221-EE306: Electromechanical devices

Instructor: Dr. Ibrahim Habibullah

Design Project
Due Date: December 4 th, 2022 @ 10:00pm
Design & Specifications of a Single -phase
Transformer

Section #7
Serial #9
Name Family Name First Name
ALALMIE NAYEF
KFUPM ID#: 2 0 1 7 5 2 5 1 0

Submission (dd) (mm) (yyyy)

Date: 0 4 1 2 2 0 2 2
Contents
Chapter 1 .................................................................................... 3
Introduction to Single Phase Transformers ................................. 3
1.1 Background: ...................................................................... 3
1.2 Objectives: ........................................................................ 3
1.3 Design Requirements and information .............................. 4
Chapter 2 .................................................................................... 5
Design Analysis and Calculations .............................................. 5
2.1 Selection of the Transformer Size ..................................... 5
2.2 Determination of Primary and Secondary Currents .......... 5
2.3 Determination of Full Load Capacity (kW) ...................... 6
2.4 Calculation of Full Load Efficiency .................................. 6
2.6 Efficiency for Different Scenarios .................................... 7
2.7 Determination of Maximum efficiency ............................. 9
Chapter 3 .................................................................................. 10
Conclusion and Recommendation ............................................ 10
3.1 Conclusion ...................................................................... 10
 Chapter 1
Introduction to Single Phase Transformers

1.1 Background:

Transformers are nowadays used in almost everywhere in our life. It is basically a

device that converts the magnetic energy into electrical energy with a goal of
reducing the cost in transmission lines and distribution lines. The basic elements in
a transformer are the electrical coils as well as a core that held those coils. There
are two sides called the primary and the secondary side of a transformer. However,
the ration of converting voltages between primary and secondary side mainly
depend on the number of turns or what is called turns ratio (See figure 1). This
paper will examine the process of designing a single-phase transformer as well as
determining different parameters based on the costumers needs.

Figure 1: Basic design of a Single phase transformer

1.2 Objectives:

The main objective of this project is to determine the transformer’s kVA rating
based on the standard sizes as well as to determine the primary and secondary
current of the chosen transformer. In addition, efficiency of the transformer under
different loading conditions (LD’s) must be determined.
1.3 Design Requirements and information

Specifying the customer needs is one of the most important steps in the design
process of a single-phase transformer. However, some of these needs are
presented in constrains to be followed. Which are:

• Primary voltage VP from the source: 600-V.

• Secondary voltage Vs to the building: 220-V.
• Start Factor: 20% of current total load capacity.
• Future Loads: 10% of current total load capacity.

The selection of the transformer is restricted on given standard sizes on the market:

Also, electrical loads to be used by the customer are given as:

Type of Loads Rating (VA) Load Voltage (V) Power Factor

Lighting load 4000 220 1.0

Laundry equipment 2000 220 0.85

Kitchen equipment 3000 220 0.9

Dishwasher 1500 220 0.80

Disposal 500 220 0.9

Air-conditioning 14000 220 0.85

 Chapter 2
Design Analysis and Calculations

2.1 Selection of the Transformer Size

The first step of selecting a proper transformer from the standard sizes is to
calculate all possible loads in the building:

➢ Total Load (VA) = Lighting load + Laundry equipment + Kitchen equipment +

Kitchen equipment + Dishwasher + Disposal + Air-conditioning = 4000 +
2000 + 3000 + 1500 + 500 + 14000 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐕𝐀

➢ Assuming 10% future loads: 𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 (𝐕𝐀) = 𝟏. 𝟏 × 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐕𝐀

➢ Assuming 20% Starting factor: 𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 (𝐕𝐀) = 𝟏. 𝟐 × 𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟑 𝐊𝐕𝐀

The total KVA capacity required for the transformer (including the additional future
loads and the starting factor) is 𝟑𝟑 𝐊𝐕𝐀. Therefore, a transformer of 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 𝐊𝐕𝐀
must be selected.

2.2 Determination of Primary and Secondary Currents

Based on the selected standard transformer size, the Primary current can be found
from the relation:

𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝, 𝐒 (𝐕𝐀) = 𝐈𝑷 × 𝐕𝑷

𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝐈𝑷 = = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝑨
𝟔𝟎𝟎
Similarly, the Secondary current is found as:

𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝, 𝐒 (𝐕𝐀) = 𝐈𝒔 × 𝐕𝒔

𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝐈𝒔 = = 𝟏𝟕𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟓 𝑨
𝟐𝟐𝟎

2.3 Determination of Full Load Capacity (kW)

There are two approaches to find the full load output power in kW, the first by
assuming that the full load is for the existing devices in the building (not including
future loads), Therefore, the full load capacity will be calculated as:

𝐏𝒐𝒖𝒕 (𝐤𝐖) = ∑(𝑺 × 𝑷𝑭)

Where,
S = Rating for each type of load.
PF = Power factor for different loads.

