Analysis and Design of Oil Steel Storage Tank - 2023

1 Analysis and Design of OIL STORAGE STEEL TANK
Analysis and Design

Of
OIL STORAGE
STEEL TANK
A graduation project
Submitted to the department of civil engineering at
The University of Baghdad
Baghdad - Iraq
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of
Science in civil engineering
Prepared by
ADNAN NAJEM LAZEM
(PhD Candidate)
Senior Lecturer at Civil Engineering Department at
College of Engineering - University of Baghdad
July /2023
1
Analysis and Design

of
OIL STORAGE
STEEL TANK
2
ABSTRACT:
The objective of this study is to develop a better understanding for the basic principles of the
structural analysis and design of Oil Storage Tank so they can be efficiently implemented into
modern computers.
Develop a structural stiffness matrix that takes into the tank variable elements prosperities
(vertical, horizontal, bearing and ring stiffeners) into consideration.
In addition several important parameters have been incorporated in the analysis and design
process; Buckling and stability of web plate, web critical shear buckling, maximum allowable
deflection due to live load, maximum allowable flexural strength according to AISC-360-LRFD,
web elements connections design, flange elements connections design, and flange curtailment
lengths design.
To evaluate the results of presented method were compared with result given in reference
number one. The agreement between both results was quit well.
PROJECT LAYOUT
The project is divided into five chapters as follows:
3
Chapter one: presents a general introduction to the subject of Oil Storage Tank.
Chapter two: presents the previous literatures published about this subject.
Chapter three: presents the theoretical bases for the Matrix analysis method and Oil Storage
Tank design.
Chapter four: presents a brief description of a computer program developed in this study.
Chapter five: discuses the results of this Analysis/Design method. And recommend future steps.
CONTENTS:
Title……………………………………………………………………………………2
Supervisor words……………………………………………………………….3
Committee words………………………………………………………………4
Thanks……………………………………………………………………………….5
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….6
Project Layout………………………….……………………………………….6
Contents…….……..………………………………………………………………7
Chapter one; introduction…………..….…………………………………8
Chapter two; literature………………….………………………………..12
Chapter three; theory………………………………………………………17
Chapter four; computer program…………………………………….25
Chapter five; conclusions and recommendations…………….36
4
References…………………………………………………………………..….39
Appendix I…………………………………………………………………..……40
Chapter one
Introduction
5
INTRODUCTION
Many different codes and standards are used in the structural and wind design and assessment
of petrochemical facilities, liquid petroleum products (LPT). Many of these codes have been
developed primarily for use in the design of buildings, and generally offer insufficiently detailed
guidelines for complete design and evaluation of structures commonly found in petrochemical
facilities. The engineer is often forced to rely on broad subjective interpretation of the intent of
these codes to develop detailed design criteria and procedures as they apply to items found in
petrochemical facilities.
Many petrochemical operating companies with facilities in windy regions, as well as engineering
offices that serve the petrochemical industry, have developed their own internal standards and
guidelines for addressing these unique wind design and evaluation issues. Consequently, these
facilities may be designed and built with inconsistent degrees of conservatism and design
margins.
Until the first publication of these Guidelines, there were no widely accepted standards for the
wind and seismic evaluation of existing facilities. As the public and regulators become more
aware of environmental and safety issues associated with such facilities, regulators, owners, and
engineers have an ever-increasing need for a consistent approach and a technically sound,
practical basis for performing evaluations.
6
Recognizing the need for design and evaluation guidelines in several technical areas specifically
applicable to petrochemical facilities, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Energy
Division set up the Petrochemical Energy Committee to undertake the effort to fill the existing
gap in establishing criteria and guidance for practical application. The Seismic Task Committee of
the Petrochemical Energy Committee was charged with development of the original document,
which was first published in 1997. The original document was based on the seismic
requirements of the 1994 Uniform Building Code (UBC, 1994). The UBC has historically used the
Structural Engineers Association of California “Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and
Commentary” (SEAOC, 1999), also known as the “Blue Book,” as the basis for their seismic
provisions. This updated revision of the original document was developed by a reconstituted
Seismic Task Committee and is based on the 2006 International Building Code (IBC, 2006), which
adopts, by reference, the seismic provisions of the American Society of Civil Engineer Standard
7-05, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, including Supplement 2 (ASCE
7, 2005). While the 2006 IBC does not reference Supplement 2, the minimum base shear
restored in Supplement 2 is critical for the proper seismic design of structures and is therefore
included in this document. The ASCE 7 document uses as its basis the 2003 Edition of the
National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP).
Chapter two
Literature
7
2.1 LINEAR ANALYSIS OF IN-PLANE STRUCTURES USING STIFFNESS MATRIX METHOD
The theoretical foundation for matrix (stiffness) method of structural analysis was laid and
developed by many scientists:
James, C. Maxwell, [1864] who introduced the method of Consistent Deformations (flexibility
method).
Georg, A. Maney, [1915] who developed the Slope-Deflection method (stiffness method).
These classical methods are considered to be the precursors of the matrix (Flexibility and
Stiffness) method, respectively. In the pre-computer era, the main disadvantage of these earlier
methods was that they required direct solution of Simultaneous Equations (formidable task by
hand calculations in cases more than a few unknowns).
The invention of computers in the late-1940s revolutionized structural analysis. As computers

