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Statistics and Probability Reviewer

This document defines key terms and concepts in statistics and probability such as continuous and discrete variables, random variables, probability distributions, mean, variance, and standard deviation. It provides the formulas and steps to calculate the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a data set or random variable. Key probability concepts such as normal distributions, standard normal curves, and finding probabilities/percentages from a distribution are also explained.

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Ariane Mae Salvacion
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34 views

Statistics and Probability Reviewer

This document defines key terms and concepts in statistics and probability such as continuous and discrete variables, random variables, probability distributions, mean, variance, and standard deviation. It provides the formulas and steps to calculate the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a data set or random variable. Key probability concepts such as normal distributions, standard normal curves, and finding probabilities/percentages from a distribution are also explained.

Uploaded by

Ariane Mae Salvacion
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistics and probability

2nd Semester – Quarter 3

Continuous – having the property that the absolute


value of the numerical difference between the value Steps in Finding the Variance:
at a given point … can be made as close to zero as 3. Subtract the computed mean from each value of
desired by choosing the neighborhood small enough the random variable: 𝑋 − 𝜇
4. Square the value obtained in step 3: (𝑋 − 𝜇) ²
Die – a small cube marked on each face with from one
5. Multiply the value obtained in step 4 by the
to six spots
corresponding probability: (𝑋 − 𝜇) ² ∙ (𝑋)
Discrete – consisting of distinct or unconnected 6. Use equation 2 to find the variance by adding all
elements products obtained in step 5.

Finite – having limits or having a limited nature Steps in Finding the Standard Deviation:
Infinite – extremely large or having no limits 7. Use equation 3 to find the standard deviation by
getting the square root of the value obtained in step 6
Measurement – the process of getting the amount or
degree of something Asymptotic – this means approaching a value or a
Notation – system of marks, signs, figures, or curve closely but never touching it
characters that is used to represent information Deviation – a condition that is different from what is
Random – without definite aim, direction, rule, or usual or expected
method. Frequency Polygon – type of frequency distribution
Random Variable – links a specific numerical value to graph. It is like that of a bar graph but there are no
each element in the sample space of any given spaces in between each bar
experiment Inferences – used to draw conclusions in the presence
Discrete Random Variable – is a random variable of uncertainty
whose set of possible outcomes is finite. Its values are Percentile – measure used in statistics indicating the
obtained through counting value below which a given percentage of observations
Continuous Random Variable – is a random variable in a group of observations falls
whose set of possible outcomes is infinite. Its values Probability Distribution – a function that describes
can only be obtained through measurement the likelihood of obtaining the possible values that a
Discrete Probability Distribution (Probability Mass random variable can assume
Function) – is made up of the values that a random Skewness – a measure of the asymmetry of the
variable can take with their corresponding probability distribution of a real-valued random
probabilities. A valid probability distribution must variable about its mean
have a sum of exactly equal to 1, no more no less.
Standard Deviation – a measure that is used to
quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set
Formulas for Mean, Variance, and Standard of data values
Deviation. Symmetrical – a situation in which the values of
Equation 1. 𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) variables occur at regular frequencies and the mean,
Equation 2. 𝜎2 = ∑ (𝑋 − 𝜇) ² ∙ (𝑋) median and mode occur at the same point
Equation 3. 𝜎 = √𝜎 ²
Normal Distribution / Normal Curve – a distribution
Steps in Finding the Mean: contains a very large number of cases with equal
1. Multiply the random variable by its probability. measures of central tendency values, then the
2. Use equation 1 to find the mean by adding all distribution is symmetrical* and the skewness* is 0
products obtained in step 1.
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Statistics and probability
2nd Semester – Quarter 3

Normal Probability Distribution – whenever the


frequencies are converted to probabilities

Standard Normal Curve – normal probability


distribution that has mean value equal to 0 and
standard deviation equal to 1

Probability/Percentage/Proportion – The area of the


region under the curve is 1

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Statistics and probability
2nd Semester – Quarter 3

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