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Unit II-NOTES For IA1

The document discusses various components and operation of wind energy conversion systems (WECS). It describes key components like the tower foundation, turbine blades, yaw and pitch control, braking systems, sensors and electrical systems. It also covers types of WECS such as horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines. Additionally, it discusses standards and certification processes for wind power plants.

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anks202
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129 views30 pages

Unit II-NOTES For IA1

The document discusses various components and operation of wind energy conversion systems (WECS). It describes key components like the tower foundation, turbine blades, yaw and pitch control, braking systems, sensors and electrical systems. It also covers types of WECS such as horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines. Additionally, it discusses standards and certification processes for wind power plants.

Uploaded by

anks202
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit-2: Construction & Operation of Wind

Energy
 Conversion
Components of WECS System
 Tower Foundation
 Operation of WECS
 Types of WECS – Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine and
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
 Types and Configuration of Turbine Blades
 Yaw and Pitch Control
 Lightning Protection
 Braking System
 Hydraulic System
 Sensors and Communication System and Electrical
Systems in WECS
 Standards and Certification of Wind Power Plants
Introduction to wind energy
Wind is simply defined as moving air. When the earth heats
up from sunrays it releases wind, this is a balanced reaction
meant to cool the earth. The sun heat is felt more on dry land
than on the sea. The air expands and easily reaches maximum
high altitudes, then cool air drops down and moves as wind.
SITE SELECTION

1. Highannual windspeed area


2. Notall obstructions for radius of 3 km.
3. Open plainor openshore.
4. Nearest to the load centre
5. Nearest to road transportation.
6. Topography-Such as mountain gaps help to increase windspeed.
WORKING PRINCIPLE

• The wind power can be gained by making it


blow past the blades that will cause the rotor
to twist.

• The amount of power transferred is directly


proportional to the density of the air, the area
swept out by the rotor, and the cube of the
wind speed. It can be found out by the
following equation:
Main components
Function of each components
The anemometer is use for measuring the wind speed. It then
transmits this information to the controller.

Wind vane use for Wind direction and speed measured also
it communicated to the controller.

In an emergency the turbine can be stopped by applying the


brake. This can be done either mechanically, electrically or
hydraulically. When the wind speed reaches 6 - 16 miles per
hour (10 - 26km per hour) the controller starts the machine
up. When the wind speed reaches 55 miles per hour (88 km
per hour) the controller then shuts the machine off as winds
speeds in excess of this speed may damage the blades
The gearbox works the same as the one found in a car
- it is meant to control the rate at which the turbines
accelerate.

There is an off-the-shelf generator that is meant to


provide the initial start-up electricity.

The high speed shaft drives the generator, while the


low speed shaft turns at 50 - 60 rotations per minute.
On the top of the tower the nacelle houses the
gearbox, the two shafts, the generator and controller
as well as the brake.
The pitch turns the blades out of the wind when necessary
and in this way controls the speed of the blades. The rotor
consists of the blades and the hub.

The tower provides the height and support to the blades in


order to catch the wind.

Because it faces into the wind, this turbine is called the wind
direction.
The yaw drive ensures that the turbine
continues run on wind direction
While the yaw drive controls the turbine, the
yaw motor controls the yaw drive.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Explain various components of wind energy
conversion system with diagram.
Define power coefficient, tip speed ratio and solidity.
Discuss their effect on performance of wind turbine.

Power Coefficient (Cp) is a measure of wind


turbine efficiency often used by the wind
power industry. Cp is the ratio of actual
electric power produced by a wind turbine
divided by the total wind power flowing into
the turbine blades at specific wind speed.
The Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) is an extremely
important factor in wind turbine design.
TSR refers to the ratio between the wind speed
and the speed of the tips of the wind turbine
blades
Derive equation for maximum power of wind turbine
 Number of blades
 Three blade HAWT are most efficient

 Two blade turbines don’t require a hub


 As the number increases; noise, wear and
cost increase and efficiency decreases

 Multiple blade turbines are generally used


for water pumping purposes
Differentiate between Horizontal and Vertical Axis WindTurbine

Horizontal Axis Vertical Axis


1. Major components at height 1. Major components at ground level
2. Rotating Speed -High 2. Rotating Speed -Low
3. Maintenance- High 3. Maintenance- Low
4. Cable standing Problem 4. No Cable standing Problem
5. Less life span 5. Long Life Span
6. Installation cost is High 6. Installation cost is Low
7. It run on high wind speed 7. It can run on lower wind speed
8. High tip to wind speed ration so high 8. Low tip to wind speed ration so low
power output power output
9. Starting torque is less 9. Starting torque is high

10.Rotation is parallel to the wind 10. Rotation is perpendicular to the


direction. wind direction
Explain construction and working of DFIG

A Wind Turbine: use to convert wind energy to mechanical energy.


Gear Box: uses to convert energy from one device to another.
Double Fed Induction Generator: used to convert mechanical energy to
electrical energy which is in form of variable frequency.
Grid Side Converter: It is an AC-DC converter circuit which is used to
provide a regulated DC voltage to the inverter. It is used maintain a
constant DC link voltage.
Rotor Side Converter: It is a DC-AC inverter which is used to provide
controlled AC voltage to the rotor.
working of DFIG
It connected directly to the grid, where the rotor speed is adjusted
using back to back converters.

The DFIG consists of a 3 phase wound rotor and a 3 phase wound


stator. The rotor is fed with a 3 phase AC signal by slip rings, which
induces an ac current in the rotor windings. As the wind turbines
rotate, they exert mechanical force on the rotor, causing it to rotate.

As the rotor rotates the magnetic field produced due to the ac


current also rotates at a speed proportional to the frequency of the
ac signal applied to the rotor windings.

As a result a constantly rotating magnetic flux passes through the


stator windings which cause induction of ac current in the stator
winding. Thus the speed of rotation of the stator magnetic field
depends on the rotor speed as well as the frequency of the ac
current fed to the rotor windings.
The whole system consists of two back to back converters – a generator side
converter and a grid side converter, connected in the feedback loop of the
system.

The generator side converter is used to control the active and reactive powers
by controlling the d-q components of the rotor and also torque and speed of
the machine.

The grid side converter is used to maintain a constant dc link voltage and
ensures the unity power factor operation by making the reactive power drawn
from the utility grid to zero.

A capacitor is connected between the two converters such that it acts as an


energy storage unit.

This back to back arrangement provides a fixed voltage fixed frequency output
irrespective of the variable frequency, variable voltage output of the generator.
Output voltages to be maintained at a constant value,
no matter the speed of the wind blowing on the wind
turbine rotor.

 Ability to control the power factor.


 Constant frequency output signal to the grid irrespective of the
variable rotor speed.
Low power rating required for the power electronic devices and
hence low cost of control system.
 Power factor is controlled, i.e. maintained at unity.
 Electric power generation at low wind speed.
Power electronic converter has to handle the fraction of the total
load i.e.,20-30% and also cost of this converter is low than in case of
the other types of generators.

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