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RESEARCH 1

MEANING OF RESEARCH
The word “research” originated from the old French word “recerchier” meaning to search and search again. It literally
implies repeating a search for something and implicitly assumes that the earlier search was not exhaustive and complete in the
sense that there is still scope for improvement. Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. It may be
defined as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic/area. In fact, research is an art of
scientific investigation. The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English lays down the meaning of research as “a careful
investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge”. Redman and Mory define
research as “a systematized effort to gain new knowledge”. Some people consider research as a movement, a movement from
known to unknown. It is a voyage of discovery.
Research is a scientific approach of answering a research question, solving a problem, or generating new knowledge
through a systematic and orderly collection, organization, and analysis of information with a goal of making the research useful
in decision-making. Systematic research in any field of inquiry involves three basic operations
1. Data collection: It refers to observing, measuring, and recording information.
2. Data analysis: It refers to arranging and organizing the collected data so that we may be able to find out what their
significance is and generalize about them.
3. Report writing: It is an inseparable part and an outcome of a research study. Its purpose is to convey information contained in
it to the readers or audience.
In this context, legal research is defined as ‘systematic’ finding law on a particular point and making advancement in
the science of law. It involves a systematic search of legal materials, statutory, subsidiary, and judicial pronouncements. For
making advancement in the science of law, one needs to go into the ‘underlying principles or reasons of the law’. These
activities warrant a systematic approach. An approach becomes systematic when a researcher follows scientific method.
Research is systematic because it follows certain steps that are logical in order. These steps are-
Understanding the nature of problem to be studied and identifying the related area of knowledge.
 Reviewing literature to understand how others have approached or dealt with the problem.
 Collecting data in an organized and controlled manner to arrive at valid decisions.
 Analyzing data appropriate to the problem.
 Drawing conclusions and making generalizations.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
Research is a process through which we attempt to achieve systematically and with the support of data the answer to a
question, the resolution of a problem, or a greater understanding of a phenomenon. This process has eight distinct
characteristics. Research…
1. Originates with a question or problem.
2. Requires a clear articulation of a goal.
3. Follows a specific plan of procedure.
4. Usually divides the principal problem into more manageable sub-problems.
5. Is guided by the specific research problem, question, or hypothesis.
6. Accepts certain critical assumptions.
7. Requires the collection and interpretation of data in attempting to resolve the problem that initiated the research.
8. Is by its nature, cyclical; or more exactly, helical.

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Assessment 1
Directions: Read the sentences. Put a check (√ ) on the space before the number if you think that the sentence is true about
research. Put a cross (X) if you think that it is not.
_____1. Research begins with a problem.
_____2. Research is merely gathering information.
_____3. Research is transporting facts from one place to another.
_____4. Research is rummaging around for hard-to-locate information.
_____5. Research is a creative and systematic work undertaken to get additional information.
_____6. Research must be hurriedly conducted.
_____7. There should be enough data before conducting research.
_____8. The researcher must have a final say in his or her findings.
_____9. The cause why students fail in quizzes are worth researching.
_____10. Any concern or issue confronted by the students is researchable.
_____11. Research is an apolitical activity intended for the betterment of the society.
_____12. Research entails an investigation of new facts leading to the discovery of new ideas, methods and improvements.
13-15. What is research? Why research is important?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Performance Task
1. Compose an essay/poem/song/poster regarding the use of research in your daily life as a student.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.
2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and
experimental and case study.
5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures.
7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid
and conclusive results.

ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs about what is right or wrong, proper or improper, good or bad.
According to a dictionary definition (Webster‘s 1968), to be ethical is to conform to accepted professional practice. Ethical
considerations in conducting research
1. Objectivity and integrity
2. Respect of the research subjects‘ right to privacy and dignity and protection of subjects from personal harm
3. Presentation of research findings
4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor
Unethical practices in conducting research
1. Deceiving a respondent about the true purpose of a study
2. Asking a respondent question that cause him or her extreme embarrassment; guilt emotional turmoil by remaining
him or her of an unpleasant experience
3. Invading the privacy of a respondent
4. Studying the respondents or research subjects without their knowledge
5. When analyzing the data—revealing only part of the facts, presenting facts out of context, falsifying findings, or
offering misleading presentation such as lying with statistics

