Pathology Question Bank

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PATHOLOGY QUESTION BANK

CELL INJURY AND ADAPTATION


MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Enumerate the causes of cell injury. Describe the pathogenesis and morphology of
irreversible cell injury.
2. Define necrosis. Mention the different types of necrosis. Add a note on each type of
necrosis.
3. Define and classify degeneration. Explain the etiopathogenesis and pathology of fatty liver.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Define apoptosis. Describe the morphological changes seen in apoptosis.


2. What is steatosis? Describe the morphology of steatosis.
3. Pathological calcification.
4. Free radicals and its role in cell injury.
5. Irreversible cell injury.
6. Hyaline degeneration.
7. Elaborate differences between apoptosis and necrosis.
8. Atrophy. Brown atrophy of heart.
9. Pigment metabolism.
10. Exogenous and endogenous pigments.
11. Gangrene and its types.
12. Hyperplasia.
13. Dysplasia.
14. Metaplasia.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Leucocyte adhesion molecules.


2. Heat shock proteins.
3. Heterophagy.
4. Lipofuscin.
5. Psammoma bodies.
6. Xanthoma.
7. Autolysis.

INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR


MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Define inflammation. Describe the vascular changes in acute inflammation.


2. Cellular events in acute inflammation.
3. Chemical mediators of inflammation and their functions.
4. Define granuloma. Provide 6 examples of granulomatous inflammation. Describe tubercular
inflammation.
5. Wound healing by first and second intention. Discuss the factors promoting and delaying the
process.
6. Discuss the healing of fractured bone and its complications.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Granulomatous lymphadenitis.
2. Phagocytosis.
3. Describe the formation of granulation tissue during wound healing.
4. Describe the various functions of macrophages.
5. Chemotaxis.
6. Role of arachidonic acid metabolites in acute inflammation.
7. Gohn complex.
8. Tuberculoma.
9. Difference between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy.
10. Gumma.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Diapedesis.
2. Chemotaxis.
3. Haemosiderosis.
4. Angiogenesis.
5. Cardinal signs of inflammation.
6. Lipoxines.
7. Chemokines.
8. Giant cells.
9. Ulcer.
10. Six lesions seen in cardiovascular syphilis.
11. Hutchison’s triad.

HEMODYNAMIC DISTURBANCES
MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. What is thrombosis? Define pathogenesis, pathology and fate of a thrombus.


2. Define infarction. Describe the pathology and mention the factors influencing the
development of infarction. Add a note on lab diagnosis.
3. Define shock. Enumerate the types of shock. Describe the stages and morphology.
4. Define embolus. Enumerate the different types of emboli. Describe each in detail.
5. Describe edema. Enumerate the causes of edema. Describe the etiopathogenesis and
pathology of renal edema.
6. A 60 yr old woman sustained fracture of femoral neck. Subsequently she developed severe
chest pain, dyspnoea and died. Give probable diagnosis with reason. What is the
explanation for dyspnoea and chest pain in this individual.

SHORT ESSAYS:
1. Define edema. Describe the pathogenesis and pathology of pulmonary edema.
2. Air embolism.
3. Caissons disease.
4. Differences between transudate and exudates.
5. Pathogenesis of cardiac edema.
6. CVC - lung, liver, spleen.
7. Septic shock.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Virchow’s triad.
2. What is hyperemia? Give 2 examples.
3. What is passive congestion? Give 2 examples.
4. Heart failure cells. Mention the special stain used to demonstrate it.
5. Nutmeg liver.
6. Gamma-Gandy bodies.
7. Different types of infarcts with common sites of occurrence.

GENETIC DISORDERS
SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Alkaptonuria.
2. Down’s syndroma.
3. Gaucher’s disease.
4. Marfans syndrome.
5. Pseudo-hermaphroditism.
6. Demonstration of sex chromosome.
7. Turners syndrome.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Familial polyposis.
2. Oochronosis.
3. Organs affected in cystic fibrosis.
4. Name 4 autosomal dominant diseases.
5. Name 4 autosomal recessive diseases.
6. HLA.
7. Ataxia telengectasia.
8. Klinefelters syndrome.
9. Barr body.