could solve large systems of Simultaneous Equations, the analysis methods yielding solutions in
that form were no longer at a disadvantage, but in fact were preferred, because Simultaneous
Equations could be expressed in matrix form and conveniently programmed for solution on
computers.
Levy, S., [1947] is generally considered to have been the first to introduce the flexibility method,
by generalizing the classical method of consistent deformations.
Falkenheimer, H., Langefors, B., and Denke, P. H., [1950], many subsequent researches
extended the flexibility method and expressed in matrix form are:
8
Livesley, R. K., [1954], is generally considered to have been the first to introduce the stiffness
matrix in 1954, by generalizing the classical method of slop-deflections.
Argyris, J. H., and Kelsey, S., [1954], the two subsequent researches presented a formulation for
stiffness matrices based on Energy Principles.
Turner, M. T., Clough, R. W., and Martin, H. C., [1956], derived stiffness matrices for truss
members and frame members using the finite element approach, and introduced the now popular
Direct Stiffness Method for generating the structure stiffness matrix.
Livesley, R. K., [1956], presented the Nonlinear Formulation of the stiffness method for stability
analysis of frames.
Since the mid-1950s, the development of Stiffness Method has been continued at a tremendous
pace, with research efforts in the recent years directed mainly toward formulating procedures for
Dynamic and Nonlinear analysis of structures, and developing efficient Computational
Techniques (load incremental procedures and Modified Newton-Raphson for solving nonlinear
Equations) for analyzing large structures and large displacements. Among those researchers are:
S. S. Archer, C. Birnstiel, R. H. Gallagher, J. Padlog, J. S. przemieniecki, C. K. Wang, and E.
L. Wilson and many others.
LIVESLEY, R. K. [1964] described the application of the Newton- Raphson procedure to

nonlinear structures. His analysis is general and no equations are presented for framed structures.
However, he did illustrate the analysis of a guyed tower.
Chapter three
9
Theory
3.1. ANALYSIS METHOD USING STIFFNESS MATRIX

Stiffness Matrix method is one of the most efficient means for solving a space elastic Structures
(frames and pated type) of problem based on following steps. It is easy to account for Boundary
Conditions, and self weight.
It is more versatile (multi-purposes) than the Finite Difference method, which requires a different
equation formulation for ends and the boundary conditions, and great difficulty is had if the Beam
elements are of different lengths.
Only the basic elements of the Stiffness Matrix Method will be introduce here, and the researcher
is referred to KassimAli (1999) (15) or Bowles (1974) if more background is required. This
method was interpolated to computer program which is given in appendix A. The program
algorithm is explained in details in chapter four and it conveniently coded for the user. Also the
same program was used to obtain the results of the numerical examples given in chapter four of
this study.
3.1.1 GENERAL EQUATION AND THEIR SOLUTION
For the Beam Element, shown in Fig.(3.1), at any node (i) (junction of two or more members) on
the in-plane structure the equilibrium equation is:
Pi=Bi Fi ……………………Eq.(3.1)
10
Which states that the external node force P is equated to the internal member forces F using
bridging constants A. It should be is understand that (Pi, Fi) are used for either Forces (Shear) or
Bending Moments. This equation is shorthand notation for several values of Ai, Fi summed to
equal the ith nodal force.
For the full set of nodes on any in-plane structure and using matrix notation where P, F are
Columns Vectors and A is a Rectangular Matrix, this becomes:
{Pi }=[Bi ]{F i }……………………Eq.(3.2)
Fig.(3.1) Beam Element, global and local forces-deformations designation.
An Equation relating internal-member deformation e at any node to the external nodal

