example, if you have a coffee machine whose beans are going to end, it will

1. Explain the characteristics of IoT. order coffee beans from the retailer of your choice.

The following are the most important features of IoT on which it operates: 2. What are the different components of IoT?

IoT devices usually consist of four main components as follows:

 Connectivity: Connectivity is the most important aspect of IoT. The IoT

ecosystem (i.e. sensors, compute engines, data hubs, etc.) cannot operate
properly without seamless communication among the interrelated
components or objects. There are many ways to connect IoT devices including
radio waves, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and Li-Fi.  Sensors: A sensor or device is an important component for gathering live data
 Analyzing/Sensing: Once all the relevant things are connected, the next step is from the surrounding environment. The nature of this data can vary. This could
to analyze data that is being collected and use it to build effective business be as simple as your phone having a temperature sensor, GPS, an
intelligence. It is very important to extract knowledge from the generated accelerometer, or as complex as a live video feature on a social media
data. A sensor, for example, generates data, but those data won't be of much platform. Sensors make it possible for IoT devices to connect to the real world
use unless they are interpreted properly by us. and environment.
 Active Engagements: A lot of today's interactions with connected technology  Connectivity: Upon collection, all data is sent to a cloud infrastructure. This
occur via passive engagement. Through IoT, multiple products, cross-platform could be done by connecting the sensors to the cloud using a variety of
technologies, and services work together on an active engagement basis. The communication mediums such as mobile or satellite networks, Bluetooth, WI-
use of cloud computing in blockchain enables active engagements among IoT FI, WAN, etc. Various IoT devices use different types of connectivity.
components in general.  Data Processing: Once the data has been collected, and has reached the cloud,
 Scalability: Each day, more and more elements are connecting to the IoT zone. it is the responsibility of the data processors to process it. Data processing
IoT setups should therefore be able to handle massive expansion. The data software can enhance IoT devices in a wide range of ways, from adjusting the
generated as a result is immense, and it should be handled correctly. temperature of the air conditioner to recognizing faces on mobile phones.
 Artificial Intelligence: The IoT essentially makes things such as mobile phones,  User Interface: An IoT device interacts with a user through a User Interface. A
wearables, vehicles, etc., smart and enhances life by making use of data user interface is the visible, tangible component of an IoT system that can be
collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networked technologies. For accessed by users. It involves presenting the information in a way that is
valuable to the end-user. A well-designed user interface will simplify the
 experience for users and encourage them to interact more. Information needs  Improved Insights: Currently we rely on superficial insights to make decisions,
to be made accessible to end-users in some way, like sending them alerts via but IoT provides real-time insights that lead to more efficient resource
notification, email or text message. management.
 New business opportunities: By collecting and analyzing data from the
3. What are the advantages of IoT? network, you can uncover new business insights and generate new
opportunities while reducing operational costs.
An IoT (Internet of Things) system is an advanced automation and analytics  Effective Time Management: Overall, the Internet of Things can save you a lot
system that makes use of networking, big data, sensing, and Artificial of time. While we commute to work, we can read the latest news on our
Intelligence to provide a complete solution. It provides the following benefits: phones, browse a blog about our favourite hobby, or shop online.
 Improved security measures: Using IoT, access control systems can provide
additional security to organizations and individuals. As an example, IoT
technology in surveillance can assist in improving security standards in an
organization, as well as identifying any suspicious activity.

4. What are the challenges or risks associated with IoT?

The following are some security risks associated with IoT:

 Improved customer engagement: IoT facilitates a better customer experience

by automating tasks. In a car, for instance, any issue will be detected
automatically by sensors. It will be notified to both the driver and
manufacturer.
 Technical optimization: IoT has improved technology and made it more
efficient. It has turned even old "dumb" devices into "smart" ones by making
them able to transmit data over the internet, facilitating communication with  Privacy: Connected IoT devices are vulnerable to hacking. Many IoT devices
people and other IoT-enabled devices. For example, coffee machines, smart collect and transmit personal data over an open network without encryption,
toys, smart microwaves, etc. making it easy for hackers to access. Hackers may also use cloud endpoints to
 Ease of Access: IoT has now enabled access to real-time information from attack servers.
(almost) any location. All you need is a smart device connected to the internet.  Insufficient testing & Outdated product: In a fast-paced market like IoT, many
companies or manufacturers rush to start releasing their products and
software without doing enough testing. Many of them don't provide timely
updates as well. Unlike other devices such as smartphones, IoT devices are not
 updated, which can leave them vulnerable to data theft. Thus, IoT devices data is transmitted across the internet. By doing so, they ensure that data being
should be tested thoroughly and updated as soon as new vulnerabilities are exchanged between connected IoT devices is secure.
identified in order to maintain security.
 Lack of knowledge and awareness: Despite being a growing technology,
people do not know much about IoT. A major security threat associated with
IoT is the user's lack of knowledge and awareness of its capabilities. This poses
a threat to all users.
 Network Connectivity: Network connectivity can be challenging for many IoT
devices. Particularly if such devices are widely dispersed, in remote locations,
or if bandwidth is severely limited.
 Reliability: Given the highly distributed nature of IoT devices, it can be difficult
to ensure the reliability of IoT systems. Various conditions can affect the
components that make up an IoT system, such as natural disasters, disruptions
in cloud services, power outages, and system failures.

5. What are different types of sensors in IoT?

In recent years, Internet-of-Thing sensors have gained importance for enhancing

productivity, lowering costs, and improving worker safety. Sensors are devices Classification of IoT Protocols-
that detect changes in the environment condition and act accordingly. They
detect specific types of conditions (such as light, heat, sound, distance, pressure, Layer Protocol
presence or absence of gas/liquid, etc.) in the physical world and then generate a
signal (usually an electrical signal) as a measure of their magnitude. Sensors  Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)
commonly used in IoT systems include: Application layer  Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT)
 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
 Temperature sensors
 Pressure sensor  User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
 Motion detection sensors Transport layer
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 Gas sensor
 Proximity sensor
 6LoWPAN
 IR sensors Network layer
 IP
 Smoke Sensor, etc.

6. What are different layers of the IoT protocol stack? Write the classification  LPWAN
Datalink layer
 IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
of IoT protocols.

Internet of Things (IoT) protocols are ways of protecting data and ensuring it is  IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
Physical layer  Near field communication (NFC)
exchanged securely between devices via the Internet. IoT protocols define how
 Radio frequency identification (RFID)
 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
 Layer Protocol responsible for receiving data from publishers and sending it to the
appropriate consumers.
 Ethernet

7. What are different communication models in IoT?

In general, the Internet of Things is about connecting devices to the Internet, but
how they connect is not always obvious. IoT devices connect and communicate
through their technical communication models. An effective communication
model shows how the process works and helps one understand how
communication can be done. The Internet of Things (IoT) enables people and
things (devices) to be connected wherever they are, using any network or service
they like.

Types of communication models -

 Push-Pull Model: This communication model entails data producers pushing
 Request-Response Model: This communication model is based on the client the data into queues, while data consumers pull the data from the queues.
(IoT Device) making requests and the server responding to those requests. Neither producer nor consumer needs to know about each other. The queues
Upon receiving a request, the server decides what response to provide, fetches help decouple the messages between the consumers and the producers. Also,
the requested data, prepares the response, and then sends it back to the queues act as a buffer when there is a mismatch between the rate at which
client. This model is stateless because the data between requests is not producers push data and the rate at which consumers pull it.
retained, therefore each request is handled independently.

 Publisher-Subscriber Model: Publishers, brokers, and consumers are all  Exclusive-Pair Model: Exclusive pairs are full-duplex, bidirectional
involved in this communication model. Publishes are the sources of data that communication models developed for constant/continuous connections
send data to topics. The broker manages the topics, and consumers (consume between a client and server. After a connection is established, clients and
data from topics) subscribe to the topics. Publishers and consumers are servers can exchange messages. As long as a client doesn't send a request to
unaware of each other. Upon receiving data for a topic from the publisher, the
broker forwards it to all subscribed consumers. As a result, brokers are
 close the connection, the connection remains open. The server is aware of  Farming: A variety of tools are being developed to deal with Drip Irrigation,
every open connection. understanding crop patterns, Water Distribution, drones for farm surveillance,
etc. Farmers will be able to increase yields and address concerns using these
methods.

9. Explain how IoT works.

Artificial Intelligence is at the core of IoT devices. The IoT consists of multiple
components: sensors, a cloud component, data processing software, and cutting-
edge user interfaces.