NEOPLASIA
MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Define neoplasia. Describe the differences between benign and malignant tumors.
2. Classify the carcinogens. Describe viral and chemical carcinogenesis.
3. Describe the lab methods for the diagnosis of cancer.
4. Define metastasis. Describe the routes of spread of malignant tumors with examples.
5. What are oncogenes? Enumerate them and give a summary of p53 gene.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Chemical carcinogens.
2. Lab diagnosis of tumors.
3. Hyperplasia.
4. Metaplasia.
5. Dysplasia.
6. Tumor suppressor gene.
7. Oncogenes.
8. Viral Carcinogens.
9. Classification of carcinogens.
10. p53 gene.
11. Antioncogenes.
12. Paraneoplastic syndrome.
13. Tumor markers.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Wilms tumor.
2. Bowens disease.
3. Xeroderma Pigmentosum
4. RB gene
5. Hyperplasia
6. Atrophy
7. Metaplasia
8. Pre-cancerous lesions
9. CIN/SIL
10. Oncogenes
11. Teratoma
12. Hamartoma
13. Choristoma
14. Carcinoma in situ.
15. Diseases caused by EBV.
16. Alpha fetoprotein.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES
MAIN QUESTIONS:
1. A 10 yr old boy comes to the hospital with a history of evening rise of temperature, cough
and loss of weight. He has cervical lymphadenopathy. What is the probable diagnosis?
What are the organs involved in this disease, what are the basic pathologic changes seen in
these organs in the disease?
2. Define leprosy. Classify and write differences between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Rhinoscleroma
2. Rhinosporidiosis
3. Actinomycosis
4. Maduramycosis
5. Cysticercosis
6. Amoebiasis

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. STD’s
2. Mycetoma
3. Lymphogranuloma venerum

IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. A 25 yr old woman complains of fever. She has a hyper pigmented rash on the bridge of her
nose, spleenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. What is the probable diagnosis,
etiopathogenesis of this condition. Describe the kidney changes in this condition.
2. Describe the etiopathogenesis, modes of transmission and laboratory diagnosis of AIDS.
3. Classify amyloidosis. Describe the pathogenesis and pathology of amyloidosis including the
special stains.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Anaphylaxis.
2. Delayed hypersensitivity.
3. Lab diagnosis of AIDS.
4. HLA.
5. Mediators of Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.
6. Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction.
7. Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction.
8. Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction.
9. Pathology of transplant rejection.
10. Etiopathogenesis of HIV.
11. GVH reaction.
12. Mention physical and chemical nature of amyloid. Write special stains for amyloid.
13. Agranulocytosis.
14. Sago spleen (Amyloid spleen)
SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Stains for amyloid. Mention appearance in each.


2. What are natural killer cells? Write two functions.
3. Organ specific auto immunity.
4. Gout.

NUTRITIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES


MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. A 5 year old child was admitted with stunted growth, hypo-pigmented hair, depigmented skin
and prominent abdomen. There is sift hepatomegaly. What is the most probable diagnosis?
Give reasons. Mention 4 relevant laboratory investigations to be done in this child. What are
the morphological changes in the liver expected.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Obesity.
2. Vitamin A deficiency.
3. Rickets.
4. Scurvy.
5. Beri-Beri
6. Pellagra
7. Xerophthalmia

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Marasmus.
2. Niacin deficiency.
3. Diet and cancer.
4. Osteomalacia.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Describe the etiopathogenesis, pathology and complications of atherosclerosis.


2. Describe the etiopathogenesis, pathology and lab diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease.
3. Describe the etiopathogenesis, pathology and complications of bacterial endocarditis.
4. Write a note on familial hypercholesterolemia. What is the pathogenesis of
hypercholesterolemia in this syndrome?
5. A 15 yr old girl complained of fever, joint pain and swelling in several joints. What is the
probable diagnosis? Give reasons. Describe the gross and microscopic features of the heart
in this condition. How will you confirm your diagnosis?
6. A 55 yr old man developed acute chest pain radiating to the shoulders and died after 12
hours. What is the probable diagnosis? Give reasons. Describe autopsy findings of the heart
in this patient.
7. Classify cardiomyopathies. Differentiate between major categories.
SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Vascular pathology in hypertension.


