Online Continuing Education for Professional Engineers

Since 2009

Guide to Piping Diagrams

(P&ID's)

PDH Credits:

3 PDH
Course No.:
CFD101

Publication Source:

US Dept. of Energy
Fundamentals Handbook – Engineering Symbology, Prints,
and Drawings – Module 2
Pub. # DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
Release Date:
Jan. 1993

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ENGINEERING SYM BOLOGY, PRINTS,
AND DRAW INGS
M odule 2
Engineering Fluid
Diagrams and Prints
Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF C ONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Symbology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Valve Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Valve Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Control Valve Designations . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Sensing Devices and Detectors . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Modifiers and Transmitters . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Indicators and Recorders . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Examples of Simple Instrument Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Miscellaneous P&ID Symbols . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

READING ENGINEERING P&IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Standards and Conventions for Valve Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

P&ID PRINT READING EXAMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

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TABLE OF CONTENTS DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

TABLE OF C ONTENTS

FLUID POWER P&IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Fluid Power Diagrams and Schematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Actuator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Reading Fluid Power Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Types of Fluid Power Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

PR-02 Page ii Rev. 0

Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Valve Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Figure 2 Valve Actuator Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 3 Remotely Controlled Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 4 Level Control Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Figure 5 Control Valves with Valve Positioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 6 Control Valve Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 7 Piping Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Figure 8 More Piping Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Figure 9 Detector and Sensing Device Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Figure 10 Transmitters and Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Figure 11 Indicators and Recorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 12 Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 13 Signal Conditioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 14 Instrumentation System Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Figure 15 Symbols for Major Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Figure 16 Miscellaneous Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Figure 17 Valve Status Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Figure 18 Exercise P&ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Figure 19 Fluid Power Pump and Compressor Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Figure 20 Fluid Power Reservoir Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Figure 21 Symbols for Linear Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Rev. 0 Page iii PR-02

LIST OF FIGURES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)

Figure 22 Symbols for Rotary Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Figure 23 Fluid Power Line Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Figure 24 Valve Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Figure 25 Valve Symbol Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Figure 26 Fluid Power Valve Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Figure 27 Simple Hydraulic Power System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 28 Line Diagram of Figure 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 29 Typical Fluid Power Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Figure 30 Pictorial Fluid Power Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Figure 31 Cutaway Fluid Power Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Figure 32 Schematic Fluid Power Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

PR-02 Page iv Rev. 0

Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Instrument Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Rev. 0 Page v PR-02

REFERENCES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

REFERENCES

ANSI Y14.5M - 1982, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, American National Standards

Institute.

ANSI Y32.2 - 1975, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, American
National Standards Institute.

Gasperini, Richard E., Digital Troubleshooting, Movonics Company; Los Altos,

California, 1976.

Jensen - Helsel, Engineering Drawing and Design, Second Ed., McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, 1979.

Lenk, John D., Handbook of Logic Circuits, Reston Publishing Company, Reston,
Virginia, 1972.

Wickes, William E., Logic Design with Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,
1968.

Naval Auxiliary Machinery, United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 1951.

TPC Training Systems, Reading Schematics and Symbols, Technical Publishing Company,
Barrington, Illinois, 1974.

Arnell, Alvin, Standard Graphical Symbols, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963.

George Mashe, Systems Summary of a Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor,

Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1971.

Zappe, R.W., Valve Selection Handbook, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas,
1968.

PR-02 Page vi Rev. 0

Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 OBJECTIVES

TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

1.0 Given an engineering print, READ and INTERPRET facility engineering Piping and
Instrument Drawings.

ENABLING OBJECTIVE S

1.1 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of valves:

a. Globe valve g. Relief valve

b. Gate valve h. Rupture disk
c. Ball valve i. Three-way valve
d. Check valve j. Four-way valve
e. Stop check valve k. Throttle (needle) valve
f. Butterfly valve l. Pressure regulator

1.2 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of valve
operators:

a. Diaphragm valve operator

b. Motor valve operator
c. Solenoid valve operator
d. Piston (hydraulic) valve operator
e. Hand (manual) valve operator
f. Reach-rod valve operator

1.3 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for educators and ejectors.

