12MS

Graphing
Workbook

1
Absolute Value Graphs
The absolute value is the positive version of any number. It is expressed using two vertical lines around a
number

e.g. The absolute value of 20 or |20| is 20. The absolute value of −20 or |−20| is also 20.

The graph y = x can be drawn by calculating co-ordinates

x y=x
−3 −3
−2 −2
−1 −1
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3

For an absolute value graph y = |x|, our table would look like this:

x y = |x|
These numbers become
−3 3 positive as the absolute
−2 2 value of a negative
number is its positive
−1 1
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3

To get an absolute value graph, go into the GRAPH function.

Press OPTN and select F5 (NUM) then F1 (Abs).

Anything that is between the absolute value lines must be put in brackets after the function “Abs”

2
The standard absolute value graph is y = |x|. It has a vertex (or minimum point) at (0, 0)

y = |x| can be transformed in the following ways:

y = |x| + 2 shifts y = |x| two units up

y = |x| – 2 shifts y = |x| two units down

y = |x + 2| shifts y = |x| two units left

y = |x – 2| shifts y = |x| two units right

y = 2|x| makes y = |x| skinnier

1
𝑦 = 2 |𝑥| makes y = |x| fatter

If we combine all these transformations, a general equation can be formed for the parabola.

y = k |x – a| + b The distance the vertex

has moved vertically
The scale factor which The distance the vertex
makes the absolute value has moved horizontally
fatter or skinnier

If k is negative, then the absolute value will be upside-down and the vertex is the maximum point of the
graph.

Example

Write the equation for the following graph.

1. Locate the vertex (2, 4)

2. Substitute the vertex into the general equation:

y = k |x − 2| + 4

3. To calculate k, locate another (x, y) coordinate on the graph

and substitute into the equation.

Selected point is (−3, 8)

y = k |x − 2| + 4 Substitute in (x, y)
8 = k |−3 − 2| + 4 Subtract 4 from both sides and simplify the brackets
4 = k |−5|
Take the absolute value of −5
4 = k (5)
4 Divide both sides by 5
=𝑘
5
4
The equation of the graph is 𝑦 = 5 |𝑥 − 2| + 4

When selecting the (x, y) co-ordinate to substitute into the equation, you cannot select a point you have
already used to form the equation.
3
Equations of Absolute Value Graphs
Write the equations of the following absolute value graphs.
QUESTION ONE
QUESTION TWO
QUESTION THREE

4
 QUESTION SIX QUESTION FIVE QUESTION FOUR

5
Key Features of Absolute Value Graphs
Example
4
State the key features for the absolute value graph 𝑦 = 5 |𝑥 − 2| + 4

Input the equation into your graphics calculator and use SHIFT F5 to locate key features

domain no domain
x – intercept none
y – intercept (0, 5.6)
vertex (2, 4) y - int
line of symmetry x=2
Vertex
In this case there is no x-intercept, but there are some
absolute value graphs where the x-intercept does exist.

Line of symmetry

Sketching Absolute Value Graphs

Graph each absolute value graph by finding the key features using your graphics calculators on the grids
below.

2
𝑦 = |𝑥 − 3|
3
domain −3 ≤ x ≤ 6

x – intercept(s)
QUESTION ONE

y – intercept

vertex

line of symmetry

6
 y = 2|x + 1| − 4

domain −6 ≤ x ≤ 2

x – intercept(s)
QUESTION TWO

y – intercept

vertex

line of symmetry

3
𝑦 = − |𝑥 + 4| + 6
2
domain no domain

x – intercept(s)
QUESTION THREE

y – intercept

vertex

line of symmetry

y = 3|x| − 5

domain x ≥ −2

x – intercept(s)
QUESTION FOUR

y – intercept

vertex

line of symmetry

7
Parabolas
The standard parabola is y = x2. It has a vertex (or minimum point) at (0, 0)

y = x2 can be transformed in the following ways:

y = x2 + 2 shifts y = x2 two units up

y = x2 – 2 shifts y = x2 two units down

y = (x + 2)2 shifts y = x2 two units left

y = (x – 2)2 shifts y = x2 two units right

y = 2x2 makes y = x2 skinnier

1
𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 makes y = x2 fatter

If we combine all these transformations, a general equation can be formed for the parabola.

y = k (x – a)2 + b The distance the vertex

has moved vertically
The scale factor which The distance the vertex
makes the parabola fatter has moved horizontally
or skinnier
If k is negative, then the parabola will be upside-down and the vertex is the maximum point of the graph.

Example

Write the equation for the following graph.