2. Describe the macro and microscopic changes in acute MI.
3. Syphilitic aortitis.
4. Aneurysms.
5. Dissecting aneurysms.
6. Atrial Septal Defect.
7. Fallot’s tetralogy.
8. Rheumatic Carditis.
9. Extra cardiac manifestations of rheumatic fever.
10. Sequelae of Rheumatic heart disease.
11. Libman Sachs endocarditis.
12. Infective endocarditis.
13. Subacute bacterial endocarditis.
14. Types of vegetations in endocarditis.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Asbestos body.
2. Kaposi’s sarcoma.
3. MacCallum patch.
4. Aschoff cell.
5. Tigroid heart.
6. Non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis.
7. Monckeberg’s medial sclerosis.
8. Hemangioma.
9. Ventricular septal defect.
10. Patent ductus arteriosus.
11. Cor pulmonale - definiton and 3 causes.
12. Jone’s criteria.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Describe the pathogenesis, clinical features, histological changes and complications of


respiratory distress syndrome in newborn.
2. A 60 yr old malnourished male presents with malaise, chills, rigors, fever, cough, and
expectoration. Clinical examination revealed consolidation of the lower lobe of the left lung.
What is the probable diagnosis? Describe gross, microscopy of lung and the various stages
and complications of this condition.
3. Classify lung tumors. Describe morphology of SCC.
4. What is pneumoconiosis? List 6 examples. Describe the gross and microscopic
complications of asbestosis.
5. A 40 yr old male presents with fever, night sweats. Weight loss and productive cough with
blood streaked sputum. What is the probable diagnosis? What investigation would you
perform to confirm your diagnosis? Describe the pathology of lungs in this case.
6. Define and classify emphysema. Describe the EP and pathology of emphysema.
7. Define bronchiectasis. Describe the EP and pathology of bronchiectasis.
SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Define bronchial asthma. Classify the lesion and describe the pathology.
2. Silicosis.
3. Asbestosis.
4. Coal workers pneumoconiosis.
5. Hyaline membrane disease.
6. ARDS.
7. EP of carcinoma lung.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Oat cell carcinoma of lung.


2. Stages of lobar pneumonia.
3. Etiologies of lung abscess.
4. Complications of bronchiectasis.

HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Describe the etiology, pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis.
2. Define and classify cirrhosis of liver. Describe the pathogenesis, pathology and CF of
cirrhosis.
3. Pathology of alcoholic liver disease.
4. What is jaundice? Enumerate the types of jaundice. Describe the lab investigations in a
patient with jaundice.
5. Enumerate the different types of gallstones. Describe the pathogenesis and complications of
gallstones.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma.
2. List types of gallstones. Write about etiology of pigment gallstones.
3. Wilson’s disease.
4. Describe gross and microscopic features of liver in CVC.
5. Nutmeg liver.
6. Serological markers of HepB and their clinical significance.
7. Liver abscesses.
8. Hemochromatosis.
9. Pathogenesis of gallstones.
10. Acute pancreatitis - EP.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Hepatoblastoma.
2. Urinary findings in obstructive jaundice.
3. Councilman body.
4. Hydatid cyst.
5. Mallory bodies.
6. Complications of portal cirrhosis.
7. CF of portal hypertension.
8. Causes and complications of acute pancreatitis.

GIT
MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Describe EP, pathology and complications of gastric ulcers.


2. Describe the EP, pathology of gastric carcinoma. Add a note on early gastric carcinoma.
3. What are inflammatory bowel diseases? Describe the EP, pathology and complications of
ulcerative colitis and crohns disease.
4. Describe the EP and pathology of colorectal carcinoma. Add a note on staging.
5. Classify the tumors of salivary glands. Describe the pathology of pleomorphic adenoma.
6. Enumerate the ulcers of GIT. Describe the pathology and complications of peptic ulcer.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Warthin’s tumor.
2. Gastric carcinoma.
3. Ulcerative colitis.
4. Crohn’s disease.
5. Differences between adenocarcinoma of right and left side of large intestine.
6. Precancerous lesions of GIT.
7. Meckel’s diverticulum.
8. Intestinal tuberculosis.
9. Carcinoid tumor.
10. Hirschsprung disease.
11. Neoplastic polyps - intestine.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Barret’s oesophagus.
2. Oral leukoplakia.
3. Tropical sprue.
4. Achlorhydria.
5. Linitis plastica.
6. Typhoid ulcer.
7. Peutz-Jegher’s syndrome.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Classify the testicular tumors. Describe the pathology of seminoma.