1.4 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following lines:

a. Process
b. Pneumatic
c. Hydraulic
d. Inert gas
e. Instrument signal (electrical)
f. Instrument capillary
g. Electrical

Rev. 0 Page vii PR-02

OBJECTIVES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

ENABLING OBJECTIVES (cont.)

1.5 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following basic types of
instrumentation:

a. Differential pressure cell

b. Temperature element
c. Venturi
d. Orifice
e. Rotometer
f. Conductivity or salinity cell
g. Radiation detector

1.6 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs to denote the location, either local
or board mounted, of instruments, indicators, and controllers.

1.7 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of instrument
signal controllers and modifiers:

a. Proportional
b. Proportional-integral
c. Proportional-integral-differential
d. Square root extractors

1.8 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of system
components:

a. Centrifugal pumps
b. Positive displacement pumps
c. Heat exchangers
d. Compressors
e. Fans
f. Tanks
g. Filters/strainers

PR-02 Page viii Rev. 0

Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 OBJECTIVES

ENABLING OBJECTIVES (cont.)

1.9 STATE how the following valve conditions are depicted on an engineering P&ID:

a. Open valve
b. Closed valve
c. Throttled valve
d. Combination valves (3- or 4-way valve)
e. Locked-closed valve
f. Locked-open valve
g. Fail-open valve
h. Fail-closed valve
i. Fail-as-is valve

1.10 Given an engineering P&ID, IDENTIFY components and DETERM INE the flowpath(s)
for a given valve lineup.

1.11 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering fluid power drawings for the following
components:

a. Pump
b. Compressor
c. Reservoir
d. Actuators
e. Piping and piping junctions
f. Valves

1.12 Given a fluid power type drawing, DETERM INE the operation or resultant action of the
stated component when hydraulic pressure is applied/removed.

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 DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS

ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS

To read and understand engineering fluid diagrams and prints, usually referred
to as P&IDs, an individual must be familiar with the basic symbols.

EO 1.1 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the

following types of valves:

a. Globe valve g. Relief valve

b. Gate valve h. Rupture disk
c. B all valve i. Three-way valve
d. Check valve j. Four-way valve
e. Stop check valve k. Throttle (needle) valve
f. Butterfly valve l. Pressure regulator

EO 1.2 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the

following types of valve operators:

a. Diaphragm valve operator

b. Motor valve operator
c. Solenoid valve operator
d. Piston (hydraulic) valve operator
e. Hand (manual) valve operator
f. Reach rod valve operator

EO 1.3 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for

educators and ejectors.

EO 1.4 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the

following lines:

a. Process e. Instrument signal (electrical)

b. Pneumatic f. Instrument capillary
c. Hydraulic g. Electrical
d. Inert gas

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ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

EO 1.5 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the

following basic types of instrum entation:

a. Differential pressure cell e. Rotometer

b. Tem perature element f. Conductivity or
c. Venturi salinity cell
d. Orifice g. Radiation detector

EO 1.6 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs to denote

the location, either local or board mounted, of instruments,
indicators, and controllers.

EO 1.7 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the

following types of instrument signal modifiers:

a. Proportional
b. Proportional-integral
c. Proportional-integral-differential
d. Square root extractors

EO 1.8 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the

following types of system components:

a. Centrifugal pum ps e. Fans

b. Positive displacement pumps f. Tanks
c. Heat exchangers g. Filters/strainers
d. Compressors

Symbology

To read and interpret piping and instrument drawings (P&IDs), the reader must learn the meaning
of the symbols. This chapter discusses the common symbols that are used to depict fluid system
components. When the symbology is mastered, the reader will be able to interpret most P&IDs.

The reader should note that this chapter is only representative of fluid system symbology, rather
than being all-inclusive. The symbols presented herein are those most commonly used in
engineering P&IDs. The reader may expand his or her knowledge by obtaining and studying the
appropriate drafting standards used at his or her facility.