1. Locate the vertex (−3, −5)

2. Substitute the vertex into the general equation:

y = k (x + 3)2 – 5

3. To calculate k, locate another (x, y) coordinate on the graph

and substitute into the equation.

Selected point is (2, 5)

y = k (x + 3)2 – 5 Substitute in (x, y)

5 = k (2 + 3)2 – 5 Subtract 5 from both sides and simplify the brackets
10 = k (5)2
Simplify 52
10 = k (25)
10 2 Divide both sides by 25 and simplify the fraction
=𝑘=5
25

2
The equation of the graph is 𝑦 = 5 (𝑥 + 3)2 − 5

8
The general equation for a parabola can also be expressed as

y = k (x – c)(x – d)

The scale factor which The location of the

makes the parabola fatter x-intercepts
or skinnier

Example

Write the equation for the following graph.

1. Locate the x –intercepts (−3, 0) and (4, 0)

2. Substitute the x –intercepts into the general equation:

y = k (x + 3) (x – 4)

3. To calculate k, locate another (x, y) coordinate on the graph

and substitute into the equation.

Selected point is (0, −9)

y = k (x + 3) (x – 4) Substitute in (x, y)
−9 = k (0 + 3) (0 – 4) Simplify brackets
−9 = k (3) (– 4)
Calculate 3 × −4
−9 = k (–12)
9 3 Divide both sides by −12 and simplify
=𝑘=4
12

3
The equation of the graph is 𝑦 = 4 (𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 – 4)

Parabolic Summary
When the vertex is known, use

The distance the vertex

y = k (x – a)2 + b has moved vertically
The scale factor which The distance the vertex
makes the parabola fatter has moved horizontally
or skinnier

When the x-intercepts is known, use

y = k (x – c)(x –d)

The scale factor which The location of the

makes the parabola fatter x-intercepts
or skinnier 9
Equations of Parabolas
Write the equations of the following parabolas.
QUESTION ONE
QUESTION TWO
QUESTION THREE

10
 QUESTION SIX QUESTION FIVE QUESTION FOUR

11
Key Features of Parabolas
Example
2
State the key features for the parabola 𝑦 = 5 (𝑥 + 3)2 − 5

Input the equation into your graphics calculator and use SHIFT F5 to locate key features

x - int
domain no domain
x – intercept (−6.54, 0) and (0.534, 0)
y – intercept (0, 1.4)
vertex (−3, −5) y - int
line of symmetry x = −3

Vertex

Line of symmetry

Sketching Parabolas
Graph each parabola by finding the key features using your graphics calculators on the grids below.

y = 3 (x – 3)2

domain −4 ≤ x ≤ 6

x – intercept(s)
QUESTION ONE

y – intercept

vertex

line of symmetry

12
 y = −2 (x – 3) (x + 1)

domain −1 ≤ x ≤ 2

x – intercept(s)
QUESTION TWO

y – intercept

vertex

line of symmetry

2
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 7)
7
domain no domain

x – intercept(s)
QUESTION THREE

y – intercept

vertex

line of symmetry

1
𝑦 = − (𝑥 − 2)2 + 8
4
domain x ≥ −4
QUESTION FOUR

x – intercept(s)

y – intercept

vertex

line of symmetry

13
 2
𝑦 = − (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 5)
5
domain −4 ≤ x ≤ 1

x – intercept(s)
QUESTION FIVE

y – intercept

vertex

line of symmetry

𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 5)2 + 2

domain no domain

x – intercept(s)
QUESTION SIX

y – intercept

vertex

line of symmetry

𝑦 = 3(x + 1) (x – 2)

domain x≤2

x – intercept(s)
QUESTION SEVEN

y – intercept

vertex

line of symmetry

14
Cubics
The standard cubic is y = x3. It has a point of inflection at (0, 0)

point of
inflection

A cubic can also be described as a polynomial of degree 3.

It is from the same family as a parabola, which is a polynomial of degree 2.

The general equation where the standard cubic has been transformed is given as

y = k (x – a)3 + b The distance the point of

inflection has moved vertically
The scale factor which The distance the point of
makes the cubic fatter or inflection has moved
skinnier horizontally
Example

Write the equation for the following graph.

1. Locate the point of inflection (1, −2)

2. Substitute the point of inflection into the general

equation:

y = k (x – 1)3 – 2

3. To calculate k, locate another (x, y) coordinate on the

graph and substitute into the equation.

