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Lec 4 DCN

The document discusses data communication and computer networks. It covers the need for networking standards, the concept of layered tasks, and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The ISO developed the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, which divides networking functions into seven layers to simplify complexity and ensure interoperability between different network technologies. Each layer provides services to the layer above it and communicates with corresponding layers on other computers.

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Hamza Ch
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20 views17 pages

Lec 4 DCN

The document discusses data communication and computer networks. It covers the need for networking standards, the concept of layered tasks, and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The ISO developed the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, which divides networking functions into seven layers to simplify complexity and ensure interoperability between different network technologies. Each layer provides services to the layer above it and communicates with corresponding layers on other computers.

Uploaded by

Hamza Ch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

CS- 406 Data Communication & Networks

Semester Spring 2023


Prepared by:

Ramsha Mahmood
2
Previous Lecture

 Client
 Server
 Peer
 Advantages and Disadvantages
3
Today’s Lecture

 THE NEED FOR STANDARDS


 LAYERED TASKS
 ISO - ORGANISATION FOR STANDARDISATION
4

THE NEED FOR STANDARDS

 Over the past couple of decades many of the networks that were built
used different hardware and software implementations, as a result they
were incompatible and it became difficult for networks using different
specifications to communicate with each other.
 To address the problem of networks being incompatible and unable to
communicate with each other, the International Organisation for
Standardisation (ISO) researched various network schemes.
 The ISO recognised there was a need to create a NETWORK MODEL that
would help vendors create interoperable network implementations.
5

LAYERED TASKS

 We use the concept of layers in our daily life.


 Example:
 let us consider two friends who communicate through postal mail. The process
of sending a letter to a friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office
 Sender
 Receiver
 Carrier
 Hierarchy
 Services
Tasks involved in sending a 6

letter
ISO - ORGANISATION FOR
7

STANDARIZATION
 The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)
is an International standards organisation responsible
for a wide range of standards, including many that are
relevant to networking.
 In 1984 in order to aid network interconnection without
necessarily requiring complete redesign, the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model was
approved as an international standard for
communications architecture.
8

THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL

 The model was developed by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)
in 1984. It is now considered the primary Architectural model for inter-computer
communications.
 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is a descriptive network
scheme. It ensures greater compatibility and interoperability between various types
of network technologies.
 The OSI model describes how information or data makes its way from application
programmes (such as spreadsheets) through a network medium (such as wire) to
another application programme located on another network.
 The OSI reference model divides the problem of moving information between
computers over a network medium into SEVEN smaller and more manageable
problems .
 This separation into smaller more manageable functions is known as layering.
9

THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL

 The OSI Reference Model is composed of seven layers, each specifying particular
network functions.
 The process of breaking up the functions or tasks of networking into layers
reduces complexity.
 Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in the protocol specification.
 Each layer communicates with the same layer’s software or hardware on other
computers.
 The lower 4 layers (transport, network, data link and physical —Layers 4, 3, 2, and
1) are concerned with the flow of data from end to end through the network.
 The upper three layers of the OSI model (application, presentation and session—
Layers 7, 6 and 5) are orientated more toward services to the applications.
 Data is Encapsulated with the necessary protocol information as it moves down
the layers before network transit.
THE OSI REFERENCE 10

MODEL
The interaction between 11

layers in the OSI model


An exchange using the 12

OSI model
An exchange using the 13

OSI model
14

NETWORK MODELS
HOW LAYERS FIT
15

TOGATHER IN PRACTIC
16
Summary

 THE NEED FOR STANDARDS


 LAYERED TASKS
 ISO - ORGANISATION FOR STANDARDISATION
17
References

 These lecture notes were taken from following source:


 Computer Networks: A Systems Approach by Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S. Davies.
 Third Edition [2003], Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, California, USA
 Computer Networks by Andrew S. Tanenbaum
 Fifth Edition
 Data Communication and Computer Networks, by Behrouz A. Forouzan
 5th Edition

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