IoT systems consist of sensors/devices connected to the cloud via some form of
connectivity. A Raspberry Pi equipped with a quadcore processor can be used as
an "Internet gateway" for IoT devices. It is a card-sized computer using which
8. Write some of the most common IoT applications. you can control outputs with GIPO (general purpose input/output) pins as well
as collect data about real-world conditions using sensors. A sensor gathers live
Following are some of the most common real-world applications of IoT: data from the surrounding environment and sent to a cloud infrastructure. Once
the data reaches the cloud, the software can process it and decide what action to
 Smart Homes: Smart homes are one of the most practical applications of IoT. take, such as sending an alert or automatically adjusting the sensors/devices
Though IoT is applied in smart homes at various levels, the best one combines without user intervention.
intelligent systems and entertainment. Example: Set-top box that allows you to
record shows from remote, an automatic lighting system, a smart lock, etc. A user interface is used if user input is required or if they want to check in on the
 Connect Health: Connected health systems allow for real-time monitoring and system. Adjustments made by the user are then sent inversely through the system
patient care. Patient data assists in better medical decisions. Also, IoT - from the user interface to the cloud, and from the cloud back to the
improves the power, precision, and availability of current devices. sensors/devices to make changes. As a result, a highly reactive and intuitive
 Wearables: Wearable devices have emerged as one of the earliest industries
device is created which greatly increases automation.
to deploy the IoT at scale. Various wearable devices are available today, such
as Fit Bits, heart rate monitors, and smartwatches.
10. What do you mean by BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy)?
 Connected Cars: Connected cars use internet connectivity and onboard
sensors to optimize their operation, maintenance, and passengers' comfort.
Some of the leading automakers are working on bringing the next revolution to Beginners may see BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) as a type of Bluetooth that
the car industry, including Tesla, BMW, Apple, and Google. uses less power, uses less energy. BLE, or Bluetooth Smart, is a relatively new
 Hospitality: By applying IoT to the hotel industry, a higher level of service form of Bluetooth technology that consumes much less power and costs than
quality is achieved. Various interactions can be automated by using electronic classic Bluetooth while offering a similar range of communication. As shown in
keys that are sent directly to the mobile devices of guests. Therefore, the IoT the following diagram, BLE is not a replacement for Classic Bluetooth and they
technology enables integrated applications to manage activities such as both serve a specific marketplace.
tracking guests' locations, sending offers or information about interesting
activities, placing orders for room service or room orders, and automatically
charging the room account.
The Bluetooth Low Energy technology has been developed with the purpose of 12. Explain the term ‘smart city’ in IoT.
facilitating the IoT. Generally, the Internet of Things is about connecting devices
with each other, usually via a wireless connection, such as Bluetooth low energy
IoT technology has been a driving force behind the development of smart cities
to allow them to communicate and share data. With its high energy efficiency,
since their inception. IoT technology will continue to grow as more countries
BLE has become a preferred and ideal choice for IoT. IoT enthusiasts and
adopt next-generation connectivity, and it will have a greater impact on our
application developers have increasingly adopted Bluetooth LE to connect smart
lives. Connected sensors, lights, and meters are some of the IoT devices in
devices.
smart cities that collect and analyze data. As a result, cities use this data to
improve infrastructure, utilities, and other city services.
11. What is a thermocouple sensor?

A thermocouple is a sensor that measures temperature by coupling two metal

pieces together. The temperature is measured at a junction between these two
pieces of metal which are joined at one end. A small voltage is generated by the
metal conductors, which can be interpreted to calculate the temperature. A
thermocouple is a simple, robust, and cost-effective temperature sensor available
in multiple types and sizes. Additionally, they measure a wide temperature
range, making them suitable for a variety of applications, such as scientific
research, industrial settings, home appliances, and so on.

It is possible to create clever energy grids, automated waste management

systems, smart homes, advanced security systems, traffic management
mechanisms, water conservation mechanisms, smart lighting, and more with the
help of the IoT. IoT has added a new layer of artificial intelligence and
innovation to public utilities and urban planning, allowing them to be highly
intuitive. These innovations have led to the emergence of smart homes and
cities.

13. What do you mean by PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)?

Have trouble adjusting the brightness of the LEDs in your project? Changing the
voltage of the power supply directly in the circuit isn't easy. In that case, you can
use Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), also referred to as PDM (Pulse Duration

Modulation) refers to changing the amount of power that is delivered to a
device. PWM is a technique for generating an analog signal from a digital source 16. Name some of the most suitable databases for IoT.
and is an efficient way to control the amount of energy delivered to a load
without wasting any energy. PWM regulates voltage and is therefore used to The following databases are suitable for IoT:
control brightness in Smart Lighting Systems and also to control motor speed.
 InfluxDB
14. Explain Shodan.  Apache Cassandra
 RethinkDB
Shodan (Sentient Hyper-Optimized Data Access Network) is a search engine  MongoDB
similar to Google, but it does not search for websites, but rather maps and  Sqlite
information about internet-connected devices/systems. Shodan is sometimes
referred to as an IoT search engine. To put it simply, Shodan is an IoT tool used 17. Explain sharding.
to identify Internet-connected devices. It keeps track of all the machines with
direct Internet access. Sharding is the process of splitting very large databases into smaller, faster, and
easier to manage pieces, called data shards. A shard is a small portion or chunk
Cybersecurity experts use Shodan as a tool to protect individuals, companies, of a large data set. The principle of sharding is to split a logical dataset into
and even public utilities against cyber-attacks. Shodan lets you search for any multiple databases in order to store it more efficiently. In the case of a dataset
internet-connected device, and it will tell you if it is publicly available or not. that cannot be stored in a single database, sharding is necessary.

15. What do you mean by IoT Contiki? 18. What do you mean by replication?

Contiki is an operating system developed for IoT devices with limited memory, In replication, data is synchronized between two or more servers. This is a
power, bandwidth, and processing power. Despite being minimalist, it still method of storing the same data on more than one site or server. This feature
contains many of the features common to modern operating systems. Programs, allows data to be accessed seamlessly even during server downtimes or heavy
processes, resources, memory, and communication can be managed with its traffic. Users gain consistent access to data while not interfering with or slowing
help. Due to its lightweight (by modern standards), mature, and flexible nature, down those of other users.
it has become a go-to operating system by many academics, researchers, and
professionals.
 IoT M2M

It is a network of connected devices (via It allows two or more machines to

the Internet) that have the ability to collect, communicate directly and perform certain
process, and transmit data automatically tasks without requiring human
without human intervention. intervention.

In addition, IoT enables objects to interact The M2M model exhibits some degree of
with the internal and/or external intelligence. Devices capture data and
Replication of data is more than just a backup. A publisher is considered to be environments, thereby influencing their share it with other connected devices,
the server that originates the data, and a subscriber is the one where it is decision-making. forming an intelligent network.
replicated. Data replication involves the publisher synchronizing its transaction
with the subscriber and updating subscriber data automatically. A change made End-to-end communication between
It facilitates cloud-based communication.
on the publisher's side is automatically reflected on the subscriber's side as well. devices/machines is supported.

IoT Questions for Experienced In order to improve the end-user

Only parties communicating with each
experience, data is shared between other
other have access to the data.
19. State the difference between IoT and M2M. applications.

IoT (Internet of Things): It is referred to as a network comprised of Internet access is usually required for Devices don't usually require an Internet
interconnected physical objects that are capable of collecting and exchanging devices to communicate and share data. connection for communication.
data. These devices contain embedded systems (software, electronics, networks,
and sensors) that are able to collect data about the surrounding environment, Many machines are able to communicate The communication between machines is
transmit data over a network, respond to remote commands, or take actions over the internet. limited to one at a time.
based on data collected. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a subset of M2M
(Machine to Machine) technology. In IoT, two machines communicate without Open API integrations are supported. Open API integrations are not supported.
human intervention, making it a part of M2M.
A number of Internet protocols are used, Communication technologies and
M2M (Machine to Machine): In M2M, devices communicate with each other including HTTP, FTP, and Telnet. traditional protocols are used.
directly via wired or wireless channels, without any human interaction. It
enables devices to communicate and share data with each other without relying
on the internet. Several applications of M2M communications are available, 20. What do you mean by IoT Gateway? What is the role of a gateway in IoT?
including security, tracking, and tracing, manufacturing, and facility
management. Devices such as IoT gateways enable communication between IoT devices,
sensors, equipment, and systems. Basically, an IoT gateway is a central hub for
IoT M2M all IoT devices. It connects the IoT devices to each other and to the cloud,
converting communication among the devices and analyzing data to create
useful information. Several critical functions are performed by an IoT gateway, transmission). This messaging protocol is simple and lightweight, suited to
including translating protocols, encrypting, processing, managing, and filtering devices and networks with low bandwidth, high latency, or insecure networks. It
data. As part of an IoT ecosystem, gateways sit between devices and sensors to has been designed to reduce network bandwidth and resource requirements of
communicate with the cloud. devices and to ensure supply security. Furthermore, these principles are
beneficial for IoT or M2M devices, since battery life and bandwidth are very
important. Because MQTT is efficient and lightweight, it can be used to monitor
or control a large amount of data. Nowadays, MQTT is used in a variety of
industries, including automotive, manufacturing, telephony, oil and gas.