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CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH
Whatever the types of research works have been done, they all meet on the common ground of scientific method.
Scientific research to satisfy the following criteria –
 Purpose of the research should be clearly defined and common concepts be used.
 Research procedure used should be described in sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat the research
for further advancement.
 Procedural design of the research should be carefully planned to yield results that are as objective as possible.
 Researcher should report with complete frankness, flaws in procedural design and estimate their effects upon the
findings.
 Analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and the methods of analysis used should be
appropriate. The validity and reliability of the data should be checked carefully.
 Conclusions should be confined to those justified by the data of the research.
Good research has also the following qualities –
1. It is systematic: Research is structured with specified steps to be taken in a specified sequence in accordance with the
well-defined set of rules. Systematic characteristic of the research does not rule out creative thinking, but it certainly does reject
the use of guessing and intuition in arriving at conclusions.
2. It is logical: Research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning and the logical process of induction and deduction
are of great value in carrying out research. Induction is the process of reasoning from a part to the whole whereas deduction is
the process of reasoning from some premise to a conclusion which follows from that very premise. In fact, logical reasoning
makes research more meaningful in the context of decision making.
3. Good research is empirical: Research is related basically to one or more aspects of a real situation and deals with
concrete data that provides a basis for external validity to research results.
4. Good research is replicable: Research results to be verified by replicating the study and thereby building a sound
basis for decisions.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESEARCHER


1. Intellectual Curiosity-A researcher undertakes a deep thinking and inquiry of the things and situations around him.
2. Prudence-The researcher is careful to conduct his research study at the right time and at the right place wisely,
efficiently, and economically.
3. Healthy Criticism-The researcher is always doubtful as to the truthfulness of the results.
4. Intellectual Honesty-An intelligent researcher is honest to collect or gather data or facts to arrive at honest results.
5. Intellectual Creativity-A productive and resourceful investigator always creates new research.

SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
 Research is important for researchers in studying social relationship and in seeking answers to various social problems.
 Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our economic system.
 Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning of business and industry.
 Research is needed to develop strategies and models in rural development.
 The role of research in several fields of applied economics, whether related to business or to the economy, has greatly
increased in modern items.
 Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking, and it promotes the development of logical habits of thinking and
organization.
 To students who are to write a master’s or PhD thesis, research may mean a way to attain a high position in the social
structure.
 To professionals, research may mean a source of livelihood.
 To literary men and women, research may mean the development of new style and creative work.
 To analysts and intellectuals, research may mean the generalizations of new theories. Thus, research is the foundation of
knowledge for the sake of knowledge and an important source for providing guidelines for solving different business,
government, and social problems.

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RESEARCH PROCESS

ETHICS OF RESEARCH
Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs about what is right or wrong, proper or improper, good or bad.
According to a dictionary definition (Webster‘s 1968), to be ethical is to conform to accepted professional practice.
Ethics should be applied in all stages of research from planning, to gathering of data, to the analysis and interpretation
and evaluation (oral examination) of the research.
Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research. In addition, it educates and monitors
scientists conducting research to ensure a high ethical standard. The following is a general summary of some ethical principles:
 Honesty
 Objectivity
 Integrity
 Carefulness
 Openness
 Respect for Intellectual Property
 Confidentiality
 Responsible Publication
 Responsible Mentoring
 Social Responsibility
 Non-Discrimination
 Competence
 Legality
 Animal Care
 Human Subjects Protection
Source: What is Ethics in Research & Why is it Important? U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Research Misconducts
(a) Fabrication - making up data or results and recording or reporting them.
(b) Falsification - manipulating research materials or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not
accurately represented in the research record.
(c) Plagiarism - the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate
credit. Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of opinion.
Source: Definition of Research Misconduct
The Office of Research Integrity, U.S. Department of Health & Human Service

Reflection:
1. What drives a person to commit research misconduct and what can you suggest changing it?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
It is beneficial if you can classify a research study under a specific category because each category or type of research
uses a specific set of procedures. There are two ways of classifying research –
 One way is to classify research based on its purpose, and
 The other is to classify research based on the method employed in research.

