Voltage Scaling DAC, Cyclic and Pipelined DAC. 2

5.3 ADC non-idealities, 1
5.4 Sample and Hold circuit. 1
5.5 Quantization errors. 1
5.6 ADC Types:Flash, two step, pipelined, successive approximation, folding ADC 3
Total Hours 35

Simulation Assignments:
Atleast one assignment should be simulation of the circuits. The simulations can be done in
QUCS, KiCad or PSPICE.

Model Question paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
Course Code: ECT464
Course Name: MIXED SIGNAL CIRCUIT DESIGN
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
PART A
Answer ALL Questions. Each Carries 3 mark.
1 Write down the expression for drain current of an NMOS transistor in active K1
and saturation regions.
2 Draw the small signal model of low frequency MOSFET. K1
3 State the significance of diode connected transistor in current mirror circuits. K2
4 Differentiate between cascade and cascode configurations. K2
5 What is the significance of tail current source in a differential amplifier? K2
6 What is the purpose of stage 1 and sage 2 amplifiers in a 2-stage op-amp? K2
7 What are the important parameters that are to be considered while designing K1
reference circuits?
8 Derive the equivalent resistance of a series switched capacitor resistor. K3
9 Mention any two non-idealities of a DAC. K2
10 What is quantization error in an ADC? K2
PART – B
Answer one question from each module; each question carries 14 marks.
Module - I
4
Draw the circuit diagram and derive the equivalent resistance of a MOS
11a. CO1
resistor.
K3
10
b. Derive the voltage gain and output impedance of common source amplifier. CO2
K3
OR
12a. Draw the circuit diagram and derive the equivalent resistance of a MOS current 4
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

source. CO1
K3
10
b. Derive the voltage gain and output impedance of common gate amplifier. CO2
K3
Module - II
6
13a. Derive the output impedance of simple current mirror CO1
K3
8
Derive the voltage gain and output impedance of Differential Amplifier with
b. CO2
current source load.
K3
OR
14
Derive the voltage gain and output impedance of Differential Amplifier with
14 CO2
current mirror load.
K3
Module - III
Draw the circuit diagram and derive the voltage gain and output impedance of a 14
15 simple op-amp with cascade load. CO2
K3
OR
Draw the circuit diagram and derive the voltage gain and output impedance of a 14
16 2-stage op-amp with NMOS inputs. CO2
K3
Module - IV
Draw the circuit diagram and explain the working of supplyindependentbiasing 5
17a. circuit CO3
K3
9
Draw the circuit diagram and derive the transfer function of parasitic sensitive
b. CO3
switched capacitor integrator.
K3
OR
18 Draw the circuit diagram and derive the transfer function of general1st order 14
switched capacitor filter. Also mention the circuits for high pass and low pass CO3
filters. K3
Module - V
5
19a. Derive the expression for SNR of a DAC CO3
K3
9
b. Draw the circuit diagram and explain the working of pipeline DAC CO3
K3
OR
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

20a. Explain INL and DNL errors in data converters. 5

CO3
K3
9
Draw the circuit diagram and explain the working of successive approximation
b. CO3
ADC
K3
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT474 ENTREPRENEURSHIP
PEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: The objective of this course is to understand the knowledge of entrepreneurship

and apply in the organization.

Prerequisite: Students should have a basic knowledge in management

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Discuss the fundamental concepts of entrepreneurship

CO 2 Understand entrepreneurial motivation and motivation theories

Analyze types of enterprises and ownership structure
CO 3

CO 4 Applyproject evaluation methods

CO5 Evaluate enterprise financial strength

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 1
1
CO 2 1
2
CO 1
3
CO 2 1 2 1 3
4
CO 2 1 2 1 3
5

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment

Tests End Semester Examination
1 2
Remember 10 10 10
Understand 20 10 10
Apply 20 10 40
Analyse 10 20
Evaluate 10 20
Create
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry
14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Explain the Concept of entrepreneur.

2. Explain the characteristics and qualities of entrepreneurs.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2):

1. Describe a few ways to promote innovations in an organization.

2. Discuss the motivational theories.

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Explain the various types of ownerships available to entrepreneurs.

2 Describe features of limited companies.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Explain the factors influencing project plan.

2. Write a note on IRR.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. List the sources of finance.

2. Define break-even analysis.

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Syllabus
Module I
Entrepreneurship: definition, requirements to be an entrepreneur, entrepreneur and
intrapreneur, entrepreneur and manager, growth of entrepreneurship in India, women
entrepreneurship, rural and urban entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurial Motivation: motivating factors, motivation theories-Maslow’s need hierarchy
theory, McClelland’s acquired need theory, government’s policy actions towards
entrepreneurial motivation, entrepreneurship development programmes.

Module II
Types of Enterprises and Ownership Structure: small scale, medium scale and large scale
enterprises, role of small enterprises in economic development; proprietorship, partnership,
limited companies and co-operatives: their formation, capital structure and source of finance.

Module III
Institutional Support and Policies: institutional support towards the development of
entrepreneurship in India, technical consultancy organizations,Government programs,
policies, incentive and institutional networking for enterprise setting,women entrepreneurship
development in India, promotional schemes.

Module IV
Projects: identification and selection of projects, project report, contents and formulation,
elements of project formulation, project design and network analysis, concept of project
evaluation, methods of project evaluation: internal rate of return method and net present value
method.

Module V
Management of Enterprises: objectives and functions of management, scientific management,
general and strategic management; introduction to human resource management: planning,
job analysis, training, recruitment and selection, marketing and organizational dimension of
enterprises; enterprise financing, raising and managing capital, shares, debentures, bonds,
cost of capital; break- even analysis, balance sheet analysis.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Textbook
1. Ram Chandran, Entrepreneurial Development,Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2008
2. Saini, J. S.Entrepreneurial Development Programmes and Practices, Deep & Deep
Publications,2012
References
1. Khanka,SS.Entrepreneurial Development, S Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi,2007
2. Badhai, B Entrepreneurship for Engineers, Dhanpat Rai & co, 2006
3. Desai,Vasant, Project Management and Entrepreneurship’,HimalayanPublishing
,Mumbai, 2017
4. Gupta, Srinivasan, ‘Entrepreneurial Development’, S Chand & Sons, New Delhi,2020
5. Kuratko and Rao, Entrepreneurship,Cengage Learning,2012

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No. of
No TOPIC
Lectures
1 Introduction to Entrepreneurship
1.1 Entrepreneurship: definition, requirements to be an entrepreneur, 1
entrepreneur and intrapreneur,
1.2 Entrepreneur and manager, growth of entrepreneurship in India, 1
women entrepreneurship
1.3 Rural and urban entrepreneurship. 1
1.4 Entrepreneurial motivation: motivating factors, motivation theories, 2
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory.
1.5 McClelland’s acquired need theory, government’s policy actions 1
towards entrepreneurial motivation.
1.6 Entrepreneurship development programmes. 1
2 Types of enterprises and ownership structure
2.1 Small scale, medium scale and large scale enterprises. 2
2.2 Role of small enterprises in economic development. 1
2.3 Proprietorship, partnership 1
2.4 Limited companies 1
2.5 Co-operatives: their formation, capital structure and source of finance 2
3 Institutional support and policies
3.1 Institutional support towards the development of entrepreneurship in 1
India
3.2 Technical consultancy organizations 1
3.3 Government programs, policies, incentive and institutional networking 2
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

for enterprise setting.

3.4 Women entrepreneurship development in India 1
3.5 Promotional schemes. 1
4 Projects
4.1 Identification and selection of projects 1
4.2 Project report, contents and formulation. 1
4.3 Elements of project formulation, 1
4.4 Project design and network analysis. 1
4.5 Concept of project evaluation, methods of project evaluation 1
4.6 Internal rate of return method 1
4.7 Net present value method. 1
5 Management of Enterprises
5.1 Objectives and functions of management, scientific management, 1
general and strategic management.
5.2 Introduction to human resource management, planning, job analysis. 1
5.3 Training, recruitment and selection 1
5.4 Marketing and organizational dimension of enterprises. 1
5.5 Enterprise financing, raising and managing capital, shares, debentures 2
bonds, cost of capital
5.6 Break- even analysis 1
5.7 Balance sheet analysis. 1

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
COURSE CODE: ECT474
COURSE NAME: ENTREPRENEUSHIP
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
PART A

(Answer all questions. Each question carries 3 marks)

1“Entrepreneurs are made or born.” Give your views.

2 Explain the role of entrepreneurial development programme (EDP)

3 Explain the organizational structure of SMEs.

4 Explain the various types of ownerships available to entrepreneurs.

5 Write a note on Women entrepreneurs.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

6 Discuss the incentives availablefor enterprise setting.

7 List the Explain the factors influencing project plan.

8 Discuss the aspects and methods of project appraisal.

9 List the job analysis methods.

10 Explain raising and managing capital.

(10x3=30 marks)

PART B

(Answer one question from each module. Each question carries 14 marks)

Module I

11 Explain the characteristics and qualities of entrepreneurs.

12 Discuss the Maslow’s need hierarchy theory.

Module II

13Explain the role and importance of Small and Medium Enterprises.

14Explain the various types of ownerships available to entrepreneurs. Discuss each form in
brief.

Module III

15 Explain the role of central Government and state Government in promoting

entrepreneurship.

16 What is the status of women entrepreneurs in contemporary business? Illustrate with

examples.

Module IV

17 Explain IRR.

18 Explain net present value method.

Module V

19 What is working capital? Why is it important for any enterprise? Explain.

20 Discuss break- even analysis.

(5x14=70 marks)
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SEMESTER VIII
PROGRAM ELECTIVE IV
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MODERN COMMUNICATION CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT416
SYSTEMS PEC 2 1 0 3
.
Preamble: This course aims to impart knowledge on the basics of modern communication
systems and the breakthrough wireless technologies.

Prerequisite: MAT 204 Probability, Random Process and Numerical Methods, ECT 305
Analog and Digital Communication, ECT 306 Information Theory and Coding

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

Explain OFDM, OFDMA and SC-FDMA techniques used in cellular

CO1
communication
Discuss the different wireless communication standards for short range
CO2
communication
Explain the IoT architecture and various connectivity technologies used in IoT
CO3
Systems
Understand the various communication standards for connected autonomous
CO4
vehicles
Explain the significance and architecture of software defined radio and cognitive
CO5
radio

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO
PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9
10 11 12
CO1 3 3 3 2
CO2 3 3 3 3 1
CO3 3 3 3 3
CO4 3 3 3 3 1
CO5 3 3 3 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment End Semester Examination

Tests
1 2
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 30 30 60
Apply 10 10 20
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry
14 marks. Mark patterns are as per the syllabus with 70 % for theory and 30% for
logical/numerical problems, derivation and proof.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. What is shadowing and how it can be modelled in mobile communication?
2. Explain PAPR in OFDM systems.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2):

1. Compare the physical-layer characteristics of various IEEE 802.11 standards.
2. Explain the characteristics of millimeter wave.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3):

1. Differentiate between WiFi and Bluetooth standards in IoT systems.
2. Explain the salient features of 6LoWPAN.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Mention the advantages of 4G/5G LTE standard in vehicular communication.
2. Explain the DSRC standard for vehicular communication.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Explain the issues with zero IF receiver architecture for SDR.
2. Discuss the functions of software adaptable network (SAN) in cognitive network.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SYLLABUS

Module Course contents

Module 1: Cellular Communication System

Need for Multi carrier system, Basics of Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing (OFDM), Multiple access for OFDM systems, Orthogonal
I Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single carrier Frequency
Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA). Cellular concept, path loss and
shadowing, Doppler shift, Multipath effect, Significance of diversity in wireless
communication systems.

Module 2: Short Range Communication System

Introduction to current wireless technologies, background and current scenario,

future wireless network requirements, IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) standards and
applications (IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax), HiperLAN technology, WPAN (IEEE
802.15.1, IEEE 802.15.3 & IEEE 802.15.4) and WMAN (IEEE 802.16a -
II WiMAX), Space time wireless standards, IEEE 802.16 (Wi-Max standard),
3GPP-LTE standard, Millimeter wave characteristics, Channel performance at 60
GHz, Development of millimeter wave standards, Indoor and outdoor
applications for millimeter wave communications. 6G Networks – Use Cases and
Technologies.

Module 3: IoT System

Introduction of IoT, characteristics, physical and logical design of IoT, IoT

Enabling Technologies – Wireless Sensor networks, Cloud computing.
Introduction to IoT, Evolution of IoT, IoT Networking Components. IoT
III
Connectivity Technologies – Zigbee, Wireless HART, RFID, NFC, LoRa, WiFi,
Bluetooth. IoT Communication Technologies – Infrastructure Protocols – IPv6,
6LoWPAN, Data Protocols – MQTT, MQTT-SN, CoAP. IoT Case Studies and
Future Trends – Agricultural IoT, Vehicular IoT, Healthcare IoT.

Module 4: Intelligent Transport System

Introduction to Intelligent Vehicular Communication – Evolution, Vehicular

Networks and ITS, Vehicular Communication Standards/ Technologies – DSRC,
IV IEEE 802.11p WAVE, IEEE 1609, IEEE 802.15.7 - Visible Light Communication
(VLC), 4G/5G-Device to Device (D2D), 6G Cellular Networks and Connected
Autonomous Vehicles, Operational Scenario – Collision Avoidance.

Module 5: Software Defined Radio System

V Software radio concepts, Operating frequency bands, Transmitter and Receiver
specifications of SDR, Architecture of SDR, Introduction of cognitive radio,
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

significance of cognitive radio and spectrum subleasing, spectrum sharing in

cognitive radio, implementation of cognitive radio.

Text Books

1. Aditya K. Jagannatham, “Principles of Modern Wireless Communication Systems”,

Tata McGraw Hill, 2016.
2. T.L. Singal, “Wireless Communications”, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private
Limited, Second Edition, 2011.
3. K. C. Huang, Z. Wang, “Millimeter Wave Communication systems”, John Wiley
&Sons.
4. Sudip Misra, Anandarup Mukherjee & Arijit Roy. “Introduction to IoT”. Cambridge
University Press. 2021.
5. George J. Dimitrakopoulos. “Current Technologies in Vehicular Communication”,
Springer International Publishing, 2017.
6. He, J., Yang, K. and Chen, H.H, “6G Cellular Networks and Connected Autonomous
Vehicles”, IEEE Network, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 255 -261, 2020.
7. Walter Tuttlebee, “SDR Enabling Technologies”, John Wiley.
8. Huseyin Arslan, “Cognitive Radio, SDR and Adaptive Wireless System”, Springer,
2007.

Reference Books

1. Dipankar Raychaudhuri, Mario Gerla, “Emerging Wireless Technologies and the

Future Mobile Internet”, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
2. ArshdeepBahga, A., & Vijay Madisetti V. “Internet of Things: A hands-on approach”.
Vpt., 2014.
3. Paul, A., Chilamkurti, N., Daniel, A. and Rho, S. “Intelligent vehicular networks and
communications: fundamentals, architectures and solutions”. Elsevier, 2016.
4. Peter B. Kenington, ‘RF and baseband techniques for software defined radio”, Artech
House Mobile Communication, 2005.

Course content and Lecture plan

No of
No TOPIC
Lectures
MODULE 1
1.1 Need for Multi carrier system 1
1.2 Basics of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), 2
Multiple access for OFDM systems
1.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 1
1.4 Single carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC- FDMA) 1
1.5 Cellular concept, path loss and shadowing, doppler shift, 2
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Multipath effect
1.6 Significance of diversity in wireless communication systems 1
MODULE II
2.1 Introduction to current wireless technologies, background and 1
current scenario, future wireless network requirements
2.2 IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) standards and applications (IEEE 1
802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax)
2.3 HiperLAN technology 1
2.4 WPAN (IEEE 802.15.1, IEEE 802.15.3 & IEEE 802.15.4) 2
2.5 WMAN (IEEE 802.16a - WiMAX), 3GPP-LTE standard 1
2.6 Millimeter wave characteristics, Channel performance at 60 GHz, 2
Development of millimeter wave standards
2.7 Indoor and outdoor applications for millimeter wave 1
communications, 6G Networks – Use Cases and Technologies.

MODULE III
3.1 Introduction to IoT, Evolution of IoT, IoT Networking 1
Components
3.2 IoT Connectivity Technologies – Zigbee, Wireless HART, RFID, 2
NFC, LoRa, WiFi, Bluetooth
3.3 IoT Communication Technologies – Infrastructure Protocols – 2
IPv6, 6LoWPAN
3.4 Data Protocols – MQTT, MQTT-SN, CoAP 1
3.5 IoT Case Studies and Future Trends – Agricultural IoT, Vehicular 1
IoT, Healthcare IoT
MODULE IV
4.1 Introduction to Intelligent Vehicular Communication – Evolution, 1
Vehicular Networks and ITS
4.2 Vehicular Communication Standards/ Technologies – DSRC, 2
IEEE 802.11p WAVE, IEEE 1609, IEEE 802.15.7 - Visible Light
Communication (VLC)
4.3 4G/5G-Device to Device (D2D), 6G Cellular Networks and 2
Connected Autonomous Vehicles
4.4 Operational Scenario – Collision Avoidance 1
MODULE V
5.1 Software radio concepts, Operating frequency bands, Transmitter 1
and Receiver specifications of SDR
5.2 Architecture of SDR 1
5.3 Introduction of cognitive radio, significance of cognitive radio and 2
spectrum subleasing, spectrum sharing in cognitive radio
5.4 Implementation of cognitive radio 1
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH SEMESTER B. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
Course Code: ECT416

Course Name: MODERN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks

1. Explain inter-carrier interference in OFDM systems. 3
2 Determine the maximum speed of a vehicle in a mobile 3
communication system experiencing a maximum Doppler
frequency shift of 70 Hz and a frequency of transmission 900
MHz.
3 Write the physical layer specifications of IEEE 802.16 WMAN 3
technology.
4 What are the main challenges in utilizing a 60 GHz channel for 3
millimeter wave communication?
5 Describe the various IoT networking components? 3
6 What is LoRaWAN? How is it different from LoRa? 3
7 What are the advantages of VLC standard over other communication 3
standards in vehicular communication?
8 Mention the main limitations of IEEE 802.11p standard compared to 3
cellular communication in connected autonomous vehicles.
9 List the main SDR transmitter specifications? 3
10 Describe spectrum subleasing and sharing in cognitive radio. 3

PART B

Answer any one full question from each module carries 14 marks.

MODULE 1
11 a. What is the need for adding cyclic prefix to the OFDM sequence. 4

b. Draw and explain the SC-FDMA transmitter and receiver schematic. 10

OR
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

12 a. Briefly explain free space propagation model in wireless 8

communication.
b. A mobile subscriber travels at a uniform speed of 60 km/h. Compute 6
the time between fades if the mobile uses
(i) a cellphone operating at 900 MHz
(ii) a PCS phone operating at 1900 MHz
Comment on the results obtained.
MODULE II
13 a. Write any three indoor and outdoor applications of millimeter wave 6
communication.
b. Compare the three different IEEE 802.15 WPAN standards. 8
OR
14 a. Briefly explain the different elements to be considered while 8
considering an existing backhaul network to support a millimeter wave
network.
b. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of WLAN technology. 6
MODULE III
15 a. Explain the principle of operation of MQTT data protocol employed 6
in IoT networks.
b. Briefly describe the architecture of healthcare IoT system. 8
OR
16 a. Briefly explain Zigbee protocol stack used in IoT Systems. 8
b. Discuss the salient features of the CoAP protocol. 6
MODULE IV
17 a. Explain the key components of connected autonomous vehicles in 6
6G communications with the help of a diagram.
b. Describe how collision avoidance can be achieved through vehicular 8
communication.
OR
18 a. With the help of a diagram, explain the architecture of ITS system 9
utilizing VLC standard for V2X communication.
b. Briefly explain IEEE 1609 standard used in vehicular 5
communication.
MODULE V
19 a. Briefly explain the low IF receiver architecture for SDR. 9
b. Define cognitive radio and explain its significance. 5
OR
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

20 a. Describe software defined radio with the help of functional block 7

diagram.
b. Discuss about the implementation of cognitive network. 7

Simulation Assignments

The following simulation assignments can be done with Python/ MATLAB/ SCILAB/
LabVIEW.

1. Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of OFDM and SC-FDMA system

• Realize the block diagram of OFDMA transmitter system shown in Fig 7.8 in page 240
in Principles of Modern Wireless Communication Systems.
• Create a random bit vector of arbitrary length. Realize the OFDM transmitter by
mapping the message bits into a sequence of QPSK symbols and convert it into N
parallel streams.
• Realize the multicarrier modulation by computing IFFT.
• Implement parallel to serial converter and add cyclic prefix to generate the OFDM
signal.
• Compute the PAPR of OFDM signal and plot its complementary CDF (CCDF).
• Realize the block diagram of SC-FDMA transmitter system shown in Fig 7.18 in page
260 in Principles of Modern Wireless Communication Systems.
• To generate SC-FDMA signal, repeat the steps followed in OFDM transmitter with the
addition of 2 blocks FFT computation and subcarrier mapping before IFFT
computation.
• Compute the PAPR of SC-FDMA signal and plot its CCDF.
• Compare both CCDF graphs and observe the reduction in PAPR for SC-FDMA system.

2. Computation of Free space path loss and received power

• Input a suitable signal frequency, f and distance between the transmitter and receiver, d.
• Compute the free space propagation path loss, Lp using Eq. 3.13 and 3.14 in page 71 in
Wireless Communications, assuming transmitter and receiver antenna gain as unity.
• Study the effect of antenna gain on path loss by computing path loss, with non-unity
transmitter, Gt and receiver antenna gain, Gr.
• Find the received power, Pr for a particular transmitter power, Pt, Gt , Gr and Lp using
Eq. 3.12 in page 71 in Wireless Communications.
• Repeat the above step for different values of Pt, Gt, Gr and Lp. Observe the variation in
received power

3. SDR Receiver
• Study the various dynamic range issues of SDR receiver, based on the receiver design
considerations given in Section 2.2.1 in page 29 – 31 in SDR Enabling Technologies.
• Compute third order intercept (TOI) using Eq. 1 in page 36 in SDR Enabling
Technologies, by giving suitable input parameters.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

• Compute overall noise figure of cascade of amplifiers and its worst-case TOI using Eq.
2 and 3 in page 36 in SDR Enabling Technologies.
• Study the dynamic range of SDR receiver by calculating spurious free dynamic range
(SFDR) using Eq. 5 in page 40 in SDR Enabling Technologies.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ECT426 REAL TIME OPERATING CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

SYSTEMS PEC 2 1 0 3

Prerequisite: ECT 206 computer Architecture and Microcontrollers

Course objectives: The objectives of this course are to:

1. Identify the basics of general operating systems.

2. Understand the structure and the scheduling operations performed by the operating
systems.
3. Introduce Real Time Operating Systems, its basic structure, building blocks and
various operations.
4. Summarize the different scheduling algorithms used in RTOS.
5. Identify the different applications of real time operating systems
Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

Summarize the functions and structure of general-purpose operating

CO1 K2
systems.
CO2 K3 Use different scheduling algorithms on processes and threads.
CO3 K2 Interpret a real time operating system along with its synchronization,
communication and interrupt handling tools.
Illustrate task constraints and analyze the different scheduling algorithms on
CO4 K4
tasks.
CO5 K3 Illustrate the applications of real time operating systems.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO PO
PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9
1 10 11 12
CO 1 3
CO 2 2 3 2

CO 3 2 3 2 2

CO 4 2 2 2 2

CO 5 2 3 2 3 2 2
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Assessment Pattern
Continuous Assessment
Bloom’s Category Tests End Semester Examination
1 2
Remember K1 10 10 20
Understand K2 25 25 50
Apply K3 10 10 20
Analyze K4 5 5 10
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution:

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance: 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers): 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Case study: 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry
14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions:

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. List the functions of operating systems.

2. Describe the importance of Kernel in operating system functions.
3. Explain monolithic and layered architecture of operating systems.
4. Draw the process state diagram and explain.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course Outcome 2 (CO2):

1. Schedule the following processes with FCFS and Round Robin algorithm for a time
of2mS. Assuming all the processes arrives at time zero.Also state the performance
of the system.
Process Burst time
P1 4
P2 5
P3 2
P4 3
2. Compare user level threads and Kernel level threads.
3. Discuss the different types of multiprocessor scheduling operations.
4. Explain the possible scheduling of user level threads with a 50mS process quantum
and threads that run 5mS per CPU time.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3):

1. Explain the different types of semaphores used for process synchronization.

2. Explain how the priority inversion problem in RTOS is solved.
3. Draw the structure and explain the working of a message queue.
4. Differentiate between exceptions and interrupts.
5. What are the different classifications of exceptions?

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Explain the different timing constraints of a real time task.

2. Illustrate Jackson’s algorithm with an example.
3. Explain EDF algorithm with precedence constraints.
4. Verify the schedulability under EDF and construct the schedule of the following
task set

Ci Di T1

ᴦ1 2 5 6

ᴦ2 2 4 8

ᴦ3 4 8 12

5. Draw the state transition diagram of a real time kernel.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Illustrate the implementation of a real time system with an example,

2. With a block schematic explain the real time control system used in an adaptive
cruise control.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Syllabus

Module Course contents Hours

Operating system: Types, Objectives and functions , Kernel, Process -

I 6
States, Process Control Block, Operations on processes.

Process Scheduling: FCFS, SJF, Priority, Round-Robin, Multilevel Queue

II and Multilevel Feedback Queue Scheduling. Thread: Structure.User and 7
kernel level threads, multi-threading models, multiprocessor scheduling.
Real Time Operating Systems: Structure and characteristics of Real Time
Systems, Task: Task states, Task synchronization -Semaphores- types, Inter
III 8
task communication mechanisms: message queues, pipes, event registers,
signals, Exceptions and interrupt handling.
Task constraints, Task scheduling: Aperiodic task scheduling: EDD. EDF,
LDF, EDF with precedence constraints. Periodic task scheduling:Rate
IV 8
monotonic and Deadline monotonic, Real time Kernel- Structure, State
transition diagram, Kernel primitives.
Features of FreeRTOS and Linux
Commercial real time operating systems: PSOS, VRTX, RT Linux-
Features and application only.
Case study of (Kernel design, threads and task scheduling) RTOS:
V 6
MicroC/OS-II.

RTOS control system used in real life applications - in adaptive cruise

control.

Text Books
1.Abraham Silberschatz- ‘Operating System Principles’: Wiley India,7th edition, 2011
2.William Stallings –‘Operating systems- Internals and design principles’, Prentice Hall, 7th
edition, 2011
3.Qing Li – ‘Real-Time Concepts for Embedded Systems ‘, CMP Books, 2013
4.Giorgio C. Buttazzo, -‘HARD REAL-TIME COMPUTING SYSTEMS Predictable
Scheduling Algorithms and Applications’, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Reference Books:
1. Tanenbaum -‘Modern Operating Systems’ ,Pearson Edition, 3/e, 2007.
2. Jean J Labrosse , ‘Micro C/OS-II, The Real Time Kernel’ , CMP Books, 2011
3. Rajib Mall, ‘Real-Time Systems: Theory and Practice ‘ , 2008.
4. David E. Simon ‘An Embedded Software Primer’, Pearson 2012
5. Raj Kamal, ‘Embedded Systems – Architecture, Programming and Design’,Tata McGraw Hill
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Course content and Lecture plan

No TOPIC No of Lectures
MODULE 1
1.1 Introduction to Operating system- Types, Objective and functions 2
1.2 Kernel - Importance and functions 2
1.3 Process - States, Process Control Block, Operations on processes 2
MODULE II
2.1 Process Scheduling: FCFS, SJF, Priority, Round-Robin 2
2.2 Multilevel Queue and Multilevel Feedback Queue Scheduling 2
2.3 Thread- Structure. User and kernel level threads, Multi-threading models 2
2.4 Multiprocessor scheduling 1
MODULE III
3.1 Real Time Operating Systems: Structure and characteristics of Real Time 1
Systems
3.2 Task: Task states 1
3.3 Task synchronization -Semaphores- types 2
3.4 Inter task communication mechanisms: message queues, pipes, event 2
registers, signals
3.5 Exceptions and interrupt handling 2
MODULE IV
4.1 Task constraints 1
4.2 Task scheduling: Aperiodic task scheduling: EDD. EDF, LDF, EDF with 3
precedence constraints
4.3 Periodic task scheduling: Rate monotonic, Deadline monotonic 2
4.4 Real time Kernel- Structure, State transition diagram, Kernel primitives 2
MODULE V
5.1 Features of FreeRTOS and Linux 1
5.2 Commercial real time operating systems: PSOS, VRTX, RT Linux- 2
Features and application only.
5.3 Case study of RTOS: MicroC/OS-II real time operating systems. 2

5.4 RTOS control system used in real life applications - in adaptive cruise 1
control.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

VIII SEMESTER B. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION

Course Code: ECT426

Course Name: REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks

1. List any six functions of an operating system. 3

2 Differentiate microkernel and exokernel structures of operating systems. 3

3 Explain the different operations on processes. 3

4 Explain the differences between Pre-emptive and Non pre-emptive 3

scheduling policies.
5 Draw the state diagram of RTOS queue and explain. 3

6 What you mean by priority inversion in real time systems? How the 3
operating system manages this issue?

7 Explain EDD algorithm with an example. 3

8 Explain the task control block of a real time kernel. 3

9 List the features of FreeRTOS. 3

10 Illustrate the threads in MicroC/OS-II operating system. 3

PART B

Answer any one full question from each module, Each question carries
14 marks.

MODULE 1

11 a. Explain the functions of operating system as Resource Manager. 7

b. Describe the structure of a Process Control Block 7

OR

12 a. Explain the monolithic and microkernel architectures of OS kernel. 7

b. Draw the process state diagram and explain the different states. 7

MODULE II
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
13 a. Explain the Shortest Remaining Time First algorithm with a suitable 7
example.
b.Schedule the given 5 processes with Round Robin scheduling. 7

Process ID Arrival Time Burst Time

P1 0 5
P2 1 3
P3 2 1
P4 3 2
P5 4 3
Draw the Gantt chart and calculate the average waiting time and
turn-around time for these processes if time quantum is 2 units,

OR

14 Compare FCFS and Round -Robin scheduling algorithms 7

b. Explain thread scheduling algorithms used in operating systems in detail. 7

MODULE III

15 a .Draw the structure of a real time operating system and explain. 7

b. Differentiate between exceptions and interrupts. What are the different 7

classifications of exceptions

OR

16 a. Explain how synchronization is achieved between different tasks in a real 7

time operating system

b.Describe any two inter task communication mechanisms in a real time 7

operating systems.

MODULE IV

17 a. Illustrate Horn’s algorithm with an example. 7

b. Explain EDF algorithm with precedence constraints. 7

OR

18 a. Explain the precedence constraints of a real time task. 7

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
b. Verify the schedulability and construct the scheduling according to the 7
rate monotonic algorithmfor the following set of periodic tasksᴦ1, ᴦ2 and ᴦ3.
Ci Ti
ᴦ1 3 5
ᴦ2 1 8
ᴦ3 1 10
Where Ci and Ti are the computation time activation period of the task.
MODULE V

19 a.Illustrate the implementation of a real time system with an example, 7

b. Explain the inter-process communication techniques used in Micro 7

C/OS-II
OR

20 a. Compare the features of PSOS, VRTX and RT Linux 7

b. Prepare suitable requirements table for an RTOS control system used in 7

adaptive cruise control.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ADAPTIVE SIGNAL CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT436
PROCESSING PEC 2 1 0 3

Prerequisite: Digital Signal processing

Course objectives: The objectives of this course are to:

• Introduce to the concept and need of adaptive filters and popular adaptive signal
processing algorithms
• Understand the concepts of training and convergence and the trade-off between
performance and complexity.
• Introduce to common linear estimation techniques
• Introduce inverse adaptive modelling.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO1 K1 Understand the basic concepts of statistical signal processing

Devise filtering solutions for optimising the cost function indicating error
CO2 K2 in estimation of parameters and appreciate the need for adaptation in
design.
Evaluate the performance of various methods for designing adaptive filters
CO3 K2 through estimation of different parameters of stationary random process
clearly considering practical application specifications.
Analyse convergence and stability issues associated with adaptive filter
CO4 K2
design and come up with optimum solutions for real life applications taking
care of requirements in terms of complexity and accuracy
Design and implement filtering solutions for applications such as channel
CO5 K3 equalisation, interference cancelling and prediction considering present day
challenges.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO
3 3 3 2
1
CO
3 3 3 2
2
CO
3 3 3 2
3
CO
3 3 3 2
4
CO
3 3 3 2
5
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment

Tests End Semester Examination
1 2
Remember K1 10 10 20
Understand K2 30 30 60
Apply K3 10 10 20
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry
14 marks. Mark patterns are as per the syllabus with 70 % for theory and 30% for
logical/numerical problems, derivation and proof.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Adaptive systems

1. Describe the characteristics and applications of adaptive signal processing
2. Describe open and closed loop adaptation

Course Outcome 2 (CO2:Searching performance surface-stability and rate of convergence

1. Compare Newton’s & Steepest-descent methods in terms of speed adaptation and mis-
adjustment.
2. Discuss about role of Learning curves.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3): LMS algorithm

1. Discuss Correlation properties of lattice Filter
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
2. Derive LMS adaptive algorithm

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):Kalman filtering, Applications-adaptive modeling and system

identification
1. Discuss Kalman filtering.
2. Explain how adaptive filters can be used for single input system identification

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):Inverse adaptive modeling

1. Describe the two types of inverse modelling approaches.
2. Derive the least-square solution to inverse modelling problem

Syllabus

Module Course contents Hours

Adaptive systems- Definitions and characteristics - applications –

properties examples - adaptive linear combiner input signal and
weight vectors - performance function-gradient and minimum mean
I 8
square error - introduction to filtering- smoothing and prediction -
linear optimum filtering-orthogonality - Wiener – Hopf equation-
performance surface
Searching performance surface-stability and rate of convergence:
Learning curve gradient search - Newton's method - method of
II 6
steepest descent - comparison - Gradient estimation - performance
penalty - variance - excess MSE and time constants – mis adjustments
LMS algorithm, convergence of weight vector: LMS/Newton
algorithm - properties - sequential regression algorithm - adaptive
III recursive filters - random-search algorithms - lattice structure - 7
adaptive filters with orthogonal signals.
Kalman filters-recursive minimum mean square estimation for scalar
random variable. Applications-adaptive modeling and system
IV 7
identification: Multipath communication channel, geophysical
exploration, Kalman filter as the unifying basis for RLS filters.
Inverse adaptive modeling: Equalization, and deconvolution adaptive
V equalization of telephone channels-adapting poles and zeros for IIR 7
digital filter synthesis

Text Book:
1.Bernard Widrow and Samuel D. Stearns, ―Adaptive Signal Processing‖, Person Education,
1985.
2.Mons H Hays -Statistical Digital Signal Processing and Modeling -Wiley Publications,
2006.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Reference Books:
1. Simon Haykin, ―Adaptive Filter Theory‖, Pearson Education, 2003.
2. John R. Treichler, C. Richard Johnson, Michael G. Larimore, ―Theory and Design of
Adaptive Filters, Prentice-Hall of India, 2002.
3.John G. Proakis, Dimitris G. Manolokis, “Digital Signal Processing”, Prentice Hall of
India, New Delhi, 2005
4. S. Thomas Alexander, “Adaptive Signal Processing - Theory and Application”, Springer-
Verlag.
5.D. G. Manolokis, V. K. Ingle and S. M. Kogar, “Statistical and Adaptive Signal
Processing”, Mc GrawHill International Edition, 2000.

Course content and Lecture plan

No TOPIC No of
Lectures
MODULE 1
1.1 Adaptive systems- characteristics - applications – properties examples 1
1.2 Adaptive linear combiner, input signal and weight vectors performance 2
function-gradient and minimum mean square error
1.3 introduction to filtering- smoothing and prediction linear optimum 3
filtering- linear optimum filtering-orthogonality -
1.4 Wiener – Hopf equation-performance surface 2
MODULE II
2.1 Searching performance surface-stability and rate of convergence: 1
2.2 Learning curve gradient search, Newton's method 1
2.3 Method of steepest descent 2
2.4 Gradient estimation 1
2.5 Performance penalty - variance - excess MSE and time constants – mis- 1
adjustments
MODULE III
3.1 LMS algorithm, convergence of weight vector 2
3.2 Newton algorithm - properties 1
3.3 sequential regression algorithm RLS 1
3.4 adaptive recursive filters - random-search algorithms 1
3.5 lattice structure - adaptive filters with orthogonal signals 2
MODULE IV
4.1 Kalman filters-recursive minimum mean square estimation for scalar 3
random variable.
4.2 adaptive modeling and system identification 1
4.3 Multipath communication channel 1
4.4 Geophysical exploration 1
4.5 Kalman filter as the unifying basis for RLS filters. 1
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MODULE V
5.1 Inverse adaptive modeling: 1
5.2 Equalization, and deconvolution 2
5.3 adaptive equalization of telephone channels, Echo, Noise Cancellation. 2
5.4 adapting poles and zeros for IIR digital filter synthesis 2

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, (Model Question Paper)
Course Code: ECT436
Course Name: ADAPTIVE SIGNAL PROCESSING

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer all questions, each carries3marks

1 Explain the structure of an Adaptive Linear Combiner. 3
2 Describe the characteristics of an Adaptive System 3
3 Which are the three basic forms of estimation 3
4 What is the minimum mean-square error produced by this Wiener filter 3
5 What is Performance Penalty 3
6 Give a note on stability and rate of convergence 3
7 Propose an adaptive modelling for a multipath channel. 3
8 Explain the application of adaptive modelling 3
9 Discuss deconvolution in inverse adaptive modelling 3
10 Explain types of Adaptive Inverse Systems 3
PART B

Answer any one full question from each module carries14marks.

MODULE 1
11 Adaptive systems are nonlinear, Justify. Suppose in an adaptive-filtering 8
environment, where input signal, xn = sin (2πn/ N) and Desired signal, dn = 2cos
(2πn /N ) sampled sinusoids with same frequency and N samples per
cycle(N>2).Calculate R,P, ξ,W*,ξmin
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

6
b. Derive the expression for gradient and minimum Mean Square Error with 2-
Dimensional Performance surface plots.