IoT gateways are commonly used for the following purposes:

 Interconnecting devices
 Connecting devices to the cloud Publishes are the sources of data that send data to topics. The broker manages
 Transforming IoT communications the topics, and consumers subscribe to the topics. Upon receiving data for a topic
 Data filtering from the publisher, the broker forwards it to all subscribed consumers. As a
 Reducing security risks, etc. result, brokers are responsible for receiving data from publishers and sending it
to the appropriate consumers.
21. Explain WoT (Web of Things).
23. Explain Bluegiga APX4 protocol.
WoT (Web of Things) is an advancement of the Internet of Things by integrating
smart things not only with the Internet (network) but with the Web Architecture The Bluegiga APx4 is a low power wireless System-on-Module (SOM). It's an
(application). In short, the Web of Things (WoT) is aimed at facilitating the ideal development platform for developing gateways since it's equipped with
interoperability and usability of IoT. It is a web standard for enabling integrated Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 4.0, ARM, and Linux. Wireless and Bluetooth low
communication between smart devices and web applications. energy (BLE) can be used together without interference as they are compliant
with coexistence protocols. Bluegiga Apx4 supports both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth,
22. What do you mean by MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport and its 450mhz Arm9 processor provides smooth performance.
Protocol)?
24. What is IoT device management and why do we need it?
The Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol (MQTT) is a
publish/subscribe message protocol designed for networks with limited Once installed, IoT devices may need to be updated or timely fixed.
bandwidth and IoT devices with extremely high latency (delay in data Occasionally, it must be replaced or repaired, resulting in downtime. The
problem can be solved using IoT Device management, which can keep the 25. State the difference between IoT and IIoT.
devices in good shape. IoT device management involves provisioning,
authenticating, configuring, monitoring, provisioning, and maintaining the IoT (Internet of Things): Any device that can connect to the internet and
connected devices and software's. Effective device management is vital for transfer data to a remote data server is termed the Internet of Things (IoT).
ensuring the health, security, and connectivity of IoT devices. In order to
manage IoT devices, you need to meet the following four requirements. IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things): In the case of IoT devices used for
industrial purposes, these devices are referred to as Industrial Internet of Things
(IIoT). IIoT is the subset of IoT.

Difference between IIoT and IoT-

IIoT IoT

It supports industrial-oriented applications It supports customer-oriented

such as manufacturing, power plants, oil & applications such as wearables to robots
gas, etc. and machines.

The focus is on large scale networks. The focus is on small scale networks.

 Provisioning and Authentication: IoT devices can be attacked quite easily Both wired and wireless communication Typically, wireless communication
since their network can be accessed via the Internet. This problem is solved by methods are utilized. methods are utilized.
provisioning and authenticating the devices. By provisioning, you modify the
device from its off-the-shelf settings to those needed for it to work with your It can handle data ranging from medium
network. In order to prevent intrusions and safeguard proprietary information, A large amount of data is handled.
to high.
authentication ensures only authorized devices are enrolled.
 Configuration and Control: It is always necessary to configure a new device
This is a B2B (business-to-business) and is This is B2C (business-to-consumer) and is
before you can begin using it. It is also critical to control and configure devices
after deployment to ensure certain aspects such as performance, security, and designed to increase efficiency and safety at designed to make the lives of consumers
functionality. Implementing control capability will be easier this way. production facilities. more convenient.
 Monitoring and Diagnostics: The device may go down for a time when there
are software bugs or certain other issues. To diagnose these issues, users must
26. Explain the meaning of Arduino.
constantly monitor their devices. Device management assists in diagnosing
these issues in order to resolve them quickly and efficiently.
 Updates and Maintenance: For a device to function flawlessly, it must be Arduino is an open-source platform for building electronics projects using easy-
updated after it has been installed. This may involve adding new features. to-use hardware and software. A microcontroller is the common feature of all
Good device management hinges on the ability to update and maintain the Arduino boards. The microcontrollers on board are capable of reading inputs
software of remote devices securely. (e.g., light on a sensor, an object near a sensor) and converting them to outputs
(drive a motor, ring an alarm, turn on an LED, display information on an LCD).
It is possible to connect multiple devices and exchange data in real-time between Arduino Raspberry Pi
them. It is also possible to monitor them remotely using a simple interface.
includes a CPU, RAM, and ROM. The Arduino computer) comes with everything you
27. What do you mean by Raspberry Pi? Board has additional hardware for power need to run a computer, from a
supply, programming, and IO (Input/Output) processor, memory, storage, graphics
Raspberry Pi is a card-sized computer with features like General Purpose Input
connectivity. driver, to connectors.
Output (GPIO) pins, WiFi, and Bluetooth that allow it to communicate, control,
and connect to other external devices. Combining IoT applications with
With Arduino, you can interface sensors and It works well for developing Python-
Raspberry Pi helps businesses embrace technology more effectively.
control LEDs and motors. based applications.
28. Explain sketch in Arduino and how will you reduce the size of sketch.
It has a simple hardware and software On the other hand, Raspberry Pi boards
Arduino refers to a program as a sketch. In other words, it is a bit of code that is architecture. have a complex architecture.
uploaded to and executed on an Arduino board. It is possible to reduce the size
of the sketch by removing unnecessary libraries from the code and making it It is possible to build your own Arduino Since the Raspberry Pi is not open-
simple and short. board using the open-source hardware and source, it cannot be used for this
software files of Arduino. purpose.
29. What is GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output)?
It can perform several tasks at once such
GPIO (General-purpose input/output) is a standard interface using which It is used to run one single task at a time. as running software, web browsing,
Raspberry Pi and other microcontrollers can connect to external electronic doing programming, etc..
components/devices. These are basically programmable pins on an integrated
circuit or board that allow digital input or output signals to be controlled
programmatically. 31. State difference between IoT and WSN (Wireless Sensor Network)?

30. State different between Arduino and Raspberry Pi. WSN (Wireless sensor network): It uses a network of dedicated sensors to
monitor and record the physical conditions of the environment and to organize
We can use many different kinds of controller boards for our hardware projects. the recorded data at one central location. WSN: Sensor nodes connected without
Arduino and Raspberry Pi are among the most popular. a wire to gather data.

Difference between Arduino and Raspberry Pi- IoT (Internet of Things): It is referred to as a network comprised of
interconnected physical objects that are capable of collecting and exchanging
Arduino Raspberry Pi data. These devices contain embedded systems (software, electronics, networks,
and sensors) that are able to collect data about the surrounding environment,
Arduino is an open-source, programmable It is a microprocessor-based transmit data over a network, respond to remote commands, or take actions
USB microcontroller. minicomputer (SBC). based on data collected. IoT: WSN + Any physical object (Thing) + IP address +
Internet + App + Cloud computing + etc.…
Arduino boards have a microcontroller that The Raspberry Pi SBC (Single board
32. Explain IoT GE-PREDIX. Conclusion

GE (General Electric) Predix is a software platform for collecting industrial A wide range of organizations can benefit from the internet of things. A key
instrument data. This platform enables industrial-grade analytics for operations objective of the Internet of Things is to extend internet access from smartphones,
optimization and performance management via a cloud-based PaaS (platform as laptops, and tablet devices to relatively basic devices such as toasters. As the
a service). Internet of Things has grown, there have been more opportunities in the fields of
Mobile development, Cars, and household products that utilize and connect the
33. Name some of the wearable Arduino Boards. Internet. With IoT technology pervading every aspect of our lives, an increased
need for professionals trained to handle IoT devices has developed.
The following wearable Arduino boards are available:
Hence, if you're considering an IoT interview, you've found the right place. In
 Lilypad Arduino main board this article, we have compiled a list of the most frequently asked IoT interview
 Lilypad Arduino simple questions with answers curated for both freshers and experienced professionals.
 Lilypad Arduino simple snap Hopefully, these IoT interview questions will help you succeed in your next
 Lilypad Arduino USB interview. Wishing you continued success.

34. Explain IoT asset tracking. 36. How does the Internet of Things (IoT) affect our everyday lives?

"Asset tracking" entails tracking a particular asset and its location, whether it's a What we know as “smart devices” in our everyday lives, are actually devices
hammer, an X-ray machine, a vehicle, a shipping crate, or even a person. How embedded in IoT technology which are able to manifest greater quantum of
does the IoT fit in here? Rather than manually tracking assets like a supervisor automation than those available before. IoT creates a greater network that
filling out a form when the asset arrives at a specific location, IoT tracking enables different devices to interact freely with each other.
systems use sensors and asset management software to track things
automatically. The assets are fitted with sensors, which broadcast their location Consequently, their bandwidth to perform tasks are expanded and are able to
over the internet on a continuous or periodic basis, and the software displays this create a collaborative environment to automate different aspects of human lives.
information for you to see. Different types of IoT asset tracking systems transmit From sensor driven home appliances like refrigerators that automatically turn off
location information differently, such as via GPS, Wi-Fi, or cellular networks. when not in use to virtual assistants which can regulate most of your devices
from your lights to your television, from your air conditioning to playing your
35. What do you mean by “Thingful”? favourite music, IoT’s utility in our everyday lives is all-pervasive.

