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    Innate Immunity and Ocular Barrir Defense

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    Jessica Tieu
    The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogens. It includes physical and chemical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes, as well as cellular components like granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and natural killer cells. These work together to prevent entry of microbes, engulf and destroy pathogens through phagocytosis, and trigger inflammation and adaptive immune responses. The eye also has defenses like tears and blinking that protect against microbes.

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    Innate Immunity and Ocular Barrir Defense

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    Jessica Tieu
    14 views38 pages
    The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogens. It includes physical and chemical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes, as well as cellular components like granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and natural killer cells. These work together to prevent entry of microbes, engulf and destroy pathogens through phagocytosis, and trigger inflammation and adaptive immune responses. The eye also has defenses like tears and blinking that protect against microbes.

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    Innate immunity and Ocular Barrir Defense

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    The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogens. It includes physical and chemical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes, as well as cellular components like granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and natural killer cells. These work together to prevent entry of microbes, engulf and destroy pathogens through phagocytosis, and trigger inflammation and adaptive immune responses. The eye also has defenses like tears and blinking that protect against microbes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    14 views38 pages

    Innate Immunity and Ocular Barrir Defense

    Uploaded by

    Jessica Tieu
    The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogens. It includes physical and chemical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes, as well as cellular components like granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and natural killer cells. These work together to prevent entry of microbes, engulf and destroy pathogens through phagocytosis, and trigger inflammation and adaptive immune responses. The eye also has defenses like tears and blinking that protect against microbes.

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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 38

    Innate Immunity &

    Ocular Barrier Defense

    Dr. Wai Mar Linn


    M.B.,B.S, DTM&H , MSc
    Learning Outcomes
    At the end of the lecture , the student must be able to
    describe the followings
    • Explain the components of the immune system .
    • Briefly describe the first line of defense mechanism.
    • Explain the defense mechanism of eye.
    • Describe the cellular components of innate immune
    system .
    • Describe the humoral components of innate immune
    system.
    Immunology

    Immunology is the study of the ways in which the body defends


    itself from infectious agent and other foreign substances in its
    environment.
    The main function of the immune system is to prevent or limit
    infections by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and
    parasites, such as protozoa and worms.
    Mechanisms for
    disease
    Components of the Immune System

    1st line of defense


    2nd line of defense
    3rd line of defense
    1st line of defense : Intact skin , mucosa & mucous membrane,
    secretions, normal flora
    2nd line of defense : Innate Immune system
    3rd line of defense : Adaptive immune system
    PREVENTION OF ENTRY

    (1 ST LINE OF DEFENSE )
    Physical and Chemical Barrier

    • First line of host defense against pathogens

    • Physical or chemical barriers present in most animals that act


    NONSPECIFICALLY to inhibit invasion by pathogens
    Physical and Chemical Defenses—The Skin and Mucosal Tissues

    The structural integrity of tissue surfaces—barrier to penetration by


    microbes.

    Intact surfaces prevent potential pathogens from adhering to surfaces


    Growing at these sites such that they do not travel elsewhere in the
    Body—COLONIZATION.

    Damaged surfaces—abraded skin are often readily colonized promoting


    invasion of this and other tissues
    The Skin
    • Unbroken skin is impermeable
    to most infectious agents

    • Keratin resistant to most


    bacterial enzymes & toxins

    • Sebaceous glands secrete


    fatty acids and lactic acid
    which lower the skin pH
    (pH 4-6)

    • The skin has a low moisture


    content

    • Skin prevent potential


    pathogens from colonizing
    Mucus &Mucosal membranes
    • Mucosa produces a variety of protective chemicals

    • Mucus secreted by these cells prevent the microbes from contact with the
    cells

    • Mucus traps bacteria & moves them away from epithelial surface
    Mucus &Mucosal membranes
    • Ciliated epithelial cells lining the trachea remove microbes inhaled
    through the nose and mouth.
    • Cilia push microbes upwards until they are caught in oral secretions
    and expectorated or swallowed. (Coughing/Sneezing)
    Normal Flora of the Gastrointestinal Tract
    Defense mechanism in the gastro-intestinal tract
    (GIT)
    • Gastric acid is very acidic & contain proteolytic enzymes.
    •The pH of the stomach is 2.0 which is too low for most pathogens to survive.

    • Microbes have a difficult time adapting to abrupt changes in pH


    as they might encounter as they pass through the GI tract

    • Pathogens must compete with the normal flora of small and large intestines.

    •The large intestines normally contain approx 1010 bacteria


    per gram of content—establishment of pathogens is difficult.