OR
12 7
a. Given a quadratic MSE function for the Wiener filter: J = 40 – 20W +10W2,
Use the steepest descent method with an initial guess as w0=0 and µ=0.04 to
find the optimal solution for W* and determine ξmin by iterating three times.

b. Derive augmented Wiener-Hopf equation for forward prediction. 7

MODULE II
13 a. Explain about Gradient Search methods. 7
b. Discuss about Stability and Rate of convergence Gradient Searching Algorithm 7
OR
14 a. Compare Newton’s & Steepest-descent methods in terms of speed adaptation and 7
mis-adjustment.
b. Discuss about role of Learning curves 7
MODULE III
15 a. Derive LMS adaptive algorithm. 8
b. Compare the LMS and the RLS algorithm 6
OR
16 a. Prove Correlation properties of lattice Filter. 7
b. Discuss sequential regression algorithm 7
MODULE IV
17 a. Discuss recursive minimum mean square estimation for scalar random variable 7
using Kalman filter.
b. Explain how adaptive filters can be used for single input system identification 7
OR
18 a. Illustrate how adaptive filters are used to measure earth’s impulse 7
response.
b. Justify the statement ‘Kalman filter are the unifying basis for RLS filters’ with 7
necessary mathematical equations.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MODULE V
19 a. Describe the two types of inverse modelling approaches. 7
b. Derive the least-square solution to inverse modelling problem. 7
OR
20 Write a short note on adaptive noise cancelling. Consider the noise canceller, 1
Assume v(n)=Cr(n). Determine the best value of W* that minimise mean square 0
error E[e2(n)].

b. Explain how poles and zeros can be adapted for IIR filter synthesis. 5

Simulation Assignments (Using MATLAB/Python)

I. Simulate Normalized LMS algorithm and compare its performance with LMS.

II. Simulate RLS algorithm and compare its performance with LMS and NLMS.

III. (a) Generate the data for LMS algorithm using the model H(z)= (z-
0.8)(z+0.7)/{(z-0.9)(z+0.8)(z+65)}( Necessary assumptions can be made)
(b) Get an estimate of signal energy for the above data, and using this estimate
determine range for Mu. Select two values for Mu in this range.
(c) Run the LMS algorithm in predictive mode for the data you have generated
and for the two choices of Mu.
(d) Do a validation test. You should use the following for the purpose of
comparison
(i) Learning curve (i.e. Mean square error curve)
(ii) Convergent values of W(n)
(iii) Whiteness of error
Comment on which choice of Mu gives better results, and why.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MICROWAVE DEVICES AND CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT446
CIRCUITS PEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: This course aims to understand with active and passive microwave semiconductor
devices, components, microwave sources and amplifiers used in microwave communication systems,
analysis of microwave networks and microwave integrated circuits.

Prerequisite: ECT 401 MICROWAVE AND ANTENNAS

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to:

CO1 Understand the limitation of conventional solid state devices at Microwave, Gunn –
K2 effect diodes, Microwave generation and amplification, IMPATT and TRAPATT diodes
CO2 Design of Bipolar transistors, MESFET, Microwave amplifiers and
K3 oscillators
CO3
Analysis of Microwave Network Analysis and the corresponding signal flow graphs
K3
CO4 Design of Microwave filters, Filter design by image parameter method, Filter
K3 transformation and implementation
CO5 Understand different MICs, Distributed and lumped elements of integrated circuits, Diode
K2 control devices.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes:

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 3 2 2
CO2 3 3 3 2
CO3 3 3 3 2
CO4 3 3 3 2
CO5 3 3 2 2

Assessment Pattern:
Continuous Assessment Tests
Bloom’s Category End Semester Examination
1 2
Remember
Understand 20 20 40
Apply 30 30 60
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Mark distribution:
Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration
150 50 100 3Hrs

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern

Maximum Marks: 100 Time: 3 hours

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10 questions with 2 questions from
each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students should answer all questions. Part B
contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer any one. Each question can
have maximum 2 subdivisions and carry 14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions.

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Explain Ridley – Watkins-Hilsum theory.
2. Explain in detail Various modes of operation of Gunn Oscillators.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2):

1. Explain GaAs MESFET with structure and principle of operation? Why GaAs MESFETs are
preferred over Si MESFETs.
2. Derive the expression for available power gain of microwave amplifier.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3):

1. Explain the importance of impedance matching or tuning.
2. Evaluate the ABCD matrix coefficient computation of a transmission line section with
characteristic impedance ‘Zo’ propagation constant ‘β’ and length ‘l’.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Design a low-pass composite filter with a cut-off frequency of 2MHz and impedances of 75Ω.
Place the infinite attenuation pole at 2.05MHz.
2. With neat circuit explain the Design procedure of an m-derived LPF section and plot the
frequency response.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Explain the configuration of Planar capacitor film
2. Discuss Strip line in planar transmission and also find the Quality factor.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

3. Explain the frequency characteristics of single layer square inductor.

Syllabus

Module Course contents Hours

Introduction, Characteristic, features of microwaves, Limitation of conventional
solid state devices at Microwave. Gunn diodes – Gunn effect, Ridley – Watkins-
I Hilsum theory, Modes of operation, Limited space – Charge accumulation (LSA) 6
mode of Gunn diode. Microwave generation and amplification. Structure,
Operation, Power output and efficiency of IMPATT and TRAPATT diodes
Bipolar transistors – biasing, FET – biasing, MESFET – Structure, Operation.
Microwave amplifiers and oscillators – Amplifiers – Gain and stability, Single
II 8
stage transistor amplifier design. Oscillator design – One port negative resistance
oscillators.
Microwave Network Analysis – Equivalent voltages and currents, Impedance and
Admittance matrices, Scattering matrix, The transmission matrix.
III Signal flow graphs. Impedance matching and tuning – Matching with lumped 6
elements, Single stub tuning, Double stub tuning. Quarter wave transformer,
Theory of small reflections.
Microwave filters – Periodic structures – Analysis of infinite periodic structures
and terminated periodic structures
IV 7
Filter design by image parameter method – Constant k, m-derived and composite.
Filter design by insertion loss method. Filter transformation and implementation.
Introduction to MICSs:-Technology of hybrid MICs, monolithic MICs.
Comparison of both MICs. Planar transmission lines such as strip line, microstrip
line, and slot line. Distributed and lumped elements of integrated circuits -
V 8
capacitors, inductors, resistors, terminations, attenuators, resonators and
discontinuities.Diode control devices – switches, attenuators, limiters. Diode
phase shifter. Circulators and isolators.

Text Books:

1. David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 4/e, Wiley India, 2012.

2. Robert E. Collin, Foundation of Microwave Engineering, 2/e, Wiley India, 2012.
3. Samuel Y. Liao, Microwave Devices and Circuits, 3/e, Pearson Education, 2003.

References:
1. Bharathi Bhat and Shiban K. Koul: Stripline-like Transmission Lines for MIC, New Age
International (P) Ltd, 1989.
2. I. Kneppo, J. Fabian, et al., Microwave Integrated Circuits, BSP, India, 2006.
3. Leo Maloratsky, Passive RF and Microwave Integrated Circuits, Elsevier, 2006.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule.

No Topic No.of.
Lectures
Module I
1.1 Introduction, Characteristic, features of microwaves, Limitation of conventional solid
2
state devices at Microwave
1.2 Gunn – effect diodes – Gunn effect, Ridley – Watkins-Hilsum theory, Modes of
2
operation, Limited space – Charge accumulation (LSA) mode of Gunn diode.
1.3 Microwave generation and amplification. Structure, Operation, Power output and
2
efficiency of IMPATT and TRAPATT diodes
Module II
2.1 Bipolar transistors – biasing, FET – biasing, MESFET – Structure, Operation. 3
2.2 Microwave amplifiers and oscillators – Amplifiers – Gain and stability, Single stage 3
transistor amplifier design.
2.3 Oscillator design – One port negative resistance oscillators. 2
Module III
3.1 Microwave Network Analysis – Equivalent voltages and currents, Impedance and
Admittance matrices, Scattering matrix, The transmission matrix 2

3.2 Signal flow graphs. Impedance matching and tuning – Matching with lumped
2
elements, Single stub tuning, Double stub tuning.
3.3 Quarter wave transformer, Theory of small reflections. 2
Module IV
4.1 Microwave filters, Periodic structures, Analysis of periodic structures
2
4.2 Filter design by image parameter method – Constant k, m-derived and composite. 3
4.3 Filter design by insertion loss method. Filter transformation and implementation. 2
Module V
5.1 Introduction to MICSs:-Technology of hybrid MICs, monolithic MICs. Comparison
2
of both MICs.
5.2 Planar transmission lines such as stripline, microstrip line, and slotline. 2
5.3 Distributed and lumped elements of integrated circuits - capacitors, inductors,
2
resistors, terminations, attenuators, resonators and discontinuities.
5.4 Diode control devices – switches, attenuators, limiters. Diode phase shifter.
2
Circulators and isolators.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH EMESTER B. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
Course Code: ECT446
Course Name: MICROWAVE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

Max. Marks:100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A
(Answer All Questions)
1 With a graph explain the characteristics of Gunn diode. (3)
2 Explain the limitations of conventional solid state devices at microwaves (3)
3 Design a one port negative resistance oscillator (3)
4 Discuss different biasing techniques used for microwave bipolar transistor. (3)
5 Derive expressions for S parameters in terms of Z parameters for a 2-port network. (3)
6 Explain the principle of double stub matching. (3)
7 Discuss the significance of k-β diagram in filter characteristics. (3)
8 List the Kuroda’s identity. (3)
The strip line designed with a dielectric material with b = h = 3.1 mm, w = 2.5 mm
9 (3)
Find characteristic impedance Zo.
ε r = 10.5

10 Explain the configuration of distributed ferrite circulators. (3)

PART B
(Answer one question from each module. Each question carries 14 marks)

MODULE I
What does IMPATT diode stand for and with neat diagram mention construction and (10)
11 a)
working of it and derive power and η of the same.
b) Explain modes of operation of Gunn diode. (4)
OR

12 a) What are TRAPATT diodes? Explain elaborately their principle of operation with (10)
neat diagram.
b) An IMPATT diode has carrier drift velocity Vd = 3 x 107 cm/s, Drift region length L (4)
= 6µm, Maximum operating voltage V0max = 100V, Maximum operating current
I0max = 200mA, Efficiency η = 15%, Breakdown voltage Vbd = 90V. Find
maximum CW output power in watts and the resonant frequency in gigahertz.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MODULE II

13 a) Design a single stage Transistor Amplifier used in microwave circuits. (10)

b) Why are GaAs MESFET’s preferred to Si MESFET’s (4)
OR

14 a) Discuss in detail the physical structure of MESFET and explain its principle of (10)
operation.
b) Discuss briefly the Stability of Amplifier with necessary conditions. (4)

MODULE III

15 a) For a microwave circuit, discuss the equivalent voltage and currents. (6)

b) Explain working of Double Stub tuning and Quarter Wave Transformer. (8)
OR

16 a) Explain in detail the concept of matching with lumped elements. (6)

b) Discuss in detail about impedance and frequency scaling. (8)

MODULE IV
17 a) Explain the steps in designing a composite filter. Also write down the equations and (8)
draw the circuit for designing a composite low pass filter.
b) Design a low pass filter for fabrication using microstrip line. The specifications are (6)
cut-off frequency of 4 GHz, third order, impedance of 50 Ω and a 3 dB equi-ripple
characteristics. The normalized low pass proto-type values are g1 = 3.3487 = L1 g3,=
3.3487 = L3 , g2 = 0.7117 = C2 , g4 = 1.000 = RL.
OR
18 a) Design a low pass constant K filter using image parameter method. (7)

b) What are the steps required to transfer a LPF from HPF .explain. (7)

MODULE V

19 a) Explain in detail about thick film and thin film technology? (9)
b) Discuss Microwave resonators with neat diagram (5)

OR
(8)
20 a) Classify Switches based on Characteristics
b) Discuss briefly about slot line. (6)
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SPEECH AND AUDIO CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT456
PROCESSING
PEC 2 1 0 3

Prerequisite: Digital Signal processing

Course objectives:

• To familiarize the basic mechanism of speech production and the basic concepts of methods
for speech analysis and parametric representation of speech.

• To give an overall picture about various applications of speech processing

• To impart ideas of Perception of Sound, Psycho-acoustic analysis, Spatial Audio Perception

and rendering.

• To introduce Audio Compression Schemes.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

Understand basic concepts of speech production, speech analysis, speech

CO1K1 coding and parametric representation of speech and apply it in practical
applications
CO2K3 Develop systems for various applications of speech processing
CO3K2 Learn Signal processing models of sound perception and application of
perception models in audio signal processing
CO4K2 Implement audio compression algorithms and standards
C0 5 K2 Perform audio quality analysis

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 2

CO 2 3 3 2 2

CO 3 3 3 2 2

CO 4 3 3 2

CO 5 3 3 2 2
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Assessment Pattern

Continuous Assessment
Bloom’s Category Tests End Semester Examination
1 2
Remember K1 10 10 20
Understand K2 30 30 60
Apply K3 10 10 20
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry
14 marks. Mark patterns are as per the syllabus with 80 % for theory and 20% for
logical/numerical problems, derivation and proof.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Speech Processing, Parametric representation of speech, LPC

analysis
1. Describe algorithm for computing LPC coefficients using autocorrelation method
2. Define short time energy and short time zero crossing rate

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Frequency domain analysis, Speech coding, Speech

enhancement
1. Describe the steps involved in obtaining MFCC coefficients of a speech signal
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2. Compare broad categories of speech coding techniques in terms of bitrate and speech
quality

Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Models of Audio perception, Psychoacoustic analysis

1. Explain MPEG psycho-acoustic model of audio perception
2. Differentiate between simultaneous masking and temporal masking

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Audio compression methods, Transform coding of Audio signals
1. Describe various redundancy removal and perceptual irrelevancy removal in audio
compression
2. Explain the concept of MDCT and its properties

Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Audio Perception and rendering

1. Explain subjective and objective analysis methods to measure the audio quality
2. What are the physical and psycho-acoustical basis of sound localization and space
perception Describe spatial audio standards

Syllabus

Module Course contents Hours

Speech Production: Acoustic theory of speech production. Speech

Analysis: Speech signal, Short-Time Speech Analysis, Time domain
I analysis (Short time energy, short time zero crossing Rate, ACF).LPC 7
Analysis (LPC model, Auto correlation method).
Frequency domain analysis (Filter Banks, STFT, Spectrogram),
Cepstral Analysis, MFCC. Probabilistic formulation of speech
recognition, Speech coding: fundamentals, Comparison of waveform
II 7
coding, vocoding and hybrid coding, Speech enhancement:
fundamentals, basic types, Speaker verification (block diagram),
Language Identification (block diagram)
Signal Processing Models of Audio Perception: Basic anatomy of
hearing System. Auditory Filter Banks, Psycho-acoustic analysis:
III Critical Band Structure, Absolute Threshold of Hearing, Simultaneous 7
Masking, Temporal Masking, MPEG psycho-acoustic model.
Audio compression methods: Sampling rate and bandwidth
requirement for digital audio, Redundancy removal andperceptual
IV irrelevancy removal, Transform coding of digitalaudio: MPEG2-AAC 7
coding standard, MDCT and its properties,Pre-echo and pre-echo
suppression, Loss less coding methods.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Spatial Audio Perception and rendering: The physical and psycho-

acoustical basis of sound localization and space perception. Spatial
V audio standards. Audio quality analysis: Objective analysis methods- 7
PEAQ, Subjective analysis methods - MOS score, MUSHRA score

Text Books:
1. Douglas O'Shaughnessy, Speech Communications: Human & Machine, IEEE Press,
Hardcover 2/e, 1999; ISBN: 0780334493.
2. Nelson Morgan and Ben Gold, Speech and Audio Signal Processing: Processing and
Perception Speech and Music, July 1999, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0471351547

References:
1. Donald G. Childers, Speech Processing and Synthesis Toolboxes, John Wiley & Sons,
September 1999; ISBN: 0471349593
2. Rabiner and Juang, Fundamentals of Speech Recognition, Prentice Hall, 1994.
3. Rabiner and Schafer, Digital Processing of Speech Signals, Prentice Hall, 1978.
4. Thomas F. Quatieri, Discrete-Time Speech Signal Processing: Principles and Practice,
Prentice Hall; ISBN: 013242942X; 1/e

Course content and Lecture plan

No of
No TOPIC
Lectures
MODULE 1
1.1 Acoustic theory of speech production 2
1.2 Speech signal, Short-time analysis of speech 2
1.3 Time domain analysis (Short time energy, short time zero crossing 2
Rate, ACF)
1.4 LPC Analysis 1
MODULE II
2.1 Frequency domain analysis (Filter Banks, STFT, Spectrogram) 2
2.2 Cepstral Analysis 1
2.3 MFCC. 1
2.4 Fundamentals of Speech recognition, Speech coding, Speech 1
Enhancement
2.5 Speaker Verification, 1
2.6 Language Identification 1
MODULE III
3.1 Signal Processing Models of Audio Perception 1
3.2 Basic anatomy of hearing System. 1
3.3 Auditory Filter Banks, Psycho-acoustic analysis. 2
3.4 Critical Band Structure, Absolute Threshold of Hearing. 1
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

3.5 Simultaneous Masking, Temporal Masking, 1

3.6 MPEG psycho-acoustic model 1
MODULE IV
4.1 Sampling rate and bandwidth requirement for digital audio, 2
4.2 Redundancy removal and perceptual irrelevancy removal, 1
4.3 Transform coding of digital audio: MPEG2-AAC coding standard 1
4.4 MDCT and its properties, 1
4.5 Pre-echo and pre-echo suppression, 1
4.6 Lossless coding methods. 1
MODULE V
5.1 Spatial Audio Perception and rendering 2
5.2 The physical and psycho-acoustical basis of sound localization and 2
space perception.
5.3 Spatial audio standards. 1
5.4 Audio quality analysis: Objective analysis methods- PEAQ 1
5.5 Subjective analysis methods - MOS score, MUSHRA score 1

Model Question paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

VIII SEMESTER B. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
Course Code: ECT456
Course Name: SPEECH AND AUDIO PROCESSING

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks

1. What is Zero Crossing Rate (ZCR) ? How is it used for differentiating
voiced and unvoiced speech?
2 Why short time analysis is preferred for analysing speech signal
3 Express speech recognition in terms of probabilistic formulation and
justify the importance of each term.
4 What is the need for Spectrogram representation of speech signals
5 Differentiate between speaker identification and speaker verification
6 How is ‘bit allocation’ used in MPEG?
7 What is threshold of hearing? Explain with the help of a diagram
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

8 Draw and explain the concept of threshold of hearing

9 What is redundancy removal in audio compression?
10 What is cone of confusion? How do listeners resolve it?

PART B

Answer any one full question from each module carries 14 marks.

MODULE 1
11 a) Draw the source system model of speech production. Derive 7
equations of LP analysis using autocorrelation method.
b) Write mathematical expression for the computation of short 7
time energy and short time auto correlation for a speech
segment
OR
12 Describe human speech production mechanism using a diagram and 14
the role of following organs in speech production
(i) Velum (ii) Vocal folds (iii) Lips (iv) Tongue
MODULE II
13 a) Define mathematically the need of STFT for analyzing speech 7
signals.
b) Describe with the help of a block diagram the steps involved in 7
obtaining MFCC coefficients of a speech signal.
OR
14 a) Formulate ‘automatic speech recognition’ using probabilistic 7
terms
b) Explain any one speech coding technique in detail 7
MODULE III
15 a) Draw and explain the concept of auditory filter banks 7
b) With the help of neat diagram explain the anatomy of hearing 7
system
OR
16 a) Differentiate between simultaneous masking and temporal 6
masking
a) Explain MPEG psycho acoustic model. How is masking useful 8
for implementing audio compression?
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MODULE IV
17 a) Explain mathematically the concept of MDCT and its 7
properties.
b) Explain MPEG2-AAC coding standard 7
OR
18 a) Describe pre-echo suppression in audio signals 7
b) Briefly explain lossless coding of audio signals 7
MODULE V
19 a) Differentiate between Interaural level difference (ILD) and 7
Interaural time difference (ITD) in perception with help of
diagrams
b) Explain any two spatial audio standards. 7
OR
20 a) Describe objective analysis method to analyze the audio 8
quality.
b) Mention the significance of MOS score and MUSHRA score 6
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT466 ANALOG CMOS DESIGN
PEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: This course aims to impart the basic knowledge of CMOS analog circuits design
and enable the students to design integrated circuits.

