Lecture 5 - Vertical Measurement
Lecture 5 - Vertical Measurement
Lecture 5 - Vertical Measurement
GEO100/SUG100
VERTICAL
MEASUREMENT
Department of Surveying Science & Geomatics
UiTM Perlis.
LESSON OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT OF LEVELLING
INSTRUMENTATION
INTRODUCTION
Staff Staff
Difference in
Datum height between A
&B
Direction of
Gravity
Figure 1: Level surface showing difference of heights between two points A & B
Horizontal Line
Vertical line
Level Surface Figure 2: Different Lines
IS IS
BS FS
BS FS BS FS
IS
CP1
CP2 CP3 CP4
Figure 3: Foresight, Backsight, Intermediate Sight and Change Point
BENCH MARK
Description
i. Standard Benchmark (SBM)
It is a ground planed monument built for stability to minimized the
probability of disturbance. The SBM are established within the precise
leveling network to provide a stable benchmark system that will control
the leveling network. The marks are located along major road system at
road junctions or at every 40 kilometers intervals.
ii. Benchmark (BM)
It is built between standard benchmarks at every half (0.5) kilometer in
developed area and at every one (1) kilometer for the rest. Each
benchmark has a plate and bolt, mounted on top of a concrete
monument jutting out from the ground surface and they are located near
or within permanent structures such as milestones, bridges,
telecommunication poles and buildings (police station, school etc).
LEVELLING EQUIPMENT
Equipment used for Levelling are:
Staff
Staff bubble
Level
Dumpy Level
Tilting Level
Automatic Level
Digital Level
Tripod
50m tape measure
(not necessary)
LEVELLING STAFF
Dumpy level
The telescope of the dumpy level is rigidly fixed to its supports.
It cannot be removed from its supports nor can it be rotated about
its longitudinal axis.
The instrument is stable and retains its permanent adjustment for a
long time.
A dumpy level is an older style instrument that requires skilled use
to set accurately.
The instrument requires to be set level (see spirit level) in each
quadrant, to ensure it is accurate through a full 360 ° traverse.
http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/currentstudents/ug/projects/f_pall/html/l1.html
Tilting level
The telescope can be tilted slightly about its horizontal axis with the
help of a tilting screw.
In this instrument the line of collimation is made horizontal for each
observation by means of the tilting screw.
This instrument allows the telescope to be effectively flipped through
180 °, without rotating the head.
The telescope is hinged to one side of the instruments axis, flipping it
involves lifting to the other side of the central axis (thereby inverting
the telescope).
This action effectively cancels out any errors introduced by poor setup
procedure or errors in the instruments adjustment.
As an example, the identical effect can be had with a standard builders
level by rotating it through 180 ° and comparing the difference
between spirit level bubble positions
TYPES OF LEVEL (CONT..)
Automatic Level
This is also known as the self-aligning level.
This instrument is levelled automatically within a certain
tilt range by means of a compensating device (the tilt
compensator).
Digital Level
This instrument has been designed to carry out all reading
and data processing automatically via an on-board computer
which is accessed through a display and keyboard.
Using electronic image processing techniques built in digital
level, a special bar-coded staff is sighted to get the height of
the points.
focusing screw
Diaphragm
AUTOMATIC
Line of collimation