Thingful is a search engine for the internet of things (IoT). Using millions of IoT is simply not limited to our gadgets. Even our wearables have evolved to
publicly available IoT data resources, it provides a geographical index of real- keep pace with IoT. Be it smartwatches or sunglasses which double up as
time data from connected devices around the globe. With Thingful, IoT earphones, you name it and you’ll have the mark of IoT. Even on a large-scale
managers can detect patterns, identify anomalies, and analyze trends to solve application, the transportation industry, the government infrastructure or
problems. educational initiatives are other domains where there is a huge scope of
involving IoT technology. According to a report by Garter, by 2020,
approximately 20.6 billion devices will have IoT elements that connect them to
each other.
Internet of Things is very well impacting our day-to-day lives, not only the 38. Describe the different components of IOT
leisure lifestyle but the healthcare aspect of our lives as well. Some examples of
how the IoT has made an entry into the healthcare lifestyle such as hearing aid, An IoT device typically comprises four major components.
heart rate calculator, blood pressure sensors, etc. Another reason how the IoT is
making an entry is through the connected car, transportation, etc. Also, making  Sensors – Much of IoT involves environment adaptability and the major
smart homes effective is another way of how IoT is applicable and impacts lives factor contributing to it are the sensors in the IoT devices. Sensors are
daily. devices which enable the IoT devices to gather data from its
surroundings. Effectively, they may be perceived as instruments which
The IoT is reducing the cost and labour of everyday lives. The devices which are sense the environment and perform multiple tasks. Senors make the IoT
IoT driven are cheaper and save energy. It not only is cost-effective but also devices capable of real world integration. It can be of varied types. From
environmentally friendly. From the remote door locks, remote AC navigation, a simple GPS in your phones to the live video feature on a social media
smart lights, and smart homes the IoT is driving the lifestyles as well and platform.
providing a quality of life. The question of “What is IoT?” can be very well answered with
reference to the sensors. There are various kinds of sensors that work in
37. How does IOT work? the IoT devices. Such as temperature sensors, humidity sensors,
proximity sensors, etc. These sensors respond to the changes happening
IoT devices are built on the concept of artificial intelligence. Since the mainstay in the environment and they react and adapt accordingly. These sensors
of the IoT technology is enhanced communication, paired with intuitive gain insights, track and alert of the potential problems that may be
performance, it incorporates sensor devices and unique data processing caused. There is no one specific shape assigned to the sensors as they
mechanisms. In many ways, IoT devices are an amalgamation of several come in various shapes and sizes.
advanced technologies. IoT benefits of artificial intelligence  Connectivity- With the advent of cloud computing, devices can be
launched on a cloud platform and in the due course, devices can interact
When it comes to classifying different components of IoT, we can divide them freely with each other at a cheaper and more transparent scale. For IoT
into the sensors, cloud components, data processing software and finally cutting- devices, cloud computing facilitates freedom from exclusive network
edge user interface. providers. Instead, small network connection mediums like mobile
satellite networks, WAN, Bluetooth etc. are used. The data that is
So as the sensors collect data, the cloud facilitates the network connection collected by the IoT sensors are connected to each other through the IoT
between the devices, the software processes and stores the data collected and gateway. The sent information is analysed and carried forward to the
finally the user interface programs the device to respond to its environmental cloud by these devices from one place to another.
stimuli. The end result is a highly reactive and intuitive device which greatly  Data Processing – As as soon as the environmental stimuli are gathered
increments the existing levels of automation. by the sensors and transmuted to the cloud, it is the job of the data
processors to process the information collected and perform the required
Internet of Things (IoT) is guided by sensors, and software, and is driven by tasks. From adjusting the temperatures of the AC to facial recognition on
technology. The devices are connected and exchanged the data and systems. The mobile phones or biometric devices, data processing software are largely
IoT devices give result on a real-time basis, that is effective, accurate and data- responsible for enhancing the automation in IoT devices.Edge computing
driven. It is not constricted to a few things but is also applicable to various is the technology behind the data processing. The data is transferred
things, such as manufacturing, agriculture, medical and healthcare, through the devices to the local edge computing system that stores and
transportation, navigation, armed forces, etc. processes the data. Edge computing is nothing but the range of devices
 that are connected near the user. Edge computing is present all around us A smart city is a concept to create more developed cities in the country. These
from the smart watches, to the smart lights. cities are technologically driven and manage the resources and communicate
 User Interface – The IoT introduced a new paradigm among the using electronic devices. The collected data through these devices use to better
available devices for active interaction and engagement. This has understand the gap areas and solve those using scientifically methods that help
transformed the user interface widely. Instead of one-way to operate the cities smoothly. The IoT can resourcefully use IoT devices and
communication mechanisms of traditional devices, IoT enables can optimise the data effectively in order to better the quality of life in the cities.
cascading effects on end-user commands. This is precisely why IoT
devices are all the more communicative and active. The user interface is The intuitive facets of IoT devices paired with enhanced network engagement
the feature that the user interacts with. The user interface is the screen, enable IoT to promote versatility, transparency and efficiency in infrastructure
buttons, pages, etc. The user interfaces that the users interact with shows planning. IOT also embeds energy-efficient projects to take off. Overall, with
the data that the IoT captures. the whole array of advantages that IoT brings in, it is possible for the
government to work towards building smart cities all across the globe.
39. What is the scale of use of IoT devices in contemporary times?
With the help of IoT, clever energy grids, automated waste management
Going by the figures deduced by a Cisco report, IoT devices are not only systems, smart homes, better security systems, improved traffic management
omnipresent but also are major contributors to the global capital. The report mechanisms, advanced security features, water conservation mechanisms and so
predicts that in the next decade, IoTs are likely to create value to the tune of 14.4 much more is possible. The two pronged blessings of artificial intelligence and
trillion USD across different industries. innovation, IoT has allowed public utilities and urban planning to be highly
intuitive. These have triggered the birth of smart homes and smart cities.
If we look at IOT’s influence in our everyday lives, it doesn’t seem surprising at
all. You name an aspect of life, you’ll find IOT’s footprints, carbon footprints, 41. How does the community assist in the development of IoT?
albeit there. From watches that supplement time telling features with body
parameters count and monitor your fitness routines to refrigerators which Internet of Things relies greatly on the network engagement for the appropriate
automatically switch off when not in use, IoTs have permeated every aspect of functioning of the end-user goals. The cloud platforms enable active network
our everyday lives. interactions between several “smart devices” which in turn scale up the
functionalities of numerous active gadgets with IoT properties.
Compare today’s trends of Alexa and Siri steered music listening patterns to the
era of walkmans and CDROMs. You’d know what a boon IOTs really have Net of entirety is often the term used to refer to the electromagnetic spectrum
been. Even at the macrocosmic level, governments, transportation and education that cloud platforms provide for IoT to be deployed. IoTs require both certified
sectors are implementing IOT technology to revolutionise their services. This and unlicensed platforms to operate. To know more about IoT one must be
has set the stage for the birth of smart cities. aware of the IoT Real world application in 2020.

IoT has also transformed the healthcare industry. The devices has brought Extra effort is also required to utilise the benefits of IoT in socially neglected
automation in the healthcare management. From measuring the hospital areas in order to uplift them. Proper device installation and maintenance
resources, optimising patient care, and managemet of the hospital assets such as becomes of paramount importance here, where the IoT can be utilised in order to
tools, labs, pharmacy, bed count, patient count, etc. The Internet of devices has better the quality of education, healthcare and transportation facilities. This
touched each and every aspect of the industry on a major scale. allows the state to save costs and bring society to par.

40. How does IoT influence the development of smart cities? 42. What is the difference between business IOT and IIOT?
While the Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the consumer-oriented gadgets 45. What are the major impacts of IoT in the Healthcare Industry?
which perform tasks that provide consumer utilities like smartphones,
thermostats etc., business IoT or IIOT (Industrial Internet of Things) are large- IoT has transformed healthcare services and diagnostic practises to a large
scale structures or systems that are usually used at the industrial levels. For extent. From attaining more precision in testing to making surgeries and
instance, fire alarms etc. Since the major difference lies in the scale of impact, a implants prompt and efficient, IoT devices in the healthcare industries have
failure in IIOT is likely to affect a wider range of populations. largely contributed towards making medical practices more efficient, transparent
and affordable. Besides, fitness parameters can be easily tracked these days with
43. In what ways is IoT energy efficient? fitness bands and smartwatches. This has enhanced the scope of fitness
monitoring and we have IoT to thank for it.
One of the major advantages of IoT is that it makes gadgets environment-
friendly and substantially reduces carbon emissions. By engaging in context- Some of the other impacts of the IoT in the healthcare sector would be the cost
conscious automation, IoT gadgets are able to save energy. For instance, reduction, disease diagnosis, remote monitoring, better accuracy of the results,
refrigerators which switch off when not in use or road light fixtures are able to resoure management and automation of the tasks. All of these are the recent
save almost 40% of electricity. improvements in the healthcare industry which are allowing the benefit of better
healthcare management. These resources are not restricted to the Tier 1 cities but
The IoT measures the utlised energy by the devices and quantify the energy that with proper government interventions and contribution from the citizens are
is used. This allows the devices to eliminate the energy wastage that reduces the reaching and helping the remote areas as well.
carbon footprint. This allows the device makers to understand the energy
consumption and take control of the same in order for it to help the environment. 46. What are the types of data that can be communicated between IoT
Smart grids is another feature of the IoT that allows the manual switching devices?
between the renewable and traditional energy sources so to facilitate the saving
of energy. At present, it would not be far-fetched to state that when it comes to IoT, the
sky’s the limit for the type of data, the IoT objects can process and store. Since
44. What are the economic impacts of the increased application of IoT? the crux of IOT’s functionality is intercommunication between network devices,
pretty much any data that can be launched on the cloud can be communicated
IoT is known to positively impact the economic standards of different industries. from one IoT device to the other.
From facilitating better resource management to reducing response time and
human interventions, IoTs can vastly reduce labour costs and energy costs. This The type of information that an IoT object can gather and respond to depends on
in turn can boost supply chains of major industries, thus enabling product its environment and its sensor settings. For example, a thermometer can
distribution at cheaper costs. This not only helps industries to earn greater profits communicate the weather statistics intuitively but it will take a clinical sensor to
but also is a great way to improve the available production infrastructure. be able to provide information about health parameters like body temperature,
Overall, scalability is great in IoT and hence, in the long run IoT applications pulse, pressure etc.
prove to be cost-saving as well.
47. What are the challenges to the widespread use of IoT?
Along with that, the time taken to do work is also reduced with the aid of IoT. It
is calculated that IoT has increased productivity by 0.2 % and is positively While the boons of IoT are manifold and the economy seems to be rapidly
impacting businesses from manufacturing to transport, e-commerce, healthcare, moving towards an IoT oriented environment, there are a few disadvantages to
etc. All of these benefit the production of the goods and bring less scope of the use of IoT.
manual error and more effective ways of doing a function.
Firstly, security remains a predominant threat of the use of IoT. This is because
Internet of Things
by forging connection between multiple devices within a cloud network, control
over system authentication gets diluted. Anyone can access any information
from a wide network of connected devices now. Interaction of Things

