Biomining of Legacy Waste in India - Overview
Biomining of Legacy Waste in India - Overview
Biomining of Legacy Waste in India - Overview
ABSTRACT
Solid waste generated in India during 2020-21 was 160038.9 TPD, out of which, 95.4% of waste was collected,
50% of collected waste was treated and 18.4% of collected waste was landfilled. The remaining quantum of
about 50655.4 TPD which is 31.65 % of the total waste generated remained un-accounted. The unaccounted
waste gets littered haphazardly at many locations in the cities and ultimately dumped in unscientific manner in
the sites commonly referred as dump sites. Unscientific and uncontrolled dumping of solid waste in the past
several decades has resulted in creation of many dump sites in cities and towns. Earlier, these dump sites existed
on the outskirts of the cities but now due to expansion of city limits, these dump sites have become part of the
cities. In India, there are 3184 dump sites having estimated 18,56,00,000 MT of legacy waste occupying
approximate 15,000 acres’ area of city land. Dump sites are not only waste of the valuable urban land resources
but also has potential of significant adverse impact on health and environment. Hon’ble Prime Minister of India
has given remarkable momentum to efforts and initiatives for Swachh Bharat and waste management through
the 56th episode of Mann Ki Baat broadcasted on 25.08.2019. Further, directives of Hon’ble National Green
Tribunal, technical guidelines and tool kits, efforts of line ministries, state administrative and regulatory boards,
urban local bodies have accelerated the momentum with added focus on biomining of legacy waste. The number
of cleared dump sites from 36 in the year 2019 to more than 550 in the year 2022 clearly indicates the impact of
cumulative efforts. This paper provides insight on the present status of legacy waste dump sites in India and its
management with changes in status during recent years. Biomining technology for remediation of dump site and
associated benefits such as land reclamation, recovery of valuables and benefits towards improved health and
environmental condition are discussed.
Key words: NGT, Municipal Solid Waste, dump site, environment, Swachh Bharat
2021a, 2021b). The findings of these success stories legacy waste was estimated INR 360 per MT of
are discussed below. waste. Indore Municipal Corporation has deployed
City of Indore has been consistently holding first its own resources for the biomining. The RDF and
position in Swachh Bharat Sarvekshan ranking for combustible fraction recovered from the biomining
past several years. Indore has initiated biomining process was utilised in cement and road making,
operation for about 15,00,000 MT of accumulated C&D waste was processed for making building
legacy waste during 2016. The entire process of materials, 8-10% fraction was recovered as
remediation and processing of legacy waste took 24 recyclables and the left over fraction of about 15%
months. The overall treatment and disposal cost of was disposed in secured landfill site. About 100 acres
28 Takkar et al.: Biomining of legacy waste dump sites Int. J. Ecol. Env. Sci.
of land was reclaimed and converted into city forest. project took 36 months for completion. The capital
Hon’ble NGT referred the success story of Indore in cost for Bioremediation, Land reclamation and
various directions. scientific closure is INR 42 crores and O&M cost
Vadodara, Gujarat has completed biomining of for 5 years post closure is INR 10 crores.
one dump site located at Atladra area. The biomining Biomining of two dump sites of New Okhla
of Atladara site was started during 2018 for about Industrial Development Authority (NOIDA), Sector
3,75,000 MT of legacy waste and the process was 54 and Sector 145 was successfully completed in 6
completed in about 36 months. About 17 acres of months and 15 months, respectively. In Sector 54,
land was reclaimed. The Vadodara Municipal 1,00,000 MT waste remediated and 12.5 acres of land
Corporation has allotted 3.0 acres of reclaimed land was reclaimed. About 20% RDF fraction recovered
for the construction of C&D waste processing plant from the biomining process was utilised in cement
of 50 TPD capacity and remaining portion is under plant, about 11% C&D fraction waste was used for
process of converting into garden. The fraction levelling of low-lying areas and remaining 69% Bio-
recovered from bio-mining are RDF:21% to cement earth was used for horticulture. The overall treatment
plants, Recyclables:1%, Fine soil + Inert:78% for and disposal cost of legacy waste was approximately
horticulture and filling of low-lying areas. The INR 1193 per MT of waste. In Sector 145 Noida,
complete mobilization of plant, manpower, 3,80,000 MT waste was remediated and about 10
earthmovers and responsible disposal of aggregates acres land was reclaimed. About 24% RDF sent to
was carried out by the third-party contractor. The cement industries, about 16% C&D waste used for
total project cost was INR 33.26 million and thus levelling of low-lying areas, remaining about 50%
the overall treatment and disposal cost of legacy of bio-earth soil used as soil conditioners in
waste was approximately Rs 880 per MT of waste. abandoned areas. The overall treatment and disposal
An example of bio-capping and biomining was cost of legacy waste was approximately INR 986
completed at Bhanpur dump site in Bhopal, Madhya per MT of waste.
