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Chapter 1. Introduction

This document provides an introduction to descriptive and inferential statistics. It discusses key concepts such as [A] population and sample, [B] parameters and statistics, and [C] types of variables including categorical, discrete, and continuous variables. It also covers levels of measurement including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Finally, it introduces common statistical notation including summation and factorial symbols.

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Nasrima D. Macaraya
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© © All Rights Reserved
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61 views

Chapter 1. Introduction

This document provides an introduction to descriptive and inferential statistics. It discusses key concepts such as [A] population and sample, [B] parameters and statistics, and [C] types of variables including categorical, discrete, and continuous variables. It also covers levels of measurement including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Finally, it introduces common statistical notation including summation and factorial symbols.

Uploaded by

Nasrima D. Macaraya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Descriptive

and Inferential
Statistics
Reference:

Elementary Statistics
Department of Mathematics
and Statistics
A C
B Numerical
Introduction Methods of
description
data
of data
presentation

E
D
Rates, Ratios
and
Index numbers
construction,
F
Counting
Techniques and
Topics
theory and
Percentages practice Some probability
distributions

G I
H
Statistical Simple Linear
Statistical
inference: Regression and
estimation inference:
hypothesis Correlation
testing Analysis

3
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

4
WHY STUDY STATISTICS?

• It helps us explain things.


What is statistics?
In singular sense:
A branch of science that deals with the
development of methods for a more
effective way of
• collecting,
• organizing,
• presenting, and
• analyzing data.
What is statistics?
In Plural sense:
Statistics refers to the data collected or some
numerical quantities derived from a set of data.
APPLICATIONS
• Business
• Education
• Psychology
• Agriculture
• Economics
• Weather forecast
• Biology
and many others…
1.Population 4. Statistic
2.Sample 5. Variable
3.Parameter
Population
A population (universe) is the collection of all units
from which data is to be collected.
Example:
• All water samples that can be taken from Lake Lanao.
• All items of a certain manufactured product .
• All students enrolled in MSU – IIT in one academic
year.
Sample
A sample is a portion of the
population selected for analysis
Parameter
A parameter is a summary measure
computed to describe a
characteristic of the population
Statistic
A statistic is a summary measure
computed to describe a
characteristic of the sample
Population and Sample

Sample
Population
Use statistics to
summarize features

Use parameters to
summarize features

Inference on the population from the sample


Data and Variable
• Data is the basic element of a
statistical analysis.
• A variable is a characteristic or
properties measured from objects,
persons or things.
Data and Variable
Example of Data
Data and Variable
Example of Data
Major Areas
•Descriptive statistics
• Collecting and describing data
•Inferential statistics
• Drawing conclusions and/or making
decisions concerning a population
based only on sample data
Basic Business Statistics, 8e © 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Other terms…
• A census is a process when information
is gathered from all the units in the
population.
• A sampling or sample survey is the
process involved when only part of the
population is used to obtain data.
• A frame is a listing of all the elements of
the population.
Types of Variable
Variable
Data

Categorical Numerical
(Qualitative) (Quantitative)

Discrete Continuous

Basic Business Statistics, 8e © 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.


Types of Variable
Categorical
Example: eye color
Types of Variable
Quantitative
Discrete: number of children in a family

http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/Home/Home?OpenDocument
Types of Variable
Quantitative
Continuous: height of a person

http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/Home/Home?OpenDocument
Levels of Measurement

Ratio

Interval
Ordinal
Nominal
Nominal
“Nominal sounds like name”.
Info.. Example
• Lowest level of • Gender
measurement • 0 – female, 1 – male

• categories • Opinion
• Yes, No, Undecided
• No natural order
• Marital Status
• single, married, widowed, etc.
• Race
• Filipino, Korean, Chinese, etc.
Ordinal
“ordinal sounds like order”
Example
Info…
• Ordered categories • Likert scales
• Unknown distance • 1 – not painful
between rankings • 2 – a little painful
• 3 – painful
• 4 – very painful
• Size
• Small, Medium, Large
• Burn degree
• Class ranking
Interval

Info… • Ordered categories Examples


• Equal distance between • Temperature
values • in Fahrenheit or Celsius
• No true zero point • IQ
• Data on this scale can
be added or subtracted.
• Cannot multiply or divide
Ratio
Examples
Info… • Highest level
• Ordered • Weight
• Exact values • Height
• Equal intervals • Blood pressure
• Has true zero point
• Data can be added,
subtracted, multiplied,
divided
Types of Measurement
Type of Equal Absolute
Identity Order
Measurement interval zero

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio
Yes.
RATIO
Yes. Has
true
zero?

Yes.
No.
Equally
INTERVAL
spaced?
No.
ORDINAL

Ordered?

No.
NOMINAL
EXERCISE
Part 1. For each of the following
variables indicate whether
• quantitative or qualitative,
 if quantitative: is it discrete or
continuous?
height of student
quantitative, continuous
skin color of student
qualitative
number of students who passed the
final exam
quantitative, discrete
gender of babies born in a hospital
during a month.
qualitative

name of school currently enrolled


qualitative
EXERCISE
Part 2. For each of the following
variables indicate
•the level of measurement:
•Nominal
•Ordinal
•Interval
•Ratio
Body temperature in degrees Fahrenheit
interval
Commute time
Ratio
Health status (excellent, average, poor)
ordinal
Age
ratio
• Types of surgery
nominal
SUMMATION SYMBOL
- denoted by the Greek letter
(upper case sigma)
- a compact way to write the sum of
the set of variables
Rules of Summation
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑧𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑧𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

𝑛 𝑛

𝑐𝑥𝑖 = 𝑐 𝑥𝑖
𝑛 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

𝑐 = 𝑛𝑐 with c as a constant
𝑖=1
FACTORIAL SYMBOL
- denoted by !
- compact way of writing the product
of a sequence of positive integers

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