U3 Cell Energy NOTES Name: Juan Castellanos

L3.3 - Cell Respiration

1. Where does this chemical energy to power life processes come from?
a. MAKE it themselves = Autotrophs are able to produce organic molecules like
glucose from inorganic molecules like carbon dioxide and water, using the
energy from sunlight.
b. EATING other organisms = Heterotrophs obtain their energy by eating autotrophs or
other heterotrophs.

2. REMEMBER that GLUCOSE:

• Is made in plants during photosynthesis, specifically during the light-independent
reactions (Calvin cycle).
• Is stored in plants and passed to the organisms that eats the plants (and continues up the food
chain)
• Is what holds (metabolic processes) the energy.

3. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is = energy used at cellular level to power cell processes.
4. Cellular respiration = Process in which the chemical bonds of energy rich molecules (i.e.
GLUCOSE) are converted into a form of energy the cells can use (i.e. ATP).

5. All living organisms carry out cell respiration.

6. Within EACH cell, cell respiration takes place in an organelle called the mitochondria.

7. Mitochondria are found in eukaryotic cells, animal and plant cells

8. Label the structural parts of the mitochondria

Outer membrane
|
Intermembrane space
|
Inner membrane
|
Cristae
|
Matrix

• The outer membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that encloses the entire mitochondrion.
• The intermembrane space is the space between the outer and inner membranes.
• The inner membrane is also a phospholipid bilayer and contains numerous protein complexes
involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
• The cristae are the highly folded inner membrane structures that increase the surface area for
ATP synthesis.
• The matrix is the central compartment of the mitochondrion and contains enzymes, DNA,
ribosomes, and other components necessary for the Krebs cycle and other reactions of cellular
respiration.

9. In bacteria, cell respiration takes place in the cell membrane. Bacteria lack mitochondria and
instead, their cell membranes contain the enzymes and electron transport chains necessary for
cellular respiration. The exact mechanisms and pathways of cellular respiration in bacteria may
differ from those in eukaryotic cells, but the basic principles of energy generation through the
oxidation of organic molecules are conserved across all living organisms. Some bacteria are
 also capable of carrying out anaerobic respiration or fermentation, which do not require oxygen
and may involve different electron acceptors or pathways.

10. Cell Respiration chemical equation:

The chemical equation for cellular respiration is:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
This equation represents the overall process of cellular respiration, which involves the breakdown of
glucose (C6H12O6) and the consumption of oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), water
(H2O), and ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the energy currency of the cell. The process of
cellular respiration actually involves a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, including glycolysis, the
Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, which work together to produce ATP and other
intermediate molecules.

Source of Reactants:

Glucose = In plants, made during photosynthesis; in animals = glucose is obtained by consuming

other organisms that have already synthesized glucose through photosynthesis or other
metabolic pathways when eat.
Oxygen = comes from the air we breath.

Chemical reaction occurs! Molecules of glucose and oxygen are broken down and rearranged to form
products.

Products of Cell respiration

Carbon dioxide = released back to the atmosphere as a waste product.
Water = released as a byproduct of cellular respiration product.
ATP = used to to power cellular processes cells ; 1 glucose = can produce up to 36-38 molecules
of ATP.

Energy Cycle
11. Photosynthesis and cell respiration can be thought of as complementary processes that cycle
the flow of energy and matter through the biosphere. Photosynthesis is the process by which
autotrophic organisms capture energy from sunlight and use it to synthesize organic molecules,
such as glucose, from inorganic molecules, such as carbon dioxide and water. This process
releases oxygen gas as a byproduct, which can be used by heterotrophic organisms in cellular
respiration.

12. Comparing the reactions for photosynthesis and cellular respiration shows how living things on
Earth are interconnected and interdependent.

Cell Respiration = What you need to know!

 Cell Respiration
Cellular respiration occurs in all living organisms,
Who? including both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

In eukaryotic cells, cellular respiration takes

place primarily in the mitochondria. In prokaryotic
Where occur?
cells, it occurs in the cell membrane.