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Taking purpose as the basis of classification, research is considered to be three types – Basic, Applied (including
Developmental research) and Evaluative. The other basis for classifying research is by the method it employs. Research method
is characterized by the techniques employed in collecting and analyzing data. On the basis of method, research can be classified
as historical, descriptive, correlational, ex-post facto and experimental.
Basic Research: When the solution to the research problem has no apparent applications to any existing practical
problem but only of the scholarly interests of a community of a researcher, the research is called basic reach. Basic research
attempts to generate and expand the fundamental knowledge about social world. It has no practical value or has little direct
impact on action, performance, or policy decision. Basic researchers are more detached and academic in their approach and tend
to have their own motives. Example of pure research is - a social researcher in a developed country has investigated if there is
any relationship between religion and occupation. If we attempt to see the relationship found in developed countries is also
present in the developing country, we are doing basic research. Pure basic research is experimental and theoretical work
undertaken to acquire new knowledge without looking for long-term benefits other than the advancement of knowledge.
Strategic basic research is experimental and theoretical work undertaken to acquire new knowledge directed into specified broad
areas in the expectation of useful discoveries. It provides the broad base of knowledge necessary for the solution of recognized
practical problems.
Applied Research: It variously known as action research, operations research, social research, decision-linked research,
is a type of research that covers a wide range of social science areas. Applied research is inspired by the needs of social action
and aims at finding a practical solution for an immediate problem of the sociality making optimal use of the available resources.
The problemsolving nature of the applied research means it is conducted to reveal answers to specific questions related to
action, performance or policy needs. Example that demonstrates what the applied research is - it has been observed that in
Bangladesh, the proportion of women who are delivered through Caesarian section is very high. It is suspected that small height
is one of the risk factors to difficult deliveries. A study may therefore be conducted to verify if this is the case.

Evaluative Research: It is concerned with the evaluation of such occurrences as social and organizational programs or
intervention. Evaluative research attempts to-
 Assess implemented activities;
 Examine effects of activities;
 Assess short-term effects;
 Determine the impact of a program; and
 Evaluate success of intervention. The use of the principles of experimental design is fairly entrenched in evaluation
research, but other approaches have merged in recent years. An example is cited - Goiter is highly, prevalent in many parts of
Bangladesh. UNICEF, Bangladesh initiated lipiodol injection campaign in some selected Thana in 1989. After a period of two
years, the impact of this campaign was evaluated. The results were compared with another area where no such campaign was
launched.
Historical Research: It is that which utilizes historical sources like documents, remains, etc. to study events or ideas of
the past, including the philosophy of persons and groups at any remote point of time. The purpose of historical research is to
arrive at conclusions concerning trends, causes or effects of past occurrences. This may help in explaining present events and
anticipating future events.
Descriptive Research: It includes case studies, surveys and fact-findings enquiries of different kinds. The major
purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs, as it exists at present. The main characteristic of this method

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is the researcher has no control over the variables; s/he can only reprot what has happened or what is happening. Descriptive
research studies deal with collecting data and testing hypotheses or answering questions concerning the current status of the
subject of study. It deals with the question ‘what is’ of a situation. It concerns with determining the current practices, status or
features of situations. Another aspect of descriptive research is that data collection is either done through asking questions from
individuals in the situation (through questionnaires or interviews) or by observation. Market study on peoples choice is mostly
descriptive research.
Correlational Research: Descriptive and historical researches provide a picture of events that are currently happening
or have occurred in the past. Researchers often want to go beyond mere description and begin discussing the relationship that
certain events might have to one another. The most likely type of research to answer the relationship among variables or events
is called correlational research. It aims at determining the degree of relationship between two or more quantifiable variables.
Secondly, the relationship thus determined could be used for making predictions. A high value of relationship, however, does
not signify a cause and effect relationship which must be verified through experimental study. This research is often conducted
to test the reliability and predictive validity of instruments used for division making concerning selection of individuals for the
likely success in a course of study or a specific job. Some authors consider this research as a type of descriptive research, since
it describes the current conditions in a situation.
However, the difference lays in the nature of conditions studies. A correlational study describes in quantitative terms
the degree to which the variables are related.
Ex-post Facto Research: There is some research where both the effect and the alleged cause have already occurred and are
studied by the researcher in retrospect. Such research is referred to as Ex-post Facto (after the fact). Kerlinger (1973) defines
Ex-post Facto research as: “Systematic empirical inquiry in which the scientist does not have direct control of independent
variables because their manifestations have already occurred or because they are inherently not manipulable”. Thus, in ex-post
facto research or causal-comparative research the researcher has no control on the variables or s/he cannot manipulate the
variables (independent variables) which cause a certain effect (dependent variables) being measured. Since this type of study
lacks manipulation of variables, the cause-effect relationship measured are only tentative. Some authors categorize Expost facto
studies into the category of descriptive research. Though it too describes conditions that exist in a situation, it attempts to
determine reasons or causes for the current status of the phenomena under study. The procedures involved in this study are quite
different than those in descriptive research.
Experimental Research: We already know that correlational research can help establish the presence of a relationship
among variables but not give us any reason to believe that variables are causally related to one another. How does one find out
if the characteristics or behaviors or events are related in such a way that the relationship is a causal one? Two types of research
can answer this: (1) quasi-experimental research and (2) experimental research. Experimental research is where participants
are assigned to groups based on some selected criterion often called treatment variable. Quasi-experimental research is where
participants are pre-assigned to groups based on some characteristic or quality such as differences in sex, race, age,
neighborhood, etc. These group assignments have already taken place before the experiment begins, and the researcher has no
control as to what the people will belong to each group. The primary characteristic of experimental research is manipulation of
at least one variables and control over the other relevant variables so as to measure its effect on one or more dependent
variables. The variable (s) which is manipulated is also called an independent variable, a treatment, an experimental variables or
the cause. Some of the examples of independent variables could be: temperature, pressure, chemical concentration, type of
material and conductivity. Experimental research will always have two or more groups for comparison on the dependent
variables. It is the only type of research which can establish truly the cause and effect relations.
Some Other Types of Research Analytical Research
In analytical research the researcher has to use facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a
critical evaluation of the material.
Quantitative Research: It is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be
expressed in terms of quantity.
Qualitative Research: It is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or involving quality or
kind. For instance, when we are interested in investigating the reasons for human behavior (i.e., why people think or do certain
things), we quite often talk of “Motivation Research”, an important type of qualitative research. This type of research aims at
discovering the underlying motives and desires, using in depth interviews for the purpose. Attitude or opinion research i.e.,
research designed to find out how people feel or what they think about a particular subject or institution is also qualitative
research. Qualitative research is specially important in the behavioral sciences where the aim is to discover the underlying
motives of human behavior.