Selected point is (0, −4)

y = k (x – 1)3 – 2 Substitute in (x, y)

−4 = k (0 – 1)3 – 2 Add 2 to both sides and simplify the brackets
−2 = k (−1)3
Simplify (−1)3
−2 = k (−1)
Divide both sides by −1
2=k

15
 The equation of the graph is y = 2 (x – 1)3 – 2
The general equation for a cubic can also be expressed as

y = k (x – c)(x – d)(x – e)

The scale factor which

makes the cubic fatter or The location of the
skinnier x-intercepts

Example

Write the equation for the following graph.

1. Locate the x –intercepts (−3, 0), (−1, 0) and (4, 0)

2. Substitute the x –intercepts into the general equation:

y = k (x + 3) (x + 1) (x – 4)

3. To calculate k, locate another (x, y) coordinate on the graph

and substitute into the equation.

Selected point is (0, 3)

y = k (x + 3) (x + 1) (x – 4) Substitute in (x, y)
3 = k (0 + 3) (0 + 1) (0 – 4) Simplify brackets
3 = k (3) (1) (−4)
Calculate 3 × 1 ×−4
3 = k (–12)
3 1 Divide both sides by −12 and simplify
− 12 = 𝑘 = − 4

1
The equation of the graph is 𝑦 = − 4 (𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4)

Cubic Summary
When the point of inflection is known, use

The distance the point of

y = k (x – a)3 + b inflection has moved vertically
The scale factor which The distance the point of
makes the cubic fatter or inflection has moved
skinnier horizontally

When the x-intercepts is known, use

y = k (x – c)(x –d)(x – e)

The scale factor which The location of the

makes the cubic fatter or x-intercepts
skinnier 16
Equations of Cubics
Write the equations of the following cubics.
QUESTION ONE
QUESTION TWO
QUESTION THREE

17
 QUESTION SIX QUESTION FIVE QUESTION FOUR

18
Key Features of Cubics
Example

State the key features for the cubic y = 2 (x – 1)3 – 2

Input the equation into your graphics calculator and use SHIFT F5 to locate key features

domain no domain
x - int
x – intercept (2, 0)
y – intercept (0, −4)
point of inflection (1, −2)

Note that the calculator cannot identify the point of

inflection, you need to be able to do this yourself. point of
inflection

y - int

Example
1
State the key features for the cubic 𝑦 = − (𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4)
4

Input the equation into your graphics calculator and use SHIFT F5 to locate key features

max

domain no domain
x – intercept (−3, 0), (−1, 0) and (4, 0)
y - int
y – intercept (0, 3) x - int x - int
maximum (2.08, 7.51)
minimum (−2.08, −1.51)

min

19
Sketching Cubics
Graph each cubic by finding the key features using your graphics calculators on the grids below.

3
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)3 + 5
4
domain x≤0
QUESTION ONE

x – intercept(s)

y – intercept

point of inflection

𝑦 = −2(𝑥 − 4)3 + 1

domain no domain

x – intercept(s)
QUESTION TWO

y – intercept

point of inflection

6
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)
5
domain −1 ≤ x ≤ 2
QUESTION THREE

x – intercept(s)

y – intercept

maximum

minimum

20
Higher Powered Polynomials
The parabola and cubic belong to the polynomial family.

Higher powered polynomials can have powers of degree 3 or higher on the unknown x.

The general equation for a higher powered polynomial can also be expressed as

y = k (x – c)(x – d)(x – e)(x – f)…

The scale factor which

makes the polynomial The location of the x-intercepts
fatter or skinnier

The number of brackets we use depends on the degree of the polynomial (power 4 needs 4 brackets etc.)

Example

Write the equation for the following graph.

1. Locate the x-intercepts (−3, 0), (−1, 0), (1, 0) and (2, 0)

2. Substitute the x – intercepts into the general equation:

y = k (x +3) (x + 1) (x – 1) (x – 2)

3. To calculate k, locate another (x, y) coordinate on the graph

and substitute into the equation.

Selected point is (0, 3)

y = k (x +3) (x + 1) (x – 1) (x – 2) Substitute in (x, y)

3 = k (0 + 3) (0 + 1) (0 – 1) (0 – 2) Simplify brackets
3 = k (3)(1)(−1)(−2)
Simplify 3 × 1 × −1 × − 2
3 = k (6) Divide both sides by 6
0.5 = k

1
The equation of the graph is 𝑦 = 2 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)

21
Higher Powered Polynomials: The Repeated Root
If the graph bounces off the x – axis, then there is a repeated root.

Example

Write the equation for the following graph.

