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t4 1 How Programming Works

This document provides an overview of embedded system programming using the ARM architecture. It discusses instruction set architecture (ISA), how C code is compiled to assembly and linked to create an executable. It reviews ARM assembly code examples and how functions like printf are called. It also explains Makefiles, compiler tools, ARM procedure call standards, and previews future topics like the programmer's model, instruction set, and system design aspects of embedded systems.

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DYLAN BRADLEY
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42 views

t4 1 How Programming Works

This document provides an overview of embedded system programming using the ARM architecture. It discusses instruction set architecture (ISA), how C code is compiled to assembly and linked to create an executable. It reviews ARM assembly code examples and how functions like printf are called. It also explains Makefiles, compiler tools, ARM procedure call standards, and previews future topics like the programmer's model, instruction set, and system design aspects of embedded systems.

Uploaded by

DYLAN BRADLEY
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Embedded System - TE4707

Jurusan Teknik Elektro


Semester Genap 2021/2022

Dr.-Ing., Indar Sugiarto


μP Architecture – ISA
 Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) is an abstract model of a computer – it defines
how μP is programmed
 It is also related to the machine code – machine language instructions that can
be executed directly by the CPU

 Let’s start using top-down approach: how programming works


C Programming Review
int main()
{
int a = 123;
return a;
}

 How to compile it? In UNIX/Linux, it produces an ELF (Executable and Linking


Format) file.
 What the program produces?
C Programming Review
The assembly version:

@ for raspberry pi version


@ setiap program utama harus memiliki main
.global main /* “main” harus dideklarasikan global */
main:
mov r0, #123
bx lr

 How to compile it?


 Look with cat, hexdump and objdump on the ELF or its .o
C Programming Review
How to compile and link:
$ as myProg.s -o myProg.o
$ ld -o simple -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.3 /usr/lib/arm-linux-gnueabihf/crt1.o /usr/lib/
arm-linux-gnueabihf/crti.o -lc simple.o /usr/lib/arm-linux-gnueabihf/crtn.o

or:
$ as myProg.s -o myProg.o
$ gcc myProg.o -o myProg
Note:
crt1.o: Newer style of the initial runtime code. Contains the _start symbol which sets up
the env with argc/argv/libc _init/libc _fini before jumping to the libc main. glibc
calls this file 'start.s'.
crti.o: Defines the function prolog; _init in the .init section and _fini in the .fini section.
glibc calls this 'initfini.c'.
crtn.o: Defines the function epilog. glibc calls this 'initfini.c'.
https://wiki.osdev.org/Creating_a_C_Library
C Programming Review
Compiling - The modified source code is compiled into binary object code. This code is
not yet executable.
Linking - The object code is combined with required supporting code to make an
executable program. This step typically involves adding in any libraries that are required.
C Programming Review
General programming intro:
.data
#include <stdio.h>
string:
void main()
.asciz "\nHello World!\n"
{
.text
char *hi = “Hello world!”;
.global main
printf(“%s\n”,hi);
.extern printf
}
main:
push {ip, lr}
ldr r0, =string
bl printf
pop {ip, pc}
C Programming Review
How Makefile work?

Commonly used automatic variables:


$@ → the file name of the target of the rule
$< → the name of the first prerequisite
$^ → the names of all the prerequisites

https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Automatic-Variables.html#Automatic-Variables
Who compile what?
 What happened when we call extern?

an application binary interface (ABI) is an interface between two binary program modules; often, one of
these modules is a library (or operating system facility), and the other is a program that is being run by a
user.

An ABI defines how data structures or computational routines are accessed in machine code (a low-level,
hardware-dependent format); in contrast, an API defines this access in source code (a relatively high-level,
hardware-independent, often human-readable format).

An embedded-application binary interface (EABI) specifies standard conventions for file formats, data types,
register usage, stack frame organization, and function parameter passing of an embedded software
program, for use in an embedded system.

 ARM provides its compiler (and linker) framework for their user
 GNU (community) also has its own compiler/linker
 Cross-compilation
Example for Interfacing
See:
http://www.science.smith.edu/dftwiki/index.php/Tutorial:_Assembly_Language_with_the_Raspberry_Pi
More into ISA
 In the assembly version, we’ve seen:

How sections are made

How memory are referred (as labels)

What registers are used

What addressing modes are used

Condition and branching instruction

How ARM Procedure Call Standards are used (related to ABI)

 Next, we’ll see:



Programmers Model

Instruction Set

System Design

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