2. Classify ovarian tumors. Describe morphology of mutinous cystadenoma of the ovary.
3. Classify breast tumors. Describe the EP and pathology of Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma.
4. Describe the EP, pathology and lab diagnosis of cervical cancer.
SHORT ESSAYS:

1. BPH.
2. Phyllodes tumor.
3. Pagets disease of the breast.
4. Pathology of fibroid uterus.
5. Choriocarcinoma.
6. Dysgerminoma.
7. Hydatidiform mole.
8. Premalignant lesions of the penis.
9. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
10. Etiology of Ca Cervix.
11. Endometriosos.
12. Leiomyoma.
13. Teratoma ovary.
14. Struma ovary.
15. Fibroadenoma breast.
16. Medullary carcinoma of breast.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Cryptorchidism.
2. Granulomatous orchitis.
3. Krukenberg tumor.
4. Brenner tumor.
5. Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia.
6. Sites of ectopic pregnancy.
7. Dermoid cyst - ovary.
8. Gynecomastia.

RENAL SYSTEM
MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Enumerate the types of primary glomerulonephritis. Describe the EP and pathology of post
streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
2. What is nephritic syndrome? Describe the pathophysiology and etiology and urinary findings
of nephrotic syndrome.
3. Describe the etiology, pathogenesis and pathology of acute and chronic pyelonephritis.
4. Classify tumors of the kidney. Describe the pathology of renal cell carcinoma.
5. Enumerate the different types of renal calculi. Describe the EP and complications of renal
calculi.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)


2. Chronic glomerulonephritis.
3. Describe the pathologic findings in diabetic nephropathy.
4. Acute tubular necrosis.
5. Chronic pyelonephritis.
6. Describe renal changes in hypertension.
7. Hydronephrosis.
8. Renal cell carcinoma.
9. Wilm’s tumor.
10. Adult Polycystic kidney disease.
11. Transitional cell carcinoma.
12. IgA nephropathy.
13. Lupoid nephrosis.
14. Membranoproliferazive glomerulonephritis.
15. Nephrotic syndrome.
16. Nephritic syndrome.
17. Goodpasture syndrome.
18. Benign nephrosclerosis.
19. EP of renal calculi.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.
2. 4 complications of renal stones.
3. 4 conditions of contracted kidney.
4. Staghorn calculus.
5. Kimmelstein-Wilson disease.
6. Malakoplakia.
7. Cystic disease of kidney.
8. Lesions of diabetic nephropathy.
9. Flea bitten kidney.
10. Struvite stones.
11. Causes of urothelial tumors.

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Classify bone tumors. Describe the morphology of osteogenic sarcoma.


2. Classify bone tumors. Describe the EP, gross and microscopic features of
osteoclastoma/giant cell tumor of bone.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Osteomyelitis.
2. Chronic osteomyelitis.
3. Tuberculous osteomyelitis.
4. Osteosarcoma.
5. Chondrosarcoma.
6. Osteoclastoma (Giant cell tumor)
7. Ewing’s sarcoma.
8. Rheumatoid arthritis.
SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Pagets disease of bone.


2. Mention bone forming tumors.
3. Synovial sarcoma.
4. Neuroblastoma.
5. Sequestrum.
6. Renal osteodystrophy.
7. Pott’s spine.
8. Microscopic features of gout.
9. Gouty tophi.

SKIN AND SOFT TISSUES

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Precancerous lesions of skin.


2. Basal cell carcinoma.
3. Malignant melanoma.
4. Squamous cell carcinoma.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Xeroderma pigmentosum.
2. Molluscum contagiosum.

ENDOCRINES
MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. A 45 year old man complains of tiredness, excessive thirst and nocturia. What is the most
likely diagnosis? What are the laboratory tests to be done in this patient? Mention
complications and write gross and microscopic findings of kidney in this disease. (Diabetes
Mellitus)

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Cushing’s syndrome.
2. Pheochromocytoma.
3. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
4. Toxic goitre.
5. Iodine deficiency goitre.
6. Multi nodular goitre.
7. Classify thyroid tumors. Describe in detail any one.
8. Thyroid adenoma.
9. Papillary carcinoma of thyroid.
10. Multiple endocrine neoplasia.
SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Renal glycosuria.
2. Multiple endocrine neoplasia.

CNS

MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Classify brain tumors. Define the pathology of astrocytoma. Add a note on staging.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Subarachnoid hemorrhage.
2. CSF findings in pyogenic and tubercular meningitis.
3. Meningioma.
4. Gliomas.
5. Neurofibroma.
6. Medulloblastoma.
7. Schwammoma.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Tuberculoma.
2. Glioblastoma multiforme.
3. Brain abscess.
4. Retinoblastoma.
5. Glitterzillen cells.