Pradesh. The dump site was 30 years old. Out of 37 Biomining of Ramapuram dumpsite in Tirupati
acres of covered area, 21 acres area has been for about 2,00,000 MT of accumulated legacy waste
reclaimed and remaining 16 acres was capped. The during 2019. The entire process of remediation and
49 (Special issue): 23-30 Takkar et al.: Biomining of legacy waste dump sites 29
processing of legacy waste took 24 months. About and odour problem, safety measures, leachate
12% RDF sent to cement industries, about 13% C&D management etc. during process of biomining are
waste used for road embankment and low-lying essential. Regular Monitoring of environmental
areas, about 1% recyclable and remaining 74% of components to record the impact of biomining on
bio-earth soil used afforestation. The overall air, water and soil is essential part of the process.
treatment and disposal cost of legacy waste was Maintaining records of manpower, operational time
estimated to be approximately INR 911 per MT of of equipment and machineries used for biomining,
waste. composition of recovered material and its utilization
There are many dumpsites wherein biomining including time to time reporting to authorities is
started and are likely to be completed by 2024. Some another important aspect for time-to-time review of
of the prominent sites such as 37 years old dumpsite progress and successful completion of biomining.
of Gazipur, Delhi wherein about 1,40,00,000 MT of Various constraints during biomining operation were
legacy waste piled up to about 65 meters height from also faced and reported which include continuous
ground level covering an area of about 70 acres. receipt of fresh solid waste in the old dump site,
Another 42 years old dump site is Pirana dump site disposal of recovered material, residential area near
at Ahmedabad, Gujarat wherein 1,25,00,000 MT of dump site, non-working condition during monsoon,
estimated legacy waste was dumped in 84 acres of etc.
land. The height of heaps at Pirana dump site rangs
from 25 to 55 meters with steep slope. About 38 acres CONCLUSIONS AND WAY FORWARD
of land has been reclaimed by excavating 76,00,000
MT of legacy waste. Biomining of legacy dump site is emerging as
The above success stories indicate that biomining effective technological tool to deal with the heaps of
is the best available and proven technique for old municipal solid waste in environmentally sound
scientific disposal of legacy waste from dump sites. manner besides reaping several associated benefits
Proper planning for recycle and reuse of recovered like reclamation of valuable land occupied by the
materials can be considered as key for the success. waste and valuable fractions recovered. There are
Besides valuables recovered from the process, the more than 3000 reported dump sites in India having
land reclaimed after biomining is the biggest asset estimated 18,56,00,000 MT of legacy waste spread
for the city. Improvement in environmental aspects, over 15,000 acres of precious city land. The state of
safety and health of habitants residing near dumpsites Uttar Pradesh has highest number of dump sites
and betterment in overall aesthetic condition of the followed by state of Madhya Pradesh and
area added prominent advantages associated with it. Maharashtra.
It is observed that, cost of biomining of legacy waste The 56th episode of Mann Ki Baat by Hon’ble
varies from INR 360 to 1193 per MT. The variation Prime Minister of India has given remarkable
in the cost of biomining may be attributed to age of momentum to efforts and initiatives for Swachh
dump site, time period for execution, proximity with Bharat and Waste Management. Various funding
locations for utilization of the recovered materials, schemes of Government of India towards Swachh
variation in manpower cost, overall planning and Bharat, technical tool kits and guidance, directives
execution etc. Variation in composition of legacy of Hon’ble National Green Tribunal have further
waste reported from one dump site to another was accelerated increase in number of cleared dump sites
also observed. Excavated legacy waste is broadly from 36 during 2018-2019 to more than 550 during
recovered under four components, namely 2021-2022. Biomining is under process for more than
combustible/RDF, bio-earth or good soil, C&D waste 500 dump sites in various parts of the country.
