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L. PCM DM and DPCM

1) This training package covers PCM, DM, and DPCM systems for students of communications techniques engineering. It defines key terms like quantization and describes the processes of PCM, DM, and DPCM. 2) PCM quantizes analog signals into discrete levels and assigns a code to each level. DM uses a one-bit output for the sign of the sample difference. DPCM can provide bandwidth savings. 3) The training includes pre- and post-tests, worked examples of PCM, DM and DPCM block diagrams, and an explanation of quantization levels and encoding in PCM. It aims to explain the basic concepts and applications of these modulation techniques.

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Mojtaba Falah alali
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156 views27 pages

L. PCM DM and DPCM

1) This training package covers PCM, DM, and DPCM systems for students of communications techniques engineering. It defines key terms like quantization and describes the processes of PCM, DM, and DPCM. 2) PCM quantizes analog signals into discrete levels and assigns a code to each level. DM uses a one-bit output for the sign of the sample difference. DPCM can provide bandwidth savings. 3) The training includes pre- and post-tests, worked examples of PCM, DM and DPCM block diagrams, and an explanation of quantization levels and encoding in PCM. It aims to explain the basic concepts and applications of these modulation techniques.

Uploaded by

Mojtaba Falah alali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research


Foundation of Technical Education
Technical College / Al-Najaf

Training package in
PCM, DM, and DPCM system
For students of second class

Lecturer
Ahmed H. Hadi
1// Over view
1

1 / A –Target population :-
For students of second class in
Communications Techniques Engineering Department

1 / B –Rationale :-
PCM is not only quantize the sample analog signal into a number of
discrete levels but also use a code to designate each level at each
sample time.

Differential PCM (DPCM) is used for possible bandwidth savings;


delta modulation (DM) uses simpler circuitry to send and received
coded transmissions.
1 / C –Central Idea :-
1) PCM, DM, and DPCM signals
2) Generation and detection PCM, DM, and DPCM signals

1 / D –Objectives:-

• Define quantization

• Define PCM, DM, and DPCM signals

• Describe the PCM process

• Describe the DM process

•Describe the DPCM process


2/ Pre test :-

Multiple Choice Questions With Answer


1.Indicate which of the following system is digital ١
(a) PPM (b) PWM (c) PDM (d) PCM

2. A ………system is used with only a one-bit output, that bit being


٢
used for the sign of the sample difference.

(a) PCM (b) DPCM (c) DM


3. Draw the block diagram of a delta-modulation transmitter .
3/ Performance Objectives :-

Pulse code modulation (PCM) is the name given


to the class of baseband signals obtained from
the quantized PAM signals by encoding each
quantized sample into a digital word.
The source of information is sampled and quantized to one of L
levels, then each quantized sample is digitally encoded into a k-bits
code word.
Where ,
k=log2 L
L = 2k

The essential features of binary PCM are shown in figure below.


Assume that an analog signal, x(t), is limited in its excursions to
the range (-4V to +4V). The step size between quantization levels
has beenset at 1V. Thus eight quantization level are employed,
these located at
-3.5V, -2.5V, ………., +3.5V.
The code number 0 may be assigned to the level at -3.5V; the
code number 1 may be assigned to the level at -2.5V, and so on
until the level at 3.5V, which is assigned the code number 7.
Each code number has its representation in
binary arithmetic, ranging from 000 for code
number 0 to 111 for code number 7.

From the above figure each sample of analog signal is


assigned to the quantization level closest to the value
of the sample. Beneath the analog waveform, x(t),
are seen four representations of x(t) as follows:-

• the natural sample value, the quantized sample


value, the code numbers, and the PCM sequence.
Quantization
The objective of the quantization step in PCM
process is to represent each sample by a fixed
number of bits.
The more quantization level, the better quality the
system will deliver. However, increasing the number of
quantization level has two major costs:-

1) The cost of designing a system with large binary code


size needed.
2) The time it takes to process this large number of
quantizing steps by the coder.

Therefore, a very large number of quantizing levels


may induce unwanted delays in the system.
Encoding
Delta modulation (DM)
the difference between the input and the
approximation is quantized into only two levels,
namely,   , corresponding to positive and
negative differences, respectively.

Thus, if the approximation below the signal at any


sampling epoch, it is increased by  , on the other
hand, the approximation lies above the signal, it is
diminished by .
Denoting the input signal as m(t), and its stair case
approximation as mq(t), the basic principle of DM may be
formalized in the following set of discrete time relations:-
DM system

Transmitter
Receiver
DPCM system

Transmitter
Receiver
Quiz /
Define the following terms

١ PCM is not only quantize the sample analog signal


into a number of discrete levels but also use a code to
designate each level at each sample time.

٢ DPCM system is used with only a one-bit output, that bit


being used for the sign of the sample difference.
5/ Post test :-

1. Draw the block diagram for generation PCM signal


2. Draw the block diagram of a delta-modulation receiver .
3. What are the two major costs for increasing the
number of quantization level.

1) The cost of designing a system with large binary code


size needed.
2) The time it takes to process this large number of
quantizing steps by the coder.
References:

1 T. R. Ganesh Babu, and G. Srinivasan:


“ Communication Theory and systems”, 2006.

2 Sanjay Sharma:
(Analog and Digital) ”
“Communication Systems
‫ﺷﻛراً ﻟﻛم‬

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