1. Locate the x-intercepts (−2, 0), (−1, 0), (−1, 0) and (2, 0)

2. Substitute the x – intercepts into the general equation:

repeated
root y = k (x +2) (x + 1)2 (x – 2)

3. To calculate k, locate another (x, y) coordinate on the graph

and substitute into the equation.

Selected point is (1, −7)

y = k (x +2) (x + 1)2 (x – 2) Substitute in (x, y)

−7 = k (1 + 2) (1 + 1)2 (1 – 2) Simplify brackets
−7 = k (3)(2)2 (−1) Multiply 3 × 4 × −1
−7 = k (−12)
7
=𝑘
12

7
The equation of the graph is 𝑦 = 12 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 2)

Equations of Higher Powered Polynomials

Write the equations of the following higher powered polynomials
QUESTION ONE

22
 QUESTION FOUR QUESTION THREE QUESTION TWO

23
Rectangular Hyperbolae
1
The standard hyperbola is 𝑦 = 𝑥. It has asymptotes at x = 0 and y = 0

The asymptote is a point or line that the graph approaches but will never touch. The asymptotes are usually
not drawn on the graph.

An asymptote exists for the hyperbola as dividing by zero is a mathematical impossibility.

𝟏
x 𝒚=𝒙
1
−3 −3
1
−2 −
2

−1 −1

0 undefined

1 1
1
2 2
1
3 3

The general equation where the standard hyperola has been transformed is given as

The scale factor which 𝑘 The distance the horizontal

makes the hyperbola 𝑦= +𝑏 asymptote has moved vertically
fatter or skinnier 𝑥−𝑎
The distance the vertical
asymptote has moved
horizontally

24
Example

Write the equation for the following graph.

1. Locate the asymptotes

Horizontal asymptote: y = −1
Vertical asymptote: x = −2

2. Substitute the asymptotes into the general equation:

𝑘
𝑦= −1
𝑥+2

3. To calculate k, locate another (x, y) coordinate on the graph

and substitute into the equation.

Selected point is (−1, 1)

𝑘
𝑦 = 𝑥+2 − 1
Substitute in (x, y)
𝑘
1 = −1+2 − 1
Simplify −1 + 2
𝑘
1= 1−1
Add 1 to both sides
2=𝑘
2
The equation of the graph is 𝑦 = 𝑥+2 − 1

Equations of Rectangular Hyperbolae

Write the equations of the following hyperbolas
QUESTION ONE

25
 QUESTION FOUR QUESTION THREE QUESTION TWO

26
Key Features of Rectangular Hyperbolae
Example
2
State the key features for the hyperbolas 𝑦 = 𝑥+2 − 1

Input the equation into your graphics calculator and use SHIFT F5 to locate key features

domain no domain
x – intercept (0, 0)
y – intercept (0, 0) x - int
vertical asymptote x = −2 y - int
horizontal asymptote y = −1

The x – intercept and y – intercept happen to be the same in Asymptote: y = −1

this example, but this is not always the case.

Note that the calculator cannot identify the point of

inflection, you need to be able to do this yourself. The
asymptotes are also typically not included in the graph. Asymptote: x = −2

Sketching Rectangular Hyperbolae

Graph each hyperbola by finding the key features using your graphics calculators on the grids below.

2
𝑦=2+
𝑥−1
domain x ≥ −1

x – intercept(s)
QUESTION ONE

y – intercept

vertical asymptote

horizontal asymptote

27
 7
𝑦= +2
𝑥−4
domain −3 ≤ x ≤ 6

x – intercept(s)
QUESTION TWO

y – intercept

vertical asymptote

horizontal asymptote

3
𝑦=−
𝑥−1
domain no domain

x – intercept(s)
QUESTION THREE

y – intercept

vertical asymptote

horizontal asymptote

1
𝑦 = 3−
𝑥
domain x≤2
QUESTION FOUR

x – intercept(s)

y – intercept

vertical asymptote

horizontal asymptote

28
Exponential Function
The standard exponential is 𝑦 = 𝑝 𝑥 where p is a constant. It has an asymptote at y = 0.

x y = 2x
−3 1
2−3 = 8
−2 1
2−2 = 4
−1 1
2−1 = 2
Any value to the power of zero
0 20 = 1 equals 1. This occurs as there is a
pattern of dividing by 2 in the right
1 2 hand column of this table

2 4
3 8

An asymptote exists on the x-axis only, as the more negative the x-values, the smaller its corresponding y-
value – but this y-value although very close to 0 will never reach zero.

Since anything to the power of zero equals 1, the standard exponential will always pass through the co-
ordinate (0, 1).