Prerequisite: ECT 202 Analog Circuits, ECT 201 Solid State Devices.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to,
CO1 Analyze various Single stage Amplifiers with different types of loads
CO2 Design and Analyse Differential Amplifiers
CO3 Design various types of current mirrors
CO4 Plot the frequency response of single stage and differential amplifiers
CO5 Analyse the effect of noise in single stage amplifiers
CO6 Implement PLL for various applications

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO0 PO0 PO0 PO0 PO0 PO0 PO0 PO0 PO0 PO1 PO1 PO1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2
CO
3 3 2
1
CO
3 3 2
2
CO
3 3 2
3
CO
3 3 2
4
CO
3 3 2
5
CO
3 3 2
6

Assessment Pattern
Continuous Assessment
Bloom’s Category Tests End Semester Examination
1 2
Remember K1 10 10 10
Understand K2 20 20 20
Apply K3 20 20 70
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry
14 marks.

Course level Assessment Questions

CO1. Analyze various Single stage Amplifiers with different types of loads
1. Develop small signal model for various amplifier configurations
2. Calculate the small signal gain of various configurations
3. Analyze the effect of cascading of stages.

CO2. Design and Analyse Differential Amplifiers

1. Perform Qualitative Analysis of Differential Pair.
2. Calculate the small signal gain of differential pair if the bias voltages are equal.
3. Calculate the overdrive voltage of each transistor in differential pair.

CO3. Design various types of current mirrors

1. Explain the use of current mirrors to bias a differential pair
2. Explain the concept of an active current mirror.
3. Analysis of circuits having current mirror.

CO4:Plot the frequency response of single stage and differential amplifiers

1. Calculation of poles associated with the nodes in a circuit
2. Calculate the voltage transfer function of common source stage
3. Modelling the high frequency equivalent circuit of various configurations.

CO5:Analyse the effect of noise in single stage amplifiers

1. Modelling of noise in circuits.
2. Calculation of Input referred noise and output noise in various circuits.
3. Calculation of noise bandwidth
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CO6: Implement PLL for various applications
1. Describe the implementation of PLL for Frequency Multiplication, Frequency
synthesizer and Skew reduction

SYLLABUS

Module I

Basic MOS Device physics- Review of MOS Characteristics and Second order effects(only
basic theoretical concepts).

Single Stage Amplifiers. Common Source Stage with Different Load types , Source Follower,
Common Gate and Cascode Stage

Module II

Differential Amplifiers - Single-ended and differential operation, Basic differential pair,

Common-mode response, Differential pair with MOS load, Gilbert Cell.

Current Mirror: Simple, Cascode and Basic concepts of active current Mirror

Module III

Frequency Response of Amplifiers: Miller Effect, Poles and Zeros, Frequency Response
Analysis of Common Source, Source Follower, Common Gate and Differential Pair.

Module IV

Noise in Amplifiers: Noise in Single Stage amplifier (CS,CG,Source Follower), Noise in

Differential Pair, Noise Band Width.

Module V

Phase Locked Loops- Mathematical model of VCO, Phase Detector, Basic PLL Topology,
Type I and Type II(Charge Pump) PLL, Stability Analysis of PLL, Non Ideal Effects in PLL,
Application of PLL- Frequency Multiplication, Frequency synthesizer and Skew reduction.
Block Diagram of Digital PLL.

Text Books:
1. Behzad Razavi, “Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits”, McGraw-Hill, 2/e,
2002

References:
1. Phillip E. Allen, Douglas R. Holbery, CMOS Analog Circuit Design, Oxford, 2004.
2. Razavi B., Fundamentals of Microelectronics, Wiley student Edition2014.
3. Baker, Li, Boyce, CMOS: Circuits Design, Layout and Simulation, PHI, 2000
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No. Topic Hrs.

1 CMOS Amplifiers
Review of MOS Characteristics, Second order effects( Subtreshold conduction,
1.1 1
DIBL,Velocity Saturation etc..)
1.3 Single Stage Amplifiers-Basic Concepts 1
CS with resistive, Diode Connected and Current Source Load, CS with source
1.4 3
Degeneration
1.5 Source Follower and common Gate Stage 2
1.6 Cascode Stage 1
2 Differential Amplifier
2.1 Single Ended and Differential Operation 1
2.2 Common Mode Response, Differential pair with MOS Load 2
2.3 Concept of Gilbert Cell and Introduction to Basic Current Mirror 1
2.4 Cascode current Mirrors and Basic Concepts of Active Current Mirrors 2
3 Frequency Response of Amplifiers
3.1 Miller Effect, Poles and Zeros 1
3.2 Calculation of poles and zeros of CS, CG and Source follower stage 2
3.3 Stability Analysis of CS, CG and Source Follower 2
3.4 Frequency Response of Differential Pair 1
4 Noise In Amplifiers
4.1 Noise analysis in CS, CG and Source Follower 4
4.2 Noise In differential Pair 2
4.3 Noise Bandwidth 1
5 Phase Locked Loops
5.1 Mathematical model of VCO, Phase Detector, Basic PLL Topology 1
5.2 Type I and Type II(Charge Pump) PLL, Stability Analysis of PLL 2
5.3 Non Ideal Effects in PLL 2
Application of PLL- Frequency Multiplication, Frequency synthesizer and Skew
5.4 2
reduction
5.5 Block Diagram of Digital PLL 1
Total Hours 35

Simulation Assignments:
Atleast one assignment should be simulation of the circuits. Simulations can be done in
QUCS, KiCad or PSPICE or LT Spice or CADENCE
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, (Model Question Paper)
Course Code: ECT466
Course Name: ANALOG CMOS DESIGN
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
PART A
Answer ALL Questions. Each Carries 3 mark.
1 Explain Body effect. How body Effect affect the Threshold voltage K1
2 Draw the small signal equivalent circuit of a common source stage with K2/CO1
diode connected load?
3 Calculate the Common mode Gain of a differential Pair. K2/CO2
4 Explain the working of Gilbert Cell as Analog voltage Multiplier K2/CO3
5 Explain how the addition of capacitor at output node of a single stage K2/CO4
amplifier affect the pole zero plot.
6 Draw the Thevinin Equivalent of a Differential Pair with active current K3/CO4
Mirror
7 Draw the circuit model for a resistor thermal noise and draw its spectral K3/CO5
density.
8 Explain Flicker Noise? K1/CO5
9 Explain the working of Phase Detectors? K1
10 Explain the Block diagram of Digital PLL? K1
PART – B
Answer one question from each module; each question carries 14 marks.
Module – I
11a. Derive the expression of a common source stage with diode connected load. 7
CO1/
K3
b. Calculate the voltage gain of the circuit 7
CO1/
K3

.
OR
12a. Derive the expression of Voltage gain of Common Gate Stage? 14
CO1/
K3
Module – II
13a. Explain the working of a basic differential pair 4
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CO2/
K1
b. Derive the expression of the voltage gain of a differential pair with MOS 10
Load CO2/
K3
OR
14 Calculate the small signal voltage gain of the circuit shown below. 14
CO3/
K3

Module – III
4
15a. Explain Miller Effect
K1
b. Calculate the input and output impedance of common source stage 10
CO4/K3
OR
16 Derive the expression for voltage transfer function and input impedance of 14
common gate configuration. CO4/
K3
Module - IV
17a. Calculate the total input referred thermal noise voltage of the amplifier 14
shown below. CO5/K3

OR
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
18 Calculate the total output noise of the circuit shown below. 14
CO5/
K3

Module – V

19a. Explain Type 1 and charge pump PLL? 5

K1
b. Explain various non ideal effects in PLL? 9

K1
OR

10
20a. Describe various applications of PLL CO6/
K3

b. Describe the causes of stability degradation in charge pump PLL. 4/K2

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT476 ROBOTICS
PEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble:The objective of this course is to introduce to the students the emerging field of
robotics by imparting the fundamental knowledge on the design and control of robots,
theirmulti-disciplinary engineering aspects and applications.

Prerequisite: Nil

Course Outcome: After the successful completion of the course, the student will be able to
CO1 Attain a thorough understanding of different types of Robots and their applications
CO2 Select appropriate sensors and actuators based on the robotic applications
CO3 Perform kinematic and dynamic analyses for robots.
CO4 Carry out the design and control of a simple robot.
CO5 Integrate mechanical and electrical hardware for making a robotic device

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 3
CO2 3 3
CO3 3 3
CO4 3 3 2
CO5 3 3 2

Assessment Pattern
Bloom’s Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester
Category 1 2 Examination
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 30 30 60
Apply 10 10 20
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration
150 50 100 3 hours
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain
10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students
should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student
should answer anyone. Each question can have a maximum of two sub-divisions and carry 14
marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Appreciate the classification of robots, fundamental systems and
their applications in various domains.

1. Write down the brief history and growth of robotics.

2. Describe the different basic components of a robotic system and their functions.
3. Explain the principle of degree of freedom or connectivity in terms of robotic joints.

Course Outcome 2(CO2): Compare and contrast the working principles and applications of
various sensors and actuators used in robotic systems.

1. With neat sketches elucidate the working of any one type of tactile sensor used for
contact and proximity assessment.
2. Describe the imaging, sensing and digitization processes in a basic robotic vision
system.
3. List and justify any two applications where pneumatic actuators are preferred over
hydraulic ones.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Apply the principles and techniques of kinematic and dynamic
modelling in robotics.

1. Describe the techniques and methods for the representation of position and orientation
of objects, their translation and rotation, as well as the coordinate transformation in
the workspace of a robot.
2. Explain the Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) convention for selecting frames of
reference in robotics applications.
3. Apply the D-H convention to represent the different serial kinematic arrangements
fitted with various end effectors.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Perform basic programming for the control of robotic devices.

1. Explain the process of control of position and force of manipulators in robots.

2. Illustrate the working of a robotic device using the closed-loop control system
with a suitable example.
3. Describe the commonly used methods for robot programming.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Design robotic devices by integrating mechanical and electrical
hardware.

1. List out the various industrial Applications of Robots with examples.

2. Illustrate the significance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Robotics
3. Evaluate the role of robotics and automation in Industry 4.0.

SYLLABUS

MODULE I
Introduction to Robotics: Definition and Origin of Robotics. Robot Anatomy. Robot
Specifications. Robot Characteristics – Accuracy, Precision, and Repeatability. Classification
of Robots. Advantages and Disadvantages of Robots. Robot Structure - Types of Joints and
End Effectors, Mechanisms and Manipulators. Common Kinematic Arrangements. Degree of
Freedom. Robot Coordinates. Reference Frames.Robot Workspace.Areas of Application for
Robots.

MODULE II
Introduction to Sensors and Actuation Systems for Robots: Actuators: Types of Robotic
Drive Systems and Actuators: Hydraulic, Pneumatic and Electric drives. Transmission:
Gears, Timing Belts and Bearings. Parameters for selection of actuators. Specification. Areas
of Application for: Stepper Motor, Servo Motor and Brushless DC Motor. Microprocessor
Control of Motors. Speed Control using PWM and Direction Control using H- Bridge.
Sensors: Types and Applications of Sensors in Robotics: Position, Displacement and Velocity
Sensors. Tactile Sensors for Contact and Proximity Assessment. Strain Gauge based Force
and Torque Sensors. Tachometers, etc. Robotic Vision Systems- Introduction to Cameras,
Imaging, Sensing and Digitization. Vision Applications in Robotics.

MODULE III
Introduction to Robot Kinematics and Dynamics: Introduction to Kinematics: Position
and Orientation of Objects. Rotation. Euler Angles. Rigid Motion Representation using
Homogenous Transformation Matrix. Kinematic Modelling: Translation and Rotation
Representation, Coordinate Transformation, Forward and Inverse Kinematics. Forward
Kinematics-Link Coordinates, Denavit-Hartenberg Representation, Application of DH
Convention to Different Serial Kinematic Arrangements. Inverse Kinematics – General
Properties of Solutions, Kinematic Decoupling, Velocity Kinematics – Derivation of the
Jacobian, Application of Velocity Kinematics for Serial Manipulators, Importance of
Singularities. Introduction to Dynamic Modelling:Forward and Inverse Dynamics- Equations
of Motion using Euler-Lagrange formulation, Newton Euler Formulation.

MODULE IV
Introduction to Robot Control: Basics of Control: Open Loop- Closed Loop, Transfer
Functions, Control Laws: P, PD, PID, Linear and Non-linear Controls; Control Hardware and
Interfacing; Embedded Systems: Microcontroller Architecture and Integration with Sensors,
Actuators, Components.Introduction to Robot Programming – Programming Methods, Robot
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Language Classification, Robot Language Structure, Elements and its Functions. Motion,
End-Effecter and Sensor Commands in VAL Programming Language. Simple Programs.

MODULE V
Recent Developments in Robotics. Mobile Robots: Mobile Robot Kinematics, Navigation.
Humanoid Robotics: Biped Locomotion, Imitation Learning. Collaborative Robots:
Collaborative Robot, Collaborative Operation, Applications. Artificial Intelligence in
Robotics: Applications in Unmanned Systems, Defense, Medical, Industries, etc. Industrial
Applications of Robots in Material Handling and Assembly. Robotics and Automation for
Industry 4.0., Robot Safety. Social Robotics.

Text Books:

1. S.K. Saha, Introduction to Robotics, Tata McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition, 2014
2. Saeed B. Niku, Introduction to Robotics: Analysis, Systems, Applications, John
Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, 2011.
3. Spong and Vidyasagar, Robot Dynamics and Control, John Wiley & Sons, 1990.
4. Mikell P. Groover, et al., Industrial Robotics – Technology, Programming and
Applications, McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition, 2012

Reference Books:

1. John. J.Craig, Introduction to Robotics: Mechanics and Control, PHI, 2005.

2. Ashitava Ghosal, Robotics, Fundamental concepts and analysis, OXFORD University
Press, 2006
3. Fu, K.S,Gonzalez,R.C,Lee, C.S.G.,Robotics, Control, Sensing, Vision and
Intelligence, McGraw-Hill, 1987.
4. Asada, H., and J. J. Slotine. Robot Analysis and Control. New York, NY: Wiley, 1986.
5. Robert J. Schilling, Fundamentals of Robotics: Analysis & Control, Pearson
Education, 2000
6. Klafter, R.D., Chmielewski, T.A, Negin, M, Robotic Engineering An Integrated
Approach, PHI, 2007
7. S. R. Deb, Robotics Technology and Flexible Automation, Tata McGraw Hill, New
Delhi, 1994.

Course PlanCourse Contents and Lecture Schedule

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Module 1: Introduction to Robotics
Definition and Origin of Robotics:
What is the basic definition of a robot? How the field of robotics
1.1 1
originated? What are the basic components of a robot? How to specify a
robot?
Characteristics, Classification, Advantages and Disadvantages of Robots:
1.2 1
What are the different characteristic parameters of robots? How robots are
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
classified? What are the advantages of using robots in various
applications?Are there any disadvantages to employing robots?
Robot Structure, and Common Kinematic Arrangements:
What are the different structural arrangements for robots? What are the
1.3 different types of joints, end effectors, mechanisms and manipulators 1
commonly used in robotics? How to express the structure of robots in
terms of common kinematic arrangements?
Concepts of Degree of Freedom (DOF), Coordinates, Reference Frames,
Workspace in Robotics:

1.4 How to define the degree of freedom of any robot? What are the 1
commonly used coordinate systems for robots? How the concept of
reference frames help in a robot design? How to determine the workspace
of a robot?
Areas of Application for Robots: 1
1.5 What are different fields/areas where robots find applications? How the
size, structure, sensors, DOF and end effector change with applications?

Areas of Application for Robots:

1.6 Suggest some new or futuristic fields/areas where robots may find 1
applications?
2 Module 2: Introduction to Robotic Sensors and Actuators
Robotic Drive Systems and Actuators:

2.1 What are the different types of drive systems used in robotics? Describe 1
the different transmission systems used in robots and their specific
applications.
Types and Applications of Actuators in Robotics:
What are the different deciding parameters for selecting appropriate
2.2 actuators for robots? How areactuators specified? What are the specific 1
applications for stepper motors, servo motors and brushless DC motors in
robotics?
Types and Applications of Sensors in Robotics:
What are the different position, displacement and velocity sensors used in
2.3 robots? How do the tactical sensors used in robotic devices sense contact 1
and proximity of objects? What are the commonly used force and torque
sensors in robots? How do tachometers help in robotic operation and
application?
Control of Motors in Robotics:

2.4 How to perform microprocessor-based control in electricmotors? 1

How speed control is carried out using pulse-width modulation?
Describe direction control using H-Bridge.
Robotic Vision Systems:
2.5 1
What is the role of cameras in robots? Describe how imaging, sensing and
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
digitization processes are performed in robotic applications.
What are the vision applications ofrobots?
Control of Robotics:
2.6 Conduct exercises to develop small control programs for joints/links/end 1
effectors of robots.
3 Module 3: Introduction to Robot Kinematics and Dynamics
Introduction to Kinematics:
How to specify the position and orientation of links and joints in robotics?
3.1 What are the common methods for describing robot orientations? Describe 1
how rigid motion representation can be made using a homogenous
transformation matrix.
Kinematic Modelling:
How to determine the position and orientation of an end effector of a robot
3.2 under translation and/or rotation? What is the coordinate transformation 1
method? How transformations can be performed between
the coordinate frames attached to different robotic links and joints. What
arethe purposes for forward and inverse kinematics in robotics?
First Series Examination
Forward Kinematics:

3.3 How to compute the position of the end effector from joint parameters? 1
What is Denavit-Hartenberg representation? How the D-H convention can
be applied to different serial kinematic arrangements.
Inverse Kinematics:

3.4 How to predict the joint angles from the known coordinates of the end 1
effector of a robot? How kinematic decoupling is performed
in robotic manipulators?
Velocity Kinematics:
How can the linear and angular velocities of the end effector get related to
3.5 the joint velocities to form the velocity relationship? How can velocity 1
kinematics be applied to serial robots?What are the different singularities
that affect the degree of freedom of robots?
Introduction to Dynamic Modelling:
What are the functions of forward and inverse dynamicsin robotics? How
3.6 can we develop the equations of motion using the Euler-Lagrange 2
formulation? What is the role of Newton-Euler formulation in the dynamic
modelling of robots?
4 Module 4: Introduction to Robot Control
Basics of Control:

4.1 Describe the basic control parameters and systems used in robotics? How 2
P, PD, PID, Linear and Non-linear Controls are employed in robotic
practices?
4.2 Control Hardware and Interfacing: 2
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
What are the advantages of using the embedded system in robotics? How
microcontrollers can integrate sensors, actuators and components within a
robotic system?
Introduction to Robot Programming:

4.3 What is robot programming? What are different programming methods for 2
robots? How the robot languages are classified? Describe the structure,
elements, and functions of robot language.
Introduction to Robot Programming:

4.4 What is the role of variable assembly language (VAL) programming in 1

robotics? What are the common commands used for motion, end effector
and sensors?
Introduction to Robot Programming:
4.5 Using simple programs, conduct exercises to develop the robot 2
programming skills of students.
5 Module 5: Recent Developments in Robotics.
Mobile Robots:
5.1 What are mobile robots? How the kinematics change with mobile robots? 1
Describe the navigation of mobile robots.
Humanoid Robotics:
How to humanoid robots are different from other types? What is biped
5.2 locomotion? What are the challenges involved in the static and dynamic 1
balance of biped robots?What is the application of imitation learning in
humanoid robots?
Collaborative Robots:

5.3 What are collaborative robots? How can collaborative operation put it into 1
practice for robots? What are the different applications of collaborative
robots?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Robotics:.
What are the different applications of AI in robotics? How AI helps in the
5.4 development of unmanned robotic systems What are the different 2
applications of AI-based robots in the defense, medical, industrial and
other domains?
Industrial Applications of Robots:

5.5 What are the applications of robots in different industries? How robots 1
have a greater role today in material handling and assembly? What is the
contribution of robotics towards Industry 4.0.
Robot Ethics, Robot Safety and Social Robotics
What the ethical practices necessary for the design, production and
5.6 application of robots today? What are the aspects of occupational safety 1
and health of humans when robots are used in the workplace? What are
social robots? How are social robots suppose to help humans?
Second Series Examination
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Model Question Paper

A P J ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH SEMESTER B TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
COURSE: ECT476 ROBOTICS
TIME: 3 HRS MAX. MARKS: 100
PART A
Answer All Questions

1 List out the different criteria based on which robots are classified. 3
2 What are the basic components of a robot? 3
3 Determine the advantages of using electric drive systems in robots. 3
4 Identify the sensors used in robots for sensing position and velocity. 3
5 Recognize the need for Denavit-Hartenberg convention in robotics. 3
6 Describe joint angle, joint distance, link length and link twist. 3
7 How is the speed of an electric motor controlled using a microprocessor? 3
8 Distinguish between linear and rotary hydraulic actuation mechanisms. 3
9 Find any four non-industrial applications of robots 3
10 Substantiate the need for robot ethics. 3

PART B
Answer one question from each module. Each question carries 14 marks.