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 DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS

Valve Symbols

Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate, and pressure of fluids. Figure 1 shows the
symbols that depict the major valve types.

It shoud be noted that globe and gate valves will often be depicted by the same valve symbol.
In such cases, information concerning the valve type may be conveyed by the component
identification number or by the notes and legend section of the drawing; however, in many
instances even that may not hold true.

Figure 1 Valve Symbols

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 DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

Valve Actuators

Some valves are provided with actuators to allow remote operation, to increase mechanical
advantage, or both. Figure 2 shows the symbols for the common valve actuators. Note that
although each is shown attached to a gate valve, an actuator can be attached to any type of valve
body. If no actuator is shown on a valve symbol, it may be assumed the valve is equipped only
with a handwheel for manual operation.

Figure 2 Valve Actuator Symbols

The combination of a valve and an actuator is commonly called a control valve. Control valves
are symbolized by combining the appropriate valve symbol and actuator symbol, as illustrated
in Figure 2. Control valves can be configured in many different ways. The most commonly
found configurations are to manually control the actuator from a remote operating station, to
automatically control the actuator from an instrument, or both.

In many cases, remote control of a valve is accomplished

by using an intermediate, small control valve to operate
the actuator of the process control valve. The
intermediate control valve is placed in the line supplying
motive force to the process control valve, as shown in
Figure 3. In this example, air to the process air-operated
control valve is controlled by the solenoid-operated,
3-way valve in the air supply line. The 3-way valve may
supply air to the control valve's diaphragm or vent the
diaphragm to the atmosphere.
Figure 3 Remotely Controlled Valve

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 DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS

Note that the symbols alone in Figure 3 do not provide the reader with enough information to
determine whether applying air pressure to the diaphragm opens or closes the process control
valve, or whether energizing the solenoid pressurizes or vents the diaphragm. Further, Figure 3
is incomplete in that it does not show the electrical portion of the valve control system nor does
it identify the source of the motive force (compressed air). Although Figure 3 informs the reader
of the types of mechanical components in the control system and how they interconnect, it does
not provide enough information to determine how those components react to a control signal.

Control valves operated by an instrument signal are symbolized in the same manner as those
shown previously, except the output of the controlling instrument goes to the valve actuator.
Figure 4 shows a level instrument (designated "LC") that controls the level in the tank by
positioning an air-operated diaphragm control valve. Again, note that Figure 4 does not contain
enough information to enable the reader to determine how the control valve responds to a change
in level.

Figure 4 Level Control Valve

An additional aspect of some control valves is a valve positioner, which allows more precise
control of the valve. This is especially useful when instrument signals are used to control the
valve. An example of a valve positioner is a set of limit switches operated by the motion of the
valve. A positioner is symbolized by a square box on the stem of the control valve actuator. The
positioner may have lines attached for motive force, instrument signals, or both. Figure 5 shows
two examples of valves equipped with positioners. Note that, although these examples are more
detailed than those of Figure 3 and Figure 4, the reader still does not have sufficient information
to fully determine response of the control valve to a change in control signal.

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ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

Figure 5 Control Valves with Valve Positioners

In Example A of Figure 5, the reader can reasonably assume that opening of the control valve
is in some way proportional to the level it controls and that the solenoid valve provides an
override of the automatic control signals. However, the reader cannot ascertain whether it opens
or closes the control valve. Also, the reader cannot determine in which direction the valve moves
in response to a change in the control parameter. In Example B of Figure 5, the reader can make
the same general assumptions as in Example A, except the control signal is unknown. Without
additional information, the reader can only assume the air supply provides both the control signal
and motive force for positioning the control valve. Even when valves are equipped with
positioners, the positioner symbol may appear only on detailed system diagrams. Larger, overall
system diagrams usually do not show this much detail and may only show the examples of
Figure 5 as air-operated valves with no special features.