Secondly, related to security, the privacy of data is another major challenge. 2.

Within the network, a substantial amount of user data gets released and the users
often lose control over their own data. Which of the following features should be part of an IoT sensor?

Turn on and off on its own

Moreover, while the overall usage of IoT is resource efficient, the deployment
process entails layers of complexities and can be potentially expensive. Anticipate levels and threshold

Finally, due to the complex connectivity features, compliance to regulations are Remotely controllable
often offset. IoT can go against the norm of usage on several occasions.
All of the above
Another disadvantages of the IoT is to keep pace with the customer’s demands.
With the fast evolving society, the demand of the users are also changing and the 3.
IoT has to cater to the changed demands that is keeping the original and primary
feature along with the new additions. And sometimes less matured technologies
The Internet of things (IoT) can be integrated with which of the following
fail to impress the users.
separate domains?

Cloud-based storage and computing

Cyber Physical Systems

IoT MCQ Big-data networks

1.
All of the above
IoT stands for ___. 4.

Introduction of Things Name the person who coined the term “internet of things”?

Internet of Tracking Bill Gates

 Kevin Ashton Sensor, Networking

Steve Jobs Electronic

McDonald Cloud messaging

5.
All of the above

Which of the following is not an IoT communication model? 8.

Push-Producer What do things in IoT mean?

Publish-Subscribe Object

Request-Response IoT devices

Exclusive Pair Information

6.
General device

What does the Active Engagement Features of IOT mean? 9.

IoT makes connected technology, products, or services to active engagement with IoT protocols include which of the following?
each other.
ZigBee
It makes a complete failure of the system. 6LowPAN
CoAP
IoT uses data to make things smarter and enhance lives.
None of the above
10.
None of the above

7. Which of these IoT blocks contains the Microcontroller Unit (MCU) or the
Customer Chip?
IoT is an advanced automation and analytics system that deals with ___
 1) What is the Internet Of Things (IoT)?
Control units
Sensors Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects or people called
Firmware “things” that are embedded with software, electronics, network, and sensors that
allow these objects to collect and exchange data. The goal of IoT is to extend to
PDU’s internet connectivity from standard devices like computer, mobile, tablet to
11. relatively dumb devices like a toaster.

What role does the gateway play in the smart grid architecture of IoT? 2) Explain Raspberry Pi

Store data Raspberry Pi is a computer which is capable of doing all the operations like a
conventional computer. It has other features such as onboard WiFi, GPIO pins,
Manage data and Bluetooth in order to communicate with external things.
Collect data
3) How to run Raspberry pi in headless mode?
Security
12. Raspberry pi in headless mode can be run by using SSH. The latest operating
system has an inbuilt VNC server that is installed for taking remote desktop on
In the IoT, what is the primary purpose of the Web of Things (WoT)? Raspberry Pi.

Enhance usability and interoperability 4) What are the fundamental components of IoT?

Reduce the security

Complex development.
Increase the cost
13.

IoT devices are associated with data through which of the following methods?

Internet
Cloud
Automata
The four fundamental components of an IoT system are:
Network
 Sensors/Devices: Sensors or devices are a key component that helps you to
collect live data from the surrounding environment. All this data may have
 various levels of complexities. It could be a simple temperature monitoring 6) List layers of IoT protocol stack
sensor, or it may be in the form of the video feed.
 Connectivity: All the collected data is sent to a cloud infrastructure. The Layers of IoT protocol stack are: 1) Sensing and information, 2) Network
sensors should be connected to the cloud using various mediums of connectivity, 3) Information processing layer, 4) Application layer.
communications. These communication mediums include mobile or satellite
networks, Bluetooth, WI-FI, WAN, etc. 7) What are the disadvantages of IoT?
 Data Processing: Once that data is collected, and it gets to the cloud, the
software product performs processing on the gathered data. This process can
The disadvantages of IoT are:
be just checking the temperature, reading on devices like AC or heaters.
However, it can sometimes also be very complex, like identifying objects, using
 Security: IoT technology creates an ecosystem of connected devices. However,
computer vision on video.
during this process, the system may offer little authentication control despite
 User Interface: The information needs to be available to the end-user in some
sufficient cybersecurity measures.
way, which can be achieved by triggering alarms on their phones or sending
 Privacy: The use of IoT, exposes a substantial amount of personal data, in
them notification through email or text message. The user sometimes might
extreme detail, without the user’s active participation. This creates lots of
need an interface which actively checks their IoT system.
privacy issues.
 Flexibility: There is a huge concern regarding the flexibility of an IoT system. It
5) What is the difference between IoT and IIoT?
is mainly regarding integrating with another system as there are many diverse
systems involved in the process.
The difference between IoT and IIoT is:  Complexity: The design of the IoT system is also quite complicated. Moreover,
it’s deployment and maintenance also not very easy.
IoT IIoT  Compliance: IoT has its own set of rules and regulations. However, because of
its complexity, the task of compliance is quite challenging.
The full form of IoT is the Internet of The full form of IIoT is the Industrial Internet of
Things. Things. 8) Define Arduino

A service model is human-centric. A service model is machine-centric. Arduino is a free electronics platform having easy to use hardware and software.
It has a microcontroller capable of reading input from sensors to control the
It supports customer-oriented motors programmatically.
It supports industry-oriented applications.
applications.
9) List mostly used sensors types in IoT
Communication transportation is done Communication transportation is done
through wireless devices. through both wired and wireless devices. Mostly used sensor types in IoT are:

 Smoke sensor
The quality of data is medium to high. The quality of data is high to very high.
 Temperature sensors
 Pressure sensor
Criticality is not severe. Criticality is severe.
 Motion detection sensors
 Gas sensor
 Proximity sensor
  IR sensors 13) What are the most common IoT applications?

10) Mention the basic difference between IoT and sensor businesses?

A sensor business does not need an active internet connection to work. Internet
of Things requires a control side to work.

11) What are the advantages of IoT?

The most common IoT applications are:

Key benefits of IoT technology are as follows:  Smart Thermostats: Helps you to save resources on heating bills by knowing
your usage patterns.
 Technical Optimization: IoT technology helps a lot in improving techniques  Connected Cars: IoT helps automobile companies handle billing, parking,
and making them better. For example, with IoT, a manufacturer is able to insurance, and other related stuff automatically.
collect data from various car sensors. The manufacturer analyses them to  Activity Trackers: Helps you to capture heart rate patterns, calorie
improve its design and make them more efficient. expenditure, activity levels, and skin temperature on your wrist.
 Improved Data Collection: Traditional data collection has its limitations and its  Smart Outlets: Remotely turn any device on or off. It also allows you to track a
design for passive use. IoT facilitates immediate action on data. device’s energy level and get custom notifications directly into your
 Reduced Waste: IoT offers real-time information leading to effective decision smartphone.
making & management of resources. For example, if a manufacturer finds an  Parking Sensors: IoT technology helps users to identify the real-time
issue in multiple car engines, he can track the manufacturing plan of those availability of parking spaces on their phones.
engines and solves this issue with the manufacturing belt.  Connect Health: The concept of a connected healthcare system facilitates real-
 Improved Customer Engagement: IoT allows you to improve customer time health monitoring and patient care. It helps in improved medical
experience by detecting problems and improving the process. decision-making based on patient data.

12) What is Bluegiga APX4 protocol? 14) What is Pulse Width Modulation?