Module I
11(A) Describe the commonly used types of joints and end effectors in robots. 8
11(B) Explain the basic structure of anyrobotic system. How each component is 6
different from the others in terms of its functionality?

OR

12(A) Discuss the common kinematic arrangements in robots and find out the 8
degree of freedom for each.
12(B) Write notes on terms like accuracy, precision, and repeatability in 6
connection with a robotic system.

Module II

13(A) Compare among hydraulic, pneumatic and electric types of robotic drives 8
and mention the specific area of application for each.

13(B) Describe how direction control is carried out on electric motors in robots 6
using H- Bridge.
OR

14(A) Discuss the different characteristics of tactile sensors. Describe with the 8
help of a neat diagram the working of commonly used tactile sensors
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
14(B) Elaborate on the imaging, sensing and digitization processes in robotic 6
vision systems.

Module III

15(A) A frame 'B' was rotated about the x-axis 90ο, then, it was translated about 8
the current a-axis 3 inches before it was rotated about z-axis 90ο. Finally,
it was translated about the current a-axis 5 inches.
a) Write an equation that describes the motion.
b) Find the final location of a point P (1, 5, 4)T attached to the frame
relative to the reference frame.
15(B) Distinguish between rotation matrix and homogenous transformation 6
matrix.

OR
16(A) Find the Denavit-Hartenberg representation parameters of a spherical arm 8
shown in the figure below:

16(B) Describe the common kinematic arrangements of robots based on 6

Cartesian-coordinate and Cylindrical-coordinate systems

Module IV

17(A) Discuss the different control schemes of robots 8

17(B) Describe the basic structure of any robot programming language. 6

OR
18(A) Elaborate the processes involved in robot actuation and the control 8
methods used with block diagrams
18(B) Differentiate between textual and lead through programming methods 6

Module V

19(A) What are mobile robots: Describe how kinematics involved in mobile 8
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
robots are different from others.
19(B) Enumerate the challenges involved in biped motion of humanoid robots. 6
OR
20(A) Discuss the significant roles played by robotics in different areas for 8
realizing Industry 4.0.
20(B) Examine the involvement of artificial intelligence in Robotics 6
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SEMESTER VIII
PROGRAM ELECTIVE V
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT418 MECHATRONICS
PEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: This course introduces students to the rapidly emerging, multi-disciplinary, and
exciting field of Mechatronics.

Prerequisite: Nil

Course Outcome: After the successful completion of the course the student will be able to

Understand the working principles of various sensors and actuators in Mechatronics

CO1
systems and be able to choose the suitable one for the real world application
CO2 Formulate and simulate models of mechatronics systems
CO3 Explain the implementation of PLC in mechatronics applications

CO4 Explain the standard fabrication techniques and principle of operation of MEMS devices
Design and Analysis of commonly encountered mechatronics systems for real time
CO5 applications

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 3
CO2 3 3
CO3 3 3 2
CO4 3 3
CO5 3 3

Assessment Pattern
Bloom’s Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester
Category 1 2 Examination
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 30 30 60
Apply 10 10 20
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution
Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration
150 50 100 3 hours
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

: 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers)
: 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project
: 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain
10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students
should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student
should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):Understand the working principles of various sensors and actuators in
Mechatronics systems and be able to choose the suitable one for the real world application

1. Illustrate the working of a strain gauged load cell

2. Explain the working of any one non-contact temperature measurement system
3. Explain the principle of operation and suggest two applications of Hall effect sensor in
mechatronic systems.
4. With neat sketches explain the working of a double acting hydraulic actuator.
5. Design a hydraulic circuit to operate a winch fitted with a hydraulic motor. The
motor should be run clockwise, counter clockwise and stopped. Use a manually
operated valve.
6. Explain any two situations when pneumatic actuators are preferred over
hydraulic ones.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Formulate models of mechatronics systems

1. Derive the mathematical model of a general electrical system and draw its analogy with a
mechanical system.
2. Explain the working of a mechanical device using closed loop control system
with the help of a suitable example.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Explain the implementation of PLC in mechatronics applications

1. Explain ‘latching’ in PLC logic with an example.

2. Illustrate the significance of Internal Relays in PLC program
3. Consider a pneumatic system with single-solenoid controlled valves and
involving two cylinders A and B, with limit switches a–, a+, b–, b+ detecting
the limits of the piston rod movements. Design a ladder programme with the
requirement being when the start switch is triggered, the sequence A+, B+, A–,
10s time delay, B– occurs and stop at that point until the start switch is triggered
again.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course Outcome 4(CO4): Explain the standard fabrication techniques and principle of operation
of MEMS devices

1. Explain the steps involved in photolithography. State the chemicals used in each
of the stages along with the operating conditions.
2. Explain the criteria for choice of surface or bulk micromachining techniques in the design
of micro systems.
3. Explain with block diagram the steps in LIGA process. State two advantages of LIGA
process over other micro machining techniques.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Design and Analysis of commonly encountered mechatronics systems
for real time applications

1. With the help of a neat sketch explain the different mechatronics modules used
in automatic car park barrier system
2. Explain with a neat sketch the mechatronic implementation of a household weighing
machine
3. With a neat sketch, explain the physical system and working of a pick and place
robot.

SYLLABUS

MODULE I

Introduction to Mechatronics: Structure of Mechatronics system. Comparison between traditional

and mechatronics approach. Sensors - Characteristics -Temperature, flow, pressure sensors.
Displacement, position and proximity sensing by magnetic, optical, ultrasonic, inductive,
capacitive and eddy current methods. Encoders: incremental and absolute. Resolvers and
synchros. Piezoelectric sensors. Acoustic Emission sensors. vibration sensors.Force and tactile
sensors. Range finders: ultrasonic and light based range finders

MODULE II

Actuators: Hydraulic and Pneumatic actuators - Directional control valves,

pressure control valves, process control valves. Rotary actuators.
Development of simple hydraulic and pneumatic circuits using standard
Symbols. Electrical drives: DC, AC, brushless, servo and stepper motors. Harmonic
drive.Magnetostrictive actuators and piezoelectric actuators.

MODULE III

System modeling - Mathematical models and basic building blocks of general mechanical,
electrical, fluid and thermal systems. Typical elements of open and closed loop control systems.
Adaptive controllers for machine tools.

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) –Basic structure, input/ output processing. Programming:
Timers, Internal Relays, Counters and Shift registers. Development of simple ladder programs for
specific purposes.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MODULE IV

Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS): Fabrication: Deposition, Lithography,

Micromachining methods for MEMS -Surface and Bulk, Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) and
LIGA processes. Principle, fabrication and working of MEMS based pressure sensor,
accelerometer and gyroscope.

MODULE V

Mechatronics in Robotics- choice of Sensors and Actuators. Robotic vision system - Image
acquisition: Vidicon, charge coupled device (CCD) and charge injection device (CID) cameras.
Image processing techniques: histogram processing: sliding, stretching, equalization and
thresholding.

Case studies of Mechatronics systems: Automatic camera, bar code reader, simple weighing
machine, pick and place robot, automatic car park barrier system, automobileengine management
system.

Text Books:

1. Bolton W., Mechatronics: Electronic Control Systems in Mechanical and Electrical

Engineering, Person Education Limited, New Delhi, 2007

2. Ramachandran K. P., G. K. Vijayaraghavan, M. S. Balasundaram, Mechatronics:

IntegratedMechanical Electronic Systems, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2008.

3. Saeed B. Niku, Introduction to Robotics: Analysis, Systems, Applications, Person

Education ,Inc., New Delhi, 2006.

4. Devdas Shetty, Richard A. Kolk, “Mechatronics System Design”, Thomson Learning

Publishing Company, Vikas publishing house, Second edition, 2001.

Reference Books:

1. David G. Aldatore, Michael B. Histand, Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement

Systems, McGraw-Hill Inc., USA, 2003.

2. Gordon M. Mair, Industrial Robotics, Prentice Hall International, UK, 1998.

3. HMT, Mechatronics, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, 2004.

4. Vijay K. Varadan, K. J. Vinoy, S. Gopalakrishnan, Smart Material Systems and MEMS:

Design and Development Methodologies, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., England, 2006.

5. Bishop, Robert H. The Mechatronics Handbook-2 Volume Set. CRC press, 2002.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course Plan Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No Topic No. of
Lectures
Introduction to Mechatronics: Structure of Mechatronics system. 1
Comparison between traditional and mechatronics approach
Sensors - Characteristics -Temperature, flow, pressure sensors. 1
Displacement, position and proximity sensing by magnetic, 1
1 optical, ultrasonic, inductive, capacitive and eddy current methods
Encoders: incremental and absolute. Resolvers and synchros. 1
Piezoelectric sensors. Acoustic Emission sensors. vibration 1
sensors, Force and tactile sensors
Range finders: ultrasonic and light based range finders 1

Actuators: Hydraulic and Pneumatic actuators - Directional control 1

valves
pressure control valves, process control valves, 1
Rotary actuators. 1
2 Development of simple hydraulic and pneumatic circuits using 1
standard Symbols.
Electrical drives: DC, AC, and 1
brushless, servo 1
stepper motors. Harmonic drive. 1

System modeling - Mathematical models and basic building 2

blocks of general mechanical, electrical, fluid and thermal
systems.
Typical elements of open and closed loop control systems, 1
Adaptive controllers for machine tools
3
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) –Basic structure, input/ 1
output processing.
Programming: Timers, Internal Relays, Counters and Shift 2
registers.
Development of simple ladder programs for specific purposes 1

Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS): Fabrication: 1

Deposition, Lithography
Micromachining methods for MEMS -Surface and Bulk, 2
4
Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) and LIGA processes. 1
Principle, fabrication and working of MEMS based pressure 3
sensor, accelerometer and gyroscope

Mechatronics in Robotics- choice of Sensors and Actuators. 1

5 Robotic vision system - Image acquisition: Vidicon, charge 2
coupled device (CCD) and charge injection device (CID) cameras.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Image processing techniques: histogram processing: sliding, 2

stretching, equalization and thresholding.
Case studies of Mechatronics systems: Automatic camera, bar 2
code reader, simple weighing machine, picks and place robot,
Automatic car park barrier system, automobile engine 1
management system.

Model Question Paper

A P J ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH SEMESTER B TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
COURSE: ECT418 MECHATRONICS
TIME: 3 HRS MAX. MARKS: 100

PART A
Answer All Questions

1 Differentiate between absolute and incremental encoders 3

2 List six examples of temperature sensors 3
3 Explain how cushioning is achieved in pneumatic actuators with a sketch. 3
4 Mention any two differences between finite position and infinite position 3
valves
5 List any 2 controlling factors in wet etching. 3
6 Sketch and label a MEMS based pressure sensor 3
7 What is latching? Draw a simple latched circuit 3
8 Write down the describing equations of basic mechanical building blocks 3
9 Illustrate the histogram processing technique for enhancing the image 3
contrast
10 Bring out any 3 difference between CCD and CID camera. 3

PART B
Answer one question from each module. Each question carries 14 marks.

Module I

11(A) Explain the working of an optical absolute encoder. How the number of 6
tracks and sectors of absolute encoder is related to the resolution of the
encoder?
11(B) Explain the structure of a mechatronics system. How is it different form 8
the traditional approach?
OR
12(A) Explain the sensor characteristics to be considered when choosing a 8
sensor for a mechatronics application
12(B) Compare the working of resolver and synchro 6
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Module II

13(A) Develop a pneumatic circuit with standard symbols, to operate two 8

cylinders in sequence. Explain its working.

13(B) Explain the constructional features and working of brushless DC motor 6

OR

14(A) Illustrate the working of Harmonic Drives with neat sketches 8

14(B) Design a hydraulic circuit to operate a winch fitted with a hydraulic 6
motor. The motor should be run clockwise, counter clockwise and
stopped. Use a manually operated valve.

Module III

15(A) Draw and explain the block diagram of a feedback control system. 4

15(B) Develop a PLC ladder program for the following sequence: Start a motor 10
with push switch, and then after a delay of 90s, start a pump. When the
motor is switched off, the pump will get switched off after a delay of 5s.
Mention the logic used for each rung in the program to substantiate your
answer.
OR

16(A) Explain how a PLC can be used to handle analog inputs? 4

16(B) Explain the model a fluid flow system with basic building blocks, clearly 10
mention all assumptions
Module IV

17(A) Explain the steps involved in photolithography. State the chemicals used 6
in each of the stages along with the operating conditions
17(B) Compare and contrast various micro manufacturing techniques 8

OR

18(A) Describe the various mechanical problems associated with surface 6

micromachining
18(B) Explain the LIGA process associated with MEMS fabrication 8

Module V

19(A) With the help of a neat sketch explain the different mechatronics modules 10
used in automatic car park barrier system
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

19(B) List any fourapplications of robotic vision systems 4

OR

20(A) Explain the working of Barcode reader with reference to the coding 10
schemes. Mention the steps to process the digits in a barcode for a
particular product. Develop the steps in a program for reading the barcode.

20(B) List the steps in thresholding technique in image processing 4

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT428 OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
PEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: This course aims to provide a broad picture of various applications of

optimization methods used in engineering.

Prerequisite: NIL
Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1
Formulate and classify different optimisation problems.
K4
CO 2 Apply classical and numerical methods solving linear and non-linear optimisation
K3 problems.
CO 3
Apply modern methods of optimisation for solving optimisation problems.
K3

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 3 3 2
1
CO 3 3 2
2
CO 3 3 2
3

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment End Semester Examination

Tests
1 2
Remember K1 10 10 10
Understand K2 20 20 20
Apply K3 20 20 70
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry
14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Formulate optimisation problems. (K3)

1. Understand the different classification of optimization problems

2. Apply basic concepts of mathematics to formulate an optimization problem.
3. Formulation of real world problems as linear programming problems.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2) :Obtain optimised solution using classical methods for
constrained and unconstrained problems. (K3)

1. Identify extreme points of a given function and classify as minimum, maximum or saddle
point.
2. Formulate Lagragian equation for constrained problems and solution using KKT
conditions.
3. Find optimum solution using Simplex method for the given problem.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Obtain optimised solution using numerical methods for non-
linear problems. (K3)
1. Apply elimination search and direct root methods for finding the optimal solution
2. Find optimal point of a given function using gradient methods.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3): (K3)

1. Explain different steps in the genetic algorithm.

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2. Evaluate the strategies to be adopted for players using game theory.

3. Using algorithms find minimum spanning tree and shortest distance for given network
path.
4. Two identical sections of the given networks are connected in parallel. Obtain the two port
network parameters of the combination.

SYLLABUS

Module 1 : Introduction to classical method

Engineering applications of optimization, Formulation of design problems as mathematical
programming problems.
Classification of optimization problems/techniques.
Classical optimization: unconstrained single and multivariable optimisation, Constrained
optimization. Linear, Convex and non-convex optimization problems. KKT conditions.

Module 2 : Linear programming problems

Mathematical formulation of LP Problems, Solving using Simplex method and Graphical
method

Module 3 :Game Theory, Network path models

Game Theory: Introduction, 2- person zero – sum game -Saddle point; Mini-Max and Maxi-
Min Theorems (statement only)- Graphical solution (2x n, m x 2 game), dominance property.
Introduction to network tree - Minimal Spanning Tree - Prim’s Algorithm.
Shortest path problems- solution methods – Dijkstra’s Method.

Module 4 : Nonlinear unconstrained optimization

Single variable optimization methods- Fibonacci search method, Newton Raphson method
Multi-variable methods- Hook-Jeeves pattern search method, Cauchy’s (steepest descent)
method

Module 5 : Modern methods of optimization

Introduction to Genetic algorithm, Basic GA framework
GA operators: Encoding, Crossover, Selection, Mutation
Introduction to Fuzzy logic. Fuzzy sets and membership functions. Operations on Fuzzy sets.
Optimization of Fuzzy Systems.

Text Books

1. S.S.Rao, Engineering Optimization.; Theory and Practice; Revised 3rd Edition, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi
2.H.A. Taha, “ Operations Research”, 5/e, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992.
Kanti Swarup, P.K.Gupta and Man Mohan, Operations Research, Sultan Chand and Sons
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Reference Books

1. Kalynamoy Deb. “Optimization for Engineering Design‐ Algorithms and Examples”,

Prentice‐Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. A. Ravindran, D. T. Phillips, J. J. Solberg, Operations Research – Principles and
Practice, John Wiley and Sons.
3. Ashok D Belegundu, Tirupathi R Chandrupatla, “Optimization concepts and Application
in Engineering”, Pearson Education.
4. Hadley, G. “Linear programming”, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi
5. J. S. Arora, Introduction to Optimum Design, McGraw-Hill Book Company.