Control Valve Designations

A control valve may serve any number of functions within a fluid system. To differentiate
between valve uses, a balloon labeling system is used to identify the function of a control valve,
as shown in Figure 6. The common convention
is that the first letter used in the valve designator
indicates the parameter to be controlled by the
valve. For example:

F = flow
T = temperature
L = level
P = pressure
H = hand (manually operated valve)

The second letter is usually a "C" and identifies

the valve as a controller, or active component, as
opposed to a hand-operated valve. The third
letter is a "V" to indicate that the piece of
equipment is a valve. Figure 6 Control Valve Designations

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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS

Piping Systems

The piping of a single system may

contain more than a single medium.
For example, although the main
process flow line may carry water, the
associated auxiliary piping may carry
compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic
fluid. Also, a fluid system diagram
may also depict instrument signals and
electrical wires as well as piping.
Figure 7 shows commonly used
symbols for indicating the medium
carried by the piping and for
differentiating between piping,
instrumentation signals, and electrical
wires. Note that, although the
auxiliary piping symbols identify their
mediums, the symbol for the process
flow line does not identify its medium. Figure 7 Piping Symbols

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ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

The diagram may also depict

t h e i n d i v i d u al f i t t i n g s
comprising the piping runs
depending on its intended use.
Figure 8 shows symbols used
to depict pipe fittings.

Instrumentation

One of the main purposes of a

P&ID is to provide functional
information about how
instrumentation in a system or
piece of equipment interfaces
with the system or piece of
equipment. Because of this, a
large amount of the symbology
appearing on P&IDs depicts
instrumentation and instrument
loops.

The symbols used to represent

instruments and their loops can Figure 8 More Piping Symbols
be divided into four categories.
Generally each of these four
categories uses the component
identifying (labeling) scheme identified in Table 1. The first column of Table 1 lists the letters
used to identify the parameter being sensed or monitored by the loop or instrument. The second
column lists the letters used to indicate the type of indicator or controller. The third column lists
the letters used to indicate the type of component. The fourth column lists the letters used to
indicate the type of signals that are being modified by a modifier.

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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS

TAB LE 1
Instrument Identifiers

Type of Indicator
Sensed Parameter or Controller Type of Component Type of signal

F = flow R = recorder T = transmitter I = current

T = temperature I = indicator M = modifier V = voltage
P = pressure C = controller E = element P = pneumatic
I = current
L = level
V = voltage
Z = position

The first three columns above are combined such that the resulting instrument identifier indicates
its sensed parameter, the function of the instrument, and the type of instrument. The fourth
column is used only in the case of an instrument modifier and is used to indicate the types of
signals being modified. The following is a list of example instrument identifiers constructed from
Table 1.

FIC = flow indicating controller TT = temperature transmitter

FM = flow modifier PT = pressure transmitter
PM = pressure modifier FE = flow element
TE = temperature element FI = flow indicator
TR = temperature recorder TI = temperature indicator
LIC = level indicating controller FC = flow controller

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Sensing Devices and Detectors

The parameters of any system are monitored for indication, control, or both. To create a usable
signal, a device must be inserted into the system to detect the desired parameter. In some cases,
a device is used to create special conditions so that another device can supply the necessary
measurement. Figure 9 shows the symbols used for the various sensors and detectors.

Figure 9 Detector and Sensing Device Symbols

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M odifiers and Transmitters

Sensors and detectors by themselves are not sufficient to create usable system indications. Each
sensor or detector must be coupled with appropriate modifiers and/or transmitters. The
exceptions are certain types of local instrumentation having mechanical readouts, such as bourdon
tube pressure gages and bimetallic thermometers. Figure 10 illustrates various examples of
modifiers and transmitters. Figure 10 also illustrates the common notations used to indicate the
location of an instrument, i.e., local or board mounted.

Transmitters are used to

convert the signal from a
sensor or detector to a
form that can be sent to a
remote point for
processing, controlling, or
monitoring. The output
can be electronic (voltage
or current), pneumatic, or
hydraulic. Figure 10
illustrates symbols for
several specific types of
transmitters.

