Lecture 01 - Introduction

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ME-326 Heating Ventilation & Air-

Conditioning

Lecture 01
Dr. Waqas Khalid

Email: waqaskhalid@smme.nust.edu.pk
Introduction to HVAC

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HVAC Introduction
• HVAC stands for Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning.
• This system provides heating and cooling to residential and
commercial buildings as means for environmental comfort.
• These systems use fresh air from outdoors to provide high
indoor air quality.
• In HVAC system, ventilation is the process of replacing or
exchanging air within a space.
• This provides a better quality of air indoors and involves the
removal of moisture, smoke, odors, heat, dust, airborne
bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases.
• This also contribute in temperature control and oxygen
replenishment.

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HVAC Schematic

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HVAC Introduction
How Does an HVAC System Work?

• The three main functions of an HVAC system are interrelated,


especially when providing acceptable indoor air quality and
thermal comfort.
• There are nine parts of a typical HVAC system:
(i) air return, (ii) filter, (iii) exhaust outlets, (iv) ducts,
(v) electrical elements, (vi) outdoor unit, (vii) compressor,
(viii) coils and (ix) blower.
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HVAC Introduction
How Does an HVAC System Work?

Air Return
• Air return is the part that marks the starting point of the
ventilation cycle.
• This return sucks in air, draws it through a filter, and then passes
it into the main system.

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HVAC Introduction
Filter
• The filter is the second part of the air return in which the air is
drawn through.
Exhaust Outlets
• In exhaust outlets the exhaust created by the heating system is
expelled.
Ducts
• Ducts are the channels in which the heated or cooled air passes
through.
Electrical Elements
• This part of the system include electrical components e.g.
connections, breaker, batteries and thermostat etc.

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HVAC Component Layout

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HVAC Introduction
Outdoor Unit
• The outdoor unit houses the fan which provides air flow.
Compressor
• As a part of the outdoor unit, the compressor is responsible for
converting refrigerant from a gas to liquid and sends it to the
coils.
Coils
• As a part of the outdoor unit, coils cool the air as it passes
through with a little help from the refrigerant.
Blower
• The blower draws in warm air through the main section of the
unit.
• Efficiency of the blower is directly related to the durability of the
system.
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HVAC Introduction
What is Included in an HVAC System
• Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are the three main
parts included in the HVAC system.
The Heating Element:
• It usually refers to a furnace or boiler.
• It includes a pipe system for the fluid carrying the heat or duct
work for a forced air system.
The Ventilation Element:
• It is either natural or forced and when it is forced, very often it
is used for air cleaning purposes as well.
Air Conditioning:
• Opposite of heating, it’s main focus is to remove the existing
heat from the interior of the home.
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HVAC Introduction
What is the Difference Between HVAC and Air Conditioning
HVAC:
• HVAC is a combination of furnace, central air conditioner, and
the ducts throughout working together to keep the inside air
comfortable in every season.
• An HVAC system also maintains the indoor air quality.
• As the air conditioner or heater is running:
• The ventilation system is pulling the air from the interior and
recirculating it with the outside air.
• It also filters the air to make the inside air free of pollutants.
Air conditioners:
• Air conditioners run independently, without involving furnace or
utilizing any of the ducts.
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HVAC Introduction
• Air Conditioning refers to the treatment of air as per
the need so as to simultaneously control its:
• Temperature
• Moisture content
• Cleanliness
• Odor
• Circulation
• The subject of refrigeration and air conditioning has
evolved out of human need for food and comfort.
• Air Conditioning can be divided into Heating/Cooling,
Addition/Removal of Moisture, Air Purity Control and
Air Distribution Control.
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HVAC Introduction

Natural Refrigeration
In olden days refrigeration was achieved by natural
means such as the use of ice or evaporative cooling.
Types are:
• Evaporative Cooling:
• The process of reducing the temperature of a system by
evaporation of water .
• Cooling by Salt Solutions:
• Salt, when added to water dissolve in water and absorb its
heat of solution from water (endothermic process)
• This reduces the temperature of the solution

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HVAC Introduction

Artificial Refrigeration
• Artificial refrigeration began in the year 1755
• Based on the working principle, refrigeration
systems can be classified as :
• Vapor compression systems
• Vapor absorption systems
• Gas cycle systems etc.

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HVAC Typical Applications
• Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) is the
technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort.
• Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air
quality.
• HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as:
• Single family homes, apartment buildings, hotels and senior living
facilities
• Medium to large industrial and office buildings such as skyscrapers
and hospitals, onboard vessels
• Marine environments, where safe and healthy building
conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and
humidity, using fresh air from outdoors.

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HVAC System Requirement

Horizontal hierarchy representation of HVAC system requirements

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Local HVAC System Requirement

Unitary air conditioning is a central heating / cooling system in which cool /


warm air is made by using a heating and cooling device and supplied to each
zone through a pipe or a duct provided in a building

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Residential HVAC System Layout

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HVAC Layout for Commercial Building

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Air Conditioning Unit

Parts of a window Air conditioning Unit


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HVAC Applications
• Food Processing and Preservation
• Chemical and Processing Industries
• Residential offices, commercial buildings, airports, hospitals,
automobiles, aircrafts.
• Industrial air conditioning for electronic, pharmaceutical etc.

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HVAC Applications

Automobiles

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HVAC Applications
Buildings

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HVAC Applications
Data Storage

33% of the total


energy consumption
is related to the
chillers

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HVAC Applications

Helium
To study material Hydrogen
Neon
behavior at a very Nitrogen
low temperature Oxygen
(below -180 ºC)

A person who studies elements that have been subjected to


extremely cold temperatures is called a cryogenicist.
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