MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (MULTIPLE-CHOICE)

Answer key

Question Question Question

Key Key Key
Number Number Number

1 C 6 A 11 B

2 C 7 C 12 B

3 A 8 C 13 C

4 B 9 D 14 B

5 D 10 B 15 C

Section B
Question Suggested answer Marks
16. (a) Homogenisation 1

(b) Ice-cold temperature 1

Isotonic 1

(c) Mitochondria 1
Produce energy (in the form of ATP) 1

(d) R and S only 1

Because prokaryotic cells do not have nucleus (which
form sediment in P) and do not have endoplasmic
organelles (which form sediment in Q) 1
17. (a) Ribulose bisphosphate //RuBP 1
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate //bisphosphoglycerate 1

(b) 1 will exit the cycle and 5 will be used to regenerate RuBP 1+1

(c) In mesophyll cell of C3 plants; in bundle sheath cell of C4 1+1

plants

(d) This cycle will not occur 1

Because it requires ATP and NADPH which are produced
during light reaction 1
(or any logical answer containing this idea) 1
18. (a) Lysosomes are organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes.
They are manufactured within the cells of living organisms.
Describe how lysosomes are manufactured in these cells.
• Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosome membrane are made by 1
rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then transferred to
Golgi body for further processing
• Polypeptide chains grow/elongate from ribosomes attached 1
on the rough ER
• The chains enter the rough ER lumen through the pore in 1
the ER membrane
• The new polypeptide folds into its functional shape as it 1
enters the ER lumen
• The enzymes inside the ER lumen bind (covalently) 1
/attach carbohydrate (to form glycoprotein)
• When the enzymes are formed the ER membrane keeps
them separate from proteins in the cytosol 1
• The enzymes depart from the ER wrapped in the
1
membranes of vesicles that bud off from (a specialized
region called transitional) ER
1
• These vesicles are called transport vesicles
• After leaving the ER, many transport vesicles travel to the
cis face of Golgi body and fuse with it // Transport 1
vesicles move materials from the ER to the cis face of
Golgi body and fuse with it
• Products of ER are modified during their transit from the
cis region to its trans region of the Golgi body 1
• Golgi body manufactures and refines its products in stages
with different cisternae containing different enzymes
• The trans face of Golgi body buds off to form lysosomes 1
1
Any 10

(b) Various processes occur to help the transport of

substances into and out of a cell. Compare and contrast the
processes of facilitated diffusion and active transport that take
place across a plasma membrane.
• Similarity : Both use transport protein 1
1 mark
• Differences : Must be in full sentences
facilitated diffusion active transport
Movement of substances Movement of substances
from high to low from low to high 1
concentration region. concentration region.
No energy is required Energy is required 1
The rate can be increased The rate depends on the
by transport protein energy 1
The transport protein can The transport protein is a
either be a channel or a protein pump 1
carrier protein 4 marks
 Total : 15

19. (a) The process of glycolysis requires many types of enzymes. Note:
Describe any three of the classes of enzymes involved in Any three
glycolysis. different
classes, one
Class : Transferase reaction is
Enzyme: hexokinase enough for
Reaction: transfers a phosphate group from ATP to glucose each class.

Class : Isomerase Marks

Enzyme: phosphoglucoisomerase awarded for
Reaction: glucose 6-phosphate is converted to fructose 6- Class of
phosphate enzyme – 1;
Name/example
Class : Transferase of enzyme – 1;
Enzyme: phosphofructokinase The reaction –
Reaction: transfers a phosphate group from ATP to fructose 6- 1.
phosphate to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
9 marks

Class : Lyase
Enzyme: aldolase
Reaction: cleave/split fructose 1,6-phosphate (into
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone
phosphate)

Class : Oxidoreductase
Enzyme: triose phosphate dehydrogenase
Reaction: G3P is oxidized (by transfer of electrons to NAD+)

Class : Transferase
Enzyme: phosphoglycerokinase
Reaction: phosphate group is transferred from 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to form ATP (in substrate level
phosphorylation)

Class : Isomerase
Enzyme: phosphoglyceromutase
Reaction: relocates the phosphate group in 3-phosphoglycerate
to form 2-phosphoglycerate.