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Introduction:
1.1 Engineering applications of optimization, Formulation of design problems 1
as mathematical programming problems, objective function, constraints
1.2 Classification of optimization problems/techniques. Linear, convex, and 2
non-convex.
1.3 Unconstrained optimization: Unconstrained one dimensional necessary 2
and sufficient conditions for optimality
1.4 Algorithms for one-dimensional unconstrained optimization problem – 2
Fibonnacci, golden section
7
2 Algorithms and Constrained Optimization
2.1 Unconstrained multi-dimensional necessary and sufficient conditions for 2
optimality
2.2 Algorithms for multi-dimensional unconstrained optimization problems – 2
Steepest Descent, Newton’s methods
2.3 Constrained optimization: Lagrangian method - First order Necessary 3
KKT Conditions, Second order sufficient conditions, Duality (Concept)
7
3 Linear programming problems
3.1 Mathematical formulation of LP Problems 1
3.2 Slack, surplus and artificial variables, Reduction of a LPP to the standard 1
form, feasible solutions.
3.3 Graphical solution method 2
3.4 simplex algorithm and solution using tabular method, 1
3.5 optimality conditions and degeneracy 1
3.6 Duality in linear programming 1
7
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

4 Nonlinear unconstrained optimization

4.1 Single variable optimization methods- Fibonacci search method, 2
4.2 Newton Raphson method 2
4.3 Multi-variable methods- Hook-Jeeves pattern search method, 3
7
5 Modern methods of optimization
5.1 Introduction to Genetic algorithm, Basic GA framework 1
5.2 GA operators: Encoding, Crossover, Selection, Mutation 2
5.3 Introduction to Fuzzy logic. 1
5.4 Fuzzy sets and membership functions. 1
5.5 Operations on Fuzzy sets. 1
5.6 Optimization of Fuzzy Systems 1
7

Simulation Assignments:

Atleast one assignment should be simulation of optimization Problems using MATLAB/

Scilab/ Python. The following simulations .

1. Find the solution of the linear programming problem using simplex method.

Refer MATLAB Solution of LP Problems SS Rao.

2.

Ashok D. Belegundu, Tirupathi R. Chandrupatla

3.

Ashok D. Belegundu, Tirupathi R. Chandrupatla

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Model Question paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
Course Code: ECT428
Course Name: OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
PART A

Answer ALL Questions. Each Carries 3 mark.

1 What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for the relative minimum of a K2
function of a single variable?

2 Find the extreme points of the function K3

3 Give five typical applications of optimization techniques in engineering discipline. K1

4 What is the significance of gradient function in minimization problem? K2

5 State the duality principle and write the dual of the following LPP. K3

6 Write a short note on Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm K1

7 Explain the transformations needed to represent an LPP in standard form K1

8 State dominance property in game theory K1

9 Discuss membership function in fuzzy logic K2

10 Name and describe the main five features of Genetic Algorithm K2

PART – B

Answer one question from each module; each question carries 14 marks.

Module - I

11 7
a.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

K3

b. 7

K3

OR

12 7
a. K3

b. 7

K3

Module - II

13 14
a.

K3

OR

14 14

K3

Module - III
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

15 7
a.

K3

b. 7

K3

OR

16 7
a.

K3

b.

K3
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Module - IV

17 14

CO3
K3

OR

18 Using Fibonacci method, minimise in the interval (0,5) in six steps. 14

K3

Module - V

19 . 14

K3

OR

20 7

K3

b. Explain the working principles of Genetic Algorithms.

7,K2
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
CATEGORY L T P ENGINEERING
CREDIT
ECT438 COMPUTER VISION
PEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: This course aims to develop the knowledge of various methods, algorithms and
applications of Computer Vision,

Prerequisite:Digital Image Processing

Course objectives:

• To review image processing techniques for computer vision

• To understand shape and region analysis

• To understand three-dimensional image analysis techniques and motion analysis

• To study some applications of computer vision algorithms

• To introduce methods and concepts which will enable the student to implement computer
vision systems with emphasis on applications and problem solving
Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO1 Understand digital filtering operations for CV applications.

Apply basic morphological and boundary operators for Computer vision

CO 2 applications

CO3 Apply edge, corner detection algorithms to locate objects in an image.

CO 4 Apply optical flow algorithms to detect moving objects in a video.

Analyse a given scene using appropriate computer vision algorithms to

CO5 detect/recognize objects and to implement it in real time practical applications.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 2 2 2 3
CO 2 3 3 2 2 2 3
CO 3 3 3 3 2 2 3
CO 4 3 3 3 2 2 3
CO 5 3 3 3 2 2 3
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment End Semester Examination

Tests
1 2
Remember K1 10 10 10
UnderstandK2 10 10 20
Apply K3 20 20 70
Analyse K4 10 10
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project) : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry
14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Apply digital filtering operations for Computer vision
applications

1. Why histogram transformations are applied in a grey scale image and what output
is observed in that case.
2. Find filtered image using LP/HP/Smoothing/Median filter.
3. Describe the working principle of Homomorphic filter.
4. Role of thresholding in CV applications
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Apply basic morphological and boundary operators for
Computer vision applications

1. Apply various algorithms for morphological operations and binary shape analysis
2. List different morphological operators and describe about each one in detail.
3. To describe connected component labelling and to apply it in a given image pixel
set.
4. Find 8-point connectivity and Chain code of a given image pixel diagram.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3):Apply edge, corner detection algorithms to locate objects in an

image.

1. What is the role of edge detection and corner detection in Computer Vision
applications?
2. Describe Canny’s edge detection algorithm.
3. Mention the steps in Harris corner detection algorithm and explain how it is employed
to detect corners in an image.
4. State with necessary mathematical steps, how Hough transform is employed for
detecting lines and curves in detecting an image.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):Apply optical flow algorithms to detect moving objects in a

video.

1. To identify shapes from –X in Computer Vision applications?

2. Derive brightness constancy equation
3. Derive Horn-Shunk algorithm.
4. Illustrate the steps in Lucas-Kannade algorithm to detect optical flow.
5. To identify a structure from a moving object.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Analyse a given scene using appropriate computer vision
algorithms to detect/recognize objects and to implement it in real time practical applications

1. Find Eigen values and Eigen Vectors of agiven square matrix

9 4 0
A = �4 3 0�
0 0 0
2. To apply PCA for face recognition and face detection.
3. To apply SVM, LDA, Bayes rule andML methods
4. Analyse a given video to track a moving object in it.
5. To detect a particular object from the background.
6. To detect signboards/ pedestrian crossings/pedestrians from a moving vehicle.
7. To classify/segment a particular set of image using CV algorithms.
8. Analyse a given image/video using Machine learning/Deep learning algorithms.
9. Use trained networks to analyse a video using ML algorithms.
10. To use Deep neural networks/CNN/YOLOvx, to analyse images/videos
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SYLLABUS

Module 1
Review of image processing techniques: Digital filters, linear filters-Homomorphic filtering,
Point operators- Histogram, neighbourhood operators, thresholding

Module 2
Mathematical morphology, Binary shape analysis, Binary shape analysis, Erosion, Dilation,
Opening and Closing, Hit-or-Miss Transform ,connectedness, object labelling and counting,
Boundary descriptors – Chain codes. Properties of Binary Regions, Geometric Features,
Statistical Shape Properties.

Module 3
Feature Detection and Image Synthesis,Edge detection – edges, lines, active contours,
Split and merge, Mean shift and mode finding, Normalized cuts, Graph cuts, energy-
based methods- Cranny’s Algorithm, Corner detection, Harris corner detection
algorithm. Hough transform-Line and curve detection.

Module 4
Shape from X - Shape from shading, Photometric stereo, Texture Occluding contour
detection. Motion Analysis- Regularization theory,Optical Flow: brightness constancy
equation, aperture problem, Horn-Shunck method, Lucas-Kanade method. Structure from
motion

Module 5
Object recognition-Shape correspondence and shape matching PCA,SVM, LDA, Bayes rule
andML methods. Eigen faces,Face detection, Face recognition, Application: Scene analysis
Examples of real time applications: In-vehicle vision system.
Text Books
1. E. R .Davies, Computer and Machine Vision -Theory Algorithm and Practicalities,
Academic Press, 2012
2. Richard Szeliski, Computer Vision: Algorithms and Applications, ISBN 978-1-
84882-935-0, Springer 2011.
3. David Forsyth and Jean Ponce, Computer Vision: A Modern Approach, Pearson India,
2002.

Reference Books
1. Goodfellow, Bengio, and Courville, Deep Learning, MIT Press, 2006.
2. Daniel Lelis Baggio, KhvedcheniaIevgen, Shervin Emam, David Millan Escriva,
NaureenMahmoo, Jason Saragi, Roy Shilkrot, Mastering OpenCV with Practical
Computer Vision Projects, Packt Publishing Limited, 2012
3. Simon J D Prince, Computer Vision: Models, Learning, and Inference, Cambridge
University Press, 2012.
4. R. J. Schalkoff, Digital Image Processing and Computer Vision, John Wiley, 2004.
5. D. L. Baggio et al., ―Mastering OpenCV with Practical Computer Vision Projects,
 Packt Publishing, 2012. ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
6. Jan Erik Solem, ―Programming Computer Vision with Python: Tools and algorithms
for analyzing images‖, O'Reilly Media, 2012.

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No. of
No. Topic
Lectures
1 Introduction
1.1 Review of image processing techniques 1
1.2 Digital filters, Linear filtering-Homomorphic filtering 2

1.3 Point operators- Histogram, neighbourhood operators, Thesholding 2

2 Binary operations
Erosion, Dilation, Opening and Closing, Hit-or-Miss Transform,
2.1 2
structuring element
Binary shape analysis, Connected components- Connected
2.2 2
component labelling,Boundary descriptors – Chain codes.
Properties of Binary Regions , Geometric Features ,Statistical Shape
2.3 2
Properties
3 Feature Detection:
Edge detection – edges, lines, active contours, Split and
merge,Mean shift and mode finding, Normalized cuts, Graph
3.1 cuts, energy-based method- Canny’s edge detection 2
Algorithm

3.2 Corner detection, Harris corner detection algorithm, 1

3.3 Hough transform Algorithm for Line and curve detection. 2
4 Motion Analysis
4.1 Shape from X - Shape from shading, Photometric stereo, Texture 2
Motion Analysis- Regularization theory, Optical Flow: brightness 3
4.2
constancy equation, aperture problem,
Horn-Shunck Algorithm and Lucas-
4.3 3
Kanade Algorithm for detection of optical flow.
4.4 Structure from motion 2
5. Applications of Computer Vision
Object Detection and Object classification algorithms:
5.1 3
SVM,PCA,Linear discriminant analysis, Bayes rule, ML methods.
5.2 Face detection, Face Recognition, Eigen faces, 3D face models 3
Applications of computer vision: Scene Analysis and scene
5.3 understanding, Examples of real time applications: In-vehicle vision 3
system
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Simulation Assignments

The following simulations can be done in Open CV/SciLab/ MatLab

1. Design and implementation of basic digital filters.

2. Apply thresholding operations in a digital image.

3. Apply point operators in an image –averaging/smoothing, 2D- masks(3 types),

4. Apply morphological operations in a selected image like fingerprint/ archaeological

scripts.

5. Implement filters in 2D-frequency domain using Gaussian/Homomorphic filters in a

particular satellite image or forensic image.

6. Write algorithms for connected component labelling in a given image pixel set.

7. Detect a coin/ball against the background using background subtraction and with
appropriate edge detection algorithms.

8. Locate iris from an image of human eye, using Hough transform algorithm.

9. Locate corners of a particular image like boxes/ building/TV screen etc

10. Write a program to implement brightness constancy equation.

11. Analyse the optical flow of a given video using Horn-Schunk method or/and Lucas-
Kannade method/s.

12. Use PCA for dimensionality reduction in detecting faces using Eigen values.

13. Implement SVM/LDA for any practical application.

14. Apply ML/Bayes’ rule for CV applications.

15. Create an attendance system by implementing face recognition method, among a set
of students.

16. With OpenCV library, implement real time scene analysis for traffic regulation.
(Cases such as detecting road signs/ pedestrians/track a particular vehicle/ detect
traffic lights/detect number plate of a vehicle/ detect accidents/ accident scene
analysisetc., etc.).

17. Use ML/DL algorithms to implement object detection/identification/classification,

with trained neural networks for applications in medical/agricultural/sports fields.

18. Write algorithms for the gait analysis of a person with walking difficulty to monitor
improvements in his daily activities.

19. Identify a person from his moving mannerisms, using Gait analysis.
 20. Use gait analysis to monitor a ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
sports person in any athletic/boxing/powerENGINEERING
lifting/any
sports activity.

Model Question paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
Course Code: ECT438

Course Name: COMPUTER VISION

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
PART A

Answer ALL Questions. Each carries 3 marks.

1 Write down the Sobel, Robert and Prewitt masks K1

2 Give a 3x3 convolution mask to shift a 256x256 image one pixel position to K2
right.

3 Name three computer vision applications where object labelling and counting is K2
applied.

4 Describe steps in identifying connected components in an 8- connectivity case. K2

5 Write down basic Hough transform algorithm K2

6 Compare and contrast normalised cut and graph cut methods. K2

7 Mention the concept of identifying structure from motion. K2

8 Define texture? What is its role in object recognition? K2

9 Define Eigen values and Eigen vectors. K2

10 Differentiate between SVM and LDA. K2

PART – B

Answer one question from each module; each question carries 14 marks.

Module - I

11a Describe point operators with illustrative diagrams. (6)

CO1
K1
11b What is linear filtering? Describe Homomorphic filtering. (8)
CO1
K1
 ELECTRONICS
OR & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

12a What is thresholding? Briefly describe different methods of thresholding (6)

CO1
K1
12b List different histogram operations and explain each one in detail. (8)
CO1
K1
Module - II

13 a Describe Geometric features and Statistical properties of a binary region. (6)

CO2
K1

13b A structuring element Aand an image B are given. Apply A on B, to find (8)
resultant images after the dilation and erosion process. Origin is given as ‘O’ and
‘x’ indicates 1 of the binary image, and note that ‘O’it is not part of the CO2
structuring element. K3
x O x
A =

x x x

x x

x x x
B =
x x

OR

14a List the standard binary morphological operators, with description and give its (8)
applications. CO2
K1

14 b. Using Hoshen–Kopelman algorithm, assign connected component labelling for (6)

the given image pixels marked
as ‘x’in the diagram below.
x x CO2
x x x x K3
x x x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x
x
 ELECTRONICS
Module III & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

15 a Describe how Mean shift algorithm locate maxima of a density function in (7)
computer vision applications. CO3
K2
15 b Interpret different steps involved in Harris corner detection algorithm and (7)
describe how it is applied to detect corners in an image CO3
K3

OR

16a Give Canny’s algorithm and describe how it can be applied to detect edges of an (7)
image. CO3
K3

16b Write down Hough Transform algorithm and explain how it can be can be (7)
employed to locate coins in a given image. CO3
K3

Module - IV

17a Give Lucas-Kannade algorithmic with each steps and explain how it is employed (6)
for motion detection. CO4
K3
17 b Briefly explain the following concepts (8)
CO4
(i) Photometric stereo K3
(ii) Shape from -X

OR

18 a. Derive brightness constancy equation. (6)

CO4
K3
18 b. Describe with algorithmic steps, the Horn-Shunk method used for the estimation (8)
of optical flow. CO4
K3
Module - V

19 a Describe how LDA is employed for dimensionality reduction, with different (7)
mathematical steps involved. CO5
K3

19 b Find Principal components of the following matrix (7)

CO5
K3
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
8 −8 −2 ENGINEERING
A = �4 −3 −2�
3 −4 1

OR

20 a What is an Eigen face? Derive the equation for Eigen faces and Explain its (7)
importance in a face recognition system. CO5
K3

20b. Illustrate the operation of an in-vehicle vision system, for locating roadways and (7)
pedestrians, as a real time practical application of computer vision. CO5
K3
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT448 LOW POWER VLSI
PEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: This course aims to impart the basic knowledge in designing of Low power VLSI
Circuits .
Prerequisite: Solid State Devices, VLSI Design, Digital Circuit Design.
Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

Identify various short channel effects and various sources of power

CO 1
dissipation in MOSFET
CO 2 Apply various power reduction techniques to circuits.

CO 3 Apply various clocked and non clocked design styles for logic implementation.

CO 4 Apply Adiabatic and reversible logic for circuit implementation.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10 PO 11 PO 12
CO 1 3 2
CO 2 3 2
CO 3 3 3 2
CO 4 3 3

Assessment Pattern
Continuous End Semester
Bloom’s Category Assessment Tests Examination
1 2
Remember 10 10 10
Understand 20 20 20
Apply 20 20 70
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution
Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration
150 50 100 3 hours
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Course project/Assignment : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of
which student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions
and carry 14 marks. Mark patterns are as per the syllabus with 60% for theory and 40% for
logical/numerical problems, derivation and proof.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Identify various short channel effects and various sources of
power dissipation in MOSFET
1. Derive the expression of switching power in static CMOS circuit.
2. Explain impact ionization and Hot electron effect.
3. Explain the various factors causing leakage power in MOSET.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Apply various power reduction techniques to circuits.

1. Describe the use of transistor and Gate sizing for power deduction.
2. Describe supply voltage scaling method for power reduction.
3. Apply various power reduction schemes to memory cells..

Course Outcome 3 (CO3) : Apply various clocked and non clocked design styles for logic
implementation
1. Implement XOR gate in domino logic.
2. Implement the function F= [AB+CD] in DCVS.
3. Implement basic gates in nmos and pseudo nmos logic.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Apply Adiabatic and reversible logic for circuit implementation.
1. Implement Y=AB using adiabatic logic
2. Explain one stage adiabatic buffer.
3. Implement logic functions using different Reversible logic structures.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Syllabus

Module 1: Physics of Power dissipation in MOSFET devices

Need for low power circuit design, MIS Structure, Short channel effects-surface scattering, punch
through, velocity saturation, impact ionization Hot electron effects, Drain Induced Barrier
Lowering, Deep submicron transistor design issues.

Module 2: Sources of power dissipation in CMOS-Dynamic Power Dissipation: Charging and

Discharging capacitance power dissipation , Short Circuit Power: Short Circuit Current of
Inverter , Short circuit current dependency with input and output load , Glitching Power, Static
Power Dissipation, Leakage Power Dissipation,
Gate level power analysis : Capacitive, internal and Static power dissipation of gate level circuit.

Module 3: Power Reduction Techniques :Supply voltage Scaling Approaches: Multi VDD
and Dynamic VDD, leakage power reduction Techniques – Transistor stacking,
VTCMOS,MTCMOS, DTCMOS, Power gating, Clock gating for Dynamic power dissipation,
Transistor and Gate Sizing for Dynamic and Leakage Power Reduction.

Module 4: Circuit design style- clocked design style- Basic concept, Domino logic (domino
NAND gate), Differential Current Switch Logic. Non clocked circuit design style-fully
complementary logic. NMOS and pseudo –NMOS logic, differential cascade voltage switch
logic(DCVS)
Module 5: Adiabatic switching – Adiabatic charging, adiabatic amplification, One stage and
two stage adiabatic buffer, Adiabatic logic gates, pulsed power supplies, Reversible logic basic
concepts.

Text Books:
1. Gray Yeap, Practical low power digital VLSI design, Springer, 1998
2. Kaushik Roy, Sharat C Prasad, Low power CMOS VLSI circuit design, Wiley India,
2000

References:
1. Abdellatif Bellaouar, Mohamed I Elmasry, Low power digital VLSI design, Kluwer
Academic, 1995
2. Anatha P Chandrakasan, Robert W Brodersen, Low power digital CMOS Design,
Kluwer Academic, 1995
3. Christian Piguet, Low power CMOS circuits, Taylor & Francis, 2006
4. Kiat Seng Yeo, Kaushik Roy, Low voltage, low power VLSI sub systems, Tata
McGraw Hill, 2004
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No Topic No. of
Lecture
1 Physics of Power dissipation in MOSFET devices

1.1 Need for low power circuit design, MIS Structure. 2

Short channel effects-surface scattering, punch through, velocity saturation,
1.2 3
impact ionization, Hot electron effects, Drain Induced Barrier Lowering.
1.3 Deep submicron transistor design issues. 1

2 Sources of power dissipation in CMOS

Dynamic Power Dissipation: Charging and Discharging capacitance power
2.1 1
dissipation
Short Circuit Power: Short Circuit Current of Inverter , Short circuit current
2.2 2
dependency with input and output load .