The reader should note that

modifiers may only be
identified by the type of
input and output signal
(such as I/P for one that
converts an electrical input
to a pneumatic output)
rather than by the
monitored parameter (such
as PM for pressure
modifier).

Figure 10 Transmitters and Instruments

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Indicators and Recorders

Indicators and recorders are

instruments that convert the signal
generated by an instrument loop
into a readable form. The
indicator or recorder may be
locally or board mounted, and like
modifiers and transmitters this
information is indicated by the
type of symbol used. Figure 11
provides examples of the symbols
used for indicators and recorders
and how their location is denoted.

Controllers

Controllers process the signal from

an instrument loop and use it to
position or manipulate some other
system component. Generally they
are denoted by placing a "C" in
the balloon after the controlling
parameter as shown in Figure 12.
There are controllers that serve to
process a signal and create a new
signal. These include proportional Figure 11 Indicators and Recorders
controllers, proportional-integral
controllers, and proportional-integral-differential controllers. The symbols for these controllers
are illustrated in Figure 13. Note that these types of controllers are also called signal
conditioners.

Figure 12 Controllers Figure 13 Signal Conditioners

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Exa mples of Simple Instrument Loops

Figure 14 shows two examples of

simple instrument loops. Figure 14
(A) shows a temperature transmitter
(TT), which generates two electrical
signals. One signal goes to a board-
mounted temperature recorder (TR) for
display. The second signal is sent to
a proportional-integral-derivative (PID)
controller, the output of which is sent
to a current-to-pneumatic modifier
(I/P). In the I/P modifier, the electric
signal is converted into a pneumatic
signal, commonly 3 psi to 15 psi,
which in turn operates the valve. The
function of the complete loop is to
modify flow based on process fluid
temperature. Note that there is not
enough information to determine how
flow and temperature are related and
what the setpoint is, but in some
instances the setpoint is stated on a
P&ID. Knowing the setpoint and
purpose of the system will usually be
sufficient to allow the operation of the
instrument loop to be determined.
Figure 14 Instrumentation System Examples

The pneumatic level transmitter (LT) illustrated in Figure 14 (B) senses tank level. The output
of the level transmitter is pneumatic and is routed to a board-mounted level modifier (LM). The
level modifier conditions the signal (possibly boosts or mathematically modifies the signal) and
uses the modified signal for two purposes. The modifier drives a board-mounted recorder (LR)
for indication, and it sends a modified pneumatic signal to the diaphragm-operated level control
valve. Notice that insufficient information exists to determine the relationship between sensed
tank level and valve operation.

Components

Within every fluid system there are major components such as pumps, tanks, heat exchangers,
and fans. Figure 15 shows the engineering symbols for the most common major components.

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Figure 15 Symbols for Major Components

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Miscellaneous P&ID Symbols

In addition to the normal symbols used on P&IDs to represent specific pieces of equipment, there
are miscellaneous symbols that are used to guide or provide additional information about the
drawing. Figure 16 lists and explains four of the more common miscellaneous symbols.

Figure 16 Miscellaneous Symbols

Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

Engineering Fluids Diagra ms and Prints Summary

In this chapter the common symbols found on P&IDs for valves, valve operators, process
piping, instrumentation, and common system components were reviewed.

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READING ENGINEERING P&IDs

Standards and conventions have been developed to provide consistency from

drawing to drawing. To accurately interpret a drawing, these standards and
conventions must be understood.

EO 1.9 STATE how the following valve conditions are depicted on an

engineering P& ID drawing:

a. Open valve e. Locked-closed valve

b. Closed valve f. Locked-open valve
c. Throttled valve g. Fail-open valves
d. Com bination valves h. Fail-closed valve
(3- or 4- way valve) i. Fail-as-is valve

Standards and Conventions for Valve Status

Before a diagram or print can be

properly read and understood, the
basic conventions used by P&IDs
to denote valve positions and
failure modes must be understood.
The reader must be able to
determine the valve position, know
if this position is normal, know
how the valve will fail, and in
some cases know if the valve is
normally locked in that position.
Figure 17 illustrates the symbols
used to indicate valve status.
Unless otherwise stated, P&IDs
indicate valves in their "normal"
position. This is usually
interpreted as the normal or
primary flowpath for the system.
An exception is safety systems,
which are normally shown in their Figure 17 Valve Status Symbols
standby or non-accident condition.