Class : Lyase
Enzyme: enolase
Reaction: extracts water molecule from 2-phosphoglycerate to
form phosphoenolpyruvate

Class : Transferase
Enzyme: pyruvate kinase
Reaction: transfers phosphate group from PEP to ADP and
produce ATP and pyruvate

(b) Explain how the structures of storage polysaccharides in

both animal and plants suit their functions.

Storage polysaccharides in animals is glycogen while storage

polysaccharides in plants is starch. 1

S: made up of α-glucose
F: therefore used as a substrate of glycolysis/respiration to 1+1
produce energy // fuel of respiration // easily hydrolyzed to
produce sugar

S: the polymer of glucose forms helix//stored in the form of

granules 1+1
F: therefore form compact structures which require small
space for storage in cells

S: insoluble compounds
F: therefore do not affect water potential of the cells 1+1

S: extensively branched
F: provides many free ends for hydrolysis to release glucose 1+1

Any 1+1
6 marks

Total :15
20. (a) Discuss the similarities and differences between aerobic
respiration and photosynthesis.

Similarities between aerobic respiration and photosynthesis.

Both are energy converting processes 1

Both require the mechanism for exchange of CO2 and 1
O2.
Both require special organelles in eukaryotes 1
(mitochondria for respiration and chloroplasts for
photosynthesis)
Both involve chemiosmosis 1
The light reactions of photosynthesis resemble cell
respiration in the following ways: 1
(i) phosphorylation occurs (the synthesis of ATP
from ADP and Pi)
(ii) this is coupled to flow of electrons along a
chain of electron carriers
(iii) the electron carriers must be organised on
membranes for coupling to take place; these are
cristae in mitochondria and thylakoids in
chloroplasts.
Both also involve cyclic pathways that take place in
solution in the matrix around the membranes (Krebs 1
cycle in respiration, Calvin cycle in photosynthesis)
Part of the glycolytic sequence of enzymes are 1
common to both processes.
Any 4

Aerobic respiration Photosynthesis

It is a catabolic process and It is an anabolic process
results in the breakdown of which results in the synthesis 1
carbohydrate molecules into of carbohydrate molecules
simple inorganic from simple inorganic
compounds. compounds.
Energy is incorporated into Energy is accumulated and
ATP for immediate use stored in carbohydrate. 1
Some ATP is formed.
Oxygen is used up. CO2 and Oxygen is released. CO2 and 1
H2O are released. H2O are used up.
The process results in a Results in an increase in dry
decrease in dry mass. mass. 1
In eukaryotes, the process In eukaryotes, the process
occurs in mitochondria. occurs in chloroplasts. 1
Takes place continuously Occurs only in cells
throughout the lifetime of all possessing chlorophyll and
cells, and is independent of only in the presence of light. 1
chloroplasts and light.
Any 4
8 marks
(b) Describe the role of energy carrier molecules, NADH and
FADH2 in the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.

• NADH transfers electron to the first molecule of the

electron transport chain// flavoprotein//complex 1 1
• Thus becoming reduced
• It then passes electrons to an iron-sulfur protein/complex 1
II 1
• FADH2 passes electrons to an iron-sulfur protein/complex
II 1
• Which then passes electrons to ubiquinone/coenzyme Q
1
• It then passes electrons to cytochrome complex
1
• Which then passes electrons to oxygen (which is very
electronegative) 1
• As electrons are passed - from one electron carriers to
another/along the electron transport chain – H+ is pumped 1
from the matrix to the intermembrane space
• This produces an electron gradient// proton-motive force
• The protons/H+ flow back via ATP synthase producing 1
energy/proton-motive force 1
• Which phosphorylate ADP to form ATP.
1

Any 7
Total: 15