LYMPHORETICULAR SYSTEM
MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Classify Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Describe the morphology and add a note on the staging.
2. Enumerate the different classifications of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Describe the pathology
of Burkitt’s lymphoma.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Classify Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.


2. Burkitt’s lymphoma.
3. Morphology of Reed Sternberg cell and its variants.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Hypersplenism.
2. 4 causes of massive splenomegaly.

HEMATOLOGY
MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Define and classify anemia. Describe the lab findings in iron deficiency anemia.
2. 40 yr old man presents with anemia, fatigue, weight loss and marked splenomegaly of 3
months duration. Investigation revealed leukocyte of 1,00,000/ml. What is the probable
diagnosis? Describe the peripheral blood and bone marrow findings in this patient.
3. 8 yr old child presents with hepatospleenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, tiredness and bone
pain of 2 months duration. What is the likely diagnosis? Give reasons. List investigations.
Describe the peripheral blood and bone marrow changes in this patient.
4. 50 yr old male comes to the hospital with severe anemia, glossitis, loss of appetite,
numbness and tingling of both lower limb and difficulty in walking. What is the probable
diagnosis? Describe the peripheral blood smear and bone marrow finding in him.
5. 70 yr old man present with progressive pallor, hepatospleenomegaly, generalized
lymphadenopathy and 2 months history of bone pain. What is the most probable diagnosis?
Give reasons. Indicate 4 relevant lab investigations to confirm the diagnosis. Write bone
marrow and blood findings in this patient.
6. 60 yr old woman presented with anemia and backache. X ray revealed multiple punched out
lesions in the skull. What is the probable diagnosis? Give reasons. Write relevant lab
investigations. Describe bone marrow findings in this patient.
7. Classify leukemia. Describe hematological findings in AML.
8. Classify thalassemia. Discuss the clinical, pathological and radiological findings in
thalassemia.
9. Describe in detail iron deficiency states and laboratory investigations of iron deficient
anemia.
10. Classify hemolytic anemia. Write pathogenesis, lab investigations in sickle cell anemia.
11. Classify the hemorrhagic diseases. Describe the EP, peripheral smear, bone marrow finding
and lab investigations in ITP.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Pancytopenia. 4 causes.
2. Classify hemolytic anemia. Investigations.
3. Lab findings in iron def anemia.
4. Lab findings in multiple myeloma.
5. FAB classification of acute leukemias.
6. ITP.
7. Causes of thrombocytopenia.
8. What is ESR? Mention the methods, anticoagulants used and conditions where increased
values are seen.
9. LE cell.
10. DIC.
11. Leukemoid reaction.
12. PCV.
13. Immune thrombocytic purpura.
14. Transfusion reactions.
15. Megaloblastic anemia.
16. Multiple myeloma.
17. PNH.
18. Von-Willebrand disease.
19. Hereditary spherocytosis.
20. Sickle cell anemia.
21. Aplastic anemia.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Agranulocytosis.
2. Uses of coombes test.
3. Reticulocyte.
4. Spherocyte.
5. Macropolymorph.
6. 4 conditions of eosinophilia.
7. Name 4 anticoagulants.
8. Megaloblast.
9. Myeloblast.
10. Philadelphia chromosome.
11. Polycythemia.
12. Sickling test.
13. Prothrombin time.
14. What is LE cell? Name conditions where it is seen.
15. Indications for bone marrow aspiration.
16. Erythropoietin.
17. RBC indices.

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Microscopic examination of urine.


2. CSF findings in meningitis.
3. Methods of hemoglobin estimation.
4. ESR.
5. PCV.
6. Methods of blood grouping.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Special stains in histopathology.


2. Special stains for fat.
3. 4 causes of hemorrhagic fluid tap.
4. Liver function tests.
5. Renal function test.
6. Indications of lumbar puncture.
7. Oliguria.
8. Specific gravity of urine.
9. Tests of proteinuria.
10. Sulfosalicylic test.
11. Benedict’s test.
12. Causes of hematuria.
13. Semen analysis.
14. Romanowsky stains
15. ESR.
16. Buffy coat.
17. Haemoparasites.
18. Needles for bone marrow biopsy.

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