𝐏𝒐𝒖𝒕 (𝐤𝐖) = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟗 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟖

+ 𝟓𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟗 + 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝑾

The second approach is to consider the future 10% load. But it cannot be directly
found since the power factor for the future loads is not known.

2.4 Calculation of Full Load Efficiency

In order to find the efficiency of the transformer when all devices in the building
are running (Not including future loads), The following assumptions are made:

• Full load copper losses (𝐏𝒄𝒖 ): 907-W

• Core losses (𝐏𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 ): 609-W
The efficiency is calculated as follows:

𝐏𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟎
𝜼= × 100 = × 100 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟓𝟒%
𝐏𝒐𝒖𝒕 + 𝐏𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟎 + (𝟗𝟎𝟕) + (𝟔𝟎𝟗)

2.6 Efficiency for Different Scenarios

The efficiency of the transformer when all existing loads are connected has been
calculated. Nevertheless, it is possible that not all loads are plugged in at the same
time resulting in different copper losses and different efficiencies. Therefore, the
efficiency of the transformer considering the following three scenarios is calculated
as:

Case A - Lighting & Air-conditioning:

𝐏𝒐𝒖𝒕−𝑨 (𝐤𝐖) = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏 + 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟗 𝒌𝑾

𝐏𝒄𝒖.𝑭𝑳 = 𝐈𝑭𝑳 𝒔 × 𝑹𝟐 ≫ 𝟗𝟎𝟕 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟐 × 𝑹 ≫ 𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟕 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔

𝑺 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐈𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅−𝑨 = = = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟖𝟐 𝑨
𝐕𝒔 𝟐𝟐𝟎

𝟐
𝐏𝒄𝒖−𝑨 = 𝐈𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅−𝑨 × 𝑹 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟖𝟐𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟕 = 𝟐𝟎𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝟏 𝑾

𝐏𝒐𝒖𝒕−𝑨 𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝜼𝑨 = = × 100 = 𝟗𝟓. 𝟏𝟎𝟕%
𝐏𝒐𝒖𝒕−𝑨 + 𝐏𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟎+(𝟐𝟎𝟖.𝟗𝟖𝟏)+(𝟔𝟎𝟗)
Case B - Kitchen equipment & Dishwasher:

𝐏𝒐𝒖𝒕−𝑩 (𝐤𝐖) = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟗 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟖 = 𝟑. 𝟗 𝒌𝑾

𝑺 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝐈𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅−𝑩 = = = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟓 𝑨
𝐕𝒔 𝟐𝟐𝟎

𝟐
𝐏𝒄𝒖−𝑩 = 𝐈𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅−𝑩 × 𝑹 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟕 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟔𝟏 𝑾

𝐏𝒐𝒖𝒕−𝑩 𝟑𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝜼𝑩 = = × 100 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐𝟒𝟒%
𝐏𝒐𝒖𝒕−𝑩 + 𝐏𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝟑𝟗𝟎𝟎+(𝟏𝟑.𝟎𝟔𝟏)+(𝟔𝟎𝟗)

Case C - Laundry equipment & Disposal:

𝐏𝒐𝒖𝒕−𝑪 (𝐤𝐖) = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 + 𝟓𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟗 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑾

𝑺 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝐈𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅−𝑪 = = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟒 𝑨
𝐕𝒔 𝟐𝟐𝟎

𝟐
𝐏𝒄𝒖−𝑪 = 𝐈𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅−𝑪 × 𝑹 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟕 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟏 𝑾

𝐏𝒐𝒖𝒕−𝑪 𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝜼𝑪 = = × 100 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟖𝟏𝟑%
𝐏𝒐𝒖𝒕−𝑪 + 𝐏𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟎+(𝟒.𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟏)+(𝟔𝟎𝟗)
 2.7 Determination of Maximum efficiency

The Maximum efficiency of a transformer occurs when the copper losses are equal
to core losses. Therefore, the maximum efficiency of the transformer considering
power factor of 0.9 can be calculated as:

𝑽𝑨 × 𝑷𝑭
𝜼𝒎𝒂𝒙 = × 100
(𝑽𝑨 × 𝑷𝑭) + (𝟐 × 𝐏𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 )

𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟗
𝜼𝒎𝒂𝒙 = × 100 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟓𝟏𝟕%
(𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟗) + (𝟐 × 𝟔𝟎𝟗)
 Chapter 3
Conclusion and Recommendation

3.1 Conclusion and Recommendations

To conclude, this report has gone through the steps of designing a single-phase
transformer following the standard sizes, and under some constraints. Also, it has
found different parameters of the transformer such as its Capacity and efficiency.
It was observed that there was no further information regarding the future loads
added for the transformer. Hence, this info helped only in deciding the size of the
transformer. I recommend that more specific details are given in the future
regarding the future loads to be added.