The Bluegiga APX4 is a solution that supports both the WiFI and BLE platform, PWM or Pulse Width Modulation is a variation of how much time the signal is
and it is based on a 450MHz ARM9 processor. high in an analog fashion. The signal can be high or low, and the user can even
change the proportion of the time.
15) Mention applications of PWM in IoT  Raspberry Pi 2

Applications of PWM in IoT are controlling the speed of DC motor, Controlling 21) What are the challenges of IoT?
the direction of a servo moto, Dimming LED, etc.
Important challenges of IoT are:
16) List available wireless communications boards available in Raspberry
Pi?  Insufficient testing and updating
 Concern regarding data security and privacy
Wireless communications boards available in Raspberry Pi are 1) WiFi and 2)  Software complexity
BLE/Bluetooth.  Data volumes and interpretation
 Integration with AI and automation
17) What are the functions used to read analog and digital data from a sensor  Devices require a constant power supply which is difficult
 Interaction and short-range communication
in Arduino?
22) Mention some of the commonly used water sensors
Functions used to read analog and digital data from a sensor in Arduino are:
digitalRead() and digitalWrite().
The commonly used water sensors are:
18) What is Bluetooth Low Energy?
 Turbidity sensor
 Total organic carbon sensor
Bluetooth Low Energy is a wireless PAN (Personal Area Network) technology.  pH sensor
It uses less power to transmit long-distance over a short distance.  Conductivity sensor

19) Define MicroPython 23) Differentiate between Arduino and Raspberry pi

MicroPython is a Python implementation, which includes a small subset of its The difference between Arduino and Raspberry pi is:
standard library. It can be optimized to run on the ModeMCU microcontroller.
Arduino Raspberry pi
20) List available models in Raspberry Pi
Arduino is an open, programmable USB Raspberry pi is a credit card size
Models of Raspberry Pi are:
microcontroller. computer.
 Raspberry Pi 1 Model B
 Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+ Users can run more than one program
It can execute one program at a time.
 Raspberry Pi 1 Model A at a time.
 Raspberry Pi Zero
 Raspberry Pi 3 Model B
 Raspberry Pi 1model A+ 24) What are mostly used IoT protocols?
 Raspberry Pi Zero W
The mostly used IoT protocols are:
  XMPP 30) What is Salesforce IoT Cloud?
 AMQP
 Very Simple Control Protocol (VSCP) The Salesforce IoT Cloud is an online platform for storing and processing IoT
 Data Distribution Service (DDS) information.
 MQTT protocol
 WiFi It is an assortment of various application development elements, which are
 Simple Text Oriented Messaging Protocol(STOMP) called lightning.
 Zigbee
This program gathers information from websites, devices, customers, and
25) What are IoT publishers? partners. It then triggers actions for period responses.

IoT Publishers are sensors that send real-time data to intermediate devices or 31) Explain IoT GE-PREDIX
middleware.
GE or General Electric Predix is a software for the information assortment from
26) What is a library in Arduino? industrial instruments. It offers a PaaS which allows users performance
management and operation optimization facility. It connects instrumentation,
Arduino library is a collection of code that is already written for controlling people, and information in an exceedingly conventional technique.
module or sensor.
32) List out Some popular companies are working on IoT
27) Mention some of the wearable Arduino boards
Popular companies working on IoT are: 1) Philips, 2) LG, 3) Google, 4) Apple
Wearable Arduino boards are: and 5) Samsung.

 Lilypad Arduino main board 33) What are various types are of CAN Frame?
 Lilypad Arduino simple
 Lilypad Arduino simple snap Various types of CAN frames are: 1) data frame, 2) request frame, 3) error
 Lilypad Arduino USB
frame, and 4) overload frame.
28) What is replication?
34) What is the main difference between floating CPU and fixed-point CPU?

Replication is the act of syncing data between two or more servers. Floating CPU can take floating value directly, whereas fixed CPU is converted
to integer format. Thereby, it leads to the loss of some resolution.
29) What is IoT Thingworx?
35) Define GPIO
Thingworx is a platform for the fast development and deployment of connected
devices. It is a collection of integrated IoT development tools that support GPIO is a programmable pin that can be used to control input or output pins
analysis, production, property, and alternative aspects of IoT development. programmatically.
36) Explain Android things 42) What is data in IoT?

Android things is an Android-based OS that is built for embedded devices. Data in IoT refers to the information that is collected by the installed devices at
any building.
37) What is the aim of airflow sensors?
43) List majorly used IoT controllers by industries
The main aim of airflow sensors is to measure the air level in the soil. This
sensor enables one to measure it dynamically, from one location, or multiple Majorly used IoT controllers by industries are: 1) Siemens IoT 2020 and 2)
locations of the garden. Arduino.

38) Mention suitable databases for IoT 44) What is a crystal oscillator?

Suitable databases for IoT are: A crystal oscillator is the main part of the microprocessor. It executes every
single pulse one instruction in CPU.
 influx DB
 Apache Cassandra 45) What is the importance of the Internet of Everything?
 RethinkDB
 MongoDB Internet of Everything is important because:
 Sqlite
 It brings together people, processes, things, and data to make network
39) Why use the scheduler in RTOS? connections valuable and relevant.
 It converts the information into actions to create new capabilities and
Scheduler in RTOS is used for switching one task to another. opportunities for businesses.

40) Mention real-time usage of Raspberry pi 46) What is WSN?

 Home a The full form of WSN is Wireless Sensor Network. It is a network of notes,
 Portable webserver design to observe and to study physical parameters of the application.
 manipulating the robots
 Internet radio 47) What is Zigbee?

41) Define IoT Contiki Zigbee is the same like Bluetooth. It used in a complex system for low power
operation, robustness, and high security.
IoT Contiki is software that targets explicitly little devices connected with the
Internet. It is used with process power bandwidth, power, and restricted memory. 48) What is Z-Wave?
Contiki helps for the management of programs, resources, processes,
communication, and memory. Z-Wave is an IoT technology that uses low power RF communication. It is
designed for home automation products like lamp controllers and sensors.
49) How to install a new library in Arduino? M2M IoT

A new library in Arduino can be installed by selecting the library from the Communication is done within an Communication is done for grand-scale
sketch option in Toolbar. embedded software at the client site. projects.

50) What is MQTT? It uses isolated systems of devices having It uses integrated devices, applications, and
the same standards. data across varying standards.
The full form of MQTT is Message Queue Telemetry Transport Protocol. It is a
messaging protocol that is used for tracking devices in IoT. M2M offers limited scalability options. IoT is inherently more scalable.

51) Name some important IoT hardware

A cellular network or wired network is It uses an active Internet connection for
used for device connectivity. device connectivity.
IoT hardware includes varieties of devices like router, bridge, sensor, etc.
Machines can communicate with one Many machines can communicate with
52) What are the operating systems supported by Pi?
machine at a time. each other over the Internet.
Operating systems supported by Pi are:
56) What are the features of influxDB?
 Raspbian
 Open ELEC (Open Embedded Linux Entertainment center)
Features of influxDB are:
 RISC OS
 Lakka
 Provides support of visualization tools
 OSMC (Open Source Media Centre)
 Works with distributed time-series database
 Windows IoT Core
 It does not have any external dependencies
54) What are the various types of antennas designed for IoT devices?
57) How to program Arduino?

Various types of antennas designed for IoT devices are:

Programmers can use the Arduino IDE in order to write an Arduino program.
Developers can also use Node.js Johny five-module in order to control Arduino.
 Chip Antenna
 PCB Antenna
58) What are IoT testing tools?
 Wire Antenna
 Proprietary Antenna
 Whip Antenna IoT testing tools can be divided into hardware and software:

55) What is the difference between M2M and IoT?  IoT testing software: Tcpdump and Wireshark.
 Hardware for IoT testing: JTAG Dongle, Digital Storage Oscilloscope, and
Software Defined Radio.
The difference between M2M and IoT is:
59) How to store the high-volume file into Arduino? 66) What is sharding?

A specification called Gridfs can be used for storing high volume file into Sharding is a method to split data into collections and stored in machines.
Arduino.
67) List hardware prototypes used in IoT
60) Mention IoT software
Hardware Prototypes used in IoT are 1) Raspberry Pi, 2) ARM Cortex Family,
IoT software are: 1) Blockchain, 2) windows IoT, 3) Predix, 4) Microsoft Azure, and 3) Arduino.
5) Bluemix, and 6) Node-RED.
68) What is IoT Testing?
61) What is Shodan?
IoT testing is a type of testing to check IoT devices. Today there is an increasing
Shodan is an IOT testing tool that can be used to discover which of your devices need to deliver better and faster services. There is a huge demand to access,
are connected to the Internet. It allows you to keep track of all the computers create, use, and share data from any device. The thrust is to provide greater
which are directly accessible from the Internet. insight and control over various interconnected IoT devices. Hence, the IoT
testing framework is important.
62) What is a thing in IoT?
69) What are the types of IoT?
IOT thing is an item having an embedded and connected computing device.
There are two types of IoT:
63) What is Thermocouple?
 Internet of Things: It creates a business that uses a gadgets to perform a task.
A Thermocouple is a device which consists of two different conductors joined  Industrial Internet of Things: It creates business in the industry like
together to form an electrical junction. agriculture.

