Titration

Acid Base Titration

Lesson Module

Capati, Miguel Alfonso I.

Carado, Ron Ysabel A.

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Table of Contents

Let’s Get Started! 3

Acid Rain Analysis 4

Let’s Define Terms 4

Digging Further 4

Wrapping Up 6

Check up Quiz 7

References 8

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Unit Topic: Titration
Sub-topics:

● Acid Base Titration

Objectives:

● To know what acids and bases are

● Learn the concepts of Acid Base Titration

Let’s Get Started! (Introduction)

It is certainly challenging to create great food, and the food and beverage sectors must
closely adhere to a large set of rules. Given that tainted food products can seriously
harm both consumers and producers, these laws seem sensible. In the food sector,
titration is widely used to regulate the amount of acid, base, and salt in the food items.
Some of the common food items whose quality is assessed using titration include:

• Acetic Acid in Vinegar, Ketchup, Mayonnaise

• Citric Acid in Frozen Orange Juice Concentrate.
• Malic Acid in Apple Juice.
• Lactic Acid in Pickles.
• Phosphoric Acid in Cola Beverages.
• Salt in several food products such as Snacks, Chips, Meat Products, etc.
• The alkalinity of Raw Water in the Beverage Industry.
• The nitrogen content as per Kjeldahl (Protein) in meat products.
• The codes of oils and fats, such as acid values, saponification
• number, peroxide number, and iodine values.

In the cosmetic industry, the product is to be used by the consumer directly on their
skin, cosmetic industries need to make sure that the product should not cause any harm
to the consumers. Titration facilitates the appropriate concentration and amount of
ingredients used in the manufacturing of cosmetic products. Hair dyes, skin creams,
shampoos, conditioners, cleansers, and shaving creams all contain some mixtures of
acids and bases. For instance, bases like ammonium hydroxide are often used to adjust
the pH in these products via titration. Commercially available depilatory creams are of
great concern to both the producers and end consumers as they act by entering deep
into the skin surface and are most likely to cause allergic reactions such as rashes and
bleeding burns
Acid Rain Analysis
Nowadays, one can encounter several impacts of increased acidity of rainwater, such
as dissolution of marble and limestone surfaces, corrosion of metal objects, and
decreased pH levels of natural waters. This problem is addressed by the term “acid

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rain” around the world, and it has significant consequences on all organisms. The
decreased levels of pH in rainwater result mainly from environmental pollutants such as
sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, etc. Meteorologists make use of titration to analyze the acid
content in the rain samples. It is a quick procedure that provides fairly accurate results.
Furthermore, titration does not require expensive equipment, which makes it easier for
an environmentalist to perform tests frequently in several locations.
Let’s Define Terms! (Unlocking New Terms)

• Titration - slow addition of one solution of a known concentration

• Titrant – a known concentration (e.g: ascorbic acid solution, sodium hydroxide)
• Acid - a substance that produces hydrogen (H+) ions when it is added to water.
• Base - a substance that can accept hydrogen ions in water and can neutralize an
acid

Digging Further (Lesson Proper)

Titration
Titration is the slow addition of one solution of a known concentration (called a titrant) to
a known volume of another solution of unknown concentration until the reaction reaches
neutralization, which is often indicated by a color change. The solution called the titrant
must satisfy the necessary requirements to be a primary or secondary standard. In a
broad sense, titration is a technique to determine the concentration of an unknown
solution.
Acid Base Titration
Acid-Base titrations are usually used to find the amount of a known acidic or basic
substance through acid base reactions. The analyte (titrant) is the solution with an
unknown molarity. The reagent (titrant) is the solution with a known molarity that will
react with the analyte.

Procedure

The analyte is prepared by dissolving the substance being studied into a solution. The
solution is usually placed in a flask for titration. A small amount of indicator is then
added into the flask along with the analyte. The reagent is usually placed in a burette
and slowly added to the analyte and indicator mixture. The amount of reagent used is
recorded when the indicator causes a change in the color of the solution.

