Subject Name Java Programming (CSE III Year)

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Created By: Dr. Avinash Dwivedi

JIMS Engineering Management Technical Campus

Greater Noida, UP - 201303
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi)
Recognized u/s 2(f) by UGC & Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC
Participant of UNGC & UNPRME, New York
ISO 9001:2015 Quality Certified
Subject: Java Programming
Topic: Java String
List of Topics to be covered

String in Java
Strings Creation in JAVA
String Concatenating
Java String Pool
Java String Pool & Heap
String in Java

In the Java programming language, strings are objects containing sequence of

characters.
Internally Strings are represented using bytes, encoded as UTF-16 which uses
2 bytes to represent a single character.
An array of characters works same as java string.
String class is used to create string object.
The java.lang.String class implements Serializable, Comparable and
CharSequence interfaces.

The java String class is an immutable class.

An immutable class is simply a class whose instances cannot be modified. All
of the information contained in each instance is provided when it is created
and is fixed for the lifetime of the object.
Immutable classes are

easier to design, implement, and use than mutable classes

less prone to error and are more secure

automatically thread-safe and have no synchronization issues

Strings Creation in JAVA

The Java platform provides the String class to create and manipulate strings.
String can be created in many ways:
1. Using a String literal
The most direct way to create a string is
String myString = “Work is worship";
In above " Work is worship ", is a string literal, a series of characters that is
enclosed in double quotes. Whenever it encounters a string literal in your
code, the compiler creates a String object with its value-in the above case,
Work is worship
2. Using new Keyword
Like any other objects you need to use the new operator to create a new Java
String object.
String myString = new String(" Work is worship ");
Now the variable myString will conatain " Work is worship ", the text
between the double quotes.
Strings Creation in JAVA

3. Using another object

You can create string objects from other objects too. For example:
String myString = "Core Java";
String myString2 = new String(myString);

char[] charArray = { 'c', 'o', 'r', 'e', ' ', 'j', 'a', 'v', 'a'};
String myString3 = new String(charArray);

System.out.println(myString2);
System.out.println(myString3);

Output will be: Core Java

core java
Strings Creation in JAVA

4. Using + operator
Strings are more commonly concatenated with the + operator and using
this operator we can create a string like below:

String myString = "Core";

String myString2 = "Java";

String myFinalString = myString + myString2;

System.out.println(myFinalString);

Output : CoreJava.
String Concatenating
String Concatenating

String concatenation of two or more string in 2 ways:

1. Using + operator

Strings are more commonly concatenated with the + operator, as in

String myString = "Core";

String myString2 = "Java";
String myString3 = “Great";
String myFinalString = myString + myString2 + myString3;
System.out.println(myFinalString);
Output will be:CoreJavaGreat
String Concatenating

2. Using concat() method

The String class includes a method called "concat" for concatenating
two strings:
String myString1 = "Core";
String myString2 = "Java";
String myFinalString = myString1.concat(myString2);
System.out.println(myFinalString);
Output will be: CoreJava
As you can see, concat operation returned a new string that is myString1
with myString2 added to it at the end.
You can also use the concat() method with string literals, like below:
"Core".concat("Java");
Java String Pool
Java String Pool

String allocation, like all object allocation, is costly in both time and
memory.
The JVM performs some tricky background work while instantiating string
literals to increase performance and decrease memory overhead. To cut
down the number of String objects created in the JVM, the String class
keeps a pool of strings.
Each time your code create a string literal, the JVM checks the string
literal pool first.
If the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance
returns.
If the string does not exist in the pool, a new String object instantiates,
then is placed in the pool.
Java String Pool
Java can make this optimization since strings
are immutable and can be shared without
fear of data corruption. For example:
When we create a new string object using
string literal, JVM checks whether that
string literal is present in string pool or
not. If it is not present then it adds it to
the pool.
String myString = "Core Java” ;
Now, when you create another string
object with same string literal, then a
reference of the string literal already
present in string pool is returned.
String myString2 = myString;
Java String Pool