displacements is:
{ei }=[ Ai ]{ X i }………………………..(a)
Where both e and X may be rotations (in radians) or translations. From the Reciprocal Theorem
in structural mechanics it can be shown that the [A] matrix is exactly the transpose of the [B]
matrix, thus:
T
{ei }=[ B] { X i }……………………..(b)
The internal-member forces {F} are related to the internal-member displacements {e} as:
{F i }=[k ]{ei }…………………………(c)
These three equations are the fundamental equations in the Stiffness Matrix Method of analysis:
Substituting (b) into (c),
{ F i }=[ k ] {e i }= [ k ] [B]T X …………………………(d)

Substituting (d) into (a),
{ Pi } =[ B ] { Fi }=[ B] [ k ] [B]T X …………………………(e)

Note the order of terms used in developing Eqs. (d) and (e}. Now the only unknowns in this
system of equations are the X’s: so the BKBT is inverted to obtain
11
{ X i }=([B ][k ][ B]T )−1 {Pi }…………………………(f)

And with the X’s values we can back-substitute into Eq. (d) to obtain the internal-member forces
which are necessary for design. This method gives two important pieces of information: (1)
design data and (2) deformation data.
The BKBT matrix above is often called Overall assembly Matrix, since it represents the system of
equations for each P or X nodal entry. It is convenient to build it from one finite element of the
structure at a time and use superposition to build the global BKB T from the Local element
EBKBT. This is easily accomplished, since every entry in both the Global and Local BKBT with a
unique set of subscripts is placed into that subscript location in the BKBT; i.e., for i = 2, j = 5 all
(2, 5) subscripts in EBKBT are added into the (2, 5) coordinate location of the global BKBT.
3.1.2. DEVELOPING THE ELEMENT [B] MATRIX
Consider the in-plane structure, simple beam, shown in Fig.(3.2) coded with four values of P-X
(note that two of these P-X values will be common to the next element) and the forces on the
element Fig.(3.2). The forces on the element include two internal Bending Moments and the shear
effect of the Bending Moments. The sign convention used is consistent with the developed
computer program BEF.
12
P1 P2
Force-Displacement relationships (P-X indexing)
(a) Local force-displacement relationships (F-e indexing)
FEM FEM
Fig.(3.2) In-plane structure divided into finite element, (b) Global coordinate system coding in (P-X) form,
(c) Local coordinate system coding in (F-e) form, (d) Summing of external and internal nodal forces.
Now at node (1), summing Moments (Fig.(3.2d))
P1=F 1+ 0. F 2
Similarly, summing forces and noting that the soil reaction (spring) forces are Global and will be
considered separately, we have:
F1 F 2
P2= +
L L
P3=0. F 1+ F 2
−F 1 F 2
And P4 = −
L L
Placing into conventional matrix form, the Element Transformation Matrix [EB] in local
coordinate is:
13
F1 F2
P1 1 0
EB = P2 1/L 1/L
P3 0 1
P4 -1/L -1/L
In same manner the EA matrix for element (2) would contain P3 to P6.
3.1.3. DEVELOPING THE [k] MATRIX
Referring to Fig.(3.3) and using conjugate-beam (Moment Area Method)principle, the end slopes
e1, and e2 are:
F1 L F2 L
e 1= − ………………………(g)
3 EI 6 EI
−F1 L F2 L
e 2= + …………………….(h)
6 EI 3 EI
Fig.(3.3) conjugate-beam method Moments and rotations of beam element.
Solving Eqs.(g) and (h) for F, obtaining:

