G10 Science Q3 Nervous System

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Nervous

System
PREPARED BY: CRISTINA MALICSE
S10LT - IIIc -36

 Describehow the nervous


system coordinates and
regulates these feedback
mechanisms to maintain
homeostasis
Learning Objectives
 To understand the functions of Nervous system;
 To list the structural & functional units of
Nervous system
 To describe the divisions of Nervous system;
 To distinguish sympathetic from parasympathetic
Nervous system

 To relate the physiological functions of nervous


system to selected clinical disorders.
Functions of the Nervous System

Through its receptors, it keeps us in


1. Sensory Input: touch with both the external and
internal environment
Action potential
(touch: stimulus) Interpretation
Nerves in the
Sensory Receptor Brain
Spinal Cord

It is the major
2. Integration: controlling, regulatory,
and communicating
system of the body
Functions of the Nervous System

3. Homeostasis:
Together with the endocrine system, it
is responsible in regulating and
maintaining homeostasis

4. Mental Activity:


It is the center for all mental
activity including thought,
learning and memory
Functions of the Nervous System

5. Control of Muscle and Glands:


It participates in controlling skeletal, cardiac,
and smooth muscles, and many glands.
• Structural classification of neurons
Functional Classification of Neurons
is based upon the number of
• This is according to the direction in which the signal travels, in
processes that extend out from the relation to the CNS.
cell body.
• Three major groups arise from this • The three different types of neurons: sensory neurons, motor
classification: unipolar ,bipolar, neurons, and interneurons.
anaxonic pseudopolar, and
• Sensory neurons, or afferent neurons transmit information from
multipolar neurons.
sensory receptors in the skin, or the internal organs toward the
• Multipolar neurons are defined as CNS for processing. Almost all sensory neurons are unipolar.
having three or more processes that
extend out from the cell body. They • Motor, or efferent neurons transmit information away from the
comprise of more than 99% of the CNS toward some type of effector. Motor neurons are typically
neurons in humans, and are the multipolar.
major neuron type found in the CNS
• Interneurons are located between motor and sensory pathways
and the efferent division of the PNS. and are highly involved in signal integration. The vast majority
of interneurons are confined within the CNS.
Neurons and its Parts
Structural Classification of Neurons
Divisions of Nervous System
Another division of the nervous system that describes
functional responses.
Lateralization of Brain Function
DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN
Parts of the Brain and its Lobes
Covering of the Brain & Spinal Cord
The spinal cord lies within the spinal cavity,
extending from the foramen magnum to the
second lumbar vertebra
MENINGES of the Spinal Cord

Dura Mater
Arachnoid

Pia mater
Functions of the Spinal Cord

- Serves as the reflex


centre for all spinal
reflexes

- Provides the 2-way


conduction routes to
(afferent) and from
(efferent) the brain
The sensory-somatic system consists of
12 pairs of cranial nerves and
31 pairs of spinal nerves.
CRANIAL NERVES
Spinal Nerves
Autonomic Nervous System

 Consists of the sensory neurons and motor


neurons
 It is responsible for monitoring conditions
in the internal environment and bringing
about appropriate changes in them
The contraction of both smooth muscle
and cardiac muscle
Sensory (afferent) vs. Motor (efferent)

(pseudo-) unipolar neurons conducting


impulses e.g., skin
from sensory organs to the CNS

multipolar neurons conducting impulses


from the CNS to effector organs (muscles & glands) e.g.,
muscle
SYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS

“Fight-or-flight” system
It prepares the body for
physical activity to either
stand and face the threat or
leave as quickly as possible
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS

 Stimulates vegetative activities, such


as digestion, defecation, and
urination.
 Slows the heart rate and respiration
 Causes the pupil of the eye to
constrict and the lens to thicken

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