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Conceptual Research: It is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and
thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.
Longitudinal Research: From the point of view of time, we can think of research either as one-time research or
longitudinal research. In the former case the research is confined to a single timeperiod, whereas in the latter case the research is
carried on over several time-periods. Historical research, case study, genetic comes under longitudinal approach of research.
Cross Sectional Research: This type of studies are designed to look at a variable at a particular point in time.
Longitudinal studies involve taking multiple measures over an extended period of time, while cross-sectional research is
focused on looking at variables at a specific point in time. Experimental research, survey are the examples of cross sectional
research.
Clinical or Diagnostic Research: Clinical or diagnostic research follow case-study methods or indepth approaches to
reach the basic causal relations. Such studies usually go deep into the causes of things or events that interest us, using very small
samples and very deep probing data gathering devices.
Baseline/Bench-mark Survey/Research: A baseline survey is a research in which data on pre-project socio-economic
and business aspects are generated in order to facilitate the assessment of future impact of project intervention. A baseline
survey is conducted in the absence of available published data on various socio-economic and business aspects.
Impact Assessment: The research, which is undertaken to measure the quantitative benefits derived out of project
intervention and qualitative changes that occurred due to project intervention, is known as impact assessment research. This
type of research also provides information for identifying the negative impact of the project.
Feasibility Studies: This type of research is undertaken prior to starting of any business enterprise or any business-
related project. This type of research is done to assess the technical, economic, market and financial viability of the project. The
issue whether the project is socially desirable and environmentally acceptable is also taken into consideration.
Research can also be classified as conclusion-oriented and decision-oriented. While doing conclusionoriented
research, a researcher is free to pick up a problem, redesign the enquiry as s/he proceeds and is prepared to conceptualize as s/he
wishes. Decision-oriented research is always for the need of a decision maker and the researcher in this case is not free to
embark upon research according to his/her own inclination. Operations research is an example of decision-oriented research
since it is a scientific method of providing executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding operations
under their control.

To do
1. Make an organized concept map of the classification of research.
(You may use other reference)

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STEPS IN CONDUCTING A RESEARCH
Irrespective of the category of a research study, the steps followed in conducting it are the same. These steps are –
Selecting and Defining Problem: This marks the beginning of a research study and is the most difficult and important
step. This involves – (i) identifying and stating the problem in specific terms; (ii) identifying the variables in the problem
situation and defining them adequately; (iii) generating tentative guesses (hypotheses) about the relation of the variables or in
other words the solution of the problem or writing explicitly the questions (research questions) for which answers are sought;
and (iv) evaluating the problem for its research ability. To achieve this, you review the literature related to the problem to know
what other researchers have done and discovered and to identify the possible methodology for conducting the research.

Performance Task:
1. List at least 3 research problem/title.