The general equation for an exponential can be Is the asymptote on the x-axis?
expressed as

− a
y= px + b
Yes No
A constant that can The distance the
make the graph steeper asymptote has
b=0 Locate asymptote.
moved vertically
This is b.
Select the point one unit above
the asymptote. The distance
this point is from the y-axis is
the horizontal movement Find the point 1 unit up from the asymptote. Is this
point on the y – axis?
The flowchart on the right can be used to assist in
writing the equation of the exponential graph
Yes No

Count how far away this

c=0
point is from the y – axis.
This is a.

Sub in known (x, y) to find p

29
Example

Write the equation for the following graph.

1. Locate the asymptote Horizontal asymptote: y = −1

2. Locate the point one unit above the asymptote

The point is +4 units away from the y – axis

3. Substitute the values of a and b into the equation

y = px – 4 – 1
The point one unit
above the asymptote
4. To calculate k, locate another (x, y) coordinate on the graph
and substitute into the equation.

Selected point is (5, 2)

y = px – 4 – 1 Substitute in (x, y)
2 = p5– 4 – 1
Simplify 5 – 4
2 = p1 – 1
Add 1 to both sides
3=p

The equation of the graph is y = 3x – 4 − 1

Strategically select your (x, y) co-ordinates so that you have as little rearranging to do as possible. If the
power on p is not equal to 1, you will need to take the root of both sides to get p by itself.

Equations of Exponential Functions

Write the equations of the following exponential functions
QUESTION ONE

30
 QUESTION FOUR QUESTION THREE QUESTION TWO

31
Exponential Function: Decay and Growth Curves
The general equation for an exponential can be expressed as

− a The distance the asymptote has

y= px + b moved vertically

A constant that can Select the point one unit above the
make the graph steeper asymptote. The distance this point
is from the y-axis is the
horizontal movement
For different values of p, the exponential graph can look quite different:

1𝑥
y = −2x 𝑦= y = 2x
2
If p is less than −1, then the graph If p is between 0 and 1, then the If p is greater than 1, then the
slopes downwards graph is a decay curve graph is a growth curve

The exponential will never have p = 1 or p = 0, as 1 to the power of any value is 1 and 0 to the power of any
value is 0.

Example

Write the equation for the following graph.

1. Locate the asymptote Horizontal asymptote: y = −2

2. Locate the point one unit from the asymptote

The point is −1 units away from the y – axis

3. Substitute the values of a and b into the equation

y = px + 1 – 2
The point one unit
from the asymptote
4. To calculate k, locate another (x, y) coordinate on the graph
and substitute into the equation.

Selected point is (0, −5)

y = px + 2 – 2 Substitute in (x, y)
−5 = p0 + 1 – 2
Simplify 0 + 1 and add 2 to both sides
−3 = p1
32
Equations of Exponential Functions
Write the equations of the following exponential functions
QUESTION ONE
QUESTION TWO
QUESTION THREE

33
 QUESTION SIX QUESTION FIVE QUESTION FOUR

34
Key Features of Exponential Functions
Example

State the key features for the exponential function y = 3x – 4 − 1

Input the equation into your graphics calculator and use SHIFT F5 to locate key features

domain no domain
x – intercept (4, 0)
y – intercept (0, −0.9877)
asymptote y = −1

Note that the calculator cannot identify the asymptote; you

x - int
need to be able to do this yourself. y - int

Asymptote

Sketching Exponential Functions

Graph each exponential function by finding the key features using your graphics calculators on the grids
below.

y = 3x + 1 – 5

domain x≤1

x – intercept
QUESTION ONE

y – intercept

horizontal asymptote

35
 y = 2x + 1 + 3

domain no domain

x – intercept
QUESTION TWO

y – intercept

horizontal asymptote

3 𝑥
𝑦=( ) −5
5
domain no domain
QUESTION THREE

x – intercept

y – intercept

horizontal asymptote

y = −(2x – 3) + 5

domain x≤6

x – intercept
QUESTION FOUR

y – intercept

horizontal asymptote

36
Logarithms
If we reflect the exponential graph along the line y = x, we get a logarithm graph or log graph.

Standard exponential Standard logarithm

Equation y = px x = py
Horizontal asymptote at y =
Asymptotes Vertical asymptote at x = 0
0
Point graph will always
(1, 0) (0, 1)
pass through

The general equation for a logarithm can be expressed as

− b The distance the asymptote has

x= py + a moved horizontally

A constant that can Select the point one unit across

make the graph steeper from the asymptote. The distance
this point is from the x-axis is the
vertical movement

37
The flowchart below can be used to assist in writing the equation of the logarithmic graph:

y –b
Start with x = p + a
Is the asymptote on the y-axis?

