CHAPTER 1 NUMBER SYSTEMS MED In our earlier classes, we have learnt about the number line and the representation of various types of numbers (natural ‘numbers, integers, and rational numbers) on the number line, In this chapter, we will study rational numbers and the existence of irrational numbers and their representation on the number line. Let us first have a brief review of various types of numbers. Natural Numbers ‘The numbers used for counting objects are called natural numbers. ‘These are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.... and so on. The set of natural numbers is denoted by N. Note: 1 is the smallest natural number. Natural Number 35 250 30 8 169 | [12.34.56 1s ©5169) Whole numbers The natural numbers together with zero are called the whole numbers. ‘Thus, W = (0, 1,2, 3,4,5, 6...) Note: 0) is the smallest whole number. Whole numbers 0f.2.3.4.5,6 Natural numbers Integers All natural numbers, 0 and negatives of natural number together are known as integers. The set of integers is denoted by Lor Z. Thus, 1 or Z = {... “5, 4, -3,-2,-1, 23,45, 04)Integers 4, -3,-2,-1 Whole numbers lo [r234 [Natural numbers Even Numbers ‘The numbers which are exactly divisible by 2 are called even numbers. We denote the set of even natural numbers by E. Thus, E= (2, 4,6, 8, 10,12 .} Odd Numbers ‘The numbers which are not exactly divisible by 2 are called odd numbers. We denote the set of odd natural numbers by O. Thus, O=1, 3,5, 7,9, 1, 13,03 Prime Numbers ‘A prime number is a number which has no other factor except | and itself ‘The set of prime numbers is {2, 3, 5,7, 1, 13... Note: The smallest prime number is 2 and it is the only even prime number, Composite Numbers A composite number is a number that has factors other than 1 and itself ‘The set of composite numbers is (4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14...} Rational Numbers ‘The numbers which can be expressed in the form > ‘where p and q are integers and q + 0, are called rational numbers, The set of rational numbers is denoted by Q Integer 'P) , Rational gf number Non-zero integer Rational Numbers 32s _ io 44 16° 101 Thiewers Whole number T2334 [Lg lo [E23 Natural numbers, 4, =3,-1 e—_——-_————_ oe EF vot Srupy Marmntat Ctass-IX‘Some examples of rational numbers are 1 6r0.7, 2 0r0169,9 oF 0,4 or 4,-Tor~ Tete S10 TOG TOOT OT FG ‘Therefore, rational numbers also include natural numbers, whole numbers and integers, Properties of Rational Numbers 1. Commutative property: For rational numbers, addition and multiplication are commutative ‘Commutative law of addition: a +b=b +a ‘Commutative law of multiplication: a x b=b x a 2. Associative property: Rational numbers follow the associative property for addition and multiplication. Associative property of addition: (a+b) + e=a + (b+ 0) Associative property of multiplication: (a. b).c = a(b .¢) 3. Distributive property of multiplication over addition: a. (b +c) =ab + be 4. Closure property: The sum or subtraction or multiplication of two rational numbers is also a rational number. Note: The division of two rational numbers does not obey closure property because division by zero is not defined Property of Rational Numbers This property says that between any two rational numbers, there are infinitely many rational numbers. The rational ‘numbers between any two rational numbers can be found using method given below: 1s Suppose we need to insert 7 rational numbers between -y and = Step (i): Make denominators equal in both rational numbers. Tang 5 Ve have, and = LC. and 6 is We have, and = LCM of 9 and 6 is 36 Ted _28 od 36 5x6 _30 6x6 36 step (i ff we have to insert n rational numbers, then multiply the numerator and denominator of both the numbers by such a number so that the difference between the numerators is atleast n, 28x4 112 3exd 144 30x4 120 36.4 44 Hence, required 7 rational numbers are 113/144, 114/144, 115/144, 116/144, 117/144, 118/144 and 119/144, Noe Systems e @Example 1, Insert 8 rational numbers between 2 and 3 Four numbers between 30 and 50 are 31, 32, 33, Ans. Since we want to insert 8 rational numbers 3 between 2 and 3 So, the rational numbers between 22 and 52 To get the 8 rational numbers, we multiply and 70 divide both fraction by 8 + 1 ie. 9 po eee 70° 70° 70° 70 Find sen rao nantes tenes 2 5 3 and 5 Now, we have to insert § rational numbers Ans, We have Land >. LCM. of 6 and 21 is 42 1827 between and J ‘To make denominators equal ie., 42, we multiply L (©n increasing numerators by Lof 8 successively, ___‘Mumerator and denominator of | by 7 and that 0 ‘we get the required 8 rational numbers as follows of 5 by 2 we get é and 2°, a To insert seven rational numbers we multiply the umerators and denominators of both the . Insert 4 rational numbers between 3 by 7 amd frsctins by such, a number 2 of 3 oF 4 30 S by. that the difference between the numerators: eon Bang 3 is at least 8. Multiplying the mumerators and + The four rational numbers between = and > MF enominators of both fractions by 3, we get 313233 4 732 yg 03. 30 70° 70° 70° 70 "3" 126 42°3 "26 ‘Vo find: a To get the 4 rational numbers, we multiply and On increasing the oumeraioes by 1 of 355 divide both fraction by 10 successively, the required seven rational 1 5 0 3 numbers between 5 and >, are 22. 50 24 25 27 28 70 ‘A straight line on which points are identified with real numbers is called a number line. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 At regular intervals, successive integers are placed on the number line Representation of Numbers on the Number Line ‘We now learn the procedure of representing real numbers on the number line. Ee ——— o ——————— Evoke Stupy Mareatat Ciass-IXRepresentation of Natural Numbers Draw a line and mark a point on it, which represents 0 (zero). ‘Now mark point at equal intervals of length, on the right hand side of zero (0) as shown below. These points represent natural number 1, 2, 3,4, .. respectively. The three dots on number line indicate the continuation of these numbers indefinitely Representation of Whole Numbers This is similar as above, but with the inclusion of 0 in the number line as follows: Representation of Integers Draw a line. Mark a point on it which represent 0 (zero) 3 2-1 0 tT 2 3 4 ‘Three dots on either ide show the continuation of integers indefinitely on each side, Representation of Rational Numbers Representation of rational numbers on a number line is very similar to the representation of negative integers or negative fractions on a number line. On a number line, keeping 'O' as the reference, the left-hand side of 0" represents the negative region, and the right-hand side of 'O' represents the positive region. Let us look into the steps to represent rational ‘numbers on a number line as shown below Example: We will plot 4/5 on the number line Step 1: Draw a number line by marking 0 as the reference Step 2: Identify the integers between which the rational number lie and mark them, Here, 4/5 lies between 0 and 1 Step 3: Mark the number of divisions between the integers marked in step II equivalent to the denominator of the given rational number. Here 4/5 has 5 as the denominator, Thus, we will make 5 divisions, ttt 0 Step 4: number, For 4/5 we will be moving 4 units towards the right starting from 0. arting from O, move towards the right by the number of steps equivalent to the numerator of the given rational Rational Numbers on Number Line ‘Thus, we have represented 4/5 on the number line as encircled above. Nox Systems ° @