4 EI 2 EI
F 1= e 1+ e
L L 2
2 EI 4 EI
F 2= e 1+ e
L L 2
Placing into matrix form, the Element Stiffness Matrix [ES] in local coordinate is:
Ek = e1 e2
14
4 EI 2 EI
F1
L L
2 EI 4 EI
F2
L L
3.1.4. DEVELOPING THE ELEMENT [kBT] AND [BKBT] MATRICES
The EkBT matrix is formed by multiplying the [Ek] and the transpose of the [EB] matrix (in the
computer program this is done in place by proper use of subscripting) A T goes always with e and
X. The EBkBT will be also obtained in a similar.
Multiplying [Ek] and [EBT] matrices and rearrange them, yields:
1 2 3 4
4 EI 6 EI 2 EI −6 EI
1 2 2
EkB =
T
L L L L
2
L L2 L L2
Multiplying [EB] and [EkBT] matrices and rearrange them, yields:
X1 X2 X3 X4
P1 2 2
L L L L
6 EI 12 EI 6 EI −12 EI
P2 2 3 2 3
EBkBT = L L L L
P3 2 2 2
L L L L
−6 EI −12 EI −6 EI 12 EI
P4
L2 L3 L2 L3
From Fig.(3.4), summing of the vertical forces on a node 1 will produce:
F1 + F 2
P 2− =0.0
L
Since (F1+F2)/L is already included in the Global BkBT, we could rewrite above equation to:
P2=BkB T2 X 2 X 2=[BkB T2 X 2 ] X 2
A check on the correct formation of the EBkB T and the global BkBT is that it is always
symmetrical and there cannot be a zero on the diagonal.
15
3.1.5. DEVELOPING THE P MATRICES

The P matrix (a column vector) consists in zeroing the array and then inputting those node loads
that are nonzero. The usual design problem may involve several different loading cases or
conditions, as shown in Appendix II, so the array is of the form P(I, J) where (i) identifies the
load entry with respect to the node and P-X coding and (j) the load case.
It is necessary to know the sign convention of the (P-X) coding used in forming the [EA] matrix
or output may be in substantial error. Therefore; the sign convention will be as follow: the joint
translations are considered positive when they act in positive direction of Y-axis, and joint
rotations are considered positive when they rotate in counterclockwise direction.
For columns that are intermediate between two nodes, we may do one of two things:
1. Transfer the column loads to adjacent nodes prier to make problem sketch using superposition
concept.
2. Transfer the column loads to adjacent nodes as if the element has Fixed-Ends Actions so the
values include Fixed-End moments and shears (vertical loads).This procedure is strictly correct
but the massive amount of computations is seldom worth the small improvement in
computational precision.
3.1.6. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

The particular advantage of the Stiffness Matrix method is to allow boundary conditions of
known displacement (translations or rotations). It is common in foundation analysis to have
displacements which are known to be zero (beam on rock, beam embedded in an anchor of some
type, etc.). There are two major cases of boundary conditions:
a. When the displacements are restrained (zero) in any particular node then the
corresponding rows and columns in the overall stiffness matrix will be eliminated
(substitute by zeros).
b. When the (i) displacements are known (δ) in any particular node then the opposite
position in load vector [p] will have this known value (δ), and corresponding rows and
columns in the overall stiffness matrix will be eliminated (substitute by zeros) except the
location of (i,i) which will have unit value of (1.0).
16
Chapter four
COMPUTER PROGRAM
17
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents a brief description of the computer program applied in this study which
governs the problem of analysis and design of space plated structure (Oil Storage Tank) using
Finite Element Method (FEM). The program was carried using STAAD.Pro (version 22), it is
consist of two major parts; first the analysis of the space structure. Second part is the checking of
plate elements stresses according to the AISC-360 Design Manual using LRFD designing
method.
4.2 DEVELOPMENTS OF COMPUTER PROGRAM
4.2.1. First part; Analysis of space plated structure using FEM Method.
At first, the computer program will develop the [EB] and [Ek] for each in-plane (beam) element
from input data describing the member geometry (coordinates) and cross-section properties
(modulus of elasticity, moment of inertia, area, angle of rotation…etc). Then, the program will
develop element stiffness matrix [EBkB T] for each element in global coordinate system,
throughout series of matrix operations (inverse, multiplication, and addition). Later on, the
program will assemble the overall stiffness matrix [BkB T] which is also represented by [K].
Finally, a direct solution of the general stiffness equation {P}=[K]{d}, where {P} matrix
containing the known externally applied loads, will yield the global displacements {X}
(translations and rotations). The computer program then rebuilds the [EB] and [Ek] to obtain the
[EkBT] and computes the internal element forces (axial, shear and moments) and node reactions.
The sign convention used in this program is as follow: the joint translations are considered
positive when they act in positive direction of Y-axis, and joint rotations are considered positive
when they rotate in counterclockwise direction.
It should be noticed that all above steps should be carried out with proper indices that identifies
the (P-X) coding so that the entries are correctly inserted into their right position of matrix.
Let the number of nodes NN and since DOF is three for each node. Each element stiffness
element [EBkBT] has (6x6) size but the overall assembled stiffness matrix [BkB T] or [K] has
(NPxNP) size because of the assembling process, where NP = NN * 3, therefore;
{ P NP }=[ BkB TNP × NP ] { X NP }