Yes No

e=0 Locate asymptote.

This is e.

Find the point 1 unit across from the

asymptote. Is this point on the x – axis?

Yes No

d=0 Count how far away this

point is from the x – axis.
This is d.

Sub in known (x, y) to find p

Example

Write the equation for the following graph.

1. Locate the asymptote Vertical asymptote: x = −2

2. Locate the point one unit from the asymptote

The point one unit away The point is + 2 units away from the x – axis
from the asymptote

3. Substitute the values of a and b into the equation

x = py – 2 – 2

4. To calculate k, locate another (x, y) coordinate on the graph

and substitute into the equation.

Selected point is (4, 3)

x = py – 2 – 2 Substitute in (x, y)
4 = p3 – 2 – 2
Simplify 3 – 2 and add 2 to both sides
2 = p1

The equation of the logarithm is x = 2y – 2 − 2

38
Equations of Logarithms
Write the equations of the following logarithmic functions
QUESTION ONE
QUESTION TWO
QUESTION THREE

39
Transformations: Reflection, Translation and
Enlargement

On the grid provided:

1. Reflect A in the y – axis. Draw and label this B.

2. Translate (move) B down 11 and to the right 3. Draw and label this C.

3. Enlarge C by a scale factor of 2 around (0, -5). In other words double the size of C using (0, -5) as a
reference point. Draw and label D.

Reflection Enlargement Translation

From a given point or from a Move all the points in a given

point you have specified. direction.
All the points are reflected
along a specified mirror line.
If a scale factor is not Specify the vector of
provided, double its size. translation

40
Transformation of Graphs (Merit)
Write the equations of the following graphs. Each graph will have instructions on how to transform it.
Sketch the transformed graph on the same grid and compare the two graphs
QUESTION ONE

Reflect the cubic in the mirrorline x = −3

Original Graph Transformed Graph

equation
domain
point of inflection

I notice that the reflected graph is different because

I notice that the equation is different because

I notice the domains are different because

41
QUESTION TWO

Enlarge the parabola by a scale factor of 2 around the co-ordinate (−1, −5)

Original Graph Transformed Graph

equation
domain
vertex
axis of symmetry

I notice that the enlarged graph is different because

I notice that the equation is different because

I notice the domains are different because

42
QUESTION THREE

Translate the exponential 4 units right and 2 units down

Original Graph Transformed Graph

equation
domain
asymptote

I notice that the translated graph is different because

I notice that the equation is different because

I notice the domains are different because

43
QUESTION FOUR

Enlarge the absolute value function by a scale factor of 3 with the centre of enlargement being the vertex.

Original Graph Transformed Graph

equation
domain
vertex
axis of symmetry

I notice that the enlarged graph is different because

I notice that the equation is different because

I notice the domains are different because

44
(Extra) Combined Transformation of Graphs
Translate the hyperbola 5 units right and 2 units
down. Reflect this graph along y = 3

Equation
original
new
QUESTION ONE

Reflect the exponential around the y – axis and

shift it 3 units up and 2 units left

Equation
original
new
QUESTION TWO

45
General Solutions (Excellence)
Example

Enlarge the original parabola by different scale factors around the co-ordinate (−1, −5)

equation domain

Original parabola y = 2(x + 1)2 – 5 −3 ≤ x ≤ 0

Parabola (s.f. 2) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 5 −5 ≤ x ≤ 1

2
Parabola (s.f. 3) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 5 −7 ≤ x ≤ 2
3
1
Parabola (s.f. 4) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 5 −9 ≤ x ≤ 3
2

We can find the equation (a domain) of the original parabola with different scale factors by sketching it on
the grid above.

Notice that a pattern forms for the equations when the original parabola is enlarged.

In this case, the only values that alter in the equation is the scale factor.

Pattern in scale factor: Original s.f. 2 s.f. 3 s.f. 4

2 2 2 2 1
=2 =1 =
1 2 3 4 2

We notice that in the pattern, the numerator stays the same, but the denominator increases by 1 each time the
scale factor of the enlargement increases by 1.
2
This means that if the enlargement scale factor is n, the equation’s scale factor is 𝑛.
46
The domains of the equation have also altered.

Pattern in the left hand domain: −3, −5, −7, −9.

This means that if the enlargement scale factor is n, the left hand domain is −2n – 1

Pattern in the right hand domain: 0, 1, 2, 3.