    •The pathogen must compete in cellular binding site and in getting essential
    nutrition.
    Defense mechanism of Eye

    • Defences of the eye include tears, conjunctiva, and blinking


    reflex.

    • Eyelids and eye lashes protect mechanically

    • Blinking reflex spread tear film and clear particulate material.

    • Tears have IgA and lysozymes which have antibacterial


    activity.

    • Lachrymation : washing processes


    Factors that limit entry of microorganisms into the body
    Factor Mode of Action
    Keratin layer of intact skin Acts as mechanical barrier

    Lysozyme in tears and other secretions Degrades peptidoglycan in bacteria cell wall

    Respiratory cilia Elevate mucus-containing trapped organisms

    Low pH in stomach and vagina; fatty acids


    Retards growth of microbes
    in skin

    Occupy receptors, which prevents


    Normal flora of throat, colon, and vagina
    colonization by pathogens
    Innate Immune System
    • If microorganisms breach the 1st line of defense and enter the
    body, then the innate arm of the immune system (second line of
    defense) is available to destroy the invaders.
    • Innate arm performs two major functions: killing invading
    microbes and activating adaptive immune processes (3rd line of
    defence)
    • They can function immediately upon entry of the
    microorganisms.
    CELLULAR COMPONENT OF INNATE IMMUNE
    SYSTEM : GRANULOCYTES
    : MONOCYTES/MACROPHAGES
    : NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NK)
    Granulocytes
    • Granulocytes have prominent cytoplasmic granules containing
    reactive substances that kill microorganisms and stimulate other
    divisions of the immune response by activating inflammation.
    • Granulocytes consist of
    - Neutrophils
    - Eosinophils
    - Basophils
    Neutrophils

    • Also know as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)


    • Present in blood stream.
    • Possess multilobed nucleus and small pink granules.
    Neutrophils

    • Induced by bacterial infections.


    • Mature , short lived cells.(2-5 Days)
    • Able to change shape and move towards the stimulus
    (chemotaxis)
    • Neutrophils are rapidly recruited to sites of inflammation.
    • Engulf and kill pathogens by phagocytosis.
    Pathogen

    PHAGOCYTIC
    CELL

    Vacuole
    Lysosome
    containing
    enzymes
    Phagocytosis
    Eosinophils
    • Present in blood stream
    • Possess bi lobed nucleus and large pink granules.
    • Important for defences against helminth worms and other
    intestinal parasites.
    • Also play a role in allergies (hypersensitivity reactions) and
    asthma.
    Basophils
    • Present in blood stream.
    • Possess bi lobed nucleus and large blue granules.
    • Non phagocytic.
    • Release pharmacologically active substances during allergic
    response.
    • Release histamines and other mediators of inflammation.
    Monocytes/Macrophages

    • Relatively long-lived and distributed throughout the whole body.

    • Possess horse shoe shaped nucleus.


    Monocytes/Macrophages

    • Macrophages: derived from monocytes

    • Monocytes : circulating in the blood

    • Fixed tissue Macrophages: Kupffer cells (liver) , Alveolar

    (lungs), Microglial (brain), Osteoclasts (bone)


    Monocyte vs Macrophage
    Monocytes/Macrophages

    • Kill pathogens by phagocytosis (the process of capturing,

    engulfing, and killing microorganisms).

    • Ingest cellular debris, foreign material, bacteria, fungi

    • Express various receptors to recognize different pathogens, e.g.

    PRR, Scavenger receptor,….etc.

    • Trigger inflammation and Antigen presentation to initiate

    adaptive immune response.

    PRP : Pattern Recognition Receptor


    Mechanism of Phagocytosis

    Figure 21.2
    Mast Cells
    • Mast cells are resident in all connective tissues.
    • They possess granules that contain a number of preformed
    inflammatory mediators, including histamine and tumor necrosis
    factor (TNF)-a.
    • Together with IgE, they are involved in type I hypersensitivity
    reactions.
    Dendritic cells

    • Professional APCs (Antigen Presenting Cells)

    • Found in epithelial and tissues.

    • Possess long cytoplasmic arms.

    • Function : antigen capture, transport and presentation.


    Dendritic Cells

    http:www.coleypharma.com
    Natural Killer Cells (NK)

    • Small population of large granular lymphocytes

    • Not phagocytic: attack is by release of perforins that


    perforate the target cell plasma membrane.

    • Targets: tumor cells, virally infected cells

    • Killing activity is enhanced by interferon (IFN)

    • Release chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response

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