3-way valves are sometimes drawn in the position that they will fail to instead of always being
drawn in their "normal" position. This will either be defined as the standard by the system of
drawings or noted in some manner on the individual drawings.

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Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

Reading Engineering P&IDs Summary

This chapter reviewed the basic symbology, common standards, and conventions used on
P&IDs, such as valve conditions and modes of failure. This information, with the
symbology learned in the preceding chapter, provides the information necessary to read
and interpret most P&IDs.

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P&ID PRINT READING E XAMPLE

The ability to read and understand prints is achieved through the repetitive
reading of prints.

EO 1.10 Given an engineering P&ID, IDENTIFY components and

DETERM INE the flowpath(s) for a given valve lineup.

Exa mple

At this point, all the symbols for valves and major components have been presented, as have the
conventions for identifying the condition of a system. Refer to Figure 18 as necessary to answer
the following questions. The answers are provided in the back of this section so that you may
judge your own knowledge level.

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Figure 18 Exercise P&ID

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1. Identify the following components by letter or number.

a. Centrifugal pump
b. Heat exchanger
c. Tank
d. Venturi
e. Rupture disc
f. Relief valve
g. Motor-operated valve
h. Air-operated valve
i. Throttle valve
j. Conductivity cell
k. Air line
l. Current-to-pneumatic converter
m. Check valve
n. A locked-closed valve
o. A closed valve
p. A locked-open valve
q. A solenoid valve

2. What is the controlling parameter for Valves 10 and 21?

3. Which valves would need to change position in order for Pump B to supply flow to only
points G and H?

4. Which valves will fail open? Fail closed? Fail as is?

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Answers for questions on Figure 18

1. a. A or B
b. C or D
c. E
d. 31
e. 1
f. 8 or 17
g. 2,3,7 or 16
h. 10, 21
i. 12 or 24
j. 26
k. 32
l. 28
m. 5 or 14
n. 18 or 19
o. 18 or 19
p. 4
q. 11 or 23

2. Temperature as sensed by the temperature elements (TE)

3. Open 18 and/or 19
Shut 13 and 25

4. Fail Open: 2 and 3

Fail Closed: 10 and 21
Fail as is: 7 and 16

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Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

P&ID Print Reading Exa mple Summary

This chapter provided the student with examples in applying the material
learned in Chapters 1 and 2.

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FLUID P OWER P&IDs

Fluid power diagrams and schematics require an independent review because they
use a unique set of symbols and conventions.

EO 1.11 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering fluid power

drawings for the following components:

a. Pum p d. Actuators
b. Com pressor e. Piping and piping junctions
c. Reservoir f. Valves

EO 1.12 Given a fluid power type drawing, DETERM INE the operation
or resultant action of the stated component when hydraulic
pressure is applied/removed.

Fluid Power Diagra ms and Schematics

Different symbology is used when dealing with systems that operate with fluid power. Fluid
power includes either gas (such as air) or hydraulic (such as water or oil) motive media. Some
of the symbols used in fluid power systems are the same or similar to those already discussed,
but many are entirely different.

Fluid power systems are divided into five basic parts:

pumps, reservoirs, actuators, valves, and lines.

Pumps

In the broad area of fluid power, two categories of

pump symbols are used, depending on the motive
media being used (i.e., hydraulic or pneumatic). The
basic symbol for the pump is a circle containing one
or more arrow heads indicating the direction(s) of
flow with the points of the arrows in contact with the
circle. Hydraulic pumps are shown by solid arrow
heads. Pneumatic compressors are represented by
hollow arrow heads. Figure 19 provides common
Figure 19 Fluid Power Pump and
symbols used for pumps (hydraulic) and compressors Compressor Symbols
(pneumatic) in fluid power diagrams.