or inert and recyclable. Successful completion of biomining and reclaimed
Environmental issues during biomining of dump land was reported highest by Maharashtra followed
sites were also reported and Hon’ble NGT has also by Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Naidu. It can be
imposed environment damage cost in some cases. assumed that ongoing momentum of remediation and
Thus, mitigation measures to control air pollution reclamation of dump sites will result in achieving
30 Takkar et al.: Biomining of legacy waste dump sites Int. J. Ecol. Env. Sci.
“Lakshya towards zero dump site” of Swachh Bharat Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of
Mission. interest
The key elements of biomining are utilization of
appropriate machinery, Bio-culture for stabilization REFERENCES
of waste, screening of different fractions of waste,
analysis of recovered earth material for proper Anonymous. 2016. Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016,
Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change,
utilization, leachate management, record of Government of India. https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/MSW/
utilization of different category of products, etc. SWM_2016.pdf
There are many success stories of remediation of Anonymous. 2021a. Towards Lakshya-Zero Dumpsite,
dump sites through biomining in different parts of collection of Case Studies, Swachh Bharat Mission Urban
the country to further improve upon the tools and 2.0, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affair, and Ministry of
Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India, New
techniques based on experience gained so far. Delhi.
Success story of Indore, Vadodara, Bhopal, Noida Anonymous. 2021b. Status Report on “Assessment of amount
and Triupati and ongoing biomining of Gazipur and of damage to environment due to three dump sites in Delhi”
Pirana dump sites revealed that cost of biomining of submitted by the Joint Committee in the matter OA 519 of
2019 before Hon’ble NGT, 2021.
legacy waste varies from INR 360 to 1193 per MT.
Anonymous. 2021c. NGT Orders in the matter OA 606 of 2018.
It was also found that the composition of legacy National Green Tribunal, New Delhi. https://
waste varies considerably. It can be concluded that greentribunal.gov.in/caseDetails/DELHI/070110200339
for successful remediation of dump sites proper 2018?page=order
planning with reliable data to formulate the resource CPCB. 2019a. Annual Report 2018-2019 on Implementation
of Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 accessed through
recovery utilization, identification and coordination https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/MSW/MSW_AnnualReport_
for end use of recovered material, mitigation 2018-19.pdf
measures for health, safety and environment, CPCB. 2019b. Guidelines for Disposal of Legacy Waste (Old
monitoring and record keeping, use of advance Municipal Solid Waste), CPCB, Ministry of Environment,
technology in the form of artificial intelligence etc. Forests and Climate Change, Government of India, New
Delhi.
are required. Continual efforts for engagement with CPCB. 2020. Annual Report 2019-2020 on Implementation of
Producers/Brand owners for fulfilment of their Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 accessed through
Extended Producers Responsibility under plastic https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/MSW/MSW_AnnualReport_
waste utilization of RDF in accordance with PWM 2019-20.pdf
Rules, networking with different stake holders for CPCB. 2021. Annual Report 2020-21 on Implementation of
Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 accessed through
utilization of recovered material, adequate planning https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/MSW/MSW_AnnualReport_
to address and manage the present generation of solid 2020-21.pdf
waste, adherence with the time line as per the CSE. 2022. Report Toolkit Legacy Waste Management and
directives of Hon’ble NGT by concerned authorities Dumpsite Remediation to Support Swachh Bharat Mission
2.0, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi.
will help in addressing the efficacious
Kaza, S., Yao, L.C., Bhada-Tata, P. and van Woerden, F. 2018.
implementation of remediation of dump sites and What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste
prevention of formation of new sites in future. Management to 2050. World Bank, Washingtond, DC.,
USA. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a-waste/
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT trends_in_solid_waste_management.html
Machhi, D. 2023. Impact on ground water quality on vicinity
of landfill sites in Vadodara. Dissertation thesis,
Authors are thankful to Shri Tanmay Kumar, Environment Science Department, Parul University,
Chairman, CPCB, Dr Prashant Gargava, Member Gujarat.
Secretary, CPCB and Mrs. Divya Sinha, Scientist F, Mohan, S. and Charles, P.J. 2018. Bio-mining: An Innovative
CPCB for guidance and encouragement. Inspired by and Practical solution for Reclamation of Open Dumpsite.
pp. 167-178. In: Kalamdhad, A.S. (Ed.) Recent
Mann Ki Baat Episode No. 56; dated August 25, 2019 Developments in Waste Management Select Proceedings
of Recycle, Springer.
Authors’ contributions: All authors contributed
equally Received:2nd April 2023
Accepted:28th April 2023