This means that if the enlargement scale factor is n, the right hand domain is n – 1

Therefore, when the enlargement scale factor is n on the graph y = 2(x + 1)2 – 5, the equation can be written
2
as 𝑦 = 𝑛 (𝑥 + 1)2 − 5 with domains −2n – 1 ≤ x ≤ n – 1.

Finding the General Solution

1. Find the equation of this parabola and its domains

2. Enlarge the parabola by scale factor 2 with centre

of enlargement (3,0)

Find the new equation and domain

3. Repeat with scale factor 3, centre of enlargement

(3, 0)

4. Repeat with scale factor 4, centre of enlargement

(3,0)

What pattern can you see in the equations?

Use this pattern to determine the equation and

domain for an enlargement of scale factor of 10,
centre (3,0)

47
 Summary of Graphs
Absolute value

domain
x – intercept(s)
y = k |x – a| + b y - intercept
vertex
axis of symmetry

domain
Parabola

y = k (x – a)2 + b x – intercept(s)
y - intercept
y = k (x – c) (x – d) vertex
axis of symmetry

domain
y = k (x – a)3 + b
Cubic

x – intercept(s)
y - intercept
y = k (x – c) (x – d) (x – e)
point of inflection

domain
Hyperbola

x – intercept(s)
𝑘
𝑦= +𝑏 y - intercept
𝑥−𝑎 vertical asymptote
horizontal asymptote
Exponential

domain
x – intercept(s)
y = px – a + b
y - intercept
horizontal asymptote
Logarithm

domain
x – intercept(s)
x = py – b + a
y - intercept
vertical asymptote

a = horizontal shift, b = vertical shift and k = scale factor

48
Answers
Equations of Absolute Value Graphs Sketching Parabolas
p. 4 – 5 p.12 – 14
2 1. x-intercept (3, 0)
1. 𝑦 = 3 |𝑥 + 4| − 7
y – intercept (0, 27)
2. 𝑦 = −3|𝑥| + 7
1 vertex (3, 0)
3. 𝑦 = 3 |𝑥 − 3| − 3 line of symmetry x=3
7
4. 𝑦 = 6 |𝑥 + 5| + 3 2. x-intercept (−1, 0) (3, 0)
4 y – intercept (0, 6)
5. 𝑦 = 5 |𝑥 − 2| + 1 vertex (1, 8)
6. 𝑦 = −2|𝑥 + 5| + 6 line of symmetry x=1
3. x-intercept (−5, 0) (7, 0)
Sketching Absolute Value Graphs y – intercept (0, −10)
p. 6 – 7 vertex (1, −10.29)
line of symmetry x=1
1. x-intercept (3, 0) 4. x-intercept (−3.66, 0) (7.66, 0)
y – intercept (0, 2) y – intercept (0, 7)
vertex (3, 0) vertex (2, 8)
line of symmetry x=3 line of symmetry x=2
2. x-intercept (−3, 0) (1, 0) 5. x-intercept (−5, 0) (1, 0)
y – intercept (0, −2) y – intercept (0, 2)
vertex (−1, −4) vertex (−2, 3.6)
line of symmetry x = −1 line of symmetry x = −2
3. x-intercept (−8, 0) (0, 0) 6. x-intercept none
y – intercept (0, 0) y – intercept (0, 52)
vertex (−4, 6) vertex (−5, 2)
line of symmetry x = −4 line of symmetry x = −5
5 5
4. x-intercept (− 3 , 0) (3 , 0) 7. x-intercept (−1, 0) (2, 0)
y – intercept (0, −6)
y – intercept (0, −5)
vertex (0.5, −6.75)
vertex (0, −5)
line of symmetry x = 0.5
line of symmetry x=0
Equations of Cubics
Equations of Parabolas
p.17 – 18
p. 10 – 11
1. y = 3(x + 2)3 – 6
1. y = 2(x – 5)2 – 4
2 2. y = 4 (x – 5)3 + 2
2. 𝑦 = 7 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 5) 1
3. 𝑦 = − 4 (𝑥 + 1)3 − 2
3. y = −3 (x + 2) (x – 1) 2
5 4. 𝑦 = 5 (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)
4. 𝑦 = 8 (𝑥 − 2)2 − 8
1
2 2 5. 𝑦 = − 2 (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)
5. 𝑦 = − 3 (𝑥 − 4) + 5
2 6. y = 2(x + 1) (x – 1) (x – 2)
6. 𝑦 = 27 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)