2.3 Glitching Power, Static Power Dissipation, Leakage Power Dissipation, 4

Gate level power analysis : Capacitive, internal and Static power dissipation
2.4 2
of gate level circuit.
3 Power Reduction Techniques

3.1 Supply voltage Scaling Approaches: Multi VDD and Dynamic VDD 1

Leakage power reduction Techniques – Transistor stacking

3.2 2
VTCMOS,MTCMOS, DTCMOS
3.3 Power gating, Clock gating for Dynamic power dissipation, 2
3.4 Transistor and Gate Sizing for Dynamic and Leakage Power Reduction 2

4 Circuit design style

4.1 Clocked design style- Basic concept, Domino logic 2

4.2 Differential Current Switch Logic 1

Non clocked circuit design style-fully complementary logic. NMOS and
4.3 pseudo –NMOS logic 2

4.4 Differential Cascade Voltage Switch logic(DCVS) 1

5 Adiabatic switching

5.1 Adiabatic charging, adiabatic amplification,. 3

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

5.2 One stage and two stage adiabatic buffer 2

5.3 Adiabatic logic gates, pulsed power supplies 1

5.4 Reversible logic basic concepts.. 1

Simulation Assignments

Atleast one assignment should be simulation based using any simulation software. It
can be the design of a circuit in any one of the clocked or non clocked style and perform
power analysis. Samples of simulation assignments are given below.

1. Implement NAND gate in conventional CMOS and domino logic and

perform power analysis in each case.
2. Implement any sample logic function in DCVS.
3. Apply threshold voltage scaling method to a logic function implemented
in conventional style and perform power analysis.

Model Question Paper

Model Question Paper

A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University
EIGHTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
BRANCH: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
COURSE: ECT448 LOW POWER VLSI

Time: 3 Hrs Max. Marks: 100

PART A
Answer All Questions

1. Define the terms (3)

a) DIBL
b) Velocity Saturation

2. Discuss the need for low power VLSI Design (3)

3. Explain the dependency of short circuit current with output load? (3)
4. Explain dynamic power dissipation? (3)
5 Describe leakage power reduction using MTCMOS (3)
6. Define Slack time of logic gate . (3)
7. List the advantages and Disadvantages of Clocked design. (3)
8. Explain the methods to overcome charge sharing problem. (3)
9. Draw the schematic and logic symbol of an Adiabatic amplifier.. (3)
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

10. List the disadvantages of Retractile cascade of Adiabatic logic Gates. (3)

PART B
Answer one question from each module. Each question carries 14 mark

Module I
11(A) Explain the energy band diagram of MIS structure. (8)
11(B) Describe various transistor leakage mechanisms in deep submicron (6)
transistors .
OR

12(A) Explain various short channel effects. (8)

12(B) Explain how the power efficiency of a chip can be measured? (6)

Module II
13(A) Explain how capacitance can be estimated at gate level? (7)
13(B) Explain the formation of glitches in circuits ? Explain various methods (7)
for eliminating the glitches

OR

14(A) Explain the various sources of leakage power in MOSFET (7)

14(B) A 16 bit bus operating in 5V and 66MHz clock rate is driving (7)
capacitance of 2pF/Bit. Each bit is estimated to have a toggling
probability of 0.25 at each clock cycle. Calculate the power
dissipated in operating the bus.
Module III
15(A) Illustrate with examples how low threshold device and high threshold (7)
device can be effectively used for power reduction.
15(B) Explain dynamic supply voltage scaling mechanism for power (7)
reduction.
OR
16(A) Briefly explain dynamic and leakage power reduction using (7)
transistor sizing.
16(B) Illustrate various mechanisms by which power consumption of (7)
6T RAM cells can be reduced.

Module IV
17(A) Implement the function F= [(a+b)(c+d)]’ in NMOS logic and (7)
domino logic.

17(B) Implement the function F= (A+CD) in DCVS logic (7)

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

OR

18(A) Explain how charge sharing problem occur in logic design. How it can (7)
be eliminated?
18(B) Differentiate precharge high and precharge low DCSL. (7)

Module V
19(A) Describe the working of one stage adiabatic buffer. (7)
19(B) Explain pulsed power supply? Describe its importance in adiabatic (7)
logic.

OR

20(A) Describe various reversible gate structures. (7)

20(B) Implement OR and AND function using Fredkin gate. (7)
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT458 INTERNET OF THINGS
OEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: This course aims to develop skills in IoT system development and to apply the same
in real life applications.

Prerequisite: ECT342 Embedded systems

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course,a student will be able to

CO 1
Understand the IoT fundamentals and architecture modelling (K1)
K1
CO 2
Understand the smart things in IoT and functional blocks (K2)
K2
CO3
To understand the communication networks and protocols used in IoT. (K2)
K2
CO 4
To understand the cloud resources, data analysis and applications. (K3)
K3
CO5
To apply the IoT processes in embedded applications. (K3)
K3

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 3 3 2 1 2 2
1
CO 3 3 3 3 2 2
2
CO 3 3 3 3 2 3 2
3

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment

Tests End Semester Examination
1 2
Remember K1 20 10 20
Understand K2 30 20 40
Apply K3 0 20 40
Analyse
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain
10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students
should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student
should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Understand the IoT fundamentals and architecture modelling (K1)

1. What is the definition of IoT and different characteristics of IoT

2. Define the architectural view of IoT and functional blocks

3. What are the different levels of IoT

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Understand the smart things in IoT and functional blocks (K2)

1. What are the different smart things in IoT

2. How the communication is established among nodes and nodes and cloud.

3. What are the protocols that are used in IoT

Course Outcome 3 (CO3): To understand the communication networks and protocols used in
IoT. (K2)

1. Differentiate between IEEE standard protocols

2. Explain the advantages of next generation IP based protocols used in ioT

3. Define different layers used in embedded protocols

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): To understand the cloud resources, data analysis and applications.
(K3)

1. Explain how data is stored in IoT environment and processed

2. How to use cloud resources and different options available

3. How end devices can be used to control input and output devices

Course Outcome 5 (CO5): To apply the IoT processes in embedded applications. (K3)

1. What are the security and privacy concerns of IoT

2. Explain the typical applications of IoT.

3. Describe the processes involved in implementing a smart city.

SYLLABUS

Module 1 (7 Hours)
Introduction to IoT technology: Definitions and Characteristics of IoT, IoT Architectural View,
Physical Design of IOT, Logical Design of IoT- IoT Functional blocks, IoT communication
models, IoT Enabling Technologies, IoT Levels & Deployment Templates.

Module 2 (7 Hours)
IoT and M2M- M2M, Difference between IoT and M2M, SDN and NFV for IoT, Smart Objects:
The “Things” in IoT: Sensors, Actuators, and Smart Objects, Sensor Networks- Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs), Communication Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks- Connecting Smart
Objects- Communication Criteria.

Module 3 (7 Hours)

Unified Data Standards –Protocols –IEEE 802.15.4 -The Physical Layer, The Media-Access
Control Layer, Uses of 802.15.4 ,The Future of 802.15.4: 802.15.4e and 802.15.4g–Modbus–
ZigBee-Zigbee Architecture- LoRaWAN -Standardization and Alliances, Physical Layer, MAC
Layer, Topology, LTE-M, NB-IoT-Network layer –The next generation: IP-based protocols -
6LoWPAN and RPL, Overview of the 6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer .

Module 4 (9 hours)
Data Collection, storage and computing Using a Cloud Platform-Introduction, Cloud Computing
Paradigm for Data Collection, Storage and Computing-Cloud Computing Paradigm, Cloud
Deployment Models-Everything as a Service and Cloud Service Models-SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, DaaS.
Cloud based platforms-XIVELY, NIMBITS.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

IoT Physical Devices & Endpoints-IoT Device-Building blocks –Raspberry-Pi -Board-Linux on

Raspberry-Pi-Raspberry-Pi Interfaces (serial, SPI, I2C). Raspberry Pi interfacing and
programming examples using python (LED, switch, sensor, serial, SPI, I2C devices). Controlling
GPIO outputs and displaying sensor readings using web interface/cloud (Python programming is
required only for assignments and projects and not for examinations. Other end nodes and
platforms can also be used).

Module 5 (6 Hours)
IoT privacy, security and vulnerabilities solutions, vulnerabilities, security requirements, threat
analysis, security tomography, layered attacker model, Identity management, access control,
secure message communication.
Smart and Connected Cities-An IoT Strategy for Smarter Cities-Vertical IoT Needs for Smarter
Cities, Global vs. Siloed Strategies-Smart City IoT Architecture-Street Layer, City Layer, Data
Center Layer, Services Layer- Smart City Security Architecture - Smart City Use-Case Examples
– Street lighting, smart parking, smart traffic and air pollution monitoring

Maximum 35 /36 Hours

Text Books
1. Vijay Madisetti and ArshdeepBahga, “Internet of Things (A Hands-on- Approach)”, 1st
Edition, VPT, 2014 ( Module1,2,4)
2. David Hanes, Gonzalo Salgueiro, Patrick Grossetete, Rob Barton and Jerome Henry,
―IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols and Use Cases for Internet of
Things, Cisco Press, 2017. (Module2,3,5)
3. Rajkamal, “Internet of Things : Architecture and Design Principles”, McGraw Hill (India)
Private Limited.
4. Raspberry Pi Cookbook, Software and Hardware Problems and solutions,
SimonMonk, O'Reilly (SPD), 2016, ISBN.

Reference Books/Papers
1. Olivier Hersent, David Boswarthick, Omar Elloumi , “The Internet of Things –Key
applications and Protocols”, Wiley, 2012 (Module 3)
2. Al-Fuqaha et al. Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and
applications. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials (2015), pp. 2347- 2376.
3. The Internet of Things (The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series) Paperback –
March 20, 2015 by SamuelGreengard
4. The Internet of Things: Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and
Integrated Ecosystems, OviduVermesan and Peter Friess, RiverPublishers.
5. Internet of Things - From Research and Innovation to Market Deployment-RIVER
PUBLISHERS, PETER FRIESS, OVIDIU VERMESAN (Editors)
6. Internet of Things Security and Data Protection, Sébastien Ziegler,Springer
International Publishing 2019.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No Topic No. of Lectures

1 Introduction to Internet of Things- 7Hrs

1.1 Introduction, definition and characteristics 1

1.2 IoT architectural view, functional blocks 2
1.3 IoT Communication models, enabling technologies 2
1.4 IoT deployment levels 2
2 Essential components of IoT- 7Hrs

2.1 IoT and M2M 2

2.2 Smart objects 2
2.3 Wireless sensor networks 3
3 IoT protocols- 7Hrs

3.1 IEEE 802.15.4 protocols 2

3.2 Zigbee 1
3.3 6LoWPAN and RPL 2
3.4 LoraWAN, LTE-M and NB-IoT 2
4 Cloud storage and Programming the end device- 9Hrs
4.1 Data storage and computation 3
4.2 Physical devices and end points 2
4.3 Raspberry pi programming 4
5 Security and Applications-6 Hrs
5.1 Security and Privacy 2
5.2 Smart city application 2
5.3 Use case examples 2

Simulation Assignments:

1. At least one assignment should be programming examples (python or any other language)
using Raspberry pi (Other options like arduino, node mcu etc. can also be used) Include
I/O interfacing, SPI, I2C, serial, sensor interfacing and web interface.
2. Another assignment shall be an IoT system implementation of mini project consisting of
a sensor, processing device, communication device and cloud storage (This can be
individual or group projects). Mini project is essential for understanding the concepts of
IoT.
3. Mini project can be done in the following areas.
a) Smart city (b) Weather monitoring system (c) air pollution monitoring (d)
Smart parking (e) smart traffic (f) any other application/s where
sensors/actuators devices are used.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

4. Programming and mini project are essential for understanding the concepts of IoT.

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
(Model Question Paper)
Course Code: ECT458
Course Name: INTERNET OF THINGS
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
PART A
(Answer for all questions. Each Question Carries 3 marks)

1. List any five characteristics of IoT

2. What are the IoT enabling technologies?
3. What is a wireless sensor network?
4. What are the limitations of smart objects in WSNs??
5. Explain the need for IP optimization in IoTs?
6. What are the transmission modes used in modbus?
7. What are the 4 different cloud deployment models? Explain
8. What is cloud computing? Explain.
9. List the five functional units of security
10. What is message integrity? How it is checked? [ 10 X 3 = 30 Marks]

PART – B

(Answer one question from each module; each question carries 14 Marks)

Module – I

11. (a) Write a note on physical design of IoT. [06 Marks]

(b) Give a detailed description of the link layer, network layer, transport layer and
application layer protocols. [08 Marks]

OR

12. (a) What are the functional blocks of IoT? Explain? [07 Marks]
(b) Discuss different communication models used in IoT. [07 Marks]

Module – II

13. (a) What are the differences between IoT and M2M? [07 Marks]
(b) What are the issues of conventional networking architectures? How is it solved in
SDN? [07 Marks]

OR
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

14. (a) What are smart objects? What are their characteristics and the trends in smart
objects? [07 Marks]
(b) What are the characteristics and attributes to be considered for connecting smart
objects ? [07 Marks]

Module – III

15. (a) Explain IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer, MAC layer and security implementation with
the help of frame formats. [09 Marks]
(b) What are the modifications included in IEEE 802.15.4 e and g versions as compared
to IEEE 802.15.4? [05 Marks]

OR

16. (a) With the help of a diagram explain the Zigbee protocol architecture. [07 Marks]
(b) Explain LoraWAN architecture. Give a detailed description of the physical layer and
MAC layer of LoraWAN [07 Marks]

Module – IV

17. (a) Write a note on different cloud service models [06 Marks]
(b) What is virtualization in cloud computing? Explain the features, advantages and
concerns of cloud computing. [08 Marks]

OR

18. (a) With the help of a diagram explain the basic building blocks of an IoT device
[07 Marks]
(b) Explain cloud based data collection, storage and computing services provided by
XIVELY cloud platform. [07 Marks]

Module – V

19. (a) What is security and Privacy? List the 10 vulnerabilities of IoT. [07 Marks]
(b) Explain the layered attacker model. [07 Marks]

OR

20. (a) With the help of a diagram explain the 4 layer smart city architecture. [07 Marks]
(b) Write a note on street lighting architecture with the help of a diagram [07 Marks]
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
RENEWABLE ENRGY CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT468
SYSTEMS PEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: This course helps the students to understand environmental issues with
conventional fuels, the new methodologies/technologies for the effective utilization of
renewable energy sources. They will be conversant with the characteristics of solar PV and
wind power sources. Also, they will have an in-depth understanding of electronic conversion
systems application to renewable energy generation systems and the synchronization with
smart grid systems. The courses equip the students to pursue further specialized areas of study
such as renewable energy and green consumer electronics, industrial control systems and smart
grid, and renewable energy system which are essentially based on this course.
Prerequisite: Nil
Course Outcomes - After the completion of the course the student will be able to
CO1 Understand the need, importance and scope of various Non-Conventional sources of
energy
CO2 Outline the concepts and technologies related to renewable energy systems using
wind and Solar-PV
CO3
Understand the integration of smart grid with renewable energy systems
CO4
Explain the concept of distribution management system.
CO5
Describe the fundamentals of Smart metering

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 2 2 1
CO2 2
CO3 2 1
CO4 2
CO5 3

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester Examination

taxonomy Test 1 (Marks) Test II (Marks) (Marks)
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 30 30 60
Apply 10 10 20
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration
150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) Pattern:

Attendance 10 marks
Regular class work/tutorials/assignments 15 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (Minimum 2 numbers) 25 marks

End semester pattern:-There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain
10questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.Students
should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module ofwhich student
should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 subdivisionsand carry 14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1
1. Describe the energy scenario in India. What are the various non-conventional energy
resources relevant to India?
2. Explain how current scenario of world energy consumption leads to the exploitation
of renewable energy sources.

Course Outcome 2

1. Explain grid connected solar PV systems with block diagram.

2. Explain solar power extraction using PV-Cells.

Course Outcome 3

1. Describe the sources and potentialsof wind energy power system in India?
2. Give the classification of wind turbines and explainit with neat sketches?

Course Outcome 4

1. Draw and explain intelligent islanding detection techniques.

2. Explain the influence of WECS on system transient response

Course Outcome 5

1. Give the classification of SCADAsystem and what is it application in industry.

2. Draw and explain a smart meter
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SYLLABUS
Module I
Introduction to Renewable Energy (RE)Sources:World energy scenario, Over view of
conventional energy sources, their limitation, need of renewable energy, potential &
development of renewable energy sources,Renewable energy in India, An overview of types
of renewable energy systems - Wind power, Hydropower (micro and mini), Solar energy,
Biomass, Bio-fuel, Geothermal Heat energy, Pros and cons; Applications.

Module II
Solar Energy: Introduction to photovoltaic (PV) systems - Principle of PV conversion;
Commercial solar cell, Thin film PV device fabrication - LPCVD, APCVD, PECVD;
Tandem Solar cell fabrication; Solar power extraction using PV-Cells, I-V Characteristics,
PV-Inverters without D.C. to D.C. converters, stand alone and grid collected PV systems,
Grid interfacing-with isolation, without isolation, Maximum power point tracking-
Methods(MPPT), PV-Inverters with D.C. to D.C. converters-on low frequency side and high
frequency side with isolation, without isolation.

Module III
Wind Energy: Sources and potentials, Evaluation of Wind Intensity, Topography, General
Classification of Wind Turbines-Rotor Turbines, Multiple-Blade Turbines, Drag Turbines,
Lifting Turbines, System Toroidal Rotor Amplifier Platform (TARP)–Wind amplified rotor
platform (WARP), Generators and speed control used in wind power energy: Fixed speed
with capacitor bank, Rotor resistance control, SCIG and DFIG, Synchronous Generator-
external magnetized, Synchronous Generator-permanent magnets.

Module IV
Electronic conversion systems application to renewable energy generation systems: Basic
schemes and functional advantages, Power control and management systems for grid
integration, island detection systems, synchronizing with the grid; Issues in integration of
converter based sources; Network voltage management; Power quality management and
Frequency management; Influence of PV/WECS on system transient response

Module V
Introduction to grid connectivity of RE systems, smart grid and emerging technologies,
operating principles and models of smart gird components, key technologies for generation,
networks, loads and their control capabilities; Evolution of electricity metering, key
components of smart metering, overview of the hardware used for smart meters, smart
metering protocols. Structure and main components of a distribution management system,
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), distribution system modelling, new
trends for smart grids, topology analysis, power flow analysis.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Text books:

1. Nayak J. K. and Sukhatme S. P. (2006), Solar Energy: Principles of Thermal

Collection and Storage, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Muhannad H. R. (2004); Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications,
Pearson Prentice Hall.
3. Nick Jenkins, JanakaEkanayake, [et al.] Smart Grid Technology and Applications,
Wiley India Ltd.
4. Ali Keyhani, Design of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systems, Wiley-IEEE
Press 2016.