And now if you change the literal in the new string, its reference gets modified.
Remember String is a immutable class, means if you change the value,
internally it is creating a new object and returning the reference.
Java String Pool & Heap

If you create a new string using 'new' keyword, it creates object in heap rather
than in string pool even if the same string literal is present in the pool.
String myString3 = new String()
String Comparison
String Comparison

There are three ways to compare string in java:

By equals() method
By = = operator
By compareTo() method
String Comparison using equals() method

By equals() method : compares two strings for equality. It compares the content of
the strings. It will return true if string matches, else returns false. String class
provides two methods:
public boolean equals(Object another) compares this string to the specified object.
public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String another) compares this String to another
string, ignoring case.
class Stringcomparison{
public static void main(String args[]){
String myString1="Java"; String myString2="Java";
String myString3=new String("Java"); String myString4="Core";
String myString5="JAVA";
System.out.println(myString1.equals(myString2)); //true
System.out.println(myString1.equals(myString3)); //true
System.out.println(myString1.equals(myString4)); //false
System.out.println(myString1.equalsIgnoreCase(myString5)); //true
} }
String Comparison using By == operator

The == operator compares references not values. The == operator compares two
object references to check whether they refer to same instance and it returns true
if refer to same instance else false.
class Stringcomparison{
public static void main(String args[]){
String myString1="Java";
String myString2="Java";
String myString3=new String("Java");
System.out.println(myString1==myString2); //true
System.out.println(myString1==myString3); //false
} }
The code myString1==myString2 returns true because both refer to same
instance in the string pool. The code myString1==myString3 returns false
because myString3 refers to instance created in heap rather than string pool.
String Comparison using compareTo() method

compareTo() method compares values and returns an int based on

lexicographical comparison.
It returns an integer value that indicates if first string is less than, equal to or
greater than second string. Like, if string1 and string2 are the 2 strings, then

string1==string2 :returns 0
string1>string2 :returns +ve value
string1<string2 :returns -ve value
Note: To use compareTo() function you have to implement the Comparable
Interface.
 String Comparison using compareTo() method

class Stringcomparison{
public static void main(String args[]){
String myString1="Java";
String myString2="Java";
String myString3="Core";
System.out.println(myString1.compareTo(myString2)); //0
System.out.println(myString1.compareTo(myString3)); //1
System.out.println(myString3.compareTo(myString1)); //-1
} }
The code myString1.compareTo(myString2) returns '0'
because both are equal,
while the code myString1.compareTo(myString3) returns '1' because myString1>myString3
and the code myString3.compareTo(myString1) returns '-1' because myString3<myString1.
Escape Characters

Java Strings literals accepts a set of escape characters.

A character preceded by a backslash (\) is an escape sequence and
has special meaning to the compiler.
When an escape sequence is encountered in a print statement, the
compiler interprets it accordingly.
For example, if you want to put quotes within quotes you must
use the escape sequence, \", on the interior quotes. Like if you
want to print
Welcome to "CoreJava!".
you have to write
System.out.println("Welcome to \"CoreJava!\".");
Escape Characters

The following table shows the Java escape sequences:

Escape
Description
Sequence

\t Insert a tab in the text at this point.

\b Insert a backspace in the text at this point.
\n Insert a newline in the text at this point.
\r Insert a carriage return in the text at this point.
\f Insert a formfeed in the text at this point.
\' Insert a single quote character in the text at this point.

\" Insert a double quote character in the text at this point.

\\ Insert a backslash character in the text at this point.

Program

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String byron = new String ("She walks in beauty, like the night, \nOf cloudless climes and
starry skies\nAnd all that's best of dark and bright\nMeet in her aspect and her eyes...");
System.out.println(byron);
}
}

Console output:

She walks in beauty, like the night,

Of cloudless climes and starry skies
And all that's best of dark and bright
Meet in her aspect and her eyes...
Thank You !!