Describing Methodology of Research: You need to state the purpose of the study and to define the problem clearly.
This guides you in deciding the methodology of research which involves: (a) identifying the method of research; (b) specifying
the subjects of study; (c) selecting an adequate representative sample of subjects; (d) selecting/constructing valid and reliable
instruments for measuring the variables in the problem; (e) selecting a research design and describing the procedure to be
employed for conducting the research study.
Collecting Data: This step involves conducting the study as per the designed procedure (manipulating the experimental
variables in the case of an experimental method), administering instruments for measuring variables and/or gathering
information through observation. It also involves tabulating the data thus collected for the purpose of analysis.
Analyzing and Interpreting Results: The results of the study are generated at this stage. The data are summarized, in
other words analyzed to provide information for testing the hypotheses. Appropriate statistical methods of analysis are used to
test the hypotheses. You can perform the analysis manually, by using a hand calculator or a computer as per the demands of the
problem, and the available facilities. After completing the analysis results are tied together or summarized. The results are
interpreted in the light of the hypotheses and/or the research problem. These are then discussed in relation to: the existing body
of knowledge, consistencies and inconsistencies with the results of other research studies, and then the conclusions are drawn.
This is followed by writing the research report.

Performance Task:
2. Make a research proposal

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CHAPTER 1
Parts of Chapter1 : Introduction of the Study
 Introduction
Discusses 4 relevant ideas
a. Topic or subject matter: define and elaborate using methods of paragraph development like classification
and giving examples.
b. Importance of the topic: cite the role that the topic plays in your life and the benefits you derived from it.
c. Reasons for choosing the topic: emphasized what motivated you to choose the topic.
d. Purpose of the Study: discuss the objective of the study.
 Background of the Study:
It is an overview of factors which have led to the problem, comprise the problem and historical significance
related to the problem.
 Theoretical Framework:
An organized body that explains what has been done and what has been said on the topic or problem being
investigated.
 Conceptual Framework:
A tentative explanation or theoretical explanation of the phenomenon or problem and serves as the basis for
formulation research hypotheses
Becomes the central theme, the focus, the main thrust of the study. It serves as a guide in conducting
investigation.
 Statement of the Problem:
There should be a general statement of the whole problem followed by the specific questions or sub problems
into which the general is broken up.
 Hypothesis:
It is a tentative answer to a research question, it can be derived (a.) from the observation before the research is
conducted. This is called inductive hypothesis, (b.) from the theory. This is called deductive hypothesis.
Kinds of Hypothesis
1. Research hypothesis is usually developed from experience, literature or theory, or combination of these.
This is the expected relationship between variables.
2. Null hypothesis is the one that states no relationship between variables. The function is to let the research
test the hypothesis statistically.
 Significance of the Study:
Who are to be benefited and how they going to be benefited? It must be shown who are individuals, groups, or
communities who may be placed in more advantageous position on the account of the study.
Possible contribution to the fund of knowledge
 Definition of Terms:
May be taken from encyclopedias, books, magazines, and newspaper articles, dictionaries, and other
publications but the researcher must acknowledge the source.
Should be brief, clear, and unequivocal as possible.
Acronyms should always be spelled out fully
 Delimitation of the Study:
Should include the following:
a. A brief statement of the general purpose of the study.
b. The subject matter and topics studied and discussed.
c. The locale of the study, where the data gathered or the entity to which the data belong.
d. The population universe from which the respondents were selected. This must be large enough to make
generalization significant.
e. The period of the study. This is the time. Either months or years, during which the data were gathered.

Performance Task:
1. Construct Chapter1 of the approved research title.
Format:
Font style: Courier New
Font size: 12

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Spacing: Double
Size: 8.5 x 11
Margin:
Top, bottom, left: 1
Right: 1.5

Reference:
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dictionary. Retrieved July 22, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cohesive Merriam-Webster.(n.d.).
Graphic.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 22, 2020, from
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/graphic Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). Innovation.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary.
Retrieved July 22, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/innovation
Cristobal, A. P. & Cristobal, M. C. D. (2017). Practical research for senior high school. Quezon City, Manila: C & E
Publishing, Inc. Jerusalem, V. L., Garcia, M. D.R., Palencia, J. M. & Palencia, M. M. (2017).Practical research 1: Basics of
qualitative research. Sampaloc, Manila: Fastbooks. Matira, M. D.(2016).Practical research for the 21st century learners.
Sampaloc, Manila: St. Augustine Publications, Inc. Prieto, N. G., Naval, V. C., & Carey, T. G. (2017). Practical research 1.
Quezon City, Metro Manila: Lorimar Publishing, Inc. Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). Bias.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary.
Retrieved July 22, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bias Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). strategy.In Merriam-
Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 22, 2020, fromhttps://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/strategy Merriam-
Webster.(n.d.). Blueprint.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 22, 2020, from https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/blueprint Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). Fabricate.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 22,
2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fabricate Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). Imperative.In Merriam-
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