Suggested Readings:

1. Non-Conventional Energy Sources /G.D. Rai

2. Renewable Energy Technologies /Ramesh & Kumar /Narosa
3. Integration of alternative sources of energy /Felix A. Farret, M. Godoy simoes
4. Wind power plants and projects developments, Joshua Earnest and T Wizelius, PHI,
New Delhi, 2011.
5. Handbook of renewable energy technology, World Scientific, Singapore, 2011.
6. Garg H. P. and Prakash S. (2000); Solar Energy: Fundamental and Application, Tata
McGraw Hill
7. Goswami D. Y. (2015); Principles of Solar Engineering, Taylor and Francis
8. Gellings C. W. (2009); The Smart Grid: Enabling Energy Efficiency and Demand
Response, First Edition, CRC Press
9. Teodorescu R. Liserre M. Rodriguez P. (2011); Grid Converters for Photovoltaic and
Wind Power Systems, First Edition, Wiley-IEEE Press
10. Ali Keyhani, Muhammad Marwali, Smart Power Grids 2011, Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg 2012.

Course Contents And Lecture Schedule

SI No. of
Topic
No. lectures
1 Module 1:Introduction to Renewable Energy (RE) Sources 7
World energy scenario, Over view of conventional energy sources,
1.1 1
their limitation
1.2 Over view of conventional energy sources, their limitation, 1
need of renewable energy, need, potential & development of renewable
1.3 1
energy sources, Renewable Energy in India
1.4 An overview of types of renewable energy systems 1

1.5 Wind power, Hydropower (micro and mini) 1

1.6 Solar energy, Biomass, Bio-fuel, Geothermal Heat energy 1

1.7 Pros and cons; Applications 1

 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2 Module 2:Solar Energy 8

Introduction to photovoltaic (PV) systems and Principle of PV
2.1 1
conversion
2.2 Commercial solar cell, Tandem Solar cell fabrication 1

2.3 Solar power extraction using PV-Cells 1

2.4 PV-Inverters without D.C. to D.C. converters 1

2.5 Stand alone and grid collected PV systems 1

2.6 Grid interfacing-with isolation, without isolation 1

2.7 Maximum power point tracking-Methods 1

PV-Inverters with D.C. to D.C. converters-on low frequency side and
2.8 1
high frequency side with isolation, without isolation.
3 Module 3: Wind energy 6
Wind energy: Sources and potentials, Evaluation of Wind Intensity,
3.1 1
Topography
General Classification of Wind Turbines-Rotor Turbines, Multiple-
3.2 1
Blade Turbines, Drag Turbines, Lifting Turbines
Toroidal Rotor Amplifier Platform (TARP)– Wind amplified rotor
3.3 1
platform (WARP)
3.4 Introduction: Generators used in wind power energy 1
SCIG, DFIG, Synchronous Generator-external magnetized,
3.5 1
Synchronous Generator-permanent magnets
Speed control used in wind power energy, Fixed speed with capacitor
3.6 1
bank, Rotor resistance control,
4 Module 4:Electronic conversion systems 6
Electronic conversion systems application to renewable energy
4.1 1
generation systems, Basic schemes and functional advantages
Power control and management systems for grid integration, island
4.2 1
detection systems, synchronizing with the grid
4.3 Issues in integration of converter based sources 1

4.4 Network voltage management 1

4.5 Power quality management and Frequency management 1

4.6 Influence of PV/WECS on system transient response 1

5 Module 5:Grid connectivity of RE systems 8

Introduction to grid connectivity of RE systems, Emerging
5.1 1
technologies, operating principles and models of smart gird
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Key technologies for generation, networks, loads and their control
5.2 1
capabilities
5.3 Evolution of electricity metering, key components of smart metering, 1
An overview of the hardware used for smart meters, smart metering
5.4 1
protocols.
5.5 Structure and main components of a distribution management system 1

5.6 Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) 1

5.7 Distribution system modelling 1

5.8 New trends for smart grids, topology analysis, power flow analysis. 1

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
EIGHTH SEMESTERB.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
Course Code: ECT468
Course Name: Renewable Energy Systems

Max. Marks:100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART – A
(ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS, EACH QUESTION CARRIES 3 MARKS)

1. Explain the present status of various modes of renewable power generations in India?
2. List the merits and de-merits of non-conventional energy resources
3. Explain the principle and working of photo voltaic system.
4. Explain any one method for maximum power point tracking for solar energy system.
5. Draw the basic block diagram of a wind energy conversion system.
6. Explain the principle of DFIG?
7. Discuss the main issues involved with power qualities?
8. Discuss the issues in connecting renewable energy systems to the grid?
9. Describe the future of smart grid.
10. Discuss the distribution management system in power system.

PART – B
(ANSWER ONE FULL QUESTION FROM EACH MODULE)

MODULE – 1

11. a) Explain with a neat sketch, the working of hydropower plant system.
(7 marks)
b) List out various types of Biomass resources and the applications of biofuels?
(7 marks)
OR
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
12. a) Briefly explain the energy resources in India
(7 marks)
b) Explain how current scenario of world energy consumption leads to the
exploitation of renewable energy sources?
(7 marks)
MODULE – 2

13. a) Draw and explain the VI characteristics of a solar cell. How does temperature
affect the performance of solar cell?
(7 marks)
b) Explain stand-alone and grid connectedsolar PV systems? Explain each type with
the help of block diagram and bring out their relative merits.
(7 marks)
OR

14. a) Explain single crystal silicon and tandem solar cell with neat sketches.
(7 marks)
b) Explain the PV invertors with DC – DC converters on high frequency side with
isolation.
(7 marks)
MODULE – 3

15. a) Explain the stand alone operation of a fixed speed wind energy conversion system
with a neat diagram.
(7 marks)
b) Classify the WECS based on the rotational speed of turbines
(7 marks)
OR

16. a) Differentiate between TARP –WARP systems.

(7 marks)
b) Give the classification of wind turbines. Explain with neat sketches.
(7 marks)
MODULE – 4

17. a) Explain the key issue in generation, integration and control of off shore wind
energy conversion systems.
(7 marks)
b) What are the problems that occur whileintegrating renewable energy source in DC
– DC converter?
(7 marks)
OR

18. a) Give the classification of island detection systems. With a neat diagram explain
intelligent islanding detection techniques.
(7 marks)
b) Explain the transient stability analysis of PV system with shading effects.
(7 marks)
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MODULE – 5

19. a)With a neat block diagram explain a smart meter

(7 marks)
b)Explain the power flow analysis in power system.
(7 marks)
OR

20. a) Describe the open control SCADA network architecture.

(7 marks)
b) List the challenges and emerging technologies of smart grid
(7 marks)
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECT478 ORGANIC ELECTRONICS
PEC 2 1 0 3

Preamble: This course aims to impart the basic knowledge in organic electronics.
Prerequisite: Solid State Devices
Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Describe the principle of charge transport in organic semiconductors.

CO 2 Explain the structure and working of multilayer OLEDs, OFETs and OPVs
Distinguish the action of different layers used in organic devices with
CO 3
reference to the materials used.
Explain different techniques employed in making organic electronic devices
CO 4
like OLEDs, OPVs and OFETs

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10 PO 11 PO 12

CO 1 3 3

CO 2 3 3

CO 3 3 3

CO 4 3 3

Assessment Pattern
Bloom’s Category Continuous End Semester
Assessment Tests Examination
1 2
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 30 30 60
Apply 10 10 20
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution
Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration
150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Continuous Assessment Test(2numbers: 25 marks

Course project/Assignment : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each
question. Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each
module of which student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-
divisions and carry 14 marks. Mark patterns are as per the syllabus with 50% for theory
and 50% for logical/numerical problems, derivation and proof.

Course Level Assessment Questions

CO-1
1.Explain the HOMO and LUMO and correlate with similar terms in inorganic semiconductors.
2.Discuss how soliton causes transport of charges in conjugated polymers

CO-2
1.Explain the construction and working of bilayer OLEDs.
2.With the help of energy band diagram, explain why work function matching is required
between hole transport layer and emissive layer in PLEDs.
3.Describe the working mechanism of organic FET with relevant diagrams.

CO-3
1.Explain the importance of buffer layers in organic electronic devices.
2.Discuss the features of ITO and also its effect on the performance of organic electronic devices.
3.Explain the different methods by which the efficiency of the organic electronics devices can be
improved.

CO-4
1.Compare the vapor deposition and spin coating methods.
2.Explain the screen printing technique.
3.Describe the RF and microwave plasma assisted coating method.
4.Distinguish between doctor blading and ink jet printing methods.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Syllabus
Module 1
Conducting polymer, Organic semiconductor, conduction mechanism, Pi and Sigma electron
bandtheory. Polymers fundamentals-conducting polymers. Organic semiconductors, charge transport in
conjugated polymers. Conduction mechanism in doped polymeric semiconductors. Physics of organic
semiconductors (Luminescence, injection and transports properties)Methods of developing organic
semiconductors.

Module 2
Basic device architecture in organic devices. Historical review. Organic light emitting diodes(OLED)
and Polymer light emitting diodes (PLED). Multilayer architecture. Single layer architecture. Bulk
hetero-junctions. Operating characteristics and electrical characterization. Flexible electronics : new
display media. Flexible displays device architecture. Fabrication and characterization. Organic
transistors. FETs: Principle and device architecture.

Module 3
Plastic solar cells. Basic principles. Multilayer and heterojunction structures, cell architecture. Charge
transport and exciton formation–effects of exciton diffusion, dissociation and luminescence.
Photogeneration process in organic heterojunction photovoltaic cells. Processing of organic solar cells.
Dyesensitization– dyesensitized solar cell.

Module 4
Essential characteristics of electrode materials for organic electronic devices – work function.
Conductivity and transparency factors. Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) as anode material. Effect of ITO
oxidative properties on efficiency and shelf life of organic electronic devices, novelinorganic anode
materials and their limitations. Buffer organic layer protection to the active layer. Doping the device
and annealing the device for increased efficiency and shelf life– architecture.

Module 5
Techniques in Organic electronic Device materials. Thin film coating techniques for devices
fabrication. Spin coating, dip coating, doctor blading screen printing, inkjet printing, vapor deposition.
R.F and microwave plasma assisted film coating.

Text Books
1. Bernier. Advancn syntheticcmetals.Elsevier(1999)
2. R.Farchioni(Editor)G.Grosso(Editor) Organic Electronic Materials. Conjugated polymers and low
molecular weight organic solids. Springer series in materials science (2007)
3. Gregory Crawford. Flexible flat panel display, Wiley series indisplay technology(2005)
4. Klauk Hagen(ED).Wiley VCH. Organic electronics(2006

References:
1. Gil. Semi conductors and Organic Materials for Opto electronic Application. Elsevier (1997)
2. Nalwa. Supra molecular photo sensitive and electro–active materials Elsevier(2001)
3. Equer. Thin film materials for large area electronics. Elsevier(1999)
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Conducting Polymers
Conducting polymer, Organic semiconductor, conduction mechanism, Pi and
1.1 Sigma electron bandtheory. Conduction mechanism indoped polymeric 3
semiconductors.
Polymers fundamentals-conducting polymers. Organic semiconductors, charge
1.2 3
transport in conjugated polymers.
Physics of organic semiconductors (Luminescence, injection and transports
1.3 2
properties) Methods of developing organic semiconductors.
2 Organic Electronic Devices
Basic device architecture inorganic devices. Historical review. Organic light
2.1 3
emitting diodes(OLED) and Polymer light emitting diodes (PLED).
Multilayer architecture. Single layer architecture. Bulk hetero-junctions.
2.2 Operating characteristics and electrical characterization. Flexible electronics : 3
new display media. Flexible displays device architecture.
Fabrication and characterization. Organic transistors. FETs: Principle and
2.3 2
device architecture.
3 Organic Solar Cells

Plastic solar cells. Basic principles. Multilayer and heterojunction

3.1 2
structures, cell architecture.
Charge transport and exciton formation–effects of exciton diffusion,
3.2 dissociation and luminescence. Photogeneration process in organic 3
heterojunction photovoltaic cells.
Processing of organic solar cells. Dyesensitization– dyesensitized solar cell.
3.3 2

4 Organic Electronics-Materials

Essential characteristics of electrode materials for organic electronic

4.1 2
devices – work function. Conductivity and transparency factors.

Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) as anode material. Effect of ITO oxidative properties
4.2 on efficiency and shelf life of organic electronic devices, novel inorganic 2
anode materials and their limitations
Buffer organic layer protection to the active layer. Doping the device and
4.3 3
annealing the device for increased efficiency and shelf life– architecture.
5 Techniques in Device making
Techniques in Organic electronic Device materials. Thin film coating
5.1 techniques for devices fabrication. Spin coating, dipcoating, doctor blading 3
screen printing, inkjet printing,
Vapor deposition. R.F and microwave plasma assisted film coating.
5.2 2
Vacuum Deposition Techniques
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Model Question Paper

A P J ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH SEMESTER B. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
COURSE: ECT478 ORGANIC ELECTRONICS
TIME:3HRS. MAX. MARKS: 100
PART A
Answer All Questions
1. Explain the concept of pi and sigma bond formation. (3)
2. Define the terms a) conjugated polymers (3)
b) luminescence
3. Explain the working principle of OLEDs. (3)
4.Obtain the electrical characterization of OLEDs. (3)
5. Give the significance of hetrojunctions in plastic solar cell. (3)
6. Briefly explain the theoretical concept of the working of dye sensitized solar cell (3)
7. Distinguish between electron affinity and ionization potential with reference to energy
bands. (3)
8. Mention the basic properties needed for an anode material. (3)
9. Write down the advantages of vapor deposition method? (3)
10. What is spin coating? Where is it applicable? (3)

PART B
Answer one question from each module. Each question carries 14 mark
Module I
11(A) Explain the HOMO and LUMO and correlate with similar terms in inorganic
semiconductors. (7)
11(B)Discuss how soliton causes transport of charges in conjugated polymers. (7)
OR
12(A)Describe the methods for developing organic semiconductors. (7)
12(B)Explain the conduction mechanisms in organic semiconductors. (7)

Module II
13(A) Explain the construction and working of bilayer OLEDs. (7)
13(B) With the help of energy band diagram, explain why work function matching is
required between hole transport layer and emissive layer in PLEDs. (7)
OR
14(A) Describe the working mechanism of organic FET with relevant diagrams. (7)
14(B) Discuss the construction and features of flexible displays. (7)

Module III
15(A) What are the photovoltaic process in plastic solar cells? Discuss each. (7)
15(B) What are the different types of plastic solar cells? Explain each with its structure.(7)
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

OR
16(A)Explain the fabrication steps involved in the construction of plastic solar cells. (7)
16(B) Describe the electrical characterization of plastic solar cells. (7)

Module IV
17(A) What are the essential characteristics needed for materials to act as electrodes?
(7)
17(B)Explain the importance of buffer layers in organic electronic devices. (7)
OR
18(A) Discuss the features of ITO and also its effect on the performance of organic
electronic devices. (7)
18(B)Explain the different methods by which the efficiency of the organic electronics
devices can be improved. (7)

Module V
19(A) Compare the vapor deposition and spin coating methods. (7)
19(B)Explain the screen printing technique. (7)
OR
20(A) Describe the RF and microwave plasma assisted coating method. (7)
20(B) Distinguish between doctor blading and ink jet printing methods. (7)
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SEMESTER VIII
MINOR
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECD482 MINIPROJECT
PWS 0 0 3 2

Preamble: The course aims

 To estimate the ability of the students in transforming the theoretical knowledge
studied in to a working model of an electronic system
 For enabling the students to gain experience in organisation and implementation of
small projects.
 Design and development of Small electronic project based on hardware or a
combination of hardware and software for electronics systems.

Course Plan

In this course, each group consisting of three/four members is expected to design

and develop a moderately complex electronic system with practical applications,
this should be a working model. The basic concept of product design may be taken
into consideration.

Students should identify a topic of interest in consultation with Faculty/Advisor.

Review the literature and gather information pertaining to the chosen topic. State the
objectives and develop a methodology to achieve the objectives. Carryout the
design/fabrication or develop codes/programs to achieve the objectives.
Demonstrate the novelty of the project through the results and outputs. The progress
of the mini project is evaluated based on a minimum of two reviews.

The review committee may be constituted by the Head of the Department. A project
report is required at the end of the semester. The product has to be demonstrated for
its full design specifications. Innovative design concepts, reliability considerations,
aesthetics/ergonomic aspects taken care of in the project shall be given due weight.

Course Outcomes
Be able to practice acquired knowledge within the selected area of
CO1 technology for project development.
Identify, discuss and justify the technical aspects and design aspects
CO2 of the project with a systematic approach.
Reproduce, improve and refine technical aspects for engineering
CO3 projects.

CO4 Work as a team in development of technical projects.

Communicate and report effectively project related activities and

CO5 findings.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 3 2 3 2
CO 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 2
CO 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2
CO 4 3 3 3 2
CO 5 3 3 3 2

Evaluation
The internal evaluation will be made based on the product, the report and a viva- voce
examination, conducted by a 3-member committee appointed by Head of the
Department comprising HoD or a senior faculty member, Academic coordinator for
that program, project guide/coordinator.

The Committee will be evaluating the level of completion and demonstration of

functionality/specifications, presentation, oral examination, work knowledge and
involvement.

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 75 75 1 hour

Split-up of CIE
Component Marks

Attendance 10

Marks awarded based on guide’s evaluation 15

Project Report 10

Evaluation by Committee 40

Split-up of ESE
Component Marks

Level of completion 10

Demonstration of 25
functionality

Project Report 10

Viva-voce 20

Presentation 10
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SEMESTER VIII
HONOURS
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ECD496 MINIPROJECT
PWS 0 0 3 2

Preamble: The course aims

 To estimate the ability of the students in transforming the theoretical knowledge
studied in to a working model of an electronic system
 For enabling the students to gain experience in organisation and implementation of
small projects.
 Design and development of Small electronic project based on hardware or a
combination of hardware and software for electronics systems.

Course Plan

In this course, each group consisting of three/four members is expected to design

and develop a moderately complex electronic system with practical applications,
this should be a working model. The basic concept of product design may be taken
into consideration.

Students should identify a topic of interest in consultation with Faculty/Advisor.

Review the literature and gather information pertaining to the chosen topic. State the
objectives and develop a methodology to achieve the objectives. Carryout the
design/fabrication or develop codes/programs to achieve the objectives.
Demonstrate the novelty of the project through the results and outputs. The progress
of the mini project is evaluated based on a minimum of two reviews.

The review committee may be constituted by the Head of the Department. A project
report is required at the end of the semester. The product has to be demonstrated for
its full design specifications. Innovative design concepts, reliability considerations,
aesthetics/ergonomic aspects taken care of in the project shall be given due weight.

Course Outcomes
Be able to practice acquired knowledge within the selected area of
CO1 technology for project development.
Identify, discuss and justify the technical aspects and design aspects
CO2 of the project with a systematic approach.
Reproduce, improve and refine technical aspects for engineering
CO3 projects.

CO4 Work as a team in development of technical projects.

Communicate and report effectively project related activities and

CO5 findings.
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 3 2 3 2
CO 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 2
CO 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2
CO 4 3 3 3 2
CO 5 3 3 3 2

Evaluation
The internal evaluation will be made based on the product, the report and a viva- voce
examination, conducted by a 3-member committee appointed by Head of the
Department comprising HoD or a senior faculty member, Academic coordinator for
that program, project guide/coordinator.

The Committee will be evaluating the level of completion and demonstration of

functionality/specifications, presentation, oral examination, work knowledge and
involvement.

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 75 75 1 hour

Split-up of CIE
Component Marks

Attendance 10

Marks awarded based on guide’s evaluation 15

Project Report 10

Evaluation by Committee 40

Split-up of ESE
Component Marks

Level of completion 10

Demonstration of 25
functionality

Project Report 10

Viva-voce 20

Presentation 10