This indicates that the System of Equations is just sufficient, which yields a square coefficient
matrix [NPxNP], the only type which can be inverted. It also gives a quick estimate of computer
needs, as the matrix is always the size of (NP x NP) the number of {P}. With proper coding, as
shown in Fig.(3.4).
18
The global [BkBT] is banded with all zeros except for a diagonal strip of nonzero entries that is
twelve values wide. These twelve nonzero entries, six are identical (the band is symmetrical).
There are matrix reduction routines to solve these type half-band width problems. As a
consequence the actual matrix required (with a band reduction method) is only (NP x 6) entries
instead of (NP x NP).
It may be convenient to store the [EkB T] on a separate array when the [BkB T] is being built and
recall it to compute the internal element forces of the {F} matrix.
4.4 COMPUTER PROGRAM APPLICATION:

Case study: Analysis and design a simply supported plate girder (welded type), as shown in fig.
(4.1), with a diameter of (24.0 m), height of (5.0m) and carrying internal hydrostatic Loading
consisted of a Linearly varying distributed loadings of (50 kPa). In addition it carries Lateral
wind loadings of (Wind speed = 40 m/sec) distributed according to ASCE # 7.0-2016 design
guide. The computed results are listed below. Each load case was investigated for max stress and
deformation in order to demonstrate several factors effects.
Fig.(4.1) Space plated structure layout
19
Fig.(4.2) dimension diagram
20
21
4.2 STRUCTURE SECTIONS:

The different parts used in the project are,
4.3 LOAD COMBINATIONS:

The different combinations used in the project are,
22
4.4 SUPPORT CONDITIONS:

Tow supports were used, Winkler Springs and Elastic Mat used in the project;
Fig.(4.2) supports diagram
23
Fig.(4.2) deflection diagram due to hydrostatic loading
Fig.(4.3) deflection diagram due to wind loading
24
Fig.(4.4) Hydrostatic loading diagram
Fig.(4.5) Hydrostatic uplift loading diagram
25
Fig.(4.6) Max Absolute stresses diagram
Fig.(4.7) Beams bending stresses diagram
26
Fig.(4.8) axial force diagram
Fig.(4.9) Beams Shear stresses diagram
27
Fig.(4.10) Global Bending Moments diagram
Fig.(4.11) Global Stresses diagram
28
Fig.(4.12) Bending Moments Mx diagram
Fig.(4.13) Bending Moments My diagram
29
Fig.(4.14) Membrane Sqy shear stresses diagram
Fig.(4.15) Membrane Sx combined stresses diagram
30
Fig.(4.16) Membrane Sx stresses diagram
Fig.(4.17) Membrane Sxy combined stresses diagram
31
Fig.(4.18) Membrane Sy combined stresses diagram
Fig.(4.19) Membrane stresses Sy diagram
32
Chapter five
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
33
CONCLUSIONS
Depending on the results obtained from the present study, several conclusions may be
established. These may be summarized as follows:
Results indicate that space plated structures (Oil cylindrical Tank) can be can be dealt with
successfully by the FEM Method. Applied Program in this study (STAAD.Pro) is quite efficient
and reliable for this type of analysis, and the process of analyses can be carried out rapidly on
electronic computer. Design criteria given by AISC-360 (LRFD design) has been successfully
implement inside presented program.
1. Wind loadings has major effects on oil storage tanks.
2. Aboveground storage tanks should be supported on steady pilled foundation prevent
lateral deformations and differential settlements.
3. Interior supported steel columns should be used to prevent roof instability
4. .
5. Special Expansion sliding joints should utilized when large above tank is designed to
prevent excessive stresses.
6. Interior horizontal (ring) stiffeners could reduce hoop stress magnitude greatly.
7. Lateral earth embankment could reduce wind pressure direct effects on tank walled
panels.
8. Tank plate width (thickness) is directly related to internal applied hydrostatic loading
varying.
9. Ring Beam foundationg represent major concentration of stresses and need special kind
of reinforcement to prevent cracking and strong supported stratum (> 150 kpa).
10. Stiffened plate roofe of storage tank is structurally weak and lead to lateral deflections
and need to be carefully designed.
11. Special lining (anti-corrosive) layers should applied to prevent concrete deteriorations.
12. Special water draining (bottom plate) piping should used to prevent water accumulations
steel plate deteriorations.
13. Hollow (or double plated wall) walls should be applied to reduced steel plate quantities.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Many important recommendations could be suggested, for the given analysis method for in-plane
structures, to include the following factors:
1. Machinery vibrations could be added to study their structural effects.
2. Lateral earth retained removal should be investigated.
3. Liquid-soil-structure interaction could be analyzed furtherly.
4. Cracks width vs walls stiffness reduction could be also studied
5. Seismic analysis could be applied based to specific zone conditions
6. Wall counterforts should be added and study their effects.
34
REFERENCES
1. API 650, 2005, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, 10th edition, Addendum 4,
American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC.
2. API 653, 2001, Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction, 3rd Edition,
American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC.
3. API RP 752, 2003, Management of Hazards Associated with Locations of Process
Plant Buildings, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC.
4. Arulanandan, K., C. Yogachandran, and N. J, Meegoda, 1986, “Comparison of
the SPT, CPT, SV and Electrical Methods of Evaluating Earthquake Induced
Liquefaction Susceptibility In Ying Kou City During the Haicheng Earthquake,”
5. In Use of In Situ Tests in Geotechnical Engineering, Geotechnical Special
Publication No. 6. S. P. Clemence (editor), ASCE, pp. 389-415.
6. ASCE 7, 2005, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,
7. ASCE/SEI 7-05 including Supplement No. 2, American Society of Civil
Engineers, Reston, VA.
8. ASCE 8, 2002, Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel
Structural Members, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.
9. ASCE 19, 2002, Structural Applications for Steel Cables for Buildings, American
Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.
10. ASCE 31, 2003, Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings, American Society of Civil
Engineers, Reston, VA.
11. ASCE 37, 2002, Design Loads on Structures During Construction, American Society
of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.
12. Syal, I. C., and Satinder S., "Design of steel structures.", Standard Publishers Distributers, Delhi,
2000.
13. Dayaramtnam. P., "Design of steel structures.", Chand S. Company ltd. for publishing , NewDelhi,
2003.
14. Livesley, R. K., and Chandler D. B., "Stability Functions for Structural Frameworks." Manchester
University Press, Manchester, 1956.
15. Livesley, R.K., "The Application of an Electronic Digital Computer to Some Problem of
Structural Analysis." The Structural Engineer, Vol. 34, no.1, London, 1956, PP. 1-12.
16. Argyris, J.H., "Recent Advances in Matrix Methods of Structural Analysis." Pergamon Press,
London, 1964, PP. 115-145.
17. Livesley, R.K., "Matrix Methods of Structural Analysis." Pergamon Press, London, 1964. PP.
241-252.
18. Bowles, J. E., "Analytical and Computer Methods in Foundation Engineering." McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York, 1974, pp. 190-210.
19. Bowles, J. E., "Foundation analysis and design" McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1986, fourth
edition, pp. 380-230.
20. Bowles, J. E., "Mat Design." ACI Journal, Vol. 83, No.6, Nov.-Dec. 1986, pp. 1010- 1017.
21. Timoshenko, S.P. and Gere, J.M., "Theory of Elastic Stability." 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, 1961, pp. 1-17.
22. KassimAli, A., "Large Deformation Analysis of Elastic Plastic Frames," Journal of Structural
Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 109, No. 8, August, 1983, pp. 1869-1886.
23. Lazim, A. Najem, "Large Displacement Elastic Stability of Elastic Framed Structures Resting On
Elastic Foundation" M.Sc. Thesis, University of Technology, Baghdad, 2003, pp. 42-123.
35