Some titrations require the solution to be boiled due to the CO2 created from the acid-
base reaction. The CO2 forms carbonic acid (H2CO3) when dissolved in water that then
acts as a buffer, reducing the accuracy of data. After boiling water, most of the CO2 will
be removed from the solution allowing the solution to be titrated to a more accurate

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endpoint. The endpoint is the point where all of the analyte has be reacted with the
reagent.

Fig 1. Acid base Titration set-up

Indicator
A useful indicator has a strong color that changes quickly near its pKa. These traits are
desirable so only a small amount of an indicator is needed. If a large amount of indicator
is used, the indicator will effect the final pH, lowering the accuracy of the experiment.
The indicator should also have a pKa value near the pH of the titration's endpoint. For
example, an analyte that is a weak base would require an indicator with a pKa less than
7. Choosing an indicator with a pKa near the endpoint's pH will also reduce error
because the color change occurs sharply during the endpoint where the pH spikes,
giving a more precise endpoint.

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 Fig 2 Phenolphthalein indicator endpoint

Fig 3. Bromothymol blue indicator endpoint

Wrapping Up! (Lesson Summary)

• Titration is the slow addition of one solution of a known concentration (called a

titrant)
• The solution called the titrant must satisfy the necessary requirements to be a
primary or secondary standard.
• Acid-Base titrations are usually used to find the amount of a known acidic or
basic
• Some titrations require the solution to be boiled due to the CO2 created from the
acid-base reaction
• Choosing an indicator with a pKa near the endpoint's pH will also reduce error
because the color change occurs sharply during the endpoint where the pH
spikes, giving a more precise endpoint

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Check-Up Quiz
Directions: Identify the correct answer. Write the letter on the space provided.

__________ 1. This is the slow addition a solution to a known concentration.

A. hydrolysis
B. titrant
C. chemistry
D. titration

__________ 2. The solution with a known molarity that will react with the analyte.

A. Reagent
B. Analyte
C. Phenolphthalein
D. Acetic acid

__________ 3. The _____ forms carbonic acid (H2CO3) when dissolved in water that
then acts as a buffer, reducing the accuracy of data.

A. NaOH
B. CO2
C. CH3COOH
D. NaCl

__________ 4. The endpoint is the point where all of the analyte has be reacted with
the reagent.

A. True
B. False

__________ 5. Choosing an indicator with a pKa far the endpoint's pH will also reduce
error because the color change occurs sharply during the endpoint where the pH
spikes, giving a more precise endpoint

A. True
B. False

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References

Akshit. (2021). Titration uses in real life. StudiousGuy. https://studiousguy.com/titration-

uses/

Libretexts. (2020, July 14). Titration. Chemistry LibreTexts.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Demos_Techniques_and_Experime
nts/General_Lab_Techniques/Titration

Libretexts. (2022). Acid-base titrations. Chemistry LibreTexts.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Demos_Techniques_and_Experime
nts/General_Lab_Techniques/Titration/Acid-Base_Titrations

NCI Dictionary of Cancer terms. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.).

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/base

Acids and bases – introduction. Science Learning Hub. (n.d.).

https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/3019-acids-and-bases-
introduction#:~:text=An%20acid%20is%20a%20substance,2SO4%20%E2%80%9
3%20sulfuric%20acid

Libretexts. (2022). 17.3: Acid-base titrations. Chemistry LibreTexts.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Arkansas_Little_Rock/Chem_14
03%3A_General_Chemistry_2/Text/17%3A_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.03%3A_Acid-
Base_Titrations

Acid base titration - end point indicators preparation. titrations.info. (n.d.).

http://www.titrations.info/acid-base-titration-indicators-preparation

Team, P. (2022). Endpoint vs. equivalence point: What’s the main difference?
PSIBERG. https://psiberg.com/endpoint-vs-equivalence-point/

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