Cellular respiration occurs continuously in living

cells as they require a constant supply of energy
When?
to carry out metabolic processes.

The reactants of cellular respiration include

glucose and oxygen. Glucose is a carbohydrate
molecule that serves as the primary source of
Reactants (Input) energy for cellular respiration. Oxygen is used as
a terminal electron acceptor in the electron
transport chain to produce ATP.

The products of cellular respiration include ATP,

carbon dioxide, and water. ATP is the energy
currency of the cell and is used to power cellular
Products (Output)
processes. Carbon dioxide and water are waste
products that are eliminated from the cell.

The energy sources for cellular respiration

include glucose, which is obtained from food in
heterotrophic organisms, or produced by
Energy Sources photosynthesis in autotrophic organisms, and
oxygen, which is obtained from the air we
breathe.

During cellular respiration, the energy stored in

glucose is released in a series of enzyme-
catalyzed reactions, and a portion of it is
captured as ATP. The energy result of cellular
Energy Result (energy stored or released?)
respiration is the release of stored energy in the
form of ATP, which can be used to power cellular
processes.

U3 Cell Energy NOTES Name: Juan Castellanos

L3.3 - Cell Respiration Process - IN DETAIL

Cell respiration consists of two stages.

Stage 1 – Glycolysis.

The first stage of cell respiration splits a molecule of glucose into TWO 3-carbon molecules called
pyruvate.

Where Occur? Glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration,

occurs in the cytoplasm of cells

Inputs? Cellular respiration (from food made / eaten)

• 2 ATP: Two molecules of ATP are
required to initiate glycolysis.

• 2 Glucose: The 6-carbon sugar glucose

is broken down into two 3-carbon
molecules of pyruvate.

What occurs? 13. 2 ATP used to split the 6-carbon

sugar glucose into TWO 3-carbon
molecule called pyruvate
14. NAD+ picks up energized electrons to
form electron carrier NADH.
15. 4 molecules formed (net gain of 2)

Outputs? 2 molecules of pyruvate → enters Stage 2

2 molecules of NADH → transport electrons to
Stage 3
2 molecules of ATP → used as energy

Does this reaction require oxygen (Yes or No)? does not require oxygen and can occur in both the
presence and absence of oxygen. It is an anaerobic process that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is
common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The subsequent stages of cellular respiration,
however, including the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain, require oxygen and are therefore
aerobic processes.

Stage 2 – Krebs cycle.

Summary - Pyruvate molecule broken down, forming pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated, that is, a
carbon atom is removed from the pyruvate molecule in the form of (CO2) and high-energy electron
carriers (NADH and FADH2)

Where Occur? The Krebs cycle, the second stage of cellular

respiration, occurs in the matrix of mitochondria.

Inputs? 2 The inputs for the Krebs cycle, the second

stage of cellular respiration, are:
• Acetyl-CoA: Acetyl-CoA is the input for
the Krebs cycle and is formed from the
breakdown of pyruvate in the previous
stage of cellular respiration, glycolysis.
Each molecule of acetyl-CoA enters the
Krebs cycle and is oxidized to produce
energy-rich products.
• Oxaloacetate: Oxaloacetate is a 4-
carbon molecule that combines with
acetyl-CoA to form citrate, which then
undergoes a series of enzyme-
catalyzed reactions to generate ATP,
high-energy electron carriers (NADH
and FADH2), and byproducts.

What occurs? 16. Acetyl-CoA is broken down through

series of chemical reactions
17. NAD+ and FAD picks up energized
electrons and hydrogen ions to form
electron carrier NADH and FADH2,
respectively
18. Carbon dioxide (CO2) released as
waste product
19. 2 molecules of ATP forms

Outputs? NADH → transport electrons to Stage 3

FADH→ transport electrons to Stage 3
2 ATP→ used as energy
Carbon dioxide (CO2) → released into
atmosphere as waste product