64) Mention some examples of MEMS sensor 70) What is Thingful?

 MPU6050- Gyroscope Thingful is a search engine for the Internet of Things. It allows secure
 ADXL345 interoperability between millions of IoT objects via the Internet. This IOT
 piezoelectric sensor testing tool also to control how data is used and empowers to take more decisive
 Accelerometer and valuable decisions.

65) What are IoT test approaches? 71) What are interrupts in Arduino?

IoT test approaches are: 1) Usability, 2) IoT Security, 3) Connectivity, 4) Interrupts enable specific tasks to process in the background and are enabled by
Performance, 5) Compatibility Testing, 6) Pilot Testing, 7) Regulatory Testing, default. Its main job is to ensure the device processor responds fastly to essential
and 8) Upgrade testing. events.
72) What is Asset Tracking? 77) Explain the types of testing in IoT?

Asset Tracking or Asset management is the process of keeping track of physical

assets and information.

73) What are the risks associated with the IOE Internet of Everything?

Risks associated with IOE are 1) Privacy, 2) Security, 3) Network congestion,

and 4) Electricity consumption at the peaks.
IoT devises testing types are:
74) What is the basic difference between the IoT network and Wireless
Sensor Network?  Usability Testing: There are so many devices of different shape and form
factors are used by the users. Moreover, the perception also varies from one
Wireless Sensor Network things connected to the wireless network and gather user to others. That’s why checking the usability of the system is very
some monitoring environment or data. IoT contains a combination of: important in IoT testing.
 Compatibility Testing: There are lots of devices that can be connected through
 WSN the IoT system. These devices have varied software and hardware
 Internet configuration. Therefore, a possible combination is huge. As a result, checking
 Cloud Storage the compatibility in the IoT system is important.
 web or mobile application  Reliability and Scalability Testing: Reliability and Scalability is important for
building an IoT test environment which involves a simulation of sensors by
75) What is the importance of the network in IoT? utilizing virtualization tools and technologies.
 Data Integrity Testing: It’s important to check the Data integrity in IoT testing
The network is the main part of the IoT. It is responsible for providing a as it requires a large amount of data and its application.
practical and smart system that makes strong infrastructure. The network offers  Security testing: In the IoT environment, many users are accessing a massive
scalability to help devices coordinate with other lines with the Internet. amount of data. Thus, it is important to validate user via authentication, have
data privacy controls as part of security testing.
76) What is the connection between IoT and sensors in the commercial  Performance Testing: Performance testing is important to create a strategic
enterprise? approach for developing and implementing an IoT testing plan.

Sensors may be used in devices that are not net-connected, while devices need to
be connected to the Net with IoT. Yet, sensing is a part of IoT, even if the device
is not connected to the Net.
What is cloud computing?

Cloud computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering hosted
services over the internet. These services are divided into three main categories
or types of cloud computing: infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a What are the different types of cloud computing services?
service (PaaS) and software as a service (SaaS).
Cloud computing can be separated into three general service delivery categories
A cloud can be private or public. A public cloud sells services to anyone on the or forms of cloud computing:
internet. A private cloud is a proprietary network or a data center that supplies
hosted services to a limited number of people, with certain access and 1. IaaS. IaaS providers, such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), supply a virtual
permissions settings. Private or public, the goal of cloud computing is to provide server instance and storage, as well as application programming interfaces
easy, scalable access to computing resources and IT services. (APIs) that let users migrate workloads to a virtual machine (VM). Users have
an allocated storage capacity and can start, stop, access and configure the VM
Cloud infrastructure involves the hardware and software components required and storage as desired. IaaS providers offer small, medium, large, extra-large,
for proper implementation of a cloud computing model. Cloud computing can and memory- or compute-optimized instances, in addition to enabling
also be thought of as utility computing or on-demand computing. customization of instances, for various workload needs. The IaaS cloud model
is closest to a remote data center for business users.
The name cloud computing was inspired by the cloud symbol that's often used to 2. PaaS. In the PaaS model, cloud providers host development tools on their
represent the internet in flowcharts and diagrams. infrastructures. Users access these tools over the internet using APIs, web
portals or gateway software. PaaS is used for general software development,
How does cloud computing work? and many PaaS providers host the software after it's developed. Common PaaS
products include Salesforce's Lightning Platform, AWS Elastic Beanstalk and
Google App Engine.
Cloud computing works by enabling client devices to access data and cloud
3. SaaS. SaaS is a distribution model that delivers software applications over the
applications over the internet from remote physical servers, databases and
internet; these applications are often called web services. Users can access
computers.
SaaS applications and services from any location using a computer or mobile
device that has internet access. In the SaaS model, users gain access to
An internet network connection links the front end, which includes the accessing application software and databases. One common example of a SaaS
client device, browser, network and cloud software applications, with the back application is Microsoft 365 for productivity and email services.
end, which consists of databases, servers and computers. The back end functions
as a repository, storing data that is accessed by the front end. Cloud computing deployment models