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Reservoirs

Reservoirs provide a location for storage of the motive media (hydraulic fluid or compressed gas).
Although the symbols used to represent reservoirs vary widely, certain conventions are used to
indicate how a reservoir handles the fluid. Pneumatic reservoirs are usually simple tanks and
their symbology is usually some variation of the cylinder shown in Figure 20. Hydraulic
reservoirs can be much more complex in terms of how the fluid is admitted to and removed from
the tank. To convey this information, symbology conventions have been developed. These
symbols are in Figure 20.

Figure 20 Fluid Power Reservoir Symbols

Actuator

An actuator in a fluid power system is any device that converts the hydraulic or pneumatic
pressure into mechanical work. Actuators are classified as linear actuators and rotary actuators.
Linear actuators have some form of piston device. Figure 21 illustrates several types of linear
actuators and their drawing symbols.

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Figure 21 Symbols for Linear Actuators

Rotary actuators are generally called motors and may be fixed or variable. Several of the more
common rotary symbols are shown in Figure 22. Note the similarity between rotary motor
symbols in Figure 22 and the pump symbols shown in Figure 19. The difference between them
is that the point of the arrow touches the circle in a pump and the tail of the arrow touches the
circle in a motor.

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Figure 22 Symbols for Rotary Actuators

Piping

The sole purpose of piping in a fluid power system is to transport the working media, at pressure,
from one point to another. The symbols for the various lines and termination points are shown
in Figure 23.

Figure 23 Fluid Power Line Symbols

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Valves

Valves are the most complicated symbols in fluid power systems. Valves provide the control that
is required to ensure that the motive media is routed to the correct point when needed. Fluid
power system diagrams require much more complex valve symbology than standard P&IDs due
to the complicated valving used in fluid power systems. In a typical P&ID, a valve opens, closes,
or throttles the process fluid, but is rarely required to route the process fluid in any complex
manner (three- and four-way valves being the common exceptions). In fluid power systems it
is common for a valve to have three to eight pipes attached to the valve body, with the valve
being capable of routing the fluid, or several separate fluids, in any number of combinations of
input and output flowpaths.

The symbols used to represent fluid power valves must contain much more information than the
standard P&ID valve symbology. To meet this need, the valve symbology shown in the
following figures was developed for fluid power P&IDs. Figure 24, a cutaway view, provides
an example of the internal complexity of a simple fluid power type valve. Figure 24 illustrates
a four-way/three-position valve and how it operates to vary the flow of the fluid. Note that in
Figure 24 the operator of the valve is not identified, but like a standard process fluid valve the
valve could be operated by a diaphragm, motor, hydraulic, solenoid, or manual operator. Fluid
power valves, when electrically operated by a solenoid, are drawn in the de-energized position.
Energizing the solenoid will cause the valve to shift to the other port. If the valve is operated
by other than a solenoid or is a multiport valve, the information necessary to determine how the
valve operates will be provided on each drawing or on its accompanying legend print.

Figure 24 Valve Operation

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Refer to Figure 25 to see how the valve in Figure 24 is transformed into a usable symbol.

Figure 25 Valve Symbol Development

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Figure 26 shows symbols for the various valve types used in fluid power systems.

Figure 26 Fluid Power Valve Symbols

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Reading Fluid Power Diagra ms

Using the symbology previously

discussed, a fluid power diagram can
now be read. But before reading some
complex examples, let's look at a
simple hydraulic system and convert it
into a fluid power diagram.

Using the drawing in Figure 27, the

left portion of Figure 28 lists each part
and its fluid power symbol. The right
side of Figure 28 shows the fluid
power diagram that represents the
drawing in Figure 27.

Figure 27 Simple Hydraulic Power System

Figure 28 Line Diagram of Simple Hydraulic Power System

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With an understanding of the principles involved in reading fluid power diagram, any diagram
can be interpreted. Figure 29 shows the kind of diagram that is likely to be encountered in the
engineering field. To read this diagram, a step-by-step interpretation of what is happening in the
system will be presented.