49
 Sketching Cubics Equations of Exponential Functions
p. 20 p.30 – 31

1. x-intercept (−3.88, 0) 1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥−5 − 2

y – intercept (0, 11) 2. 𝑦 = 1.49𝑥+3
point of inflection (−2, 5) 3. 𝑦 = 3𝑥+2 + 3
2. x-intercept (4.793, 0) 4. 𝑦 = 2.45𝑥−1 − 3
y – intercept (0, 129)
point of inflection (4, 1) Equations of Exponential Functions
3. x-intercept (−1, 0) (1, 0) (2, 0) p.33 – 34
y – intercept (0, 2.4)
maximum (−0.22, 2.54)
minimum (1.55, −0.76) 1 𝑥+1
1. 𝑦 = 3 −3
2𝑥
Equations of Higher Powered Polynomials 2. 𝑦 = 3 + 4
p.22 – 23 3. 𝑦 = −2𝑥+1 + 3
1
4. 𝑦 = −4𝑥 − 2
1. 𝑦 = − 4 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)2 1 𝑥+4
1
5. 𝑦 = 5 −2
2. 𝑦 = 9 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 −3) 1 𝑥+1
3 6. 𝑦 = − 2
3. 𝑦 = 50 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)2 (𝑥 − 3)2
1
4. 𝑦 = 10 𝑥(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) Sketching Exponential Functions
p.35 – 36
Equations of Rectangular Hyperbolae
p.25 – 26 1. x-intercept (0.465, 0)
y – intercept (0, −2)
2
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥−3 + 2 horizontal asymptote y = −5
3
2. x-intercept none
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥+2 − 3 y – intercept (0, 5)
4 horizontal asymptote y=3
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥+1
3 3. x-intercept (−3.15, 0)
4. 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 + 1 y – intercept (0, −4)
horizontal asymptote y = −5
Sketching Rectangular Hyperbolae 4. x-intercept (5.32, 0)
p.27 – 28 y – intercept (0, 4.875)
horizontal asymptote y=5
1. x-intercept (0, 0)
y – intercept (0, 0)
vertical asymptote x=1 Equations of Logarithms
horizontal asymptote y=2 p.39
2. x-intercept (0.5, 0)
y – intercept (0, 0.25) 1. 𝑥 = 3𝑦−1 − 4
vertical asymptote x=4 2. 𝑥 = 3𝑦−3 + 2
horizontal asymptote y=2 3. 𝑥 = 2𝑦+3 − 1
3. x-intercept none
y – intercept (0, 3)
vertical asymptote x=1
horizontal asymptote y=0
1
4. x-intercept (3 , 0)
y – intercept none
vertical asymptote x=0
horizontal asymptote y=3

50
 Transformations of Graphs
p.41 – 44
1.
Original Graph Transformed Graph
equation y = 2(x + 4)3 y = −2 (x + 2)2
domain x ≥ −5 x≤−1
point of inflection (−4, 0) (−2, 0)

2. Original Graph Transformed Graph

equation y = 2(x + 1)2 – 5 y = (x + 1)2 – 5
domain −3 ≤ x ≤ 0 −5 ≤ x ≤ 1
vertex (−1, −5) (−1, −5)
axis of symmetry x= −1 x= −1
3.
Original Graph Transformed Graph
equation y = 1.49x + 2 − 3 y = 1.49x −2 − 5
domain none None
asymptote y = −3 y = −5

4. Original Graph Transformed Graph

equation y = −3|x + 2| + 6 y = −3|x + 2| + 6
domain −4 ≤ x ≤ 3 −8 ≤ x ≤ 13
vertex (−2,6) (−2,6)
axis of symmetry x = −2 x = −2

Extra: Combined Transformations of Graphs

p.45

1. Equation 2. Equation
4 original y = 2x + 3 − 5
original 𝑦= +5
𝑥+2
4 1𝑥+1
new 𝑦=− +3 new 𝑦= −2
𝑥+3 2

General Solutions
p.47

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2 + 2 0≤x≤6 1
𝑦 = 4 (𝑥 − 3)2 + 2 −9 ≤ x ≤ 15
1
𝑦 = 2 (𝑥 − 3)2 + 2 −3 ≤ x ≤ 9 1 −(3n + 3) ≤ x ≤ 3n + 3
𝑦 = 𝑛 (𝑥 − 3)2 + 2
1 2
𝑦 = 3 (𝑥 − 3) + 2 −6 ≤ x ≤ 12 1 −27 ≤ x ≤ 33
𝑦 = 10 (𝑥 − 3)2 + 2

51