Communications between the front and back ends are managed by a central
Private cloud services are delivered from a business's data center to internal
server. The central server relies on protocols to facilitate the exchange of data.
users. With a private cloud, an organization builds and maintains its own
The central server uses both software and middleware to manage connectivity
underlying cloud infrastructure. This model offers the versatility and
between different client devices and cloud servers. Typically, there is a
convenience of the cloud, while preserving the management, control and
dedicated server for each individual application or workload.
security common to local data centers. Internal users might or might not be
billed for services through IT chargeback. Common private cloud technologies
Cloud computing relies heavily on virtualization and automation technologies.
and vendors include VMware and OpenStack.
Virtualization enables the easy abstraction and provisioning of services and
underlying cloud systems into logical entities that users can request and utilize.
In the public cloud model, a third-party cloud service provider (CSP) delivers
Automation and accompanying orchestration capabilities provide users with a
the cloud service over the internet. Public cloud services are sold on demand,
high degree of self-service to provision resources, connect services and deploy
typically by the minute or hour, though long-term commitments are available for
workloads without direct intervention from the cloud provider's IT staff.
many services. Customers only pay for the central processing unit cycles, brought meaningful benefits for businesses of all sizes. Some of the main
storage or bandwidth they consume. Leading public CSPs include AWS, characteristics of cloud computing are the following:
Microsoft Azure, IBM and Google Cloud Platform (GCP), as well as IBM,
Oracle and Tencent.  Self-service provisioning. End users can spin up compute resources for almost
any type of workload on demand. An end user can provision computing
A hybrid cloud is a combination of public cloud services and an on-premises capabilities, such as server time and network storage, eliminating the
private cloud, with orchestration and automation between the two. Companies traditional need for IT administrators to provision and manage compute
can run mission-critical workloads or sensitive applications on the private cloud resources.
and use the public cloud to handle workload bursts or spikes in demand. The  Elasticity. Companies can freely scale up as computing needs increase and
goal of a hybrid cloud is to create a unified, automated, scalable environment scale down again as demands decrease. This eliminates the need for massive
that takes advantage of all that a public cloud infrastructure can provide, while investments in local infrastructure, which might or might not remain active.
still maintaining control over mission-critical data.  Pay per use. Compute resources are measured at a granular level, enabling
users to pay only for the resources and workloads they use.
In addition, organizations are increasingly embracing a multi-cloud model, or  Workload resilience. CSPs often implement redundant resources to ensure
the use of multiple IaaS providers. This enables applications to migrate between resilient storage and to keep users' important workloads running -- often
different cloud providers or to even operate concurrently across two or more across multiple global regions.
 Migration flexibility. Organizations can move certain workloads to or from the
cloud providers.
cloud -- or to different cloud platforms -- as desired or automatically for better
cost savings or to use new services as they emerge.
Organizations adopt multi-cloud for various reasons. For example, they could do
 Broad network access. A user can access cloud data or upload data to the
so to minimize the risk of a cloud service outage or to take advantage of more
cloud from anywhere with an internet connection using any device.
competitive pricing from a particular provider. Multi-cloud implementation and
 Multi-tenancy and resource pooling. Multi-tenancy lets numerous customers
application development can be a challenge because of the differences between share the same physical infrastructures or the same applications yet still retain
cloud providers' services and APIs. privacy and security over their own data. With resource pooling, cloud
providers service numerous customers from the same physical resources. The
Multi-cloud deployments should become easier, however, as providers' services resource pools of the cloud providers should be large and flexible enough so
and APIs converge and become more standardized through industry initiatives they can service the requirements of multiple customers.
such as the Open Cloud Computing Interface.
An overview of cloud features and characteristics
A community cloud, which is shared by several organizations, supports a
particular community that shares the same concerns -- e.g., the same mission, These characteristics support a variety of important benefits for modern
policy, security requirements and compliance considerations. A community business, including the following:
cloud is either managed by these organizations or a third-party vendor and can
be on or off premises.  Cost management. Using cloud infrastructure can reduce capital costs, as
organizations don't have to spend massive amounts of money buying and
Characteristics and advantages of cloud computing maintaining equipment. This reduces their capital expenditure costs -- as they
don't have to invest in hardware, facilities, utilities or building large data
Cloud computing has been around for several decades now, and today's cloud centers to accommodate their growing businesses. Additionally, companies
computing infrastructure demonstrates an array of characteristics that have don't need large IT teams to handle cloud data center operations because they
can rely on the expertise of their cloud providers' teams. Cloud computing also
 cuts costs related to downtime. Since downtime rarely happens in cloud for tools and employees with the proper skill sets and knowledge needed to
computing, companies don't have to spend time and money to fix any issues architect, deploy, and manage workloads and data in a cloud.
that might be related to downtime.  IT governance. The emphasis on do-it-yourself capability in cloud computing
 Data and workload mobility. Storing information in the cloud means that can make IT governance difficult, as there is no control over provisioning,
users can access it from anywhere with any device with just an internet deprovisioning and management of infrastructure operations. This can make it
connection. That means users don't have to carry around USB drives, an challenging to properly manage risks and security, IT compliance and data
external hard drive or multiple CDs to access their data. Users can access quality.
corporate data via smartphones and other mobile devices, enabling remote  Compliance with industry laws. When transferring data from on-premises
employees to stay up to date with co-workers and customers. End users can local storage into cloud storage, it can be difficult to manage compliance with
easily process, store, retrieve and recover resources in the cloud. In addition, industry regulations through a third party. It's important to know where data
cloud vendors provide all the upgrades and updates automatically, saving time and workloads are actually hosted in order to maintain regulatory compliance
and effort. and proper business governance.
 Business continuity and disaster recovery (BCDR). All organizations worry  Management of multiple clouds. Every cloud is different, so multi-cloud
about data loss. Storing data in the cloud guarantees that users can always deployments can disjoint efforts to address more general cloud computing
access their data even if their devices, e.g., laptops or smartphones, are challenges.
inoperable. With cloud-based services, organizations can quickly recover their  Cloud performance. Performance -- such as latency -- is largely beyond the
data in the event of emergencies, such as natural disasters or power outages. control of the organization contracting cloud services with a provider. Network
This benefits BCDR and helps ensure that workloads and data are available and provider outages can interfere with productivity and disrupt business
even if the business suffers damage or disruption. processes if organizations are not prepared with contingency plans.
 Building a private cloud. Architecting, building and managing private clouds --
What are the disadvantages of cloud computing? whether for its own purpose or for a hybrid cloud goal -- can be a daunting
task for IT departments and staff.
Despite the clear upsides to relying on cloud services, cloud computing carries  Cloud migration. The process of moving applications and other data to the
its own challenges for IT professionals: cloud often causes complications. Migration projects frequently take longer
than anticipated and go over budget. The issue of workload and data
 Cloud security. Security is often considered the greatest challenge facing cloud repatriation -- moving from the cloud back to a local data center -- is often
computing. When relying on the cloud, organizations risk data breaches, overlooked until unforeseen cost or performance problems arise.
hacking of APIs and interfaces, compromised credentials and authentication  Vendor lock-in. Often, switching between cloud providers can cause significant
issues. Furthermore, there is a lack of transparency regarding how and where issues. This includes technical incompatibilities, legal and regulatory limitations
sensitive information entrusted to the cloud provider is handled. Security and substantial costs incurred from sizable data migrations.
demands careful attention to cloud configurations and business policy and
practice. Cloud computing examples and use cases
 Cost unpredictability. Pay-as-you-go subscription plans for cloud use, along
with scaling resources to accommodate fluctuating workload demands, can Cloud computing has evolved and diversified into a wide array of offerings and
make it tough to define and predict final costs. Cloud costs are also frequently capabilities designed to suit almost any conceivable business need. Examples of
interdependent, with one cloud service often utilizing one or more other cloud cloud computing capabilities and diversity include the following:
services -- all of which appear in the recurring monthly bill. This can create
additional unplanned cloud costs.  Google Docs, Microsoft 365. Users can access Google Docs and Microsoft 365
 Lack of capability and expertise. With cloud-supporting technologies rapidly through the internet. Users can be more productive because they can access
advancing, organizations are struggling to keep up with the growing demand
 work presentations and spreadsheets stored in the cloud at anytime from  Hybrid cloud. Organizations have the option to use the appropriate cloud --
anywhere on any device. private or public -- for different workloads and applications to optimize cost
 Email, Calendar, Skype, WhatsApp. Emails, calendars, Skype and WhatsApp and efficiency according to the circumstance.
take advantage of the cloud's ability to provide users with access to data  Multi-cloud. Using multiple different cloud services from separate cloud
remotely so they can access their personal data on any device, whenever and providers can help subscribers find the best cloud service fit for diverse
wherever they want. workloads with specific requirements.
 Zoom. Zoom is a cloud-based software platform for video and audio  Storage. Large amounts of data can be stored remotely and accessed easily.
conferencing that records meetings and saves them to the cloud, enabling Clients only have to pay for storage that they actually use.
users to access them anywhere and at any time. Another common  DR. Cloud offers faster recovery than traditional on-premises DR. Furthermore,
communication and collaboration platform is Microsoft Teams. it is offered at lower costs.
 AWS Lambda. Lambda enables developers to run code for applications or  Data backup. Cloud backup solutions are generally easier to use. Users do not
back-end services without having to provision or manage servers. The pay-as- have to worry about availability and capacity, and the cloud provider manages
you-go model constantly scales with an organization to accommodate real- data security.
time changes in data usage and data storage. Other major cloud providers also
support serverless computing capabilities, such as Google Cloud Functions and Cloud computing vs. traditional web hosting
Azure Functions.
Given the many different services and capabilities of the public cloud, there has
So, how is the cloud actually used? The myriad services and capabilities found been some confusion between cloud computing and major uses, such as web
in modern public clouds have been applied across countless use cases, such as hosting. While the public cloud is often used for web hosting, the two are quite
the following: different. A cloud service has three distinct characteristics that differentiate it
from traditional web hosting:
 Testing and development. Ready-made, tailored environments can expedite
timelines and milestones. 1. Users can access large amounts of computing power on demand. It is typically
 Production workload hosting. Organizations are using the public cloud to host sold by the minute or the hour.
live production workloads. This requires careful design and architecture of 2. It is elastic -- users can have as much or as little of a service as they want at any
cloud resources and services needed to create an adequate operational given time.
environment for the workload and its required level of resilience. 3. The service is fully managed by the provider -- the consumer needs nothing
 Big data analytics. Remote data centers through cloud storage are flexible and but a personal computer and internet access. Significant innovations in
scalable and can provide valuable data-driven insights. Major cloud providers virtualization and distributed computing, as well as improved access to high-
offer services tailored to big data projects, such as Amazon EMR and Google speed internet, have accelerated interest in cloud computing.
Cloud Dataproc.
 IaaS. IaaS enables companies to host IT infrastructures and access compute, Cloud computing service providers
storage and network capabilities in a scalable manner. Pay-as-you-go
subscription models can help companies save on upfront IT costs.
The cloud service market has no shortage of providers. The three largest public
 PaaS. PaaS can help companies develop, run and manage applications in an
CSPs that have established themselves as dominant fixtures in the industry are
easier and more flexible way, at a lower cost than maintaining a platform on
the following:
premises. PaaS services can also increase development speed for applications
and enables higher-level programming.
 AWS
 GCP
  Microsoft Azure Many organizations bound by complex regulatory obligations and governance
standards are still hesitant to place data or workloads in the public cloud for fear
Other major CSPs include the following: of outages, loss or theft. However, this resistance is fading, as logical isolation
has proven reliable and the addition of data encryption and various identity and
 Apple access management tools have improved security within the public cloud.
 Citrix
 IBM Ultimately, the responsibility for establishing and maintaining a secure cloud
 Salesforce environment falls to the individual business user that is responsible for building
 Alibaba the workload's architecture -- the combination of cloud resources and services in
 Oracle which the workload runs -- and implementing the security features that the cloud
 VMware provider offers.
 SAP
 Joyent
 Rackspace

When considering a cloud service vendor, certain considerations should be

taken. First, the actual suite of services can vary between providers, and business
users must select a provider that offers services -- such as big data analytics or
artificial intelligence (AI) services -- that support the intended use case.

Though cloud services typically rely on a pay-per-use model, different providers

often have variations in their pricing plans to consider. Furthermore, if the cloud
provider will be storing sensitive data, physical location of the provider's servers
should also be considered.

Naturally, reliability and security should be top priorities. A provider's service-

level agreement should specify a level of service uptime that is satisfactory to
client business needs. When considering different cloud vendors, close attention
should be given to what technologies and configuration settings are used to
secure sensitive information.

Cloud computing security

Security remains a primary concern for businesses contemplating cloud adoption

-- especially public cloud adoption. Public CSPs share their underlying hardware
infrastructure between numerous customers, as the public cloud is a multi-tenant
environment. This environment demands significant isolation between logical
compute resources. At the same time, access to public cloud storage and
compute resources is guarded by account login credentials.