Figure 29 Typical Fluid Power Diagram

The first step is to get an overall view of what is happening. The arrows between A and B in
the lower right-hand corner of the figure indicate that the system is designed to press or clamp
some type of part between two sections of the machine. Hydraulic systems are often used in
press work or other applications where the work piece must be held in place.

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With the basic function understood, a detailed study of the diagram can be accomplished using
a step-by-step analysis of each numbered local area in the diagram.

LOCAL AREA NUMBER 1

Symbol for an open reservoir with a strainer. The strainer is used to clean the oil before
it enters the system.

LOCAL AREA NUMBER 2

Fixed displacement pump, electrically operated. This pump provides hydraulic pressure
to the system.

LOCAL AREA NUMBER 3

Symbol for a relief valve with separate pressure gage. The relief valve is spring operated
and protects the system from over pressurization. It also acts as an unloader valve to
relieve pressure when the cylinder is not in operation. When system pressure exceeds its
setpoint, the valve opens and returns the hydraulic fluid back to the reservoir. The gage
provides a reading of how much pressure is in the system.

LOCAL AREA NUMBER 4

Composite symbol for a 4-way, 2-position valve. Pushbutton PB-1 is used to activate the
valve by energizing the S-1 solenoid (note the valve is shown in the de-energized
position). As shown, the high pressure hydraulic fluid is being routed from Port 1 to Port
3 and then to the bottom chamber of the piston. This drives and holds the piston in local
area #5 in the retracted position. When the piston is fully retracted and hydraulic pressure
builds, the unloader (relief) valve will lift and maintain the system's pressure at setpoint.

When PB-1 is pushed and S-1 energized, the 1-2 ports are aligned and 3-4 ports are
aligned. This allows hydraulic fluid to enter the top chamber of the piston and drive it
down. The fluid in the bottom chamber drains though the 3-4 ports back into the
reservoir. The piston will continue to travel down until either PB-1 is released or full
travel is reached, at which point the unloader (relief) valve will lift.

LOCAL AREA NUMBER 5

Actuating cylinder and piston. The cylinder is designed to receive fluid in either the
upper or lower chambers. The system is designed so that when pressure is applied to the
top chamber, the bottom chamber is aligned to drain back to the reservoir. When pressure
is applied to the bottom chamber, the top chamber is aligned so that it drains back to the
reservoir.

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Types of Fluid Power Diagra ms

Several kinds of diagrams can be used to show how systems work. With an understanding of
how to interpret Figure 29, a reader will be able to interpret all of the diagrams that follow.

A pictorial diagram shows the physical arrangement of the elements in a system. The
components are outline drawings that show the external shape of each item. Pictorial drawings
do not show the internal function of the elements and are not especially valuable for maintenance
or troubleshooting. Figure 30 shows a pictorial diagram of a system.

Figure 30 Pictorial Fluid Power Diagram

A cutaway diagram shows both the physical arrangement and the operation of the different
components. It is generally used for instructional purposes because it explains the functions
while showing how the system is arranged. Because these diagrams require so much space, they
are not usually used for complicated systems. Figure 31 shows the system represented in
Figure 30 in cutaway diagram format and illustrates the similarities and differences between the
two types of diagrams.

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Figure 31 Cutaway Fluid Power Diagram

A schematic diagram uses symbols to show the elements in a system. Schematics are designed
to supply the functional information of the system. They do not accurately represent the relative
location of the components. Schematics are useful in maintenance work, and understanding them
is an important part of troubleshooting. Figure 32 is a schematic diagram of the system
illustrated in Figure 30 and Figure 31.

Figure 32 Schematic Fluid Power Diagram

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Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

Fluid Power P&IDs Summary

This chapter reviewed the most commonly used symbols on fluid power
diagrams and the basic standards and conventions for reading and
interpreting fluid power diagrams.

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