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1 Analysis and Design of OIL STORAGE STEEL TANK

Analysis and Design

Analysis and Design

The project is divided into five chapters as follows:

Chapter one; introduction…………..….…………………………………8

Chapter two; literature………………….………………………………..12

Chapter three; theory………………………………………………………17

Chapter four; computer program…………………………………….25

Chapter five; conclusions and recommendations…………….36

2.1 LINEAR ANALYSIS OF IN-PLANE STRUCTURES USING STIFFNESS MATRIX METHOD

The invention of computers in the late-1940s revolutionized structural analysis. As computers

LIVESLEY, R. K. [1964] described the application of the Newton- Raphson procedure to

3.1. ANALYSIS METHOD USING STIFFNESS MATRIX

3.1.1 GENERAL EQUATION AND THEIR SOLUTION

{Pi }=[Bi ]{F i }……………………Eq.(3.2)

Fig.(3.1) Beam Element, global and local forces-deformations designation.

An Equation relating internal-member deformation e at any node to the external nodal

{ei }=[ Ai ]{ X i }………………………..(a)

{F i }=[k ]{ei }…………………………(c)

Substituting (b) into (c),

{ F i }=[ k ] {e i }= [ k ] [B]T X …………………………(d)

{ Pi } =[ B ] { Fi }=[ B] [ k ] [B]T X …………………………(e)

{ X i }=([B ][k ][ B]T )−1 {Pi }…………………………(f)

3.1.2. DEVELOPING THE ELEMENT [B] MATRIX

Force-Displacement relationships (P-X indexing)

(a) Local force-displacement relationships (F-e indexing)

Now at node (1), summing Moments (Fig.(3.2d))

3.1.3. DEVELOPING THE [k] MATRIX

Fig.(3.3) conjugate-beam method Moments and rotations of beam element.

Solving Eqs.(g) and (h) for F, obtaining:

Multiplying [EB] and [EkBT] matrices and rearrange them, yields:

From Fig.(3.4), summing of the vertical forces on a node 1 will produce:

3.1.5. DEVELOPING THE P MATRICES

3.1.6. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

4.2 DEVELOPMENTS OF COMPUTER PROGRAM

{ P NP }=[ BkB TNP × NP ] { X NP }

4.4 COMPUTER PROGRAM APPLICATION:

Fig.(4.1) Space plated structure layout

Fig.(4.2) dimension diagram

4.2 STRUCTURE SECTIONS:

4.3 LOAD COMBINATIONS:

4.4 SUPPORT CONDITIONS:

Fig.(4.2) supports diagram

Fig.(4.2) deflection diagram due to hydrostatic loading

Fig.(4.3) deflection diagram due to wind loading

Fig.(4.4) Hydrostatic loading diagram

Fig.(4.5) Hydrostatic uplift loading diagram

Fig.(4.6) Max Absolute stresses diagram

Fig.(4.7) Beams bending stresses diagram

Fig.(4.8) axial force diagram

Fig.(4.9) Beams Shear stresses diagram

Fig.(4.10) Global Bending Moments diagram

Fig.(4.11) Global Stresses diagram

Fig.(4.12) Bending Moments Mx diagram

Fig.(4.13) Bending Moments My diagram

Fig.(4.14) Membrane Sqy shear stresses diagram

Fig.(4.15) Membrane Sx combined stresses diagram

Fig.(4.16) Membrane Sx stresses diagram

Fig.(4